Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Wikibooks:Requests for deletion 4 385 4672958 4672894 2026-09-29T16:22:46Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027 */ 4672958 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|<sup>talk</sup>]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) {{closed|Deleted due to generative LLM content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:22, 29 September 2026 (UTC)}} == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::::Hi, :::::This is definitely the former, not the latter. As I said, I don't particularly think this should be on Wikibooks, it just happens the previous years had been, and clearly they weren't subject to this degree of scrutiny 😅 :::::I have created https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/A-level_Computer_Science_AQA_Paper_1_Skeleton_program_2027 - I'll delete the content of the page and put the link at the top. If there is a more appropriate banner to indicate the migration, please make it look how it should :D [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC) ::::::I can't seem to put a link without the edit being deemed destructive, so I'll let you trusted people do what's needed. [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:27, 29 September 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) lqvb9mr1qbxrlvz89auq557d34arbyy 4672959 4672958 2026-09-29T16:24:17Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|talk]]) to last version by MrBerard 4672894 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|<sup>talk</sup>]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::::Hi, :::::This is definitely the former, not the latter. As I said, I don't particularly think this should be on Wikibooks, it just happens the previous years had been, and clearly they weren't subject to this degree of scrutiny 😅 :::::I have created https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/A-level_Computer_Science_AQA_Paper_1_Skeleton_program_2027 - I'll delete the content of the page and put the link at the top. If there is a more appropriate banner to indicate the migration, please make it look how it should :D [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC) ::::::I can't seem to put a link without the edit being deemed destructive, so I'll let you trusted people do what's needed. [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:27, 29 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) c2vaa58wz73h9a5pvbowhs63azqlx3v 4672960 4672959 2026-09-29T16:24:59Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories */ 4672960 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|<sup>talk</sup>]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == {{closed|Deleted due to generative LLM content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 September 2026 (UTC)}} Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::::Hi, :::::This is definitely the former, not the latter. As I said, I don't particularly think this should be on Wikibooks, it just happens the previous years had been, and clearly they weren't subject to this degree of scrutiny 😅 :::::I have created https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/A-level_Computer_Science_AQA_Paper_1_Skeleton_program_2027 - I'll delete the content of the page and put the link at the top. If there is a more appropriate banner to indicate the migration, please make it look how it should :D [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC) ::::::I can't seem to put a link without the edit being deemed destructive, so I'll let you trusted people do what's needed. [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:27, 29 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) knwspeirwfhzsz7654j02vu0hg9e8o4 4673024 4672960 2026-09-30T03:26:42Z EggRoll97 3178669 /* Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing */ Reply 4673024 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|<sup>talk</sup>]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == {{closed|Deleted due to generative LLM content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 September 2026 (UTC)}} Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::::Hi, :::::This is definitely the former, not the latter. As I said, I don't particularly think this should be on Wikibooks, it just happens the previous years had been, and clearly they weren't subject to this degree of scrutiny 😅 :::::I have created https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/A-level_Computer_Science_AQA_Paper_1_Skeleton_program_2027 - I'll delete the content of the page and put the link at the top. If there is a more appropriate banner to indicate the migration, please make it look how it should :D [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC) ::::::I can't seem to put a link without the edit being deemed destructive, so I'll let you trusted people do what's needed. [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:27, 29 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) :I would say this is absolutely LLM-generated, {{vd}} [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC) 27tfgc95wcp77tfo0nk7qjd25ngkldl 4673027 4673024 2026-09-30T03:29:55Z EggRoll97 3178669 Adding deletion request for [[Talmudic aramic]] 4673027 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|<sup>talk</sup>]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Ghouls of the Miskatonic]] == I don't think that a plot summary of a book is in-scope here. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :{{vd}} - at least, not a summary of ''this'' book. A summary and/or study guide to a notable work of literature might be in scope, but this is certainly not one. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:23, 25 August 2025 (UTC) ::Hi. I am the creator of the pages of this book. If I understand correctly, it has to be a summary of a notable work of literature? So what exactly is defined as such? I only started this as I thought it would be fun, interesting and encouraging to others who read the Arkham Horror novels, and I thought it was permitted as I've seen other summaries of books on wikibooks. [[User:Dayne90|Dayne90]] ([[User talk:Dayne90|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dayne90|contribs]]) 13:27, 26 August 2025 (UTC) :::Your problem is it is just the plot... it needs to include an educational textual analysis to be in scope [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 August 2025 (UTC) ::::And ideally it'd be a text which has ''already'' been the subject of literary analysis, such that the analysis on Wikibooks isn't original research. A notable work of literature like ''Frankenstein'' or ''Moby-Dick'' would easily meet that requirement; a tie-in novel for a tabletop RPG probably does not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:08, 29 August 2025 (UTC) == [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] == {{closed|Deleted due to generative LLM content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 September 2026 (UTC)}} Undisclosed AI-generated content. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:13, 9 May 2026 (UTC) :<nowiki>'''Keep'''</nowiki> — Comment from page author/subject expert. :I am Levent Bulut, the originator of the <nowiki>''</nowiki>Objective Projection<nowiki>''</nowiki> methodology described in this book (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261, Wikidata: Q138048287). I want to address the AI-generated content concern directly and transparently. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On the content itself:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> The methodology, theoretical framework (the six-variable operator E(r) = projS(M, T, V, Δ, Ω, Ng), the Six Golden Rules, the Six-Layer Framework), and all original arguments are my own intellectual work, developed and published independently. This is documented through: :* 26 DOI-registered academic publications on Zenodo (search: "Levent Bulut Objective Projection") :* A peer-reviewed submission currently under review at <nowiki>''</nowiki>Digital Humanities Quarterly<nowiki>''</nowiki> :* Parallel Turkish-language Wikibook and Wikiversity pages on the same methodology :* An open-source SFT dataset on Hugging Face (leventbulut/objective-projection) :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>On AI assistance:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I used AI tools (Claude) for English translation polish and copy-editing from my Turkish source materials — the same way a non-native English-speaking academic would use a human translator or editor. The <nowiki>''</nowiki>ideas, structure, terminology, citations, and arguments<nowiki>''</nowiki> are entirely my own and pre-date the Wikibooks version, traceable through Zenodo DOI timestamps starting in 2025. :<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Proposed remedy instead of deletion:<nowiki>'''</nowiki> I am happy to: :# Add a clear AI-assistance disclosure to the book's preface, per Wikibooks transparency norms :# Add inline citations to the underlying DOI-registered publications for every major claim :# Link to the parallel Turkish version and academic record :This would address the <nowiki>''</nowiki>undisclosed<nowiki>''</nowiki> part of the concern (which is the actionable policy issue) while preserving content that is original academic work by an identifiable author with a published track record. Deletion of original scholarship because translation assistance was used would set a concerning precedent for non-native English contributors. :<nowiki>I request a few days to add the disclosure and citations before any deletion action. ~~~~</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 18:46, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::Administrative assistance needed: Automated filters blocking structural improvements and disclosures ::'''Request for Help''' — I am Levent Bulut, the author of this book. I have already provided my AI disclosure and academic credentials (ORCID, DOI list) here in this discussion. ::I am trying to update the book to comply with Wikibooks standards by: ::Adding a formal '''AI assistance disclosure''' at the top of the page. ::Restructuring the content into an '''instructional textbook format''' (adding Learning Objectives). ::Converting plain text formulas into '''LaTeX''' ( format). ::Updating references to include full academic '''DOI''' records. ::However, the automated filter is blocking all my attempts: ::If I try to replace the content with the improved version, it triggers the '''"large amount of content removal"''' filter. ::If I try to add specific academic links, it triggers the '''"automated link/spam"''' filter. ::I am essentially trapped by the filters while trying to improve the book and follow transparency norms. Could an administrator please either whitelist my account or manually apply the improved version of the text? I am ready to provide the full MediaWiki code here if requested. My intent is purely constructive and academic. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28847-60|&#126;2026-28847-60]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28847-60|talk]]) 19:15, 13 May 2026 (UTC) ::: Hi, @[[User:~2026-28847-60|~2026-28847-60]]. Your account was incorrectly locked by a steward. It is now currently unlocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::: Pinging @[[User:Projection Architect|Projection Architect]], who was previously LeventBulut. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:51, 4 July 2026 (UTC) ::Please review [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence]]. It states unequivocally that {{tq|LLMs may not be used to generate or summarize material and ideas at Wikibooks}}, and that {{tq|translations made by LLMs are not allowed on Wikibooks}}. The fact that you did not disclose your usage of AI is part of the problem, but disclosing it does not make it allowable either. ::More broadly, based on what you've said above, the content of this book is a reflection of your personal theories on writing. This is essentially [[Wikibooks:Original research]] and is not permitted. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Art And AI]] == Suspected rampant LLM use; this also seems to violate [[WB:BLOG]] and [[WB:SOURCE]], since this seems largely like personal research/personal essays and opinions. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:25, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - as a book, this isn't even particularly coherent. For instance, chapters like [[Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist]] have no clear relationship to the intended topic. And the chapters which do address the topic, like [[Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike]], certainly seem more like an opinion piece (if not outright fantasy content) than serious material appropriate for an instructional text. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:03, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}, does not fit this project and appears to be LLM-generated. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:13, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == [[A-level Computing AQA Paper 1 Skeleton program 2027]] == This was proposed for speedy deletion by [[User:Omphalographer]] as 'not being a book'. However, I think this page's future requires further discussion from the community. Maybe some input would be appreciated?[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :As best I can tell, this is a page students are using to collaborate on solutions for a standardized test. There are a number of similar pages for other years linked from [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 1/Skeleton program]]. :This is not a good fit for Wikibooks. If these students are interested in this kind of collaboration, it should take place elsewhere. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:14, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::The project can be moved to Wikiversity, I think. If the students can contribute it and make sure it complies with Wikibooks' guidelines, it can stay here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] :::There's been a Wikibook on this every single year, as I mentioned in my comment on the deletion notice. That doesn't mean that this shouldn't be on Wikiversity, just that there is ample precedent of it being a Wikibook. Dunno if this matter to those kind of editorial decisions, though. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-51010-27|talk]]) 13:39, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:~2026-51010-27|~2026-51010-27]]: How would the page comply with [[WB:What is Wikibooks?|Wikibooks' mission]]?. Could you provide an explanation of what the project is? If it's a collaborative project to work on solutions for a standardized test (like @[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] said), it would be more suitable for Wikiversity. If it's a textbook about A-level computing, then it would be suitable here. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :::::Hi, :::::This is definitely the former, not the latter. As I said, I don't particularly think this should be on Wikibooks, it just happens the previous years had been, and clearly they weren't subject to this degree of scrutiny 😅 :::::I have created https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/A-level_Computer_Science_AQA_Paper_1_Skeleton_program_2027 - I'll delete the content of the page and put the link at the top. If there is a more appropriate banner to indicate the migration, please make it look how it should :D [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC) ::::::I can't seem to put a link without the edit being deemed destructive, so I'll let you trusted people do what's needed. [[User:MrBerard|MrBerard]] ([[User talk:MrBerard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MrBerard|contribs]]) 10:27, 29 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikijunior:Alphabet of Wikibooks]] == I do not know whether this page is useful or not, due to [[Wikijunior:Alphabet]] already existing. I would support the deletion of this given that it contains many red links as well. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:41, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - As proposer. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 01:42, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}} - we already have a book on this topic. And no, "Afghanistan" and "Quagga" are not good example words for children. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]] == I have high confidence that this book was created using a genAI LLM (see flags on individual pages). I will plan to delete this in, say, a week, but I'm popping over here to allow for discussion if needed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- advertisement for a Python tool disguised as a book. No useful content. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 19:56, 24 September 2026 (UTC) :{{vd}}- per [[User:Ternera|Ternera]]. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 22:41, 24 September 2026 (UTC) ::I wrote the SKELETON USING LLM [[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]] ([[User talk:נתנאל שטרן|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/נתנאל שטרן|contribs]]) 13:45, 25 September 2026 (UTC) :I would say this is absolutely LLM-generated, {{vd}} [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:26, 30 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Talmudic aramic]] == Per the user's other mass-created pages, I concur with the AI flagging that Kittycataclysm placed on the page. I believe this to be LLM-generated, and it should thus be deleted. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:29, 30 September 2026 (UTC) mtvs3tdym33ieq7ax8me5lxqqj0g6fy Aros/User/Docs 0 13106 4672938 4672892 2026-09-29T13:44:42Z Jeff1138 301139 4672938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in S: drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, C bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/icaros-sequence <pre> ; run shell if ${Icaros/autoshell} EQ true run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: EndIF </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} 2fhx6wxrgm70afgk51qzk5u9581173x 4672939 4672938 2026-09-29T13:45:39Z Jeff1138 301139 4672939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, C bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/icaros-sequence <pre> ; run shell if ${Icaros/autoshell} EQ true run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: EndIF </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} 9b8lvhc7loxstlb7b6j4sl6gpdu38gu 4672940 4672939 2026-09-29T13:51:10Z Jeff1138 301139 4672940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, C bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence <pre> ; run shell run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} gcns2ni3gurymopuskqo61gmegal7nq 4673062 4672940 2026-09-30T07:51:16Z Jeff1138 301139 4673062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] *Button little blobk with name inside *Bank vertical stack of buttons *AmigaDos *Command *Workbench ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence <pre> ; run shell run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} 9p96z88uaci8freq5tmpa28fferp4nk 4673063 4673062 2026-09-30T07:53:07Z Jeff1138 301139 4673063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] *Button little blobk with name inside *Bank vertical stack of buttons *AmigaDos *Command *Workbench Flags *CD Destination *Do all files *Output window *Run asynchronously *Workbench to front ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence <pre> ; run shell run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} rlqijskynbfn8yp8k2rmgwn9ep2pnfr 4673073 4673063 2026-09-30T08:22:01Z Jeff1138 301139 4673073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] *Button little rectangle with name inside *Bank vertical stack of buttons Buttons (most used) *AmigaDos *Arexx *Command *Workbench Flags (most used) *CD Destination *Do all files *Output window *Run asynchronously *Workbench to front Filetypes Defines how certain files are handled Screen Fonts, set each element to any font Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) System Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence <pre> ; run shell run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} 2kyzje9ck77qgz4pw2dfemyh3x698mv 4673077 4673073 2026-09-30T08:46:43Z Jeff1138 301139 4673077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] *Button little rectangle with name inside *Bank vertical stack of buttons Buttons *Workbench app {f} i.e. first use {F} for all selected *AmigaDos *Arexx *Command Flags (most used) *CD Destination to extract etc *Do all files *Output window *Run asynchronously *Workbench to front *Buffer above 100000 for 64bit Filetypes Defines how certain files are handled Screen Fonts, set each element to any font Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) System Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence <pre> ; run shell run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} 85bwo528b71vpk1m48bc1a9oojt30im 4673078 4673077 2026-09-30T08:48:08Z Jeff1138 301139 4673078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual and Arexx calls]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] *Button little rectangle with name inside *Bank vertical stack of buttons Buttons *Workbench app {f} i.e. first use {F} for all selected *AmigaDos *Arexx *Command Flags (most used) *CD Destination to extract etc *Do all files *Output window *Run asynchronously *Workbench to front *Buffer above 100000 for 64bit Filetypes Defines how certain files are handled Screen Fonts, set each element to any font Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) System Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence <pre> ; run shell run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} mmhhev8lrhi3tde49evu6fo4igndm8y 4673085 4673078 2026-09-30T09:24:47Z Jeff1138 301139 4673085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual and Arexx calls]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] *Button little rectangle with name inside *Bank vertical stack of buttons Buttons *Workbench app {f} i.e. first use {F} for all selected *AmigaDos *Arexx *Command Flags (most used) *CD Destination to extract etc *Do all files *Output window *Run asynchronously *Workbench to front *Buffer above 100000 for 64bit Filetypes Defines how certain files are handled like default tool or Deficons (for WB use) Screen Fonts, set each element to any font Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) System Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence <pre> ; run shell run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} rki7895uj2lrajqcup8xppo14wh1307 4673091 4673085 2026-09-30T10:06:43Z Jeff1138 301139 4673091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. Use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so '''BEWARE''' <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual and Arexx calls]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] *Button little rectangle with name inside *Bank vertical stack of buttons Buttons *Workbench app {f} i.e. first use {F} for all selected items with app *AmigaDos c type apps with arguments after *Arexx *Command c type apps with no arguments after Flags (most used) *CD Destination to extract etc *Do all files *Output window *Run asynchronously *Workbench to front *Buffer above 100000 for 64bit Filetypes Defines how certain files are handled like default tool or Deficons (for WB use) Screen Fonts, set each element to any font Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) System Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence <pre> ; run shell run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} cpebrzrgae4s7zvosrz7aq7kzw40d06 4673093 4673091 2026-09-30T10:21:08Z Jeff1138 301139 4673093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon, RISC-V and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] with [https://aros.sourceforge.io/download.html ABIv1 downloads] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Aros ABIv1 Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register ABIv1 issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 64bit PC builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi Pi3, Pi4, Pi400, Pi5, 500+ raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horribly broken but usually are not. *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv11 offspring aka fork of 64bit PC ABIv1 i.e. another PC 64bit build *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions for historic reasons ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Classes: | .class as well as datatypes |---- |Devs: | .device .resource and in their own drawers (folders) .audio, .hidd, network, graphics |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also NTFS ZFS XFS ext4 Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and maybe Work: (DH1:) / Live USB (DU0:) and maybe Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/icon AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. Use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so '''BEWARE''' <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in SYS:S drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus4 saves it features in a PROGDIR:s/DirectoryOpus.CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs, '''C''' bottom right button in DOpus4 and by reading the [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus4 guide Manual and Arexx calls]. *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCyXDs8baSE Pt1 Introduction] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fiVmopiK9I Pt2 Dopus Config] *[] *[] *Button little rectangle with name inside *Bank vertical stack of buttons Buttons *Workbench app {f} i.e. first use {F} for all selected items with app *AmigaDos c type apps with arguments after *Arexx *Command c type apps with no arguments after Flags (most used) *CD Destination to extract etc *Do all files *Output window *Run asynchronously *Workbench to front *Buffer above 100000 for 64bit Filetypes Defines how certain files are handled like '''default tool''' Screen Fonts, set each element to any font Screenmode, Workbench Use (same screen like Windows), Workbench clone (like Linux workspaces) System Shell startup, set to SYS:s/shell-startup ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/startup-sequence <pre> ; run shell run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. *printer is simply not accepting IPP connections at the moment. Please try the following steps: Open the printer web interface in a browser: http://192.168.1.x/ Look for the network or protocol settings. Enable IPP / Internet Printing Protocol. Make sure TCP port 631 is open/enabled. Save the settings and reboot the printer if the web interface asks for it. ipp://192.168.1.xx:631/ipp/print ipp://192.168.1.xxx:631/ipp/ ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. ===Wired=== Use Network Prefs to setup =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== You may have a Wifi Prefs to use for wireless setup [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 PC version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One x86 32bit distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of 32bit PC ABIv1 into 32bit PC ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver for 64bit PC] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} ri1kmhhtu8dnxsp187o8lli6uusuve8 A-level Chemistry/AQA/Module 5/Thermodynamics/Ideal Gas 0 16986 4672978 4624472 2026-09-29T18:43:07Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4672978 wikitext text/x-wiki == What is an Ideal Gas == An Ideal Gas is a hypothetical gas in which all the molecules are considered as non-interacting elastic spheres with negligible radius. The molecules do not interact with each other and they move as free bodies except during very short time intervals when they bounce off each other or bounce off the wall that contains them. Obviously, there is no gas in nature that exhibits the characteristics of an Ideal Gas, although some come very close. It is only a crude approximation to the gases, which often gives reasonable results. == Why Do We Have The Ideal Gas Approximation == We use the ideal gas approximation in most thermodynamic examples involving gases. It is a very good approximation of real gases, especially at low pressures when particle interaction is low. == The Ideal Gas Temperature Scale== When defining a Temperature Scale, you must find a physical situation in which something measurable changes over time. The equation governing the change must be invertible. One option could be length of a metal rod, this wouldn't be very good though as the rod would soon melt. What was settled on was the Ideal Gas Scale, Temperature is defined such that the product of Pressure and Volume is directly proportional to temperature. Such that 0 [[/Kelvin/]] is when Pressure times Volume is 0 and 273.15K is the [[/Triple Point/]] of Water. {{center|1=<math> PV \propto T </math>}} == Equation of State of an Ideal Gas == Experimentally, it was realised that there were only a certain minimum number of properties of a substance which could be given any specified values. The others depended on these variables. The way in which they were related was called the ''Equation of State''. The Equation of State of a an Ideal Gas is {{center|1=<math> \mathbf {PV = nRT} </math>}} P = Pressure V = Volume n = Number of Moles of Gas R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.314 <math>JK^-1M^-1</math> T = Temperature The variables you set are called the ''independent'' variables, the others are called ''dependent''. === Example === If you have 1 mole of Gas, and it occupies 1 metre cubed at 273.15K what pressure is it at? '''Answer''' {{center/top}} <math> \begin{matrix} \ PV & = & nRT \\ \\ \ P & = & \frac{nrt}{V} \\ \\ \ & = & \frac{1\cdot 8.314 \cdot 273.15}{1} \\ \\ \ & = & 2271 Pascals \end{matrix} </math> {{center/end}} == Pressure Volume Plots == A thermodynamic state of a gas (ideal or not) is completely described by four variables <math>P</math>, <math>V</math>, <math>T</math> and <math>n</math> (see previous topics). In most cases <math>n</math> (the number of mols) is kept constant or is approximately constant (in other words the number of the gas molecules is practically unchanged) so we are left with three variables. From the equation of state (see previous topics) we can calculate <math>T</math> from the other two variables. Therefore we are left with only 2 independent variables <math>P</math> and <math>V</math>. It is common practice to represent a thermodynamic state on a <math>P</math>-<math>V</math> diagram with a point. The coordinates of the point give us the values of <math>P</math> and <math>V</math>. A set of such points represent a thermodynamic process, as shown for example in the figure below. [[Image:PV.gif]] The process a) is a constant pressure process, known as isobaric (from the Greek word iso:equal and baros:load). For example the steam that leaves our body after a shower. It keeps increasing its volume (it is to be found all over the bathroom) but since it is in open air it has a constant atmospheric pressure. The process b) is a constant volume process, known as isochorus (from the Greek word iso:equal and choros:space). For example when we put in the microwave oven a sealed food container. The trapped air inside it occupies a constant volume but its pressure keeps rising as it warms up (that's why the lids sometimes pop-up in the microwave oven). The process c) is a constant temperature process, known as isothermal (from the Greek word iso:equal and thermal:heat). Why is it that the isothermal curve has such a shape? From the equation of state if <math>T</math> = constant then <math>PV</math> = constant and so <math>P</math> <math>\propto</math> <math>1/V</math>. {{BookCat}} hwae9rq7o5pci1bwuci5rwrj84b1bk1 Koine Greek/Introduction to Finite Indicative Verbs 0 18380 4673029 4672600 2026-09-30T03:46:04Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3624460 /* Translation */ 4673029 wikitext text/x-wiki ==The Voices== Verbs have three voices: active, middle, and passive. In the active voice, the subject acts. In the middle voice, the subject is acted upon by itself for its own benefit. In the passive voice, the subject is acted upon by another agent. * '''Active''': He bakes the bread. * '''Middle''': The bread bakes. * '''Passive''': The bread is baked. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"): the present, future, and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist, present perfect, pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. ==The Indicative Mood== Verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and optative). In linguistics, mood is a feature of verbs, used for signaling modality. In other words, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying (for example, a statement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.). The term is also used more broadly to describe the syntactic expression of modality – that is, the use of verb phrases that do not involve inflection of the verb itself. === Present Indicative tense === The ''athematic'' suffixes are: {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | | |'''Active''' |'''Mediopassive''' |- |'''Singular''' |'''1st Person''' | -μι | -μαι |- | |'''2nd Person''' | -ς | -σαι |- | |'''3rd Person''' | -σι(ν) | -ται |- |'''Plural''' |'''1st Person''' | -μεν | -μεθα |- | |'''2nd Person''' | -τε | -σθε |- | |'''3rd Person''' | -ασι(ν) | -νται |- |'''Infinitive''' | | -ναι | -σθαι |} The ''thematic'' suffixes are: {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | | |'''Active''' |'''Middle-Passive''' |- |'''Singular''' |'''1st Person''' | -ω | -ομαι |- | |'''2nd Person''' | -εις | -ει |- | |'''3rd Person''' | -ει | -εται |- |'''Plural''' |'''1st Person''' | -ομεν | -ομεθα |- | |'''2nd Person''' | -ετε | -εσθε |- | |'''3rd Person''' | -ουσι(ν) | -ονται |- |'''Infinitive''' | | -ειν | -εσθαι |} Λύω ("to release, free"), one of the simplest verbs in Ancient Greek, is often used in charts for all tenses. {| class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" boarder="1" padding="5" |'''Greek''' |'''Pronunciation''' |- |λύω |lew-'''oh''' |- |λύεις |lew-'''eys''' |- |λύει |lew-'''ey''' |- |λύομεν |lew-'''omen''' |- |λύετε |lew-'''ete''' |- |λύουσι(ν) |lew-'''oosee'''('''n''') |} The bolded syllables indicate that, when speaking, the pitch is raised. Notice that the 3rd plural adds a 'ν'; this is known as a "'''moveable-nu''', and it is used when the verb is followed by a word that begins with a vowel or when it is the last word of a sentence. ===Translation=== In English, we have a number of ways to express actions in the present. E.g., I run, I am running, I do run. Greek does not make that distinction, so a perfectly acceptable translation for λύω can be either "I release" or "I am releasing." Another simple verb is γράφω ("to write"): * γράφω * γράφεις * γράφει * γράφομεν * γράφετε * γράφουσι(ν) {{BookCat}} 75epe8brcusdx72jjekgwefx3la0ix7 Radiation Oncology/Historical documents about radiation 0 22181 4673032 1605996 2026-09-30T05:56:56Z Jcb 90773 4673032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} '''Radiation history timeline''' *[http://www.roadtechs.com/rpchron.htm A Brief Chronology of Radiation and Protection] by J. Ellsworth Weaver III '''Interesting historical documents about radiation and its effects on humans or animals.''' *Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (1994-1995) **[http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/ Home page] **[http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/report.html Final report] **[http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/research/pubs/titles.txt] - Bibliography of secondary resources, as of June 16, 1995. *'''Wake Forest, 2005''' {{PMID|17411764}} -- "Publication rate of abstracts from the annual ASTRO meeting: Comparison with other organizations." (Papagikos MA, J Am Coll Radiol. 2005 Jan;2(1):72-5.) **Retrospective. Oral presentation ASTRO Abstracts 1999-2001 **Publication rate: 56%, no difference based on country of origin, category, or study design. 50% published in 1 year, 90% in 2 years. Journals IJROBP 62%, JCO 8%, Radiotherapy and Oncology 3% a3bev43m179uhq8pk9d9zm9kqr9fl89 Radiation Oncology/IMRT/IMRT Technical 0 22408 4673054 3349049 2026-09-30T06:49:38Z Jcb 90773 4673054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/TOC}} This page is about technical concepts related to intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Information pertaining to clinical results of IMRT should go elsewhere. ==3D-CRT== *'''U Washington''' {{PMID|15774592}} -- ''Automatic selection of non-coplanar beam directions for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy.'' ('''2005 Meyer''' J, Br J Radiol. 2005 Apr;78(928):316-27.) **Algorithm that automatically searches all permitted beam directions **<u>Conclusion</u>: "For the clinical cases the plans based on optimized beam directions were simpler and resulted in better sparing of critical structures compared with plans based on manual angle selection. The approach provides a practical alternative to elaborate and time consuming beam angle optimization schemes and is suitable for routine clinical usage." ==Optimizing leaf sequence== *Beavis, 2001 - {{PMID|11580181}} &mdash; "Optimization of the step-and-shoot leaf sequence for delivery of intensity modulated radiation therapy using a variable division scheme." ==Homogeneity== *'''U. Michigan, 2002''' - {{PMID|11955726}} &mdash; "Is uniform target dose possible in IMRT plans in the head and neck?" Vineberg KA et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Apr 1;52(5):1159-72. {{BookCat}} g6o4x1tynfb9xiozm5tr7149znm13pz Radiation Oncology/HN-supportive care 0 23017 4673035 2630575 2026-09-30T05:59:19Z Jcb 90773 4673035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''Head & Neck Supportive Care'''</big> *'''Subpages:''' :[[Radiation Oncology/Supportive care/Oral mucositis|Oral mucositis]] :[[Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Osteoradionecrosis|Osteoradionecrosis]] ==Xerostomia== ''Cevimeline (Exovac)'' - 30 mg TID. Can increase to 45 mg. *2 randomized studies comparing with placebo: PRT 003 and PRT 004. *FDA approved for Sjogren's (but not XRT) *'''PRT 003 and 004''' **Randomized. 570 patients (284 in PRT 003, 286 in PRT 004). Cevimeline 30mg TID or placebo. Possible dose-escalation to 45 mg TID at 6 weeks **'''2007''' {{PMID|17379432}} -- "Cevimeline for the treatment of postirradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer." (Chambers MS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jul 15;68(4):1102-9.) ***Outcome: PRT 003: improvement in dry mouth civemeline 47% vs. placebo 33% (SS); no difference in PRT 004. Both studies significantly greater stimulated salivary flow ***Conclusion: well tolerated, improves unstimulated salivary flow ''Caphosol'' (artificial saliva) [http://caphosol.com Website] (Rx only) **1 box = 30 doses. use 4 to 10 doses / day. **Supersatured solution of calcium and phosphate. **Indicated for xerostomia and mucositis ''Pilocarpine'' *'''RTOG 97-09''' ''Amifostine (Ethyol)'' *'''Netherlands''' - {{PMID|16804929}} &mdash; "Radiotherapy alone, versus radiotherapy with amifostine 3 times weekly, versus radiotherapy with amifostine 5 times weekly: a prospective randomized study in squamous cell head and neck cancer." Jellema AP et al. Cancer. 2006 Jun 27; [Epub ahead of print] **Randomized. RT alone vs amifostine 5 days/wk vs amifostine 3 days/wk, both at 200 mg/m2. All received bilateral neck RT. Assessed acute and late xerostomia and QOL at 6 weeks and every 6 months until 2 yrs. **Difference in grade 2 or greater xerostomia at 6 months but not later. 28% of pts discontinued amifostine. ''Moisturizing products:'' *Biotene products ([http://www.biotene.com Website]) (OTC) **Mouthwash, gum, gel, liquid (spray bottle). Also toothpaste. *Numoisyn ([http://alignpharma.com Website]) (Rx) **Lozenges (100 per bottle) - use PRN, up to 16/day **Liquid (30 cc or 300 cc bottle) - use 2 cc (1/2 tsp) PRN, rinse in mouth ''Accupuncture'' *'''South Korea''' **Randomized. 12 patients with H&N cancer and radiation-induced xerostomia. Arm 1) real acupuncture vs. Arm 2) sham acupuncture BIW x 6 weeks. Measured whole stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate, and questionnaire at 3 and 6 weeks after acupuncture **'''2008''' {{PMID|18532895}} -- "Manual Acupuncture Improved Quality of Life in Cancer Patients with Radiation-Induced Xerostomia." (Cho JH, J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Jun 4. [Epub ahead of print]) ***Outcome: Whole salivary flow rate: no difference. Unstimulated flow rate: acupuncture significantly better. Subjective: acupuncture significantly less xerostomia ***Conclusion: Significantly improved amelioration of subjective xerostomia ==Candidiasis== *'''Genoa''' (Italy) -- placebo vs. prophylactic fluconazole **Randomized. 270 patients with H&N tumors, excluding glottic T1-2. Conventional RT fractionation. Arm 1) fluconazole 100 mg QD vs. Arm 2) placebo. Starting 6th treatment until end of treatment. ~50% patients had baseline yeast cultured. If patients developed candidiasis, they could stop protocol and be treated with antimycotics at MD discretion **'''2008''' {{PMID|18419630}} -- "Effects of fluconazole in the prophylaxis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck tumour: results from a double-blind placebo-controlled trial." (Corvo R, Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008 May;17(3):270-7.) ***Outcome: candidiasis-free survival improved at 6 weeks fluconazole 81% vs. placebo 64% (SS) and 8 weeks 76% vs. 57% (SS); time-to-outbreak fluconazole 56 days vs. placebo 47 days; mean duration of RT fluconazole 39.9 days vs. placebo 43.5 days (SS) ***All adverse events: fluconazole 70% vs. placebo 67% (NS) - most related to RT not fluconazole ***Conclusion: Prophylaxis with fluconazole significantly reduces rate and improves time to development of oral candidiasis '''Loramyc''' mucoadhesive buccal tablet (MBT) *'''Nice''' (France) -- placebo vs. prophylactic miconazole **Randomized. 282 patients, H&N cancer. Arm 1) single-dose 50mg MBT miconazole vs. Arm 2) 500 mg oral gel (MOG) miconazole in 4 doses **'''2007''' {{PMID|18044772}} -- "Comparison of the efficacy and safety of miconazole 50-mg mucoadhesive buccal tablets with miconazole 500-mg gel in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, multicenter, comparative, phase III trial in patients treated with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer." (Bensadoun RJ, Cancer. 2007 Nov 28 [Epub ahead of print]) ***Outcome: Clinical success MBT 56% vs. MOG 49% (NS), superiority for MBT if multiple oral lesions ***Conclusion: MBT Loramyc well tolerated and not inferior; can be recommended as first-line treatment ==Radiation dermatitis== ''Please see [[Radiation Oncology/Skin care|Skin care]]'' ==Trismus== *Therabite - plastic device used to stretch the jaw *Stack of tongue blades ==Enteral Feeding== *'''Sahlgrenska University Hospital (Sweden)''' -- prophylactic PEG tube versus as-needed enteral support **Randomized multicenter trial. 134 patients with stage III/IV H&N cancer treated with curative intent therapy including radiotherapy (58% oropharynx, 69% chemoradiotherapy). Arm 1) PEG inserted prior to treatment start. Arm 2) Treatment per standard clinical practice. Rigorous 2-year follow-up with EORTC health-related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaires, dietitian visits. **'''2012''' {{PMID|21374756}} -- "Impact of prophylactic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy on malnutrition and quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer: a randomized study" (Silander E, Head Neck. 2012 Jan;34(1):1-9.) ***Outcome: 73% of control group eventually required enteral feeding support. HRQOL better in prophylactic PEG arm, biggest difference at 6 months: global health status 64 vs. 52, p=0.02. Less weight loss in prophylactic PEG arm, but p=NS: 8.8 vs 9.6 kg at 6 months. Overall survival similar, logrank p=0.41. ***Conclusion: Malnutrition is common after treatment for advanced H&N cancer. Prophylactic PEG may improve quality of life and reduce weight loss. *'''Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (Australia)''' -- NGT vs PEG tube **Randomized. ''Closed early due to poor accrual.'' 33/150 patients, H&N cancer planned for curative RT, 'anticipated to require enteral feeding' (whole oral cavity RT, AHFX, CRT, >10% weight loss). Arm 1) percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube vs. Arm 2) nasogastric (NGT) tube. Criteria for insertion: intake <50% of calculated daily nutritional requirement and/or >5kg weight loss from start of treatment **'''2008''' {{PMID|19032398}} -- "Randomized study of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tubes for enteral feeding in head and neck cancer patients treated with (chemo)radiation." (Corry J, J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2008 Oct;52(5):503-10.) ***Outcome: No difference in absolute weight, upper arm circumference at 6 weeks post treatment. No difference in weight loss at 6 months. Median duration of use PEG 4.6 months vs. NGT 2.2 months (SS) ***Toxicity: No difference in G3 dysphagia. PEG site infections 27%, NGT dislodgement 61%. No difference in chest infection. QoL overall no difference, but more pain with PEG (SS), more inconvenience with NGT (SS), more altered body image with NGT (SS) during first week. No difference at removal. ***Cost: NGT $76 vs. PEG $736 ***Patient selection: Off study, when patients allowed to choose, NGT = 73 patients and PEG = 32 patients ***Conclusion: No evidence to support routine use of PEG tubes over NGT h147szol0i9tnj1kwu02i50c340o50q Radiation Oncology/IMRT/IMRT Overview 0 23157 4673053 3349048 2026-09-30T06:48:45Z Jcb 90773 4673053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/TOC}} This section is about how intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) works (in brief) and the history of IMRT. More technical aspects of IMRT should be placed in the section [[Radiation Oncology/IMRT/IMRT Technical|Radiation Oncology:IMRT Technical]]. Clinical results of IMRT should be placed elsewhere. ==History== ===Timeline of IMRT=== *1992 - 1994 - proprietary IMRT development at NOMOS (initially named VISUS Medical Devices, then Cognos*centi, then NOMOS) *1994 - NOMOS PEACOCK system (first patient treated in 1994 at The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA) *1996 - First IMRT treatment with a conventional linac equipped with a multileaf collimator (MLC) ===NOMOS PEACOCK=== The introduction of a commercial IMRT system into popular use began with the PEACOCK system produced by the NOMOS Corporation (Pennsylvania, USA). The PEACOCK system consists of the MIMiC, which is a "bolt-on" multileaf collimator, and a dedicated treatment planning system. Treatment with the PEACOCK is described as "serial tomotherapy" in which the treatment is delivered using non-overlapping arcs (thus "tomo" or slice therapy) with couch movement occurring between each arc (thus "serial"). ==Guidelines== Guidelines for the implementation and quality assurance for IMRT. *'''NCI Guidelines on the Use of IMRT in Clinical Trials:''' **(July 25, 2006) "ATC Guidelines for the use of IMRT" - [http://atc.wustl.edu/home/NCI/NCI_IMRT_Guidelines_2006.pdf PDF] **(Jan 14, 2005) "The National Cancer Institute Guidelines for the Use of Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy in Clinical Trials" - [http://atc.wustl.edu/home/NCI/IMRT_NCI_Guidelines_v4.0.pdf PDF] *'''Advanced Technology Consortium (ATC):''' **2004 - {{PMID|15234063}} &mdash; "Credentialing of institutions for IMRT in clinical trials." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jul 15;59(4):1257-9 ==References== *Beavis A W. Is tomotherapy the future of IMRT? The British Journal of Radiology 77 (2004), 285-295. ({{PMID|15107318}}) {{BookCat}} ax6edxhmadmumfljaf60nylv1z4tjli Radiation Oncology/Leukemia 0 23455 4673098 4113548 2026-09-30T10:46:49Z Jcb 90773 4673098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} *Subpages: :[[Radiation_Oncology/Leukemia/ALL|Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)]] :[[Radiation_Oncology/NHL/CLL-SLL|Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) / Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)]] ==Epidemiology== Leukemias are the most common cancer of childhood and the number one cause of cancer related death in children. 32% of cancers in children under 15. This varies by year, with leukemia representing 17% of cancers in the first year of life, peaking at 46% for 2-3 year olds, and 9% for nineteen year olds. Total cases of leukemia is 7.24 per 100,000 for age 0-5, 3.8 per 100,000 for ages 5-9, decreasing to about 2.5 for ages 10-19. Incidence in Children: (SEER 1975-1995, age-adjusted) *Acute lymphoblastic leukemia - 2.9 per 100,000 **74% of leukemias in children. Incidence decrease **Burkitt's lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma are now considered forms of ALL. *Acute myeloid leukemia - 0.52 per 100,000 **about 14% of leukemias in children; *Chronic myeloid leukemia - 0.13 per 100,000 (less than 7% of childhood leukemias) *Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - rare (about 0.02 per million) *Others - rare ALL and AML have the incidence at younger ages (<5 years) then decrease. AML incidence rises after age 10, causing 36% of leukemias at age 15-19, but ALL is still the most common leukemia in the older age group (50%). Incidence in Adults: (SEER 1997-2001, age-adjusted) *Chronic lymphocytic leukemia - 3.53 per 100,000 **increases sharply with age - 0.78 (age 20-54), 7.34 (55-64), 15.1 (65-74), 24.9 (75+) **median age 60 yo **higher in males by about 2:1. somewhat higher in whites than blacks. **5-15% will evolve into a more aggressive lymphoid malignancy *Acute myeloid leukemia - 3.77 per 100,000 **increases sharply with age - 1.66 (age 20-54), 5.9 (55-64), 13.8 (65-74), 21.7 (75+) **higher in males by about 2:1. somewhat higher in whites than blacks *Acute lymphocytic leukemia - 1.5 per 100,000 **incidence increases slightly with age but highest in childhood **somewhat higher in males than females, whites than blacks *Chronic myeloid leukemia - 1.6 per 100,000 **increases with age **higher in males than females (by about 1.5:1). somewhat higher in whites than blacks ==Risk of Relapse== *Clinical **Age **WBC count *Biological **Histology/immunophenotype **Cytogenetics **Gene identification *Response based **Morphology (BM Bx/aspirate) **Minimal Residual Disease *Lymphomatous presentation ({{PMID|1855175}}) '''''Risk groups:''''' *Low - age 2-9 inclusive, WBC < 10,000; no L2 morphology and boys with plts < 100,000 *Intermediate - all others; includes pts who are low risk but have L2 morphology or boys with plts < 100,000 *High - WBC > 50,000; pts who are intermediate risk but have L2 morphology '''''Adults with ALL:''''' *'''High risk:''' age > 35, WBC > 30,000, null cell phenotype, Ph+, remission after more than 4 weeks of intensive chemo *:Have a 18-28% chance of continuous CR at 5 yrs *Regular risk *:60% 5-yr DFS == CNS disease == See also: [[Radiation Oncology/CNS/CSF involvement]] CNS 1 - Negative cytology (no blasts) <br>CNS 2 - +cytology, < 5 WBC/microliter <br>CNS 3 - +cytology, >=5 WBC/microliter, or any CN lesion *Gilchrist 1994 CNS involvement at diagnosis in 3% of children with ALL. <br>CNS involvement is more common in ALL, rare in AML (except for the variant acute myelomonocytic leukemia, AMML), and rare in CML and CLL. Risk in AMML is 20%. 5-10% risk in adults with ALL. ==Roles for Radiation== *CNS prophylaxis *CNS Therapy (active disease) *TBI *Testis prophylaxis(sanctuary sites) *Palliation *Treatment of [[Radiation Oncology/Chloroma|chloromas]] ==BMT== Indications for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT): *relapse, unfavorable cytogenetics, induction failure. High risk patients (relapsed or t(9;22) (Philadelphia) may benefit from BMT Conditioning regimens prior to HSCT: purpose is to prevent graft rejection and eliminate leukemic cells. Regimen may consist of chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy + TBI. There is a suggestion of improved outcomes with TBI. TBI - Socié et al, Blood 2001 ==CNS prophylaxis== Indications: *CNS involvement at time of diagnosis *High risk disease **<1 yo, >10 yo **WBC > 100,000 **T-cell ALL with WBC > 50,000 **bcr-abl translocation (Philadelphia chromosome) **lymphomatous presentation PCI for CNS prophylaxis as frontline treatment for patients with ALL led to an increase in survival in the 1960s. Toxicity from PCI is significant. Earlier trials used 24 Gy. Later trials showed that the dose can be reduced to 12-18 Gy or eliminated entirely if appropriate systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy is used. ==Treatment of CNS disease== :See also: [[Radiation Oncology/CNS/CSF involvement]] Therapeutic Cranial Irradiation -5% of those on initial presentation -CNS failure See appropriate protocol for chemotherapy regimen, individual risk-adapted, and response criteria to stratify by risk category. *Dose **Varies on protocol **24 Gy in past, no longer used. **18 Gy (standard dose) associated with decreased risk of CNS complications ***{{PMID|11443604}} - Waber DP, Shapiro BL, Carpentieri SC, et al.: Excellent therapeutic efficacy and minimal late neurotoxicity in children treated with 18 grays of cranial radiation therapy for high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a 7-year follow-up study of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consortium Protocol 87-01. Cancer 92 (1): 15-22, 2001. **12 Gy has been used more recently in European trials ***{{PMID|10828010}} - Schrappe M, Reiter A, Ludwig WD, et al.: Improved outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia despite reduced use of anthracyclines and cranial radiotherapy: results of trial ALL-BFM 90. German-Austrian-Swiss ALL-BFM Study Group. Blood 95 (11): 3310-22, 2000. *Fraction size **Usually 180 **Sometimes 160 (thought to be lower neurocognitive effects) *Volume **Cranial radiation only (no spinal irradiation) ***(need ref) **Areas to watch ***Cribiform plate (reported site of failure for medulloblastoma) ***Temporal lobes '''''Treatments:''''' <br>CCG trials from 1971-78 used cranial RT + intrathecal MTX but no spinal RT. <br>CSI was found to be more effective than cranial RT in treating pts with CNS relapse. (Willougby, MRC, {{PMID|816410}}, 1976) <br>CCG trials from 1978-83 used 24 Gy cranial + 12 Gy spinal given during consolidation phase along with systemic and intrathecal chemo. :CNS disease at diagnosis was not an independent prognostic factor, thereby indicating the effectiveness of CNS treatment regimens used. CCG trials from 1983-89 used more intensive chemotherapy. Reduced spinal dose to 6 Gy in those treated with intensive consolidation phase in order to limit hematopoietic toxicity. ==Toxicity== *'''Finnish Cancer Registry; 2007''' {{PMID|17687156}} -- "Scholastic achievements of childhood leukemia patients: a nationwide, register-based study." (Harila-Saari AH, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 10;25(23):3518-24.) **Retrospective. 371 patients with leukemia diagnosis, <16 years old, born 1974-1986. Five matched controls from Population Registry of Finland. Information on 9th grade school analyzed **If cranial irradiation: lower overall marks (mean -0.24 on scale 4-10), and lower marks for all school subjects **If chemo alone: females <7 at diagnosis had worse school marks **Conclusion: Cranial irradiation impairs scholastic achievement; also chemo alone in females before school age *'''1981''' {{PMID|6948611}} -- "Neurologic sequelae of methotrexate and ionizing radiation: a new classification." (Bleyer WA, Cancer Treat Rep. 1981;65 Suppl 1:89-98.) **Review of data **Conclusion: concurrent CNS irradiation and chemotherapy most neurotoxic. Single modalities safer, with HD-MTX least neurotoxic ==Review articles== *'''CNS treatment:''' {{PMID|12525506}} &mdash; "Toward optimal central nervous system-directed treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Pui CH et al. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jan 15;21(2):179-81. *'''CNS treatment:''' {{PMID|16215818}}, 2005 &mdash; "Leukemic and lymphomatous meningitis: incidence, prognosis and treatment." Chamberlain MC et al. J Neurooncol. 2005 Oct;75(1):71-83. *'''ALL treamtent:''' {{PMID|16407512}} &mdash; "Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Pui CH et al. NEJM. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-178. ==References== *SEER publication on pediatric leukemia [http://seer.cancer.gov/publications/childhood/leukemia.pdf (PDF)] arbe631clhu63gviwfzhyq3li5loay4 Radiation Oncology/Liver 0 23929 4673112 3051944 2026-09-30T11:12:40Z Jcb 90773 4673112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} '''[[Radiation_Oncology/Liver/Overview|Overview]]''' '''Disease Information''' *[[Radiation_Oncology/Liver/HCC|Hepatocellular Carcinoma]] *[[Radiation_Oncology/Liver/Liver_Mets|Liver metastases]] *[[Radiation_Oncology/Bile_duct|(Intrahepatic) Cholangiocarcinoma]] '''[[Radiation_Oncology/Liver/Treatment|Treatment]]''' *[[Radiation_Oncology/Liver/HCC/Protons|Proton Therapy]] '''[[Radiation_Oncology/Normal_tissue_tolerance/Liver|Normal tissue tolerance]]''' '''[[Radiation_Oncology/Liver/RTOG_Liver|RTOG Liver Trials]]''' ==Review Articles== *{{PMID|15143976}} -- ''Radiotherapy of liver malignancies. From whole liver irradiation to stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy.'' ('''2004 Greco''', Tumori. 2004 Jan-Feb;90(1):73-9.) *{{PMID|14648782}} -- ''Conformal chemoradiation for primary and metastatic liver malignancies.'' ('''2003 Dawson''', Semin Surg Oncol. 2003;21(4):249-55) h82lyfb2iy8yh5pm2pl5z39nepzriga Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Overview 0 24477 4673043 4660757 2026-09-30T06:12:28Z Jcb 90773 4673043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/TOC}} ==Epidemiology== *About 14% of lymphomas; 1% of all cancers. *Adult HD has bimodal age distribution: peaks at age 20-29 and again in the 50+ range *[[Radiation_Oncology/Pediatric_Hodgkin's|Pediatric HD]] typically occurs 4-14 years old; marked male predominance 4:1 *90% have disease in contiguous nodes (assuming para-aortics are contiguous to SCV via thoracic duct) *Visceral involvement may be local extension or hematogenous; rare to GI lymphatics (Waldayer's ring or Peyer's patch) ==Work-Up== *History: look for B symptoms. Also fatigue, alcohol-induced pain, pruritus. *PE: Palpable nodes, palpable viscera *Labs: CBC, blood chemistry, albumin, ESR *Radiology: CXR, CT, PET *Biopsy: LN excision; bone marrow Bx if B-symptoms, subdiaphragmatic disease or Stage III-IV disease *Staging laparotomy no longer used ==Classification== *Rye classification (1966) **By Lukes and Butler. Presented at a conference in Rye, New York. **Found that different subtypes have different prognoses: ***Lymphocyte predominant (most favorable) ***Nodular sclerosis (favorable) ***Mixed cellularity (guarded) ***Lymphocyte depleted (least favorable) *World Health Organization (WHO) classification **'''Classic Hodgkin lymphoma:''' CD 15+, CD 30+ **'''Nodular lymphocyte predominant''' CD 15-, CD 30-, CD 20+ ==Pathology== *Classic HL **Presence of classic Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells ***Do not exhibit phenotypes typical of any normal cell ***CD15+; marker is expressed on granulocytes ***Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes, with VDJ rearrangement. This is typically seen only in germinal B cells and post-germinal B cells ***Study of patients with both HL and NHL shows they are clonally related, suggesting that initial transformation occurred in a germinal B cell. Subsequently, there are two distinct sets of molecular lesions, which lead to divergent phenotypes of HL and NHL ***HRS cells appear to lose their germinal B cell characteristics, and become unable to transcribe RNA for immunoglobulin due to impaired activation of Ig promoters ***There is also activation of NF-kB pathway, which leads to c-REL increase and promotion of lymphocyte transformation and prevention of apoptotic deletion ***There is a widespread genomic instability, which contributes to the strange nuclear appearance *Nodular lymphocyte predominant HL **Prevalent tumor cell is "lymphocytic and histiocytic" (L&H) subtype of HRS cells ***Pathologically looks like popped corn ***Express B-cell markers ***Have multiple features that resemble normal germinal B-cells **Classic HRS rare or absent; appears with multiple nuclear lobes and large nucleoli ==Prognostic Factors and Treatment Groups Definitions== '''Prognostic Risk Factors''' *GHSG &mdash; Bulky disease (mediastinal mass >1/3 intrathoracic diameter); Extranodal disease; ESR >50 w/o B Sx's or >30 w/ B sx's; 3+ LN regions *EORTC/GELA &mdash; Mediastinal mass > 0.35 intrathoracic diameter at T5/6; Age >=50, ESR >50 w/o B Sx's or >30 w/ B sx's; 4+ LN regions *NCCN &mdash; Bulky disease (mediastinal mass on CXR > 1/3 intrathoracic diameter or any mass > 10 cm on CT); Age >=40; ESR >50 or B sx's; 4+ LN regions or 2+ extranodal sites Note: The GHSG nodal areas include: left and right cervical (cervical, supra- and infraclavicular), left and right axillar, mediastinal (including bilateral hila), higher abdomen (portal, celiac and splenic), lower abdomen (para-aortic and mesenteric), left and right iliac and left and right inguinal. The EORTC only considers 5 supradiaphragmatic regions: left and right cervical (including supraclavicular), left and right axillar (including infraclavicular) and mediastinal (including bilateral hila). '''EORTC Prognostic Score (Stage I-II)''' {| class="wikitable" ! Feature !! width="150" | 0 Points !!width="150" | 1 Point !!width="150" | 9 Points |- | Age || align="center" | <40 || align="center" | 40-49 || align="center" | >=50 |- | Gender || align="center" | Female || align="center" | Male || &nbsp; |- | Stage || align="center" | I || align="center" | II<sub>2-3</sub> || align="center" | II<sub>4-5</sub> |- | Mediastinum || align="center" | M/T ratio <0.35 || &nbsp; || align="center" | MT ratio >0.35 |- | B Symptoms / ESR || align="center" | No B symptoms<br> ESR <50 | align="center" | B Symptoms<br> ESR <30 | align="center" | B Symptoms + ESR >=30 or<br> ESR >50 |- | Histology || align="center" | LP-NS || align="center" | MC-LD |} *'''Score 0''': Very low risk *'''Score 1-5''': Favorable risk *'''Score >=9''': Unfavorable risk '''Treatment groups''' *Lymphocyte Predominant *Early-stage favorable **GHSG &mdash; stage I-II with no risk factors **EORTC/GELA &mdash; stage I-II supradiaphragmatic with no risk factors **NCCN &mdash; stage I-IIA, no risk factors *Early-stage unfavorable **GHSG &mdash; stage I, stage IIA with 1+ risk factors, or stage IIB w/ elevated ESR or 3+ LN regions (not bulky or extranodal disease) **EORTC/GELA &mdash; stage I-II supradiaphragmatic with 1+ risk factors **NCCN &mdash; Stage I-II, any risk factors *Advanced stage **GHSG &mdash; stage III-IV, or IIb w/ bulky or extranodal disease **EORTC/GELA &mdash; stage III-IV **NCCN &mdash; stage III-IV '''Comparison of Definitions of Risk for Early Stage Disease''' {| class="wikitable" width="90%" !width="150" | Study !! colspan = 4 width="50" | Risk Grouping |- |rowspan=2|'''German Hodgkin Study Group''' || style="background: lightgrey;{{Text default color}}; " | High || style="background: lightgrey;{{Text default color}}; " | Low |- | mediastinal mass (>1/3 thoracic diameter) <br>extranodal disease <br>&ge; 3 nodal areas <br>ESR >50 (if asymptomatic) or >30 (if symptomatic) | no large mediastinal mass <br>no extranodal disease <br>< 3 nodal areas <br>low ESR |- style="background: lightgrey;{{Text default color}}; " |rowspan=2 style="background: #f9f9f9;{{Text default color}}; " |'''NCI-Canada / ECOG''' || Very High || High || Low || Very Low |- | any mass > 10 cm <br>mediastinal mass (&ge;1/3 thoracic diameter) <br>intraabdominal disease | age &ge; 40 yr <br>ESR &ge; 50 <br>mixed cellularity or lymphocyte depleted <br>&ge; 4 sites of disease | age < 40 <br>ESR < 50 <br>no mixed cellularity or lymphocyte depleted <br>< 4 sites of disease | single node <3 cm in upper neck or epitrochlear region <br>lymphocyte predominant or nodular sclerosis <br>ESR < 50 |- style="background: lightgrey;{{Text default color}}; " |rowspan=2 style="background: #f9f9f9;{{Text default color}}; " | '''EORTC''' || High || Low || Very Low |- | &ge; 9 points || 1-5 points || 0 points |- style="background: lightgrey;{{Text default color}}; " |rowspan=2 style="background: #f9f9f9;{{Text default color}}; " | '''NTI-Milan''' || High || Low |- | nodal mass > 10 cm <br>mediastinal mass (>1/3 thoracic diameter) <br>pulmonary hilar involvement <br>contiguous extranodal extension <br>stage I with systemic symptoms | no large nodal or mediastinal mass <br>no systemic symptoms |- style="background: lightgrey;{{Text default color}}; " |rowspan=2 style="background: #f9f9f9;{{Text default color}}; " | '''Dana-Farber Cancer Institute''' || High || Low |- | any mass > 10 cm <br>mediastinal mass (>1/3 thoracic diameter) | no large nodal or mediastinal mass |- style="background: lightgrey;{{Text default color}}; " |rowspan=2 style="background: #f9f9f9;{{Text default color}}; " | '''International Prognostic Score''' || High || Low |- | &ge; 3 points || 0-2 points |- |colspan=5 | adapted {{PMID|20818856}} [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1003733 Full text] -- "Early-Stage Hodgkin's Lymphoma" (Armitage JO, N Engl J Med 2010 Aug 12;363:653-662) |} ==Survival== (from the NCI, 2003) *Stage I - up to 90% *Stage II - 78 - 90% *Stage IIIA - 60 - 78% *Stage IIIB - 50 - 60% *Stage IV - 40 - 50% Advanced / Bulky - cure rate 60-80% with combination chemotherapy ==Prognostic factors== *'''British Columbia/University of Nebraska; 2010''' {{PMID|20220182}} -- "Tumor-associated macrophages and survival in classic Hodgkin's lymphoma." (Steidl C, N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 11;362(10):875-85.) **Retrospective. 130 frozen samples, classic HL. Gene expression profiling **Outcome: Gene signature of tumor-associated macrophages (CD68+) associated with primary treatment failure (SS). In validation cohort, CD68+ macrophages correlated with shorter PFS (SS) and DSS (SS). In MVA, it outperformed IPS score. Patients with limited-stage disease without CD68+ macrophages had 100% DSS **Conclusion: Increased number of tumor-associated macrophages associated with shortened survival in classic HL '''Prognostic score for advanced Hodgkin disease''': {{PMID|9819449}} [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/339/21/1506 Full text] &mdash; "A prognostic score for advanced Hodgkin's disease. International Prognostic Factors Project on Advanced Hodgkin's Disease." Hasenclever D et al. N Engl J Med. 1998 Nov 19;339(21):1506-14. *Stage III-IV pts, treated 1983-92. Included a few with Stage I-II with high-risk features. *1 point for each. 7 prognostic factors, mnemonic "HAL SWAM": Hemoglobin < 10.5, Age 45 years or older, Lymphocytes < 600, Stage IV, WBC > 15,000, Albumin <4, Male sex. *None: 84% FFP at 5 yrs; 1: 77%; 2: 67%; 3: 60%; 4: 51%; 5+: 42% '''''Other definitions of bulky disease:''''' Many studies use 5cm or 6cm. (e.g., SWOG) ==Chemotherapy regimens== *ABVD - Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine *COPP - Cyclophosphamide, vincristine (Oncovin), procarbazine, and prednisone *EBVP - Epirubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and prednisone. Used in EORTC H7. *MOPP - Mechlorethamine, vincristine (Oncovin), procarbazine, prednisone *Stanford V (1989-) - essentially MOP/ABV + etoposide - uses mechlorethamine, doxorubicin, vinblastine, vincristine, bleomycin, etoposide, and prednisone (uses decreased doxo, bleo, and mustard cumulative doses and is a shorter course over 12 wks. Originally used RT). {{PMID|7537796}}. Standard of care is ABVD, which is superior or equivalent to MOPP, MOPP/ABVD, or MOPP-ABV Comparison of gonadal toxicity: *{{PMID|2408897}} - ABVD vs MOPP. Complete recovery of sperm count in all male pts with ABVD. ==Radiation fields== *'''Mantle field''' - suggestions per Fletcher's textbook, 3rd edition. **Place isocenter midway between superior and inferior edges. Usually is near or slightly below the suprasternal notch. **Borders: ''Superior'' - Midpoint of chin, along mandible, 2-3 cm above tip of mastoid. ''Inferior'' - near diaphragm, ~4 cm above xiphoid. ''Inferior axillary'' - 4th costochondral junction. Include ~1 cm of lung in lower axilla and 2-4 cm of lung in upper axilla. ''Lateral axillary'' - junction of lateral margin of pectoralis with deltoid. Exclude humeral heads. ''Mediastinum / hilum'' - **Shield: ''larynx'' - thyroid notch to cricoid. **Superior border of the PA field can be lowered to avoid irradiation of the oral cavity and cerebellum. Place border at thyroid notch. *'''Modified mantle / mini-mantle''' - includes mediastinum, bilateral hila, supraclavicular. Excluded axilla and neck/occipital unless bulky disease present. From larynx to T10-12 ** used in Stanford V protocol - {{PMID|7537796}} *'''Waldeyer's ring''' (typically for NHL) - Lateral fields matched to lower neck field. **Borders: ''Inferior'' - thyroid notch. ''Superior'' - 1 cm above zygomatic arch. ''Posterior'' - tragus, then posterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle. ''Anterior'' - orbital rim posteroinferiorly to 2nd molar and then forward along the mandible. **Lower neck field: ''Superior'' - matches inferior border of lateral fields. Midline larynx shielding from thyroid notch to 1-2 cm below cricoid. Laterally to junction of trapezius with clavicles. Inferiorly 1-2 cm below clavicles. *'''Para-aortic''' - top of T11 to bottom of L4 *'''Inverted Y''' - includes para-aortic + iliac + inguinal *'''Total nodal irradiation (TNI)''' - Mantle followed by Inverted Y and spleen (usually after a break of 2-3 weeks between mantle and inverted Y). *'''Sub-total nodal irradiation (STNI)''' - Mantle plus para-aortic + spleen. Excludes iliac + inguinal. Often used in females because of concern for fertility. *'''Involved field:''' **Involved field recommendations: ***Mediastinal disease - treat mediastinum + SCLV ***SCLV disease - treat ipsilateral neck *'''Involved site radiotherapy''' *'''Involved node radiotherapy''' ===Field design=== '''''General:''''' *'''UK National Cancer Research Institute''' **'''2013:''' {{PMID|22889569}} [http://www.clinicaloncologyonline.net/article/S0936-6555(12)00214-2/fulltext Full text] -- "Recommendations for the use of radiotherapy in nodal lymphoma." (Hoskin PJ, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013 Jan;25(1):49-58.) ***Treatment volumes: Wide field, Involved Field, Involved Site, Involved Node ***Dose ***Dose constraints *'''International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group''' **'''2013:''' {{PMID|23790512}} [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360301613005348 Full text]--"Modern Radiation Therapy Hodgkin Lymphoma: Field and Dose Guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group (ILROG)" (Specht L, IJROBP Jun 2013) ***Describes involved site radiation therapy for Hodgkins disease utilizing modern radiation techniques and intended to replace involved field radiation. '''''Involved field:''''' *'''CALGB guidelines''' - {{PMID|12078908}} [http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/13/suppl_1/79 Full text] (2002) &mdash; "The involved field is back: issues in delineating the radiation field in Hodgkin's disease." Yahalom J et al. Ann Oncol. 2002;13 Suppl 1:79-83. **Boundaries of the involved fields. ==Treatment== ===Need to add these=== # Bonadonna G, Zucali R, Monfardini S, et al: Combination chemotherapy of Hodgkin's disease with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and imidazole carboxamide versus MOPP. Cancer 36:252-259, 1975 # Carde P, Hagenbeek A, Hayat M, et al: Clinical staging versus laparotomy and combined modality with MOPP versus ABVD in early-stage Hodgkin's disease: The H6 twin randomized trials from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 11:2258-2272, 1993 # Santoro A, Bonadonna G, Valagussa P, et al: Long-term results of combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy approach in Hodgkin's disease: Superiority of ABVD plus radiotherapy versus MOPP plus radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 5:27-37, 1987 ==Response Criteria== *'''Lugano Classification''' **'''2014''' {{PMID|25113753}} -- "Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification." (Cheson DB, J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 20;32(27):3059-68.) *'''International Harmonization Project on Lymphoma; 2007''' {{PMID|17242396}} -- "Revised response criteria for malignant lymphoma." (Cheson BD, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Feb 10;25(5):579-86. Epub 2007 Jan 22.) **Guidelines incorporating PET, IHC, and flow cytometry for definitions of response in NHL and HD. Standardized definitions of end points ==Treatment toxicity== '''Radiation:''' *JCRT, 1990 (1969-84) - {{PMID|2105920}} &mdash; "Thoracic irradiation in Hodgkin's disease: disease control and long-term complications." Tarbell NJ et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990 Feb;18(2): 275-81. **Mantle irradiation. Pneumonitis 3% in those receiving RT alone. 2.2% pericarditis. 25% thyroid disorders. '''Second malignancies:''' :See [[Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Second malignancies|Second malignancies]] '''Chemotherapy:''' *JNCI, 2002 (1965-1994) - {{PMID|11830608}} &mdash; "Lung cancer following chemotherapy and radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease." Travis LB et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Feb 6;94(3):182-92. **Risk of lung cancer after alkylating agents occurs soon after treatment and incidence increases with increasing dose of chemotherapy. *JNCI, 2007 (1967-2000) - {{PMID|17284715}} &mdash; "Myocardial infarction mortality risk after treatment for Hodgkin disease: a collaborative British cohort study." Swerdlow AJ et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Feb 7;99(3):206-14. **Radiation and ABVD both independently increase the risk of MI mortality. ==Summary of trials== *'''Stanford trials''', 1985 (1962-84) - {{PMID|3881376}} &mdash; "The evolution and summary results of the Stanford randomized clinical trials of the management of Hodgkin's disease: 1962-1984." Rosenberg SA et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985 Jan;11(1):5-22. ==Reviews== *'''University of Pennsylvania; 2008''' {{PMID|19028275}} -- "Radiotherapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: a 21st century perspective and review of multiple randomized clinical trials." (Bar AV, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Dec 1;72(5):1472-9.) *'''British Columbia; 2005''' {{PMID|16155026}} &mdash; "State-of-the-Art Therapeutics: Hodgkin's Lymphoma." Connors JM et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 23, No 26 (September 10), 2005: pp. 6400-6408. ==Other Resources== *[https://astro.webex.com/ec0606l/eventcenter/recording/recordAction.do?theAction=poprecord&AT=pb&renewticket=0&isurlact=true&recordID=17294202&apiname=lsr.php&rKey=b3c0338a97166efd&format=short&needFilter=false&&SP=EC&rID=17294202&siteurl=astro&actappname=ec0606l&actname=%2Feventcenter%2Fframe%2Fg.do&rnd=8654376979&entappname=url0108l&entactname=%2FnbrRecordingURL.do ASTRO/ARRO Journal Club Webinar 2011 - "“Reduced Treatment Intensity in Patients with Early-Stage Hodgkin's Lymphoma” with Richard Hoppe, MD, FASTRO] qm4quvf2mgo9u5fhgnonrbzoyk7ok25 Abstract Algebra/Algebras 0 29015 4672999 4672854 2026-09-29T22:12:18Z Rgdboer 1021217 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4672854|4672854]] by [[Special:Contributions/Rgdboer|Rgdboer]] ([[User talk:Rgdboer|discuss]]) Folly 4672999 wikitext text/x-wiki In this section we will talk about structures with three operations. These are called algebras. We will start by defining an algebra over a field, which is a vector space with a bilinear vector product. After giving some examples, we will then move to a discussion of quivers and their path algebras. == Algebras over a Field == '''Definition 1:''' Let <math>F</math> be a field, and let <math>A</math> be an <math>F</math>-vector space on which we define the vector product <math>\cdot\,:\,A\times A\rightarrow A</math>. Then <math>A</math> is called an ''algebra over'' <math>F</math> provided that <math>(A,+,\cdot)</math> is a ring, where <math>+</math> is the vector space addition, and if for all <math>a,b,c\in A</math> and <math>\alpha\in F</math>, # <math>a(bc)=(ab)c</math>, # <math>a(b+c)=ab+ac</math> and <math>(a+b)c=ac+bc</math>, # <math>\alpha(ab)=(\alpha a)b=a(\alpha b)</math>. The ''dimension'' of an algebra is the dimension of <math>A</math> as a vector space. '''Remark 2:''' The appropriate definition of a ''subalgebra'' is clear from Definition 1. We leave its formal statement to the reader. '''Definition 2:''' If <math>(A,+,\cdot)</math> is a commutative ring, <math>A</math> is called a ''commutative algebra''. If it is a division ring, <math>A</math> is called a ''division algebra''. We reserve the terms ''real'' and ''complex algebra'' for algebras over <math>\mathbb{R}</math> and <math>\mathbb{C}</math>, respectively. The reader is invited to check that the following examples really are examples of algebras. '''Example 3:''' Let <math>F</math> be a field. The vector space <math>F^n</math> forms a commutative <math>F</math>-algebra under componentwise multiplication. '''Example 4:''' The [[Abstract Algebra/Quaternions|quaternions]] <math>\mathbb{H}</math> is a 4-dimensional real algebra. We leave it to the reader to show that it is ''not'' a 2-dimensional complex algebra. '''Example 5:''' Given a field <math>F</math>, the vector space of polynomials <math>F[x]</math> is a commutative <math>F</math>-algebra in a natural way. '''Example 6:''' Let <math>F</math> be a field. Then any matrix ring over <math>F</math>, for example <math>\left(\begin{array}{cc} F & 0 \\ F & F\end{array}\right)</math>, gives rise to an <math>F</math>-algebra in a natural way. == Quivers and Path Algebras == Naively, a quiver can be understood as a directed graph where we allow loops and parallell edges. Formally, we have the following. '''Definition 7:''' A ''quiver'' is a collection of four pieces of data, <math>Q=(Q_0,Q_1,s,t)</math>, # <math>Q_0</math> is the set of ''vertices'' of the quiver, # <math>Q_1</math> is the set of ''edges'', and # <math>s,t\,:\, Q_1\rightarrow Q_0</math> are functions associating with each edge a ''source vertex'' and a ''target vertex'', respectively. We will always assume that <math>Q_0</math> is nonempty and that <math>Q_0</math> and <math>Q_1</math> are finite sets. '''Example 8:''' The following are the simplest examples of quivers: # The quiver with one point and no edges, represented by <math>1</math>. # The quiver with <math>n</math> point and no edges, <math>1\quad 2\quad ... \quad n</math>. # The linear quiver with <math>n</math> points, <math>1\,\stackrel{a_1}{\longrightarrow}\, 2\,\stackrel{a_2}{\longrightarrow} \,...\,\xrightarrow{a_{n-1}} \,n</math>. # The simplest quiver with a nontrivial loop, <math>1\underset{a}\stackrel{b}{\leftrightarrows} 2</math>. '''Definition 9:''' Let <math>Q</math> be a quiver. A ''path'' in <math>Q</math> is a sequence of edges <math>a=a_ma_{m-1}...a_1</math> where <math>s(a_i)=t(a_{i-1})</math> for all <math>i=2,...,m</math>. We extend the domains of <math>s</math> and <math>t</math> and define <math>s(a)\equiv s(a_0)</math> and <math>t(a)\equiv t(a_m)</math>. We define the ''length'' of the path to be the number of edges it contains and write <math>l(a)=m</math>. With each vertex <math>i</math> of a quiver we associate the ''trivial path'' <math>e_i</math> with <math>s(e_i)=t(e_i)=i</math> and <math>l(e_i)=0</math>. A nontrivial path <math>a</math> with <math>s(a)=t(a)=i</math> is called an ''oriented loop'' at <math>i</math>. The reason quivers are interesting for us is that they provide a concrete way of constructing a certain family of algebras, called ''path algebras''. '''Definition 10:''' Let <math>Q</math> be a quiver and <math>F</math> a field. Let <math>FQ</math> denote the free vector space generated by all the paths of <math>Q</math>. On this vector space, we define a vector product in the obvious way: if <math>u=u_m...u_1</math> and <math>v=v_n...v_1</math> are paths with <math>s(v)=t(u)</math>, define their product <math>vu</math> by concatenation: <math>vu=v_n...v_1u_m...u_1</math>. If <math>s(v)\neq t(u)</math>, define their product to be <math>vu=0</math>. This product turns <math>FQ</math> into an <math>F</math>-algebra, called the ''path algebra of'' <math>Q</math>. '''Lemma 11:''' Let <math>Q</math> be a quiver and <math>F</math> field. If <math>Q</math> contains a path of length <math>|Q_0|</math>, then <math>FQ</math> is infinite dimensional. ''Proof:'' By a counting argument such a path must contain an oriented loop, <math>a</math>, say. Evidently <math>\{ a^n \}_{n\in\mathbb{N}}</math> is a linearly independent set, such that <math>FQ</math> is infinite dimensional. '''Lemma 12:''' Let <math>Q</math> be a quiver and <math>F</math> a field. Then <math>FQ</math> is infinite dimensional if and only if <math>Q</math> contains an oriented loop. ''Proof:'' Let <math>a</math> be an oriented loop in <math>Q</math>. Then <math>FQ</math> is infinite dimensional by the above argument. Conversely, assume <math>Q</math> has no loops. Then the vertices of the quiver can be ordered such that edges always go from a lower to a higher vertex, and since the length of any given path is bounded above by <math>|Q_0|-1</math>, there dimension of <math>FQ</math> is bounded above by <math>\mathrm{dim}\,FQ\leq |Q_0|^2-|Q_0|<\infty</math>. '''Lemma 13:''' Let <math>Q</math> be a quiver and <math>F</math> a field. Then the trivial edges <math>e_i</math> form an orthogonal idempotent set. ''Proof:'' This is immediate from the definitions: <math>e_ie_j=0</math> if <math>i\neq j</math> and <math>e_i^2=e_i</math>. '''Corollary 14:''' The element <math>\sum_{i\in Q_0} e_i</math> is the identity element in <math>FQ</math>. ''Proof:'' It sufficed to show this on the generators of <math>FQ</math>. Let <math>a</math> be a path in <math>Q</math> with <math>s(a)=j</math> and <math>t(a)=k</math>. Then <math>\left(\sum_{i\in Q_0} e_i\right)a=\sum_{i\in Q_0} e_ia=e_ja=a</math>. Similarily, <math>a\left(\sum_{i\in Q_0} e_i\right)=a</math>. ''To be covered:'' - General R-algebras {{BookCat}} o2yn3gd5z8z7l2lwziukcjoozon8m9b Radiation Oncology/Kidney 0 31484 4673086 4585703 2026-09-30T09:26:09Z Jcb 90773 4673086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} ==Epidemiology== Less than 3% of all malignancies. 36,000 cases/yr in 2005. 12,660 deaths. <br>80% have localized disease at presentation. <br>Renal cell carcinoma makes up 85% of kidney cancer. <br>25% present with advanced disease. ==Pathology== Adenocarcinoma. <br>Conventional (clear cell) renal carcinoma - 80%. Papillary renal carcinoma - 12%. Others: chromophobe -4%, oncocytoma (benign), collecting duct, unclassified. Papillary has 5-yr OS of 90%, 5:1 male predominance. Metastasizes less frequently than does clear cell. Oncocytomas are benign, but often a kidney is resected for suspected RCC. Collecting duct RCC is aggressive. VHL gene mutation in 60% of sporadic clear cell RCC. ==Syndromes== *Von-Hippel Lindau disease (retinal angiomas, CNS hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma, clear cell renal carcinoma) -- see [[Radiation Oncology/Cancer Syndromes|Radiation Oncology:Cancer Syndromes]]. ==Staging== '''AJCC 7th Edition (2009)''' <br> ''Primary Tumor:'' *T1 - 7 cm or less, limited to the kidney **T1a - 4 cm or less **T1b - 4-7 cm *T2 - > 7 cm, limited to the kidney **T2a - >7 but &le;10 cm **T2b - >10 cm *T3 - extends into major veins or perinephric tissues but not into ipsilateral adrenal gland and not beyond Gerota's fascia **T3a - extends into renal vein or invades perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia **T3b - extends into the vena cava below the diaphragm **T3c - extends into vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava *T4 - invades beyond Gerota's fascia (including contiguous extension into the adrenal gland) <br>''Regional Lymph Nodes:'' :Regional nodes - renal hilum, caval (para/pre/retrocaval), interaortocaval, aortic (para/pre/retroaortic) *N0 - no *N1 - yes <br>''Distant Metastases:'' *M0 - no distant mets *M1 - distant mets <br>''Stage Grouping:'' *I - T1 N0 *II - T2 N0 *III - T3 or N1 *IV - T4 or M1 <br>''Changes from 6th Edition:'' *Subdivided T2 into T2a and T2b based on size *Invasion of adrenal moved to T4 (was T3) *Invasion of renal vein moved to T3a (was T3b) *N-stage is N0 or N1 instead of N0-2 *Stage grouping remains essentially the same ===Older staging systems=== '''AJCC 6th Edition (2002)''' <br> ''Primary Tumor:'' *T1 - 7 cm or less, limited to the kidney **T1a - 4 cm or less **T1b - 4-7 cm *T2 - > 7 cm, limited to the kidney *T3 - extends into major veins or invades adrenal gland or perinephric tissues but not beyond Gerota's fascia **T3a - invades adrenal gland or perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia **T3b - grossly extends into renal vein or its segmental branches, or the vena cava below the diaphragm **T3c - extends into vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava *T4 - invades beyond Gerota's fascia <br>''Regional Lymph Nodes:'' *N0 - no nodal mets *N1 - single node *N2 - more than one node <br>''Distant Metastases:'' *M0 - no distant mets *M1 - distant mets <br>''Stage Grouping:'' *I - T1 N0 *II - T2 N0 *III - T3 or N1 *IV - T4 or N2 or M1 ==Treatment== Standard treatment for nonmetastatic RCC is complete resection of the tumor by either a radical or partial nephrectomy. Adjuvant therapy is not standard. ==Prognosis== 30% of pts will relapse after surgery. Response rates for metastatic RCC are poor, only 15-25%. Adverse prognostic factors: *nodal and venous involvement (Memorial Sloan Kettering) - {{PMID|8270978}} Relapse according to stage (including median time to relapse): *Levy, M.D.Anderson - {{PMID|9507823}} *T1 - 7%, 38 months *T3 - 40%, 17 months **especially poor prognosis for T3 with venous invasion ==Nomograms== *'''Memorial Sloan Kettering''' **[http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/6156.cfm nomogram link] **'''2001''' {{PMID|11435824}} -- "A postoperative prognostic nomogram for renal cell carcinoma." (Kattan MW, J Urol. 2001 Jul;166(1):63-7.) ==Survival== 5-yr survival: *Stage I - 95% *Stage II - 88% *Stage III - 59% *Stage IV - 20%; median 13 months **'''2000''' {{PMID|10737472}} -- "Prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of 643 patients using the revised 1997 TNM staging criteria." (Tsui KH, J Urol 2000 Apr;163(4):1090-5.) ==Adjuvant treatment== ===Neoadjuvant approach=== *Preoperative embolization of the renal artery **{{PMID|10683065}} (Zielinksi H et al 2000) **Retrospective. 474 pts. 118 had embolization. All had radical nephrectomy or radical nephrectomy with embolization. **5 and 10-year OS 62% and 47% (embolization) vs 35% and 23% (surgery alone) ===Adjuvant hormonal therapy and chemotherapy=== *medroxyprogesterone - similar relapse rate ({{PMID|2934557}}) *VAU (vinblastine, doxorubicin, UFT (tegafur-uracil)) - Japanese study. Retrospective. Improved survival. ({{PMID|1394804}}) ===Immunotherapy=== *'''Interferon alpha and IL-2''' **Used with success in metastatic setting *'''ECOG Adjuvant Interferon Trial''' ({{PMID|12663707}}) **294 pts. Randomized after surgery to 12 weeks IFN-alpha or observation. **Median f/u 10 years. No difference in recurrence or survival. Significant toxicities of treatment. *'''IL-2''' - also failed to show a benefit in the adjuvant setting ===Vaccines=== *Jocham et al. Lancet 2004 **Cell lysates incubated with gamma-IFN/tocopherol acetate. **558 pts. T2-3b N0/1. After nephrectomy, randomized to vaccine or observation. **Improvement in tumor progression rate, but only for T3 tumors. ===Ongoing trials=== *Heat shock protein vaccines - induces a stronger immunogenic reponse than with tumor antigen alone *Thalidomide *Adoptive immunotherapy - passive transfer of immuno cells **LAK - lymphokine-activated killer cells **TIL - tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes ==Use of radiotherapy== ===Meta-Analysis=== *'''Karachi; 2010''' {{PMID|20139152}} -- "Need for a new trial to evaluate postoperative radiotherapy in renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" (Tuni MA, Ann Oncol. 2010 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print]) **Meta-analysis. 7 RCT, 735 patients. Radical nephrectomy vs radical nephrectomy + post-op RT for localized RCC **Outcome: Significant reduction in locoregional failure; no difference in DFS or OS **Toxicity: Generally well tolerated **Conclusion: PORT significantly reduces LRF, without impact on DFS or OS. However, poor accrual and older RT techniques ===Randomized=== *'''Copenhagen Renal Cancer Study Group''', 1987 (1979-84) - {{PMID|3445125}} &mdash; "A randomized trial of postoperative radiotherapy versus observation in stage II and III renal adenocarcinoma." Kjaer M et al. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1987;21(4):285-9. **72 pts. Stage II-III. After nephrectomy, randomized to RT vs observation. RT was 50 Gy in 20 fx to kidney bed, ipsilateral and contralateral nodes **No benefit for relapse rate or survival. Unacceptable toxicities from RT. ===Radiobiology=== *Renal cell carcinoma cells were the most radiation-resistant cells among 694 cell lines (271 tumor-derived and 423 fibroblast-derived), with D = 4.8Gy (compared with for example melanoma D = 2.51Gy) **'''Paris, 1996''' (France) {{PMID|12118559}} -- "A review of human cell radiosensitivity in vitro." (Deschavanne PJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Jan 1;34(1):251-66.) ==Stereotactic Radiotherapy== *'''Karolinska Sweden 1997-2003''' {{PMID|15972239}} -- ''Extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy for primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma.'' ('''2005 Wersall''' PJ, Radiother Oncol. 2005 Oct;77(1):88-95.) **Retrospective. 58 patients treated with SRT (8 Gy x4, 10 Gy x4, or 15 Gy x3) **Response: 30% CR, 60% PR/SD; Local control 90-98% **Mild side effects **<u>Conclusion</u>: "Our use of SRT for patients with primary and metastatic RCC yielded a high local control rate with low toxicity. Patients with one to three metastases, local recurrences after nephrectomy or inoperable primary tumors benefited the most, i.e. had fewer distant recurrences (13/23) and longer survival times compared to patients with >3 metastases (24/27 recurrences)." ==Brain Mets== *''Also please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Brain_Metastases|main brain metastases page]]'' ===Epidemiology=== *Percentage of patients who develop brain mets: only 3-14% (but majority of these have multiple brain mets) *Majority of patients with brain mets also have active disease elsewhere, typically lung *'''Japan, 1995''' (1981-1992) {{PMID|7637246}} -- "[Clinical study of renal cell carcinoma with brain metastasis]" - [Article in Japanese] (Yonese J, Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 1995 Jul;86(7):1287-93.) **Retrospective. 130 patients with renal cell CA, 10.6% developed brain mets (>90% of these had prior pulmonary mets) *'''1981''' {{PMID|7272969}} -- "Distant metastasis of renal adenocarcinoma." (Saitoh H, Cancer. 1981 Sep 15;48(6):1487-91.) **Retrospective. 1451 autopsy cases. Brain mets ~10% ===Whole Brain RT=== *WBRT results have historically been poor with standard fractionations, due to perceived radioresistance *But, median survival of MD Anderson cohort (4.4 months) is the same as median survival in RTOG RPA meta-analysis {{PMID|9128946}} (4.4 months). The Cleveland Clinic cohort did worse, possibly since they had almost no RPA Class I patients (who were typically treated with WBRT + surgery or + SRS) *There may be benefit for patients with multiple brain mets and with RPA Class I *'''Germany, 2010''' {{PMID|20488627}} -- "Do Patients Receiving WBRT for Brain Metastases from RCC Benefit from Escalation of the Radiation Dose?" (Rades D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 May 18.) ** Retrospective analysis of 60 pts receiving 30/10 vs 40/20 or 45/15. Majority of pts were RPA Class 2-3 (13% RPA 1, 42% RPA 2, 45% RPA 3). 30/10 used in 31 pts; higher dose in 29 pt (23 pt treated with 40/20, 6 pt with 45/15). ** 1 yr OS 13% vs 47% for low vs high dose (SS on MVA) ** 1 yr local control 7% vs 35% for low vs high dose (trend p=0.06 on MVA) **Conclusion: Suggest escalation above 3 Gy x 10 improves outcomes in brain mets from RCC. *'''Cleveland Clinic, 2004'''(1983-2000) {{PMID|14697446}} -- "Results of whole brain radiotherapy and recursive partitioning analysis in patients with brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective study." (Cannady SB, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jan 1;58(1):253-8.) **Retrospective. 46 patients with RCC treated with WBRT. Median RT 30/10. Median F/U 3 months **Median OS: 3 months. RPA I 8.5 months (but only 2 patients!) vs. RPA Class II 3 months vs. RPA Class III 0.6 months **RT: higher dose associated with better OS, but confounded by RPA **Conclusion: despite poor prognosis, there is benefit to WBRT over supportive care *'''MD Anderson''' **'''1997''' (1976-1993) {{PMID|9128947}} -- "External radiation of brain metastases from renal carcinoma: a retrospective study of 119 patients from the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center." (Wronski M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Mar 1;37(4):753-9.) ***Retrospective. 119 patients treated with WBRT only. Multiple tumors in 60% ***Survival: median 4.4 months. (single met 4.4 months, multiple mets 3.0 months). 76% neurologic cause of death, 16% systemic progression ***Conclusion: unsatisfactory results suggest more aggressive approaches **'''1988''' (1968-1985) {{PMID|2458823}} -- "Palliative radiotherapy for brain metastases in renal carcinoma." (Maor MH, Cancer. 1988 Nov 1;62(9):1912-7.) ***Retrospective. 46 patients with RCC brain mets. Mostly WBRT 30/10 ***Median survival: 8 weeks. 10 patients improved after WBRT, median OS 17 weeks ***Conclusion: brain mets from renal cell usually unresponsive to conventional photon therapy *'''Jefferson, 1985''' (1956-1981) {{PMID|2414257}} -- "Radiation therapy in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma." (Onufrey V, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985 Nov;11(11):2007-9.) **Retrospective. 125 with metastatic lesions (12 brain mets). Total doses 20-60 Gy **Response rate: 65% of TDF >70, 25% for TDF <70 **Conclusion: kidney mets should be treated to higher doses *'''1983''' (1965-1980) {{PMID|6185207}} -- "The role of radiation therapy in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma." (Halperin EC, Cancer. 1983 Feb 15;51(4):614-7.) **Retrospective. 35 patients palliated for met renal CA, 60 sites (10 CNS) **CNS: disappointing results. 30% response in brain and SC lesions ===SRS=== *Patients treated with SRS appear to do better than patients treated with WBRT (as a historical comparison) *Role of WBRT in addition to SRS is unclear. It probably improves local control; its effect on distant brain failure and survival is unclear based on several single-institution retrospective reviews *'''Utah, 2006''' [http://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(06)02653-8/abstract link] -- "Stereotactic radiosurgery as therapy for melanoma, renal carcinoma, and sarcoma brain metastases: Impact of added surgical resection and whole-brain radiotherapy." (Rao G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 15;66(4 Suppl):S20-5.) **Retrospective. 68 patients with brain mets (melanoma 68%, RCC 28%, sarcoma) treated with SRS +/- WBRT or surgery. KPS >70 **Median OS: 14.2 months **WBRT: no difference in survival *'''MD Anderson, 2005''' (1991-2002) {{PMID|15854241}} -- "Outcome variation among "radioresistant" brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery." (Chang EL, Neurosurgery. 2005 May;56(5):936-45; discussion 936-45.) **Retrospective. 189 patients with 264 brain mets (melanom 103, renal cell 77, sarcoma 9) treated with SRS. Median dose 18 Gy (10-24). Median F/U 7.4 months **1-year LC: renal cell 64% vs. melanoma 47% vs. sarcoma 0% (SS). Neurologic death renal cell 31% vs. melanoma 66% vs. sarcoma 60% (SS) **1-year OS: renal cell 40% vs. melanoma 25% vs. sarcoma 22% (SS) **WBRT: Only 16 patients WBRT+SRS => no difference in LC, DBF, or OS *'''ECOG E6397, 2004''' (1998-2003) [http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.34d60f5624ba07fd506fe310ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=76f8201eb61a7010VgnVCM100000ed730ad1RCRD&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=26&abstractID=1665 ASCO Abstract] -- "Phase II trial of radiosurgery (RS) for 1 to 3 newly diagnosed brain metastases from renal cell, melanoma, and sarcoma: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study (E6397)." (Manon RR, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition). Vol 22, No 14S (July 15 Supplement), 2004: 1507 **Phase II. 32 patients with renal cell, melanoma, sarcoma brain mets, 1-3 mets, no prior cranial RT. RT 24 or 18 or 15 Gy based on size. Median F/U 25 months **Median OS: 8.3 months, 32% died from CNS death. **Local control: in-field failure 3 months 28%, 6 months 45%; out-of-field failure 4% and 17%. **Conclusion: median survival better than WBRT alone; delaying WBRT may be appropriate for some subgroups. However, local failure rate comparable to surgery only in Patchell trial *'''Pittsburgh''' **'''2003''' {{PMID|12593621}} -- "Radiosurgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the brain: long-term outcomes and prognostic factors influencing survival and local tumor control." (Sheehan JP, J Neurosurg. 2003 Feb;98(2):342-9.) ***Retrospective. 69 patients with 146 renal cell brain mets treated with SRS and other things ***Survival: median 15 months from brain met diagnosis (13 months from SRS for no active extracranial disease, 5 months for with active disease). 83% died of progression of extracranial disease ***Response: 63% decreased in size, 33% stable, 4% increased ***Predictors impacting survival: age, KPS, time from Dx to brain mets, dose to margin, total dose, and treatment isodose. Tumor resection, whole brain RT, chemotherapy, immunotherapy did not correlate with survival ***Conclusion: SRS provides effective control **'''1998''' {{PMID|9669818}} -- "Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma." (Mori Y, Cancer. 1998 Jul 15;83(2):344-53.) ***Retrospective. 35 patients with 52 brain mets treated with SRS. 28 also underwent WBRT. RT 17Gy (13-20) ***Median OS: 11 months after SRS. 8% died of progression of irradiated tumor ***LC: 90% (disappearance 21%, regression 44%, SD 26%). LR in 3 patients, DBF in 12 patients ***WBRT: local control: no failures in WBRT + SRS, DBF 46% vs. 50%, OS no difference *'''Wayne State, 2002''' {{PMID|12507083}} -- "Gamma knife radiosurgery for renal cell carcinoma brain metastases." (Hernandez L, J Neurosurg. 2002 Dec;97(5 Suppl):489-93.) **Retrospective. 29 patients with 92 brain mets treated with GKS. 48% WBRT prior GKS, 7% after GKS. Mean GKS dose to 50% isodose 16.8 Gy (13-30) **Survival: RPA Class I - WBRT/GKS 18 months vs. WBRT 7.1 months, RPA Class II - WBRT/GKS 8.5 months vs. WBRT 4.2 months, RPA Class III - WBRT/GKS 5.3 months vs. 2.3 months **Conclusion: WBRT combined with GKS may improve survival in all RPA classes *'''Mayo Clinic, 2002''' {{PMID|12188943}} -- "Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with "radioresistant" brain metastases." (Brown PD, Neurosurgery. 2002 Sep;51(3):656-65; discussion 665-7.) **Retrospective. 41 patients with 83 mets (renal cell 16, melanoma 23, sarcoma 2). **Survival: 14.2 months after SRS. RPA Class I survival 23.5 months, RPA Class II/III survival 10.5 months. Trend to better survival with renal cell (17.8 months) vs. melanoma (9.7 months). **Control: 12% recurred locally, 54% distal brain failure. **WBRT: improved local control (100% vs. 85%, SS), and decreased DBF (17% vs. 64%, SS), no impact on OS *'''Cleveland Clinic, 2000''' (1991-1998) {{PMID|10863072}} -- "The role of whole brain radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery on brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma." (Goyal LK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jul 1;47(4):1007-12.) **Retrospective. 29 patients with 66 tumors treated with SRS. Median RT 18 Gy to 60% isodose. Median F/U 12.5 months. **Median OS: 10 months. Only 9% recurred locally. WBRT: no improvement on local control **Distant brain failure: single met 23% (3/13), multiple mets 60% (6/10). **Conclusion: SRS alone excellent control. Consider adding WBRT if multiple brain mets *'''Saar, 1996''' (Germany) {{PMID|8840485}} -- "Treatment of brain metastases from hypernephroma." (Nieder C, Urol Int. 1996;57(1):17-20.) **Retrospective. 22 patients (7 surgery + RT, 2 fractionated SRT, 13 WBRT to 30 Gy) **Best results surgery + RT. SRT alone better than WBRT (accelerated WBRT no difference from standard WBRT). Only 4/13 WBRT improved **Conclusion: SRT and surgery superior but not always available. Higher WBRT should be investigated ==Bone mets== :''See also:'' [[Radiation_Oncology/Palliation/Bone_metastases|Bone metastases chapter]] '''''Prospective trials:''''' *'''Princess Margaret, 2005''' (1996-2002) **{{PMID|16177996}} (Free full text) &mdash; "A phase II trial of palliative radiotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma." Lee J et al. Cancer. 2005 Nov 1;104(9):1894-900. **Phase II. 31 pts. Symptomatic mets (25 pts with bone mets) from RCC treated with 30 Gy / 10 fx. **83% reported a decrease in pain; in 43% pain relief lasted until last f/u visit. 13% had complete relief of pain. Median f/u 4.3 mo. '''''Retrospective:''''' *Jefferson, 1985 (1956-1981) {{PMID|2414257}} -- "Radiation therapy in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma." (Onufrey V, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985 Nov;11(11):2007-9.) **''See details above at [[Radiation Oncology/Kidney#Brain Mets|Brain Mets]]'' **86 pts with bone mets. *'''1983''' (1965-1980) {{PMID|6185207}} (Free full text) -- "The role of radiation therapy in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma." (Halperin EC, Cancer. 1983 Feb 15;51(4):614-7.) **''See details above at [[Radiation Oncology/Kidney#Brain Mets|Brain Mets]]'' **36 pts with bone mets. Varying doses given, taking dose and time factors into account as TDF (Time Dose Factor) **Bone pain responded at 77% of the treated sites. No apparent dose effect (most bony sites received 45-85 TDF; this is a wide range of doses, corresponding to 30 Gy over 3 weeks to 50 Gy in 5 weeks). ii7y7r2dgn4p5x58fnqntertyc1cqle Talk:Introduction to Sociology/Health and Medicine 1 33140 4673057 4621712 2026-09-30T06:53:01Z Jcb 90773 4673057 wikitext text/x-wiki == Foccault == I hate postmodernism, I loathe every sentence of it. Nevertheless since it's so prevelant amongst sociologists a nod in the direction of Foccaults views of medicine might be neccessary. ==Additional Topics Might Include== *STDs *Euthanasia *theory: **Structural-Functional – defines healthy **Sick people are exempt from normal responsibilities **Sick people need to want to get well **Sick people need to seek help **Symbolic Interaction **Illness is socially constructed **Social-Conflict **Health care is a commodity under capitalism **Profit Motive **Politics of medicine ==Additional Suggested Reading== *Barnes P, Powell-Griner E, McFann K, Nahin R. CDC Advance Data Report #343. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Adults: United States, 2002. May 27, 2004. [http://nccam.nih.gov/news/report.pdf Online] *Benedetti,F., Maggi,G., Lopiano, L. Open Versus Hidden Medical Treatments: The Patient's Knowledge About a Therapy Affects the Therapy Outcome. Prevention & Treatment, Volume 6, Article 1, posted June 23, 2003. [http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume6/pre0060001a.html APA online] *Berga, S.L., Marcus, M.D., Loucks, T.L. 2003. Recovery of ovarian activity in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea who were treated with cognitive behavior therapy. Fertility and Sterility, Volume 80, Issue 4, Pages 976-981. [http://www.fertstert.org/article/PIIS0015028203011245/abstract Abstract] *Bond J. & Bond S. (1994) ''Sociology and Healthcare'' Churchill Livingstone *Campos, Paul. ''The Obesity Myth''. Gotham Books, May 2004. {{#isbn:1592400663}}. *Critser, Greg. ''Fat Land: how Americans became the fattest people in the World''. Houghton Miffin Jan 2003. {{#isbn:0618164723}}. *Devereaux PJ, Heels-Ansdell D, Lacchetti C, Haines T, Burns KEA, Cook DJ, et al. [http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/170/12/1817 Payments for care at private for-profit and private not-for-profit hospitals: a systematic review and meta-analysis]. CMAJ 2004;170(12):1817-24. *Devereaux PJ, Choi PT, Lacchetti C, Weaver B, Schunemann HJ, Haines T, et al. [http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/abstract/166/11/1399 A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing mortality rates of private for-profit and private not-for-profit hospitals]. CMAJ 2002;166(11):1399-406. *Downing, A.M., Hunter, D.G. Validating clinical reasoning: a question of perspective, but whose perspective? Man Ther. 2003 May;8(2):117-9. Review. {{PMID|12890440}} [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WN0-487KJXH-3&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2003&_alid=110095405&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6948&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8da5eb9e5359691e31c6cee489724da8 Manual Therapy Online] *Eisenberg, D.M. 1997. Advising patients who seek alternative medical therapies. Ann Intern Med. 127:61-69. {{PMID|9214254}} *Eisenberg, D.M., Davis, R.B., Ettner, S.L. 1998. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997. JAMA. 280:1569-1575. {{PMID|9820257}} *Ernst, E. 2003. Obstacles to research in complementary and alternative medicine. [[Medical Journal of Australia]]. Sep 15;179(6):279-80. {{PMID|12964907}} [http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/179_06_150903/ern10442_fm-1.html MJA online] *Ewing, John A. Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionaire. JAMA. 252: 1905-1907, 1984 *Fenton MV, Morris DL. The integration of holistic nursing practices and complementary and alternative modalities into curricula of schools of nursing. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003 Jul-Aug;9(4):62-7. {{PMID|12868254}} *Flanagin, A., Carey, L.A., Fontanarosa, P.B. Prevalence of articles with honorary authors and ghost authors in peer-reviewed medical journals. JAMA. 1998 Jul 15;280(3):222-4. [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/280/3/222 Full text] *Flier JS. ''Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic''. Cell 2004;116:337-50. {{PMID|14744442}}. *Goldberg, J., Hayes, W., and Huntley, J. "Understanding Health Disparities." Health Policy Institute of Ohio (November 2004). *Gonsalkorale, W.M., Miller, V., Afzal, A., Whorwell, P.J. 2003. Long term benefits of hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. Nov;52(11):1623-9. {{PMID|14570733}} *Gunn, I.P. 1998. A critique of Michael L. Millenson's book, Demanding medical excellence: doctors and accountability in the information age, and its relevance to CRNAs and nursing. AANA J. Dec;66(6):575-82. Review. {{PMID|10488264}} *Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. ''Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk.'' Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:379-84 {{PMID|14985210}} *Kleijnen, J.; Knipschild, P.; ter Riet, G. 1991. Clinical trials of homoeopathy. BMJ. Feb 9;302(6772):316-23. *Larkin, M. Whose article is it anyway? Lancet. 1999 Jul 10;354(9173):136. [http://www.thelancet.com/journal/vol354/iss9173/full/llan.354.9173.news.3708.1 Editorial] *Linde, K., Clausius, N., Ramirez, G. 1998. Are the clinical effects of homeopathy placebo effects? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Lancet. 1997 Sep 20;350(9081):834-43. Erratum in: Lancet 1998 Jan 17;351(9097):220. {{PMID|9310601}} *McDonough, J., Gibbs, B., Scott-Harris, J., Kronebusch, K., Navarro, A., and Taylor, K. A. "State Policy Agenda to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities," Commonwealth Fund (June 2004). *Michalsen, A., Ludtke, R., Buhring, M. 2003. Thermal hydrotherapy improves quality of life and hemodynamic function in patients with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. Oct;146(4):E11. {{PMID|14564334}} *Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. ''Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000.'' [[JAMA]] 2004;291:1238-45. {{PMID|15010446}} *Saxon DW, Tunnicliff G, Brokaw JJ, Raess BU. Status of complementary and alternative medicine in the osteopathic medical school curriculum. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2004 Mar;104(3):121-6. {{PMID|15083987}} *Schwan, R.; Albuisson, E.; Malet, L.; Loiseaux, M.N.; Reynaud, M.; Schellenberg, F.; Brousse, G.; Llorca, P.M. 2004. The use of biological laboratory markers in the diagnosis of alcohol misuse: an evidence-based approach. Drug and Alcohol Dependency. June 11; 74(3):273-9. *Smedley, B., Stith, A., and Nelson, A. "Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care." Institute of Medicine (2002). *Snow V, Barry P, Fitterman N, Qaseem A, Weiss K; Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians. ''Pharmacologic and surgical management of obesity in primary care: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians.'' Ann Intern Med 2005;142:525-31. [http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/142/7/525 Fulltext]. {{PMID|15809464}}. *Snyderman, R. Weil AT. Integrative medicine: bringing medicine back to its roots. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:395-397. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11863470 PMID: 11863470] *Tonelli, M.R. 2001. The limits of evidence-based medicine. Respir Care. Dec;46(12):1435-40; discussion 1440-1. Review. {{PMID|11728302}} *Tonnesen, H.; Hejberg, L.; Frobenius, S.; Andersen, J.R. 1986. Erythrocyte mean cell volume--correlation to drinking pattern in heavy alcoholics. Acta Med Scand. 219(5):515-8. *Vangipuram SD, Sheele J, Atkinson RL, Holland TC, Dhurandhar NV. ''A human adenovirus enhances preadipocyte differentiation.'' Obes Res 2004;12:770-7. {{PMID|15166297}}. *Vickers, A. Alternative Cancer Cures: "Unproven" or "Disproven"? CA Cancer J Clin 2004 54: 110-118. [http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/54/2/110 Online] *Wetzel MS, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ. Courses involving complementary and alternative medicine at US medical schools. JAMA. 1998;280(9):784 -787. {{PMID|9729989}} *Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry CP Jr, Yaffe K. ''Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study.'' BMJ 2005;330:1360. {{PMID|15863436}}. *Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU. [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/341/6/444 When Money is the Mission — The High Costs of Investor-Owned Care]. N Engl J Med 1999;341:444-6. *Zagorsky JL. ''Is Obesity as Dangerous to Your Wealth as to Your Health?'' Res Aging 2004;26:130-152. [http://roa.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/26/1/130 PDF fulltext]. *Zalewski, Z. 1999. Importance of Philosophy of Science to the History of Medical Thinking. CMJ 40: 8-13. [http://www.bsb.mefst.hr/cmj/1999/4001/400102.htm CMJ online] kn4sn01sg233l5oci2dv6ih8cta1l1a Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. c3 0 37525 4672946 4619434 2026-09-29T15:24:33Z JCrue 2226064 /* History */ 4672946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Position|Centre pawn opening |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C20]] |parent=[[../|Open game]] }} == 2. c3?! · Centre pawn opening == White wishes to build a big, two-pawn centre, and plays 2. c3?! to support pushing the pawn to d4. This idea, c3 to support d4, is a common plan for White in many open games (games beginning [[../|1. e4 e5]]): c3 after developing the knight is the Ponziani ([[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3|2. Nf3 Nc6 3. c3]]), and it comes after developing the knight and bishop in the Italian and Spanish games ([[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. c3|3. Bc4 Bc5 4. c3]] or e.g. [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Bc5/4. c3|3. Bb5 Bc5 4. c3]]<ref>3...Bc5 is a sideline today, the classical defence. The same idea occurs in the main line later: 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3, but the line is longer and makes for a worse illustration of the point.</ref>). However, played on White's second move without any pieces developed, it is simply too slow. Black can respond vigorously with '''2...d5''' to eliminate transpositional possibilities. After 3. exd5 Qxd5{{chess/not|-}}, there is no 4. Nc3 to chase the queen away and gain a tempo as the c3 pawn is occupying the square. Staunton suggested that by avoiding taking the pawn, White could keep the game competitive: 3. Nf3 dxe4 4. Nxe5 Bd6!? 5. Nc4 Be6 6. d4 exd3 e.p. 7. Bxd3{{chess/not|+}}.<ref name="staunton" /> However, 4...Qe7! is an improvement, which forces White to move the knight again and gums up White's play for the centre, as d4 will be met with exd3 e.p. and a discovered check. Black sweeps ahead in development to a reach a dominating position. 5. Nc4 Nc6 6. Be2 Bf5 7. O-O O-O-O{{chess/not|-}}. === History === {{Chess/board |moves=1. e4 e5 2. c3 Nf6 3. Qc2 Bc5 4. Nf3 Nc6 5. Bb5 d6 6. d4 exd4 7. cxd4 Bb4+ 8. Nc3 Bd7 9. O-O |caption=Position given by Ruy López. |frame=1 |float=right}} 2. c3?! is very unusual today but has a long history. When [[w:Howard Staunton|Staunton]] analysed the opening in his 1847 book<ref name="staunton">{{Cite book |title=The Chess-Player's Handbook |last=Staunton |first=Howard |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1847 |location=London |pages=238-243 |url=https://archive.org/details/chessplayershan00staugoog}}</ref> (calling it the "'''the queen's bishop's pawn opening'''"), he offered a survey of previous analyses and noted, <blockquote>"This mode of commencing the battle was probably a favourite in the early days of European chess play, as Ruy Lopez has devoted more than ordinary space and attention to it in his often-quoted work of the sixteenth century."</blockquote> It is the first opening [[w:Ruy López de Segura|Ruy López de Segura]] chose to cover in his 1561 treatise, where he gives the line 2...Nf6 3. Qc2 Bc5 4. Nf3 Nc6 (López gives 4...Qe7 5. d4?? exd4 with threat of ...Qxe4 as an improvement for Black) 5. Bb5 d6 (a mistake, given it pins the knight) 6. d4 exd4 7. cxd4 Bb4+ 8. Nc3 Bd7 9. O-O{{chess/not|++}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Art of the Game of Chess |last=López |first=Ruy |publisher=The Catholic University of America Press |year=2020 |location=Washington D.C. |pages=119-120 |orig-date=1561 |translator-last1=McGrath |translator-first1=Michael J.}}</ref> However, López reckoned without the reply 2...d5. By the time of [[w:François-André Danican Philidor|Philidor]] this was known to be the best retort, and on account of ...d5 he dismissed 2. c3?! as "very ill played."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Analysis of the game of chess |last=Philidor |first=F. A. D. |publisher=P. Elmsly |year=1790 |location=London |pages=50-63 |url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_analysis-of-the-game-of-_philidor-f-d-franco_1790_1}}</ref> Eric Schiller re-christened 2. c3 after '''MacLeod Call''', who "was not a very good player, but he was persistent in his use of this opening. At the 6th American Chess Congress of 1889, he relied on his pet opening, but finished at the bottom of the crosstable."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Unorthodox Chess Openings |last=Schiller |first=Eric |publisher=Cardoza Publishing |year=1998 |pages=239}}</ref> In recent years some databases have begun to call this, confusingly, the "'''Lopez opening'''". Unlikely to be in reference to Ruy Lopez's book (from which 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 is the better known line, which more usually bears his name), the misunderstanding may have arisen from [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Centre_Pawn_Opening&oldid=1101331183#Requested_move_22_July_2022 a longstanding editorial gaffe at Wikipedia]. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} '''1. e4 e5 2. c3''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">2</th> <th align="left">3</th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/2...d5|d5]]</td> <td>exd5<br>Qxd5</td> <td>d4<br>Nc6</td> <td>=+</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/2...d5|d5]]</td> <td>exd5<br>Qxd5</td> <td>Qf3<br>Be6</td> <td>Bd3<br>Nf6</td> <td>Qxd5<br>Bxd5</td> <td>=+</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{wikipedia|Centre Pawn Opening}} {{NCO}} {{MCO14}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} j0exjkzt1ygp7wwnyvq2lclflugsh6z 4672947 4672946 2026-09-29T15:25:17Z JCrue 2226064 4672947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Centre pawn opening |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C20]] |parent=[[../|Open game]] }} == 2. c3?! · Centre pawn opening == White wishes to build a big, two-pawn centre, and plays 2. c3?! to support pushing the pawn to d4. This idea, c3 to support d4, is a common plan for White in many open games (games beginning [[../|1. e4 e5]]): c3 after developing the knight is the Ponziani ([[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3|2. Nf3 Nc6 3. c3]]), and it comes after developing the knight and bishop in the Italian and Spanish games ([[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. c3|3. Bc4 Bc5 4. c3]] or e.g. [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Bc5/4. c3|3. Bb5 Bc5 4. c3]]<ref>3...Bc5 is a sideline today, the classical defence. The same idea occurs in the main line later: 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3, but the line is longer and makes for a worse illustration of the point.</ref>). However, played on White's second move without any pieces developed, it is simply too slow. Black can respond vigorously with '''2...d5''' to eliminate transpositional possibilities. After 3. exd5 Qxd5{{chess/not|-}}, there is no 4. Nc3 to chase the queen away and gain a tempo as the c3 pawn is occupying the square. Staunton suggested that by avoiding taking the pawn, White could keep the game competitive: 3. Nf3 dxe4 4. Nxe5 Bd6!? 5. Nc4 Be6 6. d4 exd3 e.p. 7. Bxd3{{chess/not|+}}.<ref name="staunton" /> However, 4...Qe7! is an improvement, which forces White to move the knight again and gums up White's play for the centre, as d4 will be met with exd3 e.p. and a discovered check. Black sweeps ahead in development to a reach a dominating position. 5. Nc4 Nc6 6. Be2 Bf5 7. O-O O-O-O{{chess/not|-}}. === History === {{Chess/board |moves=1. e4 e5 2. c3 Nf6 3. Qc2 Bc5 4. Nf3 Nc6 5. Bb5 d6 6. d4 exd4 7. cxd4 Bb4+ 8. Nc3 Bd7 9. O-O |caption=Position given by Ruy López. |frame=1 |float=right}} 2. c3?! is very unusual today but has a long history. When [[w:Howard Staunton|Staunton]] analysed the opening in his 1847 book<ref name="staunton">{{Cite book |title=The Chess-Player's Handbook |last=Staunton |first=Howard |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1847 |location=London |pages=238-243 |url=https://archive.org/details/chessplayershan00staugoog}}</ref> (calling it the "'''the queen's bishop's pawn opening'''"), he offered a survey of previous analyses and noted, <blockquote>"This mode of commencing the battle was probably a favourite in the early days of European chess play, as Ruy Lopez has devoted more than ordinary space and attention to it in his often-quoted work of the sixteenth century."</blockquote> It is the first opening [[w:Ruy López de Segura|Ruy López de Segura]] chose to cover in his 1561 treatise, where he gives the line 2...Nf6 3. Qc2 Bc5 4. Nf3 Nc6 (López gives 4...Qe7 5. d4?? exd4 with threat of ...Qxe4 as an improvement for Black) 5. Bb5 d6 (a mistake, given it pins the knight) 6. d4 exd4 7. cxd4 Bb4+ 8. Nc3 Bd7 9. O-O{{chess/not|++}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Art of the Game of Chess |last=López |first=Ruy |publisher=The Catholic University of America Press |year=2020 |location=Washington D.C. |pages=119-120 |orig-date=1561 |translator-last1=McGrath |translator-first1=Michael J.}}</ref> However, López reckoned without the reply 2...d5. By the time of [[w:François-André Danican Philidor|Philidor]] this was known to be the best retort, and on account of ...d5 he dismissed 2. c3?! as "very ill played."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Analysis of the game of chess |last=Philidor |first=F. A. D. |publisher=P. Elmsly |year=1790 |location=London |pages=50-63 |url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_analysis-of-the-game-of-_philidor-f-d-franco_1790_1}}</ref> Eric Schiller re-christened 2. c3 after '''MacLeod Call''', who "was not a very good player, but he was persistent in his use of this opening. At the 6th American Chess Congress of 1889, he relied on his pet opening, but finished at the bottom of the crosstable."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Unorthodox Chess Openings |last=Schiller |first=Eric |publisher=Cardoza Publishing |year=1998 |pages=239}}</ref> In recent years some databases have begun to call this, confusingly, the "'''Lopez opening'''". Unlikely to be in reference to Ruy Lopez's book (from which 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 is the better known line, which more usually bears his name), the misunderstanding may have arisen from [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Centre_Pawn_Opening&oldid=1101331183#Requested_move_22_July_2022 a longstanding editorial gaffe at Wikipedia]. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} '''1. e4 e5 2. c3''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">2</th> <th align="left">3</th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/2...d5|d5]]</td> <td>exd5<br>Qxd5</td> <td>d4<br>Nc6</td> <td>=+</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/2...d5|d5]]</td> <td>exd5<br>Qxd5</td> <td>Qf3<br>Be6</td> <td>Bd3<br>Nf6</td> <td>Qxd5<br>Bxd5</td> <td>=+</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{wikipedia|Centre Pawn Opening}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 6hnk1m1x38lvk5cdlgfki59cvwxxjqy 4672949 4672947 2026-09-29T15:31:41Z JCrue 2226064 /* History */ 4672949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Centre pawn opening |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C20]] |parent=[[../|Open game]] }} == 2. c3?! · Centre pawn opening == White wishes to build a big, two-pawn centre, and plays 2. c3?! to support pushing the pawn to d4. This idea, c3 to support d4, is a common plan for White in many open games (games beginning [[../|1. e4 e5]]): c3 after developing the knight is the Ponziani ([[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3|2. Nf3 Nc6 3. c3]]), and it comes after developing the knight and bishop in the Italian and Spanish games ([[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. c3|3. Bc4 Bc5 4. c3]] or e.g. [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Bc5/4. c3|3. Bb5 Bc5 4. c3]]<ref>3...Bc5 is a sideline today, the classical defence. The same idea occurs in the main line later: 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3, but the line is longer and makes for a worse illustration of the point.</ref>). However, played on White's second move without any pieces developed, it is simply too slow. Black can respond vigorously with '''2...d5''' to eliminate transpositional possibilities. After 3. exd5 Qxd5{{chess/not|-}}, there is no 4. Nc3 to chase the queen away and gain a tempo as the c3 pawn is occupying the square. Staunton suggested that by avoiding taking the pawn, White could keep the game competitive: 3. Nf3 dxe4 4. Nxe5 Bd6!? 5. Nc4 Be6 6. d4 exd3 e.p. 7. Bxd3{{chess/not|+}}.<ref name="staunton" /> However, 4...Qe7! is an improvement, which forces White to move the knight again and gums up White's play for the centre, as d4 will be met with exd3 e.p. and a discovered check. Black sweeps ahead in development to a reach a dominating position. 5. Nc4 Nc6 6. Be2 Bf5 7. O-O O-O-O{{chess/not|-}}. === History === {{Chess/board |moves=1. e4 e5 2. c3 Nf6 3. Qc2 Bc5 4. Nf3 Nc6 5. Bb5 d6 6. d4 exd4 7. cxd4 Bb4+ 8. Nc3 Bd7 9. O-O |caption=Position given by Ruy López. |frame=1 |float=right}} 2. c3?! is very unusual today but has a long history. When [[w:Howard Staunton|Staunton]] analysed the opening in his 1847 book<ref name="staunton">{{Cite book |title=The Chess-Player's Handbook |last=Staunton |first=Howard |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1847 |location=London |pages=238-243 |url=https://archive.org/details/chessplayershan00staugoog}}</ref> (calling it the "'''the queen's bishop's pawn opening'''"), he offered a survey of previous analyses and noted, <blockquote>"This mode of commencing the battle was probably a favourite in the early days of European chess play, as Ruy Lopez has devoted more than ordinary space and attention to it in his often-quoted work of the sixteenth century."</blockquote> It is the first opening [[w:Ruy López de Segura|Ruy López de Segura]] chose to cover in his 1561 treatise, where he gives the line 2...Nf6 3. Qc2 Bc5 4. Nf3 Nc6 (López gives 4...Qe7 5. d4?? exd4 with threat of ...Qxe4 as an improvement for Black) 5. Bb5 d6 (a mistake, given it pins the knight) 6. d4 exd4 7. cxd4 Bb4+ 8. Nc3 Bd7 9. O-O{{chess/not|++}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Art of the Game of Chess |last=López |first=Ruy |publisher=The Catholic University of America Press |year=2020 |location=Washington D.C. |pages=119-120 |orig-date=1561 |translator-last1=McGrath |translator-first1=Michael J.}}</ref> However, López reckoned without the reply 2...d5. By the time of [[w:François-André Danican Philidor|Philidor]] this was known to be the best retort, and on account of ...d5 he dismissed 2. c3?! as "very ill played."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Analysis of the game of chess |last=Philidor |first=F. A. D. |publisher=P. Elmsly |year=1790 |location=London |pages=50-63 |url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_analysis-of-the-game-of-_philidor-f-d-franco_1790_1}}</ref> Eric Schiller re-christened 2. c3 after '''MacLeod Call''', who "was not a very good player, but he was persistent in his use of this opening. At the 6th American Chess Congress of 1889, he relied on his pet opening, but finished at the bottom of the crosstable."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Unorthodox Chess Openings |last=Schiller |first=Eric |publisher=Cardoza Publishing |year=1998 |pages=239}}</ref> In recent years some databases have begun to call this, confusingly, the "'''Lopez opening'''". Unlikely to be in reference to Ruy López's book (from which 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 is the better known line, which more usually bears his name), the misunderstanding may have arisen from [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Centre_Pawn_Opening&oldid=1101331183#Requested_move_22_July_2022 a longstanding editorial gaffe at Wikipedia]. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} '''1. e4 e5 2. c3''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">2</th> <th align="left">3</th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/2...d5|d5]]</td> <td>exd5<br>Qxd5</td> <td>d4<br>Nc6</td> <td>=+</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/2...d5|d5]]</td> <td>exd5<br>Qxd5</td> <td>Qf3<br>Be6</td> <td>Bd3<br>Nf6</td> <td>Qxd5<br>Bxd5</td> <td>=+</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{wikipedia|Centre Pawn Opening}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} ni33279ekpfzo8rk32844aigb13i7ip 4672950 4672949 2026-09-29T15:33:55Z JCrue 2226064 /* History */ 4672950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Centre pawn opening |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C20]] |parent=[[../|Open game]] }} == 2. c3?! · Centre pawn opening == White wishes to build a big, two-pawn centre, and plays 2. c3?! to support pushing the pawn to d4. This idea, c3 to support d4, is a common plan for White in many open games (games beginning [[../|1. e4 e5]]): c3 after developing the knight is the Ponziani ([[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3|2. Nf3 Nc6 3. c3]]), and it comes after developing the knight and bishop in the Italian and Spanish games ([[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. c3|3. Bc4 Bc5 4. c3]] or e.g. [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Bc5/4. c3|3. Bb5 Bc5 4. c3]]<ref>3...Bc5 is a sideline today, the classical defence. The same idea occurs in the main line later: 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3, but the line is longer and makes for a worse illustration of the point.</ref>). However, played on White's second move without any pieces developed, it is simply too slow. Black can respond vigorously with '''2...d5''' to eliminate transpositional possibilities. After 3. exd5 Qxd5{{chess/not|-}}, there is no 4. Nc3 to chase the queen away and gain a tempo as the c3 pawn is occupying the square. Staunton suggested that by avoiding taking the pawn, White could keep the game competitive: 3. Nf3 dxe4 4. Nxe5 Bd6!? 5. Nc4 Be6 6. d4 exd3 e.p. 7. Bxd3{{chess/not|+}}.<ref name="staunton" /> However, 4...Qe7! is an improvement, which forces White to move the knight again and gums up White's play for the centre, as d4 will be met with exd3 e.p. and a discovered check. Black sweeps ahead in development to a reach a dominating position. 5. Nc4 Nc6 6. Be2 Bf5 7. O-O O-O-O{{chess/not|-}}. === History === {{Chess/board |moves=1. e4 e5 2. c3 Nf6 3. Qc2 Bc5 4. Nf3 Nc6 5. Bb5 d6 6. d4 exd4 7. cxd4 Bb4+ 8. Nc3 Bd7 9. O-O |caption=Position given by Ruy López. |frame=1 |float=right}} 2. c3?! is very unusual today but has a long history. It is the first opening [[w:Ruy López de Segura|Ruy López de Segura]] chose to cover in his 1561 treatise, where he gives the line 2...Nf6 3. Qc2 Bc5 4. Nf3 Nc6 (López gives 4...Qe7 5. d4?? exd4 with threat of ...Qxe4 as an improvement for Black) 5. Bb5 d6 (a mistake, given it pins the knight) 6. d4 exd4 7. cxd4 Bb4+ 8. Nc3 Bd7 9. O-O{{chess/not|++}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Art of the Game of Chess |last=López |first=Ruy |publisher=The Catholic University of America Press |year=2020 |location=Washington D.C. |pages=119-120 |orig-date=1561 |translator-last1=McGrath |translator-first1=Michael J.}}</ref> However, López reckoned without the reply 2...d5. By the time of [[w:François-André Danican Philidor|Philidor]] this was known to be the best retort, and on account of ...d5 he dismissed 2. c3?! as "very ill played."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Analysis of the game of chess |last=Philidor |first=F. A. D. |publisher=P. Elmsly |year=1790 |location=London |pages=50-63 |url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_analysis-of-the-game-of-_philidor-f-d-franco_1790_1}}</ref> After this discovery the opening must have fallen out of fashion. When [[w:Howard Staunton|Staunton]] analysed the opening in his 1847 book<ref name="staunton">{{Cite book |title=The Chess-Player's Handbook |last=Staunton |first=Howard |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1847 |location=London |pages=238-243 |url=https://archive.org/details/chessplayershan00staugoog}}</ref> (calling it the "'''the queen's bishop's pawn opening'''"), he offered a survey of previous analyses and surmised, <blockquote>"This mode of commencing the battle was probably a favourite in the early days of European chess play, as Ruy Lopez has devoted more than ordinary space and attention to it in his often-quoted work of the sixteenth century."</blockquote> Eric Schiller re-christened 2. c3 after '''MacLeod Call''', who "was not a very good player, but he was persistent in his use of this opening. At the 6th American Chess Congress of 1889, he relied on his pet opening, but finished at the bottom of the crosstable."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Unorthodox Chess Openings |last=Schiller |first=Eric |publisher=Cardoza Publishing |year=1998 |pages=239}}</ref> In recent years some databases have begun to call this, confusingly, the "'''Lopez opening'''". Unlikely to be in reference to Ruy López's book (from which 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 is the better known line, which more usually bears his name), the misunderstanding may have arisen from [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Centre_Pawn_Opening&oldid=1101331183#Requested_move_22_July_2022 a longstanding editorial gaffe at Wikipedia]. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} '''1. e4 e5 2. c3''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">2</th> <th align="left">3</th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/2...d5|d5]]</td> <td>exd5<br>Qxd5</td> <td>d4<br>Nc6</td> <td>=+</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/2...d5|d5]]</td> <td>exd5<br>Qxd5</td> <td>Qf3<br>Be6</td> <td>Bd3<br>Nf6</td> <td>Qxd5<br>Bxd5</td> <td>=+</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{wikipedia|Centre Pawn Opening}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} ixfl7x5hyjwz99udhfy3dzffs0inbjs Do-It-Yourself/Canning 0 38637 4672941 3229120 2026-09-29T13:54:36Z ~2026-52360-63 3627172 /* Hot Water Bath */ 4672941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia|Canning}} ==Introduction== Home canning, also known and bottling, is simple and has been used for preserving foods for many years. With the right equipment and recipes, anyone can begin preserving foods at home. Care should be taken to follow the recipes and procedures. Botulism is a life threatening bacteria that is commonly associated with improper canning procedures. ==Equipment== No matter how you choose to process your food, some things are common elements; tongs that you can use to lift full jars, glass jars, lids, sealing rings. Cooking thermometers, a supply of clean cotton utility towels, and protective clothing such as silicone or leather gloves. Gloves can make handling hot products much easier; a bad grip on a liter jar full of boiling, sticky jam can be dangerous. ===Hot Water Bath=== A large, enamelled canning boiler with lid rack for jars should set you back no more than $US 40 if you look around. Any large pot should do; just place a metal rack like a cooling rack in the bottom of the pot to provide space under your jars for water to flow. ===Pressure Canning=== This is the pricier of the options, with a good pressure canner starting at around $US 75-140. Pressurize canning is required for all low acid foods. ====Types of Pressure Canners==== A pressure canner is not the same as a cooker. Some canners may be used for pressure cooking but a normal pressure cooker should not be used for canning. ==Warnings== There are many methods of canning that people have used over time which are proven to be unsafe and even deadly. Never can foods in the oven, a pot without a lid, microwave, steam canner, dishwasher, or by simply allowing hot jars to seal themselves. A good seal alone is not enough to protect the contents from developing botulism. While the oven may reach a suitable temperature, the contents of the jar will not reach a high enough temperature to destroy bacteria. Stick to the recipes, add vinegar or lemon juice if it says to, and don't add sugar or anything that the recipe does not explicitly say you may. [[w:Botulism|Information on Botulism]] ==General Process== There are two approved methods of canning which are fairly similar and use much of the same equipment. The difference between the two is the type of pot you use and how it works. Before you start, you need to know the altitude in which you live and adjust the approved recipe to ensure you are canning for the right length of time and pressure. Preparing for either method is the same. Jars, lids and rings should be washed and kept warm until ready to fill with items to be processed. Some people keep their jars in a dishwasher with heat drying to hold them while others keep their jars in a pot of water on low heat. Never place hot foods into a cold jar or place a cold jar into a hot pot, thermal shock can cause the jars to break or even explode. Lids and rings can be placed into a pan of warm water to simmer on low. Do not boil the lids, just keep them warm to prepare the sealing compound to be accepted by the jar. ===Hot Water Bath=== Set up the canner and heat water. Canner should be filled about 1/3 full and kept warm, not boiling until you are finished filling it with prepared jars. Set a pot of water on another burner in case you need to add more water after your jars are in place. Prepare the items that you want to preserve according to an approved recipe. Follow the recipe carefully, changes to ingredients may reduce the amount of acid which could make your recipe unsafe. Fill jars leaving the appropriate amount of head space for your recipe. Clean rims well, bits of food can prevent lids from sealing. Fit jar with a lid and adjust ring with a fingertip until it stops gently. Place jars into canner making sure jars are covered by 2 inches of water, if more water is needed add from the extra pot you have heated on another burner. Place a lid on your pot and process according to the recipe you have chosen. Time begins when the water reaches a full boil. Open the canner, being careful to prevent steam burns. Remove the jars to a place where they will be undisturbed for at least 8 - 12 hours. Do not adjust rings or tamper with lids. When jars are cooled, test seals by pressing in center and ensuring that lids don't raise. Remove rings, wash jars, label and put away in a dark cool place until you are ready to enjoy them. ===Pressure Canning=== If your canner has a dial gauge, the first thing you must do is check it for accuracy. Your local cooperative extension office should be able to do this for you free of charge. Set up your pressure canner according the instructions included with it. Some canners require more water than others. You do not want the canner to run out of water at any time during the process. If processing is interrupted you will need to start from the beginning. Prepare your recipe and fill your jars leaving the appropriate head space. Place jars into the canner as you work. Check lid to make sure vent pipe is clear. Place the lid on the pot, making sure the handles are locked if necessary. Some canners have clamps that screw down while others simply lock by turning the lid. Next the canner needs to be vented. This is done by adjusting the burner to a fairly high heat and waiting for a strong stream of steam to escape from the vent pipe. This needs to be done for a full 10 minutes. This removes air from the canner so pressure can build with the following step. Place the regulator or weight onto the valve and wait for the canner to reach the necessary pressure. Use the dial gauge to determine this unless your canner does not have a gauge, then follow the manufacturers instructions. Some regulators need to jiggle several times per minute while others need to rock continuously. Set your timer when you have reached the correct pressure. Change in pressure at any time can compromise the process, this could result in dangerous, under processed foods. At the end of timing, turn burner off and wait for canner to depressurize on its own. Do not open or tamper with anything. Removing the regulator too soon or moving the canner can cause liquid from you jars to siphon or even cause the jars to break. Remove the regulator or weight and wait an additional 10 minutes for the canner to cool. Open the canner, being careful to prevent steam burns. Remove the jars to a place where they will be undisturbed for at least 8 - 12 hours. Do not adjust rings or tamper with lids. Cooling of jars from a pressure canner can take much longer than those that have been processed in a hot water bath. When jars are cooled, test seals by pressing in center and ensuring that lids don't raise. Remove rings, wash jars, label and put away in a dark cool place until you are ready to enjoy them. ==Recipes== There are many books and websites available with recipes for canning. Be sure to select a recipe that has been approved by the USDA. Recipes that are not tested should be considered dangerous. The National Center for Home Food Preservation is an excellent source for approved recipes. ===Pickling=== Pickling is a great option for foods that don't hold up well to the heat and time required by pressure canning. Items like broccoli and cauliflower need to be pressure canned but tend to fall apart and are unappealing. Pickling these items will leave you with a firm, crisp product that is safe because the acid level is high. Basic picking recipes are a simple syrup made of vinegar, sugar and water. ===Jams and Jellies=== Jams, Jellies, Preserves and Butters are a popular way of preserving fruits and some vegetables. Processing times are usually quick and preparation can be quite simple. Sugar is often high but it is an excellent way to add fruit to your diet. Jams include pectin or a modified starch to allow them to thicken or set to a desired consistency. Preserves and butters are often slow cooked to a thickness much like applesauce and don't use an additional thickener. ===Meats=== Meats need to be pressure canned every time, there is no approved method of canning meat in a boiling water bath. Recipes for meats vary greatly. Some people prefer to can just the meat while others like to prepare them as heat and serve meals. ===Vegetables=== Many vegetables are low acid and need to be pressure canned. The same as with meats, many people like to combine different vegetables as a ready to serve side dish or to be added to soups and stews. ===Other Foods=== There are no safe recipes for certain food items. The USDA has not approved of any recipes for items including: Milk, Cheese, Cream, Eggs, Flour, Starch, Thickening Agents, Grain, Pasta, Rice, Dried Beans, Zucchini, Summer Squash Items baked in jars should never be stored outside of a freezer or refrigerator. Just don't do it wrong. {{BookCat}} lfldx35widjlboc9w9pkt4gu20zrskd Radiation Oncology/Liver/HCC 0 51725 4673113 3579755 2026-09-30T11:13:35Z Jcb 90773 4673113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/TOC}} '''Hepatocellular carcinoma''' ==Epidemiology== *6th most common cancer in the world. 14.7 per 100,000 men and 4.9 per 100,000 women. 3 to 1 ratio male to female. Highest risk areas are East and Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. *In North America, only 1-3 per 100,000 people. Incidence is increasing due to hepatitis virus. *Death rate equal to (or exceeds!) the incidence. There are more deaths than new cases because of the poor outcome and because metastatic disease to the liver is mistakenly attributed to liver cancer in statistics. ==Risk== *Roughly 80% of HCC is attributable to either HBV or HCV, of which HBV accounts for ~55% and HCV 25% <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16879891]</ref> *Persistent HBV infection: 100x-250x risk *Chronic HCV and cirrhosis: 100x *Ethanol is carcinogenic. Higher risk of HCC than in non-alcohol-drinkers with HCV. *Other chemicals: alfatoxin B, nitrites, hydrocarbons, solvents, organochlorine pesticides, primary metals, polychlorinated biphenyls ==Prevention== *Treatment of HCV with interferon alpha decreases risk of developing HCC ==Clinical presentation== Asymptomatic in early stages. Detected with AFP and ultrasound in patients with liver disease. Many patients are asymptomatic even in advanced stages. The majority of symptoms are from liver disease itself. Tumor-related symptoms are palpable mass in abdomen, acute onset pain from hemorrhage, dull pain, abdominal fullness, low grade fever, obstructive jaundice, and splenomegaly. ==Biology== *Rapid doubling time of 41 days ==Workup== *Triphasic CT scan is most sensitive imaging modality (more than MRI). Since AFP has a 10-15% false positive rate and may be elevated in HCC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), or some colon metastases, since 2005, the AASLD has recommended the triphasic CT scan as the distinguishing test of choice for radiologic diagnosis of HCC. *Metastases are rare at presentation *Indocyanine green (IDG) 15-minute retention rate for determining eligibility for resection Child Pugh Score Table {| class="wikitable" |- ! Points !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 |- | Bilirubin || <2 mg/dL || 2-3 || >3 |- | Albumin || >3.5 || 2.8-3.5 || <2.8 |- | PT (secs) || 1-4 || 4-6 || >6 |- | Hepatic encephalopathy || None || 1-2 || 3-4 |- | Ascites || None || Mild (detectable) || Severe (tense) |} Child Pugh Class Designation {| class="wikitable" |- ! Class !! Points !! One-year survival !! Two-year survival |- | A || 5-6 || 100% || 85% |- | B || 7-9 || 81% || |- | C || 10-15 || 45% || |} ==Staging== ===Current staging=== '''AJCC 7th Edition (2009)''' <br> Note: Staging applies only to hepatocellular carcinoma (no longer includes intrahepatic bile ducts) ''Primary Tumor:'' *T1 - Solitary tumor without vascular invasion *T2 - Solitary tumor with vascular invasion or multiple tumors none more than 5 cm *T3 **T3a - Multiple tumors more than 5 cm **T3b - Tumor of any size involving a major branch of the portal vein or hepatic vein *T4 - Tumor with direct invasion of adjacent organs, other than the gallbladder, or with perforation of visceral periteonum ''Regional Lymph Nodes:'' *N0 - no *N1 - yes :Regional nodes include: hepatic artery, portal vein, hilar, hepatoduodenal ligament, inferior phrenic, caval lymph nodes ''Distant Metastases:'' *M0 - none *M1 - yes ''Stage Grouping:'' *Stage I: T1 N0 M0 *Stage II: T2 N0 M0 *Stage IIIA: T3a N0 M0 *Stage IIIB: T3b N0 M0 *Stage IIIC: T4 N0 M0 *Stage IVA: N1 *Stage IVB: M1 ===Older staging editions=== '''AJCC 6th Edition (2002)''' <br> Note: staging was also used for intrahepatic bile ducts *T1 - Solitary, <= 2cm, without vascular invasion *T2 - Solitary <= 2cm with vascular invasion; multiple, limited to one lobe, <= 2cm, without vascular invasion; solitary, >2 cm, without vascular invasion *T3 - Solitary, >2cm, with vascular invasion; multiple, one lobe, <= 2cm, with vascular invasion; multiple, one lobe, any more than 2cm *T4 - Multiple tumors, involving more than one lobe; invasion of a major branch of portal or hepatic veins; invasion of adjacent organs other than gallbladder; perforation of visceral peritoneum *Stage I: T1 N0 M0 *Stage II: T2 N0 M0 *Stage IIIA: T3 N0 M0 *Stage IIIB: T1-3 N0 M0 *Stage IVA: T4 *Stage IVB: M1 ==Prognosis== *Fibrolamellar variant has a better prognosis ==Treatment== Most studies include both mets and primary liver cancer; for now they are kept together. Please see the main [[Radiation_Oncology/Liver|Liver]] page. *HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) tumors can be classified as resectable (can be removed by an operation) and unresectable (cannot be removed by an operation). Only 10-15% of cases can be effectively treated with surgical resection. *Surgical resection with 2-cm margin of liver for T1-3 N0. Minimum of 1-cm is recommended but literature is mixed on the exact margin required. *For unresectable, chemoembolization, intraarterial infusional chemo, cryosurgery, ethanol injection, radioimmunotherapy, conformal radiotherapy, radiofrequency ablation. *For stage IV, chemotherapy, but low response rates. *The radionuclide 131-Lipiodol treatment is believed to offer a significant reduction in recurrence rate for resectable HCC. A 1999 Lancet study by WY Lau et al ({{PMID|10459961}}) report an improvement in the 3-year survival rate from 46.3% (control group) to 86.4% (treatment group). This treatment is not yet approved in the United States, but it is in Phase III clinical trials in Singapore and can be administered in Hong Kong. ===SBRT=== *'''Princess Margaret''' (2003-2006) **Phase I. 41 patients, unresectable HCC (n=31) or IHC (n=10). SBRT 6 fractions; dose dependent on NTCP calculations. Toxicity risk escalated from 5% to 10% and 20%. Median tumor size 173 mL (9-1913 mL); had to have >=800 mL uninvolved liver; Child-Pugh A liver function. Median dose 36.0 Gy (24.0 - 54.0 Gy). CTV=GTV+8mm, PTV=CTV+5mm or more **'''2008''' {{PMID|18172187}} -- "Phase I Study of Individualized Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma." (Tse RV, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 2 [Epub ahead of print]). Medium F/U 1.5 years ***3 month toxicity: No dose-limiting toxicity or RILD; 24% Grade 3 liver enzymes, no Grade 4/5; 23% experienced progression to Child-Pugh B liver function. Late toxicity 2 patients (6%): 1 patient dead from GI bleed from tumor-duodenal connection, 1 patient SBO requiring surgery. ***Outcome: median OS HCC 11.7 months, IHC 15.0 months ***Conclusion: Individualized 6-fraction SBRT safe **'''2006''' {{PMID|16982550}} -- "Individualized image guided iso-NTCP based liver cancer SBRT." (Dawson LA, Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):856-64.) ***Phase I/II. 79 patients with HCC (33), IHC (12) or liver mets (34). ***RT: prescription based on NTCP to maintain given risk of RILD to max 60/6 (median dose 36.6/6) *'''Hokkaido; 2007''' (2001-2004) {{PMID|17869660}} -- "Intercepting radiotherapy using a real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy system for highly selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma unresectable with other modalities." (Taguchi H, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Oct 1;69(2):376-80.) **Retrospective. 18 HCC tumors, 15 patients. Real-time tumor tracking with implanted 2.0 mm fiducial marker. Median dose 48/8 (median BED 76.8 Gy). Mean F/U 1.7 years **Outcome: 2-year OS 39%, LC 83% (92% with re-irradiation) **Toxicity: 1 Grade 3 transient gastric ulcer, 2 transient LFT elevation **Conclusion: Fiducial marker-guided RT effective at delivering focal high dose ===TACE and RT=== *'''Meta-analysis; 2008''' {{PMID|19042048}} -- "Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis." (Meng MB, Radiother Oncol. 2008 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print]) **Meta-analysis. 17 trials and 1476 patients, 5 RCT. **Conclusion: TACE + RT is more therapeutically beneficial than TACE alone ==Survival== *Unresectable: less than 10% 5-year survival *Resectable: 5-year survival 50-73% stage I, 30-56% stage II, 10-29% stage III, 10% stage IV. ==Radioemobolization== *'''SIRveNIB; 2018''' (2010 - 2016) {{PMID|29498924}} -- "SIRveNIB: Selective Internal Radiation Therapy Versus Sorafenib in Asia-Pacific Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma." (Chow PKH, J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jul 1;36(19):1913-1921. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.0892. Epub 2018 Mar 2. **Randomized, 11 countries. 360 patients, locally advanced HCC. Arm 1) Radioemolization Y90 (mean activity 1.8 GBq); 29% did not receive assigned therapy vs Arm 2) sorafenib; 9% did not receive assigned therapy **Outcome: Median OS RE 8.8 months vs sorafenib 10.0 months (NS). Median PFS 5.8 month vs 5.1 months (NS) **Toxicity: Grade 3+ RE 28% vs sorafenib 51% (SS). Most common G3 toxicity ascites ~3%. Radiation hepatitis 1.5% **Conclusion: No difference in OS, but improved toxicity profile of radioembolization ==Patterns of failure== *Local tumor recurrence and intrahepatic recurrence are the predominant sites of failure. ==Fibrolamellar Carcinoma== *Considered a variant of HCC comprising < 1%; however, evidence suggests it is uniquely distinct in both epidemiology and better prognosis *Associated with cirrhosis in <10% patients, typically presents in a background of normal liver function and histologic architecture *50-60% solitary, rest satellite lesions next to primary mass; rarely diffuse involvement *Surgery (hepatic resection/transplant) is primary treatment alternative *Radiotherapy **'''Hopkins 1985-90''' {{PMID|10025374}} -- ''Metastatic nonresectable fibrolamellar hepatoma: prognostic features and natural history.'' ('''1999 Epstein''' BE, Am J Clin Oncol. 1999 Feb;22(1):22-8.) ***Retrospective. 17 patients with met disease. Matched control analysis with HCC patients ***Median survival: 14 months vs. 7.7 months (p<0.001) {{BookCat}} ajdx9cs13u6a7ypcbx2yoiogfches89 X86 Assembly/Control Flow 0 51941 4672998 4532017 2026-09-29T21:55:22Z DavidCary 973 fill in more details; link to another section of this book with application. 4672998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{x86 Assembly Page}} {{Wikipedia|Control flow}} Almost all programming languages have the ability to change the order in which statements are evaluated, and assembly is no exception. The instruction pointer (EIP) register contains the address of the next instruction to be executed. To change the flow of control, the programmer must be able to modify the value of EIP. This is where control flow functions come in. <syntaxhighlight lang="asm"> mov eip, label ; wrong jmp label ; right </syntaxhighlight> == Comparison Instructions == {{x86-inst-2|test|reference|accumulator}} Performs a bit-wise logical <code>and</code> on <code>accumulator</code> and <code>reference</code> the result of which we will refer to as <code>commonBits</code> and sets the <code>ZF</code>(zero), <code>SF</code>(sign) and <code>PF</code> (parity) flags based on <code>commonBits</code>. <code>CommonBits</code> is then discarded. ''' Operands ''' ''reference'' * Register * Immediate ''accumulator'' * Register (where <code>AL/AX/EAX</code> can be encoded specially if <code>reference</code> is an immediate value) * Memory ''' Modified flags ''' * <code>SF</code> ≔ MostSignificantBit(<code>commonBits</code>) * <code>ZF</code>&nbsp;≔ (<code>commonBits</code> = 0), so a set <code>ZF</code> means, <code>accumulator</code> and <code>reference</code> do not have any set bits in common * <code>PF</code> ≔ BitWiseXorNor(<code>commonBits</code>[Max-1:0]), so <code>PF</code> is set if and only if <code>commonBits</code>[Max-1:0] has an even number of 1 bits * <code>CF</code> ≔ 0 * <code>OF</code> ≔ 0 * <code>AF</code> is undefined ''' Application ''' * passing the same register twice: <code>test rax, rax</code> ** <code>SF</code> becomes the ''sign'' of <code>rax</code>, which is a simple test for non-negativity ** <code>ZF</code> is set if <code>rax</code> is ''zero'' ** <code>PF</code> is set if <code>rax</code> has an even number of set bits {{x86-inst-2|cmp|subtrahend|minuend}} Performs a comparison operation between <code>minuend</code> and <code>subtrahend</code>. The comparison is performed by a (signed) subtraction of <code>subtrahend</code> from <code>minuend</code>, the results of which can be called <code>difference</code>. <code>Difference</code> is then discarded. If <code>subtrahend</code> is an immediate value it will be sign extended to the length of <code>minuend</code>. The <code>EFLAGS</code> register is set in the same manner as a <code>sub</code> instruction. Note that the GAS/AT&T syntax can be rather confusing, as for example <code>cmp $0, %rax</code> followed by <code>jl branch</code> will branch if <code>%rax < 0</code> (and not the opposite as might be expected from the order of the operands). ''' Operands ''' ''minuend'' * <code>AL/AX/EAX</code> (only if <code>subtrahend</code> is immediate) * Register * Memory ''subtrahend'' * Register * Immediate * Memory ''' Modified flags ''' * <code>SF</code> ≔ MostSignificantBit(<code>difference</code>), so an unset <code>SF</code> means the <code>difference</code> is non-negative (<code>minuend</code> ≥ <code>subtrahend</code> [NB: signed comparison]) * <code>ZF</code> ≔ (<code>difference</code> = 0) * <code>PF</code> ≔ BitWiseXorNor(<code>difference</code>[Max-1:0]) * <code>CF</code>, <code>OF</code> and <code>AF</code> == Jump Instructions == The jump instructions allow the programmer to (indirectly) set the value of the EIP register. The location passed as the argument is usually a label. The first instruction executed after the jump is the instruction immediately following the label. All of the jump instructions, with the exception of <code>jmp</code>, are '''conditional jumps''', meaning that program flow is diverted only if a condition is true. These instructions are often used after a comparison instruction (see above), but since many other instructions set flags, this order is not required. See [[X86 Assembly/X86 Architecture#EFLAGS Register|chapter “X86 architecture”, § “EFLAGS register”]] for more information about the flags and their meaning. === Unconditional Jumps === {{x86-inst-1|jmp|loc}} Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address (i.e. the next instruction executed will be the one specified by <code>jmp</code>). === Jump if Equal === {{x86-inst-1|je|loc}} ''ZF = 1'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if operands of previous <code>cmp</code> instruction are equal. <code>je</code> is identical to <code>jz</code>. For example: <syntaxhighlight lang="asm"> mov ecx, $5 mov edx, $5 cmp ecx, edx je equal ; if it did not jump to the label equal, ; then this means ecx and edx are not equal. equal: ; if it jumped here, then this means ecx and edx are equal </syntaxhighlight> === Jump if Not Equal === {{x86-inst-1|jne|loc}} ''ZF = 0'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if operands of previous <code>cmp</code> instruction are not equal. <code>jne</code> is identical to <code>jnz</code> === Jump if Greater === {{x86-inst-1|jg|loc}} ''SF = OF and ZF = 0'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the <code>minuend</code> of the previous <code>cmp</code> instruction is greater than the <code>subtrahend</code> (performs signed comparison). === Jump if Greater or Equal === {{x86-inst-1|jge|loc}} ''SF = OF or ZF = 1'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the <code>minuend</code> of the of previous <code>cmp</code> instruction is greater than or equal to the <code>subtrahend</code> (performs signed comparison). === Jump if Above (unsigned comparison) === {{x86-inst-1|ja|loc}} ''CF = 0 and ZF = 0'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the <code>minuend</code> of the previous <code>cmp</code> instruction is greater than the <code>subtrahend</code>. <code>ja</code> is the same as <code>jg</code>, except that it performs an unsigned comparison. That means, the following piece of code ''always'' jumps (unless <code>rbx</code> is <code>-1</code>, too), because negative one is represented as all bits set in the two's complement. <syntaxhighlight lang="asm"> mov rax, -1 // rax := -1 cmp rax, rbx ja loc </syntaxhighlight> Interpreting all bits set (without treating any bit as the sign) has the value 2ⁿ-1 (where n is the length of the register). That is the largest unsigned value a register can hold. === Jump if Above or Equal (unsigned comparison) === {{x86-inst-1|jae|loc}} ''CF = 0 or ZF = 1'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the <code>minuend</code> of previous <code>cmp</code> instruction is greater than or equal to the <code>subtrahend</code>. <code>jae</code> is the same as <code>jge</code>, except that it performs an unsigned comparison. === Jump if Lesser === {{x86-inst-1|jl|loc}} The criterion required for a <code>jl</code> is that <code>SF</code> ≠ <code>OF</code>. It loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the criterion is met. So either <code>SF</code> or <code>OF</code> can be set, but not both in order to satisfy this criterion. If we take the <code>sub</code> (which is ''basically'' what a <code>cmp</code> does) instruction as an example, we have: : <code>minuend</code> - <code>subtrahend</code> With respect to <code>sub</code> and <code>cmp</code> there are several cases that fulfill this criterion: # <code>minuend</code> < <code>subtrahend</code> and the operation does not have overflow # <code>minuend</code> > <code>subtrahend</code> and the operation has an overflow In the first case <code>SF</code> will be set but not <code>OF</code> and in second case <code>OF</code> will be set but not <code>SF</code> since the overflow will reset the most significant bit to zero and thus preventing <code>SF</code> being set. The <code>SF</code> ≠ <code>OF</code> criterion avoids the cases where: # <code>minuend</code> > <code>subtrahend</code> and the operation does not have overflow # <code>minuend</code> < <code>subtrahend</code> and the operation has an overflow # <code>minuend</code> = <code>subtrahend</code> In the first case neither <code>SF</code> nor <code>OF</code> are set, in the second case <code>OF</code> will be set and <code>SF</code> will be set since the overflow will reset the most significant bit to one and in the last case neither <code>SF</code> nor <code>OF</code> will be set. === Jump if Less or Equal === {{x86-inst-1|jle|loc}} <code>SF</code> ≠ <code>OF</code> or <code>ZF = 1</code>. Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the <code>minuend</code> of previous <code>cmp</code> instruction is lesser than or equal to the <code>subtrahend</code>. See the [[#Jump if Lesser|<code>jl</code> section]] for a more detailed description of the criteria. === Jump if Below (unsigned comparison) === {{x86-inst-1|jb|loc}} ''CF = 1'' Loads EIP with the specified address, if first operand of previous CMP instruction is lesser than the second. <code>jb</code> is the same as <code>jl</code>, except that it performs an unsigned comparison. <syntaxhighlight lang="asm"> mov rax, 0 ; rax ≔ 0 cmp rax, rbx ; rax ≟ rbx jb loc ; always jumps, unless rbx is also 0 </syntaxhighlight> === Jump if Below or Equal (unsigned comparison) === {{x86-inst-1|jbe|loc}} ''CF = 1 or ZF = 1'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if <code>minuend</code> of previous <code>cmp</code> instruction is lesser than or equal to the <code>subtrahend</code>. <code>jbe</code> is the same as <code>jle</code>, except that it performs an unsigned comparison. === Jump if Zero === {{x86-inst-1|jz|loc}} ''ZF = 1'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the zero bit is set from a previous arithmetic expression. <code>jz</code> is identical to <code>je</code>. === Jump if Not Zero === {{x86-inst-1|jnz|loc}} ''ZF = 0'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the zero bit is not set from a previous arithmetic expression. <code>jnz</code> is identical to <code>jne</code>. === Jump if Signed === {{x86-inst-1|js|loc}} ''SF = 1'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the sign bit is set from a previous arithmetic expression. === Jump if Not Signed === {{x86-inst-1|jns|loc}} ''SF = 0'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the sign bit is not set from a previous arithmetic expression. === Jump if Carry === {{x86-inst-1|jc|loc}} ''CF = 1'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the carry bit is set from a previous arithmetic expression. === Jump if Not Carry === {{x86-inst-1|jnc|loc}} ''CF = 0'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the carry bit is not set from a previous arithmetic expression. === Jump if Overflow === {{x86-inst-1|jo|loc}} ''OF = 1'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the overflow bit is set on a previous arithmetic expression. === Jump if Not Overflow === {{x86-inst-1|jno|loc}} ''OF = 0'' Loads <code>EIP</code> with the specified address, if the overflow bit is not set on a previous arithmetic expression. === Jump if counter register is zero === {{x86-inst-1|jcxz|loc}} ''CX = 0'' {{x86-inst-1|jecxz|loc}} ''ECX = 0'' {{x86-inst-1|jrcxz|loc}} ''RCX = 0'' Loads <syntaxhighlight lang="asm" inline>EIP</syntaxhighlight> with the specified address if the counter register is zero. ==== Application ==== * The existence of this instruction makes the counter register particularly suitable for holding (high-level language) pointers: In most programming languages the “null pointer”, an invalid pointer, is implemented by the numeric value&nbsp;<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>0</syntaxhighlight>. Usually, you do ''not'' want to dereference such a null pointer as the result will be bogus or even cause a {{abbr|GPF|general protection fault}}. By jumping away, with <syntaxhighlight lang="asm" inline>jecxz</syntaxhighlight>, to some code handling this error, you can avoid running into such a situation ''before'' you attempt to dereference the pointer value. You do not need an extra <syntaxhighlight lang="asm" inline>test ecx, ecx</syntaxhighlight>. * If you are using the <syntaxhighlight lang="asm" inline>loop</syntaxhighlight> instruction to implement a loop, but it is possible the requested number of iteration is zero, you may want to insert a <syntaxhighlight lang="asm" inline>jecxz</syntaxhighlight> ''before'' the loop’s body. Otherwise, <syntaxhighlight lang="asm" inline>loop</syntaxhighlight> will decrement zero, thus ending up doing 2<sup>32</sup> iterations. == Function Calls == {{x86-inst-1|call|proc}} Pushes the address of the instruction that follows the <code>call</code> call, i.e. usually the next line in your source code, onto the top of the stack, and then jumps to the specified location. This is used mostly for subroutines. {{x86-inst-1|ret|[val]}} Pops the next value on the stack into <code>EIP</code>, and then pops the specified number of bytes off the stack. If <code>val</code> is not supplied, the instruction will not pop any values off the stack after returning. == Loop Instructions == {{x86-inst-1|loop}} The <code>loop</code> instruction decrements <code>ECX</code> and jumps to the address specified by <code>arg</code> unless decrementing <code>ECX</code> caused its value to become zero. For example: <syntaxhighlight lang="asm"> mov ecx, 5 ; ecx ≔ 5 head: ; the code here would be executed 5 times loop head </syntaxhighlight> <code>loop</code> does not set any flags. {{x86-inst-1|loopcc}} These loop instructions decrement <code>ECX</code> and jump to the address specified by <code>arg</code> if their condition is satisfied (that is, a specific flag is set), unless decrementing <code>ECX</code> caused its value to become zero. * <code>loope</code> loop if equal * <code>loopne</code> loop if not equal * <code>loopnz</code> loop if not zero * <code>loopz</code> loop if zero That way, only testing for a non-zero <code>ECX</code> can be combined with testing <code>ZF</code>. Other flags can not be tested for, say there is no <code>loopnc</code> “loop while <code>ECX</code> ≠ 0 and <code>CF</code> unset”. == Enter and Leave == {{x86-inst-1|enter}} <code>enter</code> creates a stack frame with the specified amount of space allocated on the stack. {{x86-inst|leave}} <code>leave</code> destroys the current stack frame, and restores the previous frame. Using Intel syntax this is equivalent to: <syntaxhighlight lang="asm"> mov esp, ebp ; esp ≔ ebp pop ebp </syntaxhighlight> This will set <code>EBP</code> and <code>ESP</code> to their respective value before the function prologue began therefore reversing any modification to the stack that took place during the prologue. == Other Control Instructions == {{x86-inst|hlt}} Halts the processor. Execution will be resumed after processing next hardware interrupt, unless <code>IF</code> is cleared. {{x86-inst|nop}} No operation. This instruction doesn't do anything, but wastes (an) instruction cycle(s) in the processor. This instruction is often ''represented'' as an <code>xchg</code> operation with the operands <code>EAX</code> and <code>EAX</code> (an operation without side-effects), because there is no designated opcode for doing nothing. This just as a passing remark, so that you do not get confused with ''disassembled'' code. {{x86-inst|lock}} Asserts #LOCK prefix on next instruction. The LOCK prefix is used in multiprocessor environments to ensure the immediately following read-modify-write instruction is executed atomically.<ref> [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lock "LOCK — Assert LOCK# Signal Prefix"] </ref><ref> [https://wiki.osdev.org/X86-64_Instruction_Encoding#LOCK_prefix "LOCK prefix"] </ref> See [[../Data Transfer#Data swap based on comparison]] for some applications of the LOCK prefix. {{x86-inst|wait}} Waits for the FPU to finish its last calculation. [[fr:Programmation Assembleur x86/Les branchements]] 8kwvtqutmq7jg7lnj1l7gb5vqr80zdk Applied Ecology/Introduction 0 57454 4672973 3252771 2026-09-29T18:00:07Z ~2026-52234-50 3627189 changed "the" to "this". 4672973 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Current state of this book== This wikibook project is in its first stage, which is to decide the chapters to be included and summarise what they should contain. At the present time, editorial effort is directed towards the writing of introductions to each chapter. This is also a process of selecting the main subsections for each chapter. These will eventually appear as ‘pages’ indented in the table of contents. Contributors are reminded that it is a textbook to provide an up to date review of important areas of applied ecological knowledge for advanced level university students and site managers. ==Definition== Applied ecology is a framework for the application of knowledge about ecosystems so that actions can be taken to create a better balance and harmony between people and nature in order to reduce human impact on other beings and their habitats. ==Scope== ===In situ and ex situ conservation systems=== With respect to scope, it is intended that the book should contain a body of knowledge about the use of ecological theory and principles to solve problems associated with the intensive human use of the environment. It is beyond our capacity to return Earth to a primeval state, but what we can do is build a technological ‘ark’ to retain as much ecological integrity as possible. To achieve this, many aspects of ecology have to be applied to manage conservation systems where the maintenance, restoration, and creation of diverse and healthy ecosystems are principal objectives. Some conservation systems may be broadly classified as in situ operations. These include: *protection of rare species and habitats; *restoration of industrial wasteland and the mitigative creation of new ecosystems; *using wetland ecosystems for treating wastewater; *environmental valuation in relation to the needs for conservation and development to go hand in hand; *integration of sustainable ecosystems with commercial enterprises, such as agriculture and nature tourism; * study of the ecology of human diseases in relation to their control. Other kinds of conservation systems are classified as ex situ. These include operations in zoos, botanical gardens, museums, and germ plasm stores. The objectives are to provide breeding populations of plants and animals for reintroductions, and maintain a classified biodiversity inventory of specimens and genetic resources. ===Conservation management=== These conservation systems all overlap with each other, but they broadly define topics that most people would recognise as covering distinct applications of management practices to ecosystems, where the outcomes benefit humankind. Each one could be developed as a chapter of this book, but it is important to think hard before initiating a new chapter, because its principles may fall into an existing one. The unifying principle that brings the topics together is that they all centre on the management of species and habitats. A common objective is long-term sustainability, and it is in this sense that the planning and operation of conservation management systems is the practical point of focus. ===The endangered resources=== In 1974 Norman Myers estimated the annual loss of tropical ecosystems to be about 240,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. This was the outcome of commercial timber extraction, farming operations and fuel gathering; a combination of economic objectives and the subsistence behaviour of native peoples. Biodiversity represents the very foundation of human existence. Besides its profound ethical and aesthetic implications, a loss of biodiversity has serious economic and social costs. As an essential resource, future changes should be tracked through the collection and dissemination of scientific knowledge on a global scale. It was in this spirit that UNEP commissioned the Global Biodiversity Assessment (GBA) project, which reported in 1995 as a first step to assemble an inventory of Earth’s endangered biological resources. ===New societies and cultures=== The application of ecological principles and knowledge to environmental issues of world development is changing the way societies value natural resources. This new understanding is having a cultural impact through changes in the behaviour of governments, communities and families. This is mainly the result of a combination of publicity and legislation. For example, in 1977 the Countryside Commission for England and Wales organised a national campaign to persuade farmers to enhance the wildlife and scenic value of agricultural land. Although this particular campaign did not halt the destructive ecological outcomes of intensive agriculture, it marked the beginning of a process of change in agrarian culture. This is now obvious throughout Britain, largely because of a shift in the system of farm subsidies away from production towards the creation of environmental goods. Education is another important factor in creating a culture of sustainable development. This requires the promotion of a knowledge system linking culture and ecology. The aim is to present economic development alongside the work of organisations in society that are promoting the conservation of natural resources. <noinclude>{{Applied Ecology/Navigation||Conservation Management}}</noinclude> g8g8uvyn6ible318xq33mqbko9blaid Football (Soccer) 0 58052 4672954 4610338 2026-09-29T16:10:57Z ~2026-52266-78 3627181 Hi 4672954 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Football iu 1996.jpg|right|200px|A game of association football.]] '''Football''' (also known as soccer or association football) is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries, making it the world's most popular sport. The game is played on a rectangular field with a goal post at each end. The object of the game is to score goals by using any part of the body besides the arms and hands to get the football into the opposing goal. 67 The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and then only in their penalty area. Other players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may use their head or torso to strike the ball instead. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition. The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association) which organises a World Cup every four years. ==Table of contents== {{Book search}} {{Print version}} ===[[/The Basics/]]=== This section covers all the basics, rules and definitions of football. ===[[/The Leagues And Teams/]]=== The different leagues around the world that play football competitively. There are two types of competitions -- club competitions and internationals. Clubs competitions is where clubs like Real Madrid, Manchester United, Arsenal, Paris SG etc. compete and internationals is where nations like Portugal, France, Argentina etc. compete. ===[[/The Trophies And Cups/]]=== All leagues do have special trophies and cups and special events too. This section covers the major events and cups. ===[[/The History/]]=== This section covers the history of the game including invention, sister sports and more. == Wikinews == [[File:Wikinews-football.svg|right|200px|Wikinews football.]] Wikibooks sister project [[n:Portal:Football|Wikinews]] covers the latest news of the game. == Sources == * [[w:Soccer|Wikipedia, Soccer [redirect to Association football], introduction and history]] {{wikiversity|Football (soccer)}} {{Shelves|Athletic games}} {{Alphabetical|F}} {{status|25%}} __NOTOC__ [[ko:축구]] [[hr:Nogomet]] [[ja:サッカー]] [[pa:Football]] [[ro:Fotbal]] scauwa17gjqmlvbhrzqvck4yz4xh240 4672955 4672954 2026-09-29T16:11:34Z ~2026-52266-78 3627181 4672955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Football iu 1996.jpg|right|200px|A game of association football.]] '''Football''' (also known as soccer or association football) is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries, making it the world's most popular sport. The game is played on a rectangular field with a goal post at each end. The object of the game is to score goals by using any part of the body besides the arms and hands to get the football into the opposing goal. The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and then only in their penalty area. Other players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may use their head or torso to strike the ball instead. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition. The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association) which organises a World Cup every four years. ==Table of contents== {{Book search}} {{Print version}} ===[[/The Basics/]]=== This section covers all the basics, rules and definitions of football. ===[[/The Leagues And Teams/]]=== The different leagues around the world that play football competitively. There are two types of competitions -- club competitions and internationals. Clubs competitions is where clubs like Real Madrid, Manchester United, Arsenal, Paris SG etc. compete and internationals is where nations like Portugal, France, Argentina etc. compete. ===[[/The Trophies And Cups/]]=== All leagues do have special trophies and cups and special events too. This section covers the major events and cups. ===[[/The History/]]=== This section covers the history of the game including invention, sister sports and more. == Wikinews == [[File:Wikinews-football.svg|right|200px|Wikinews football.]] Wikibooks sister project [[n:Portal:Football|Wikinews]] covers the latest news of the game. == Sources == * [[w:Soccer|Wikipedia, Soccer [redirect to Association football], introduction and history]] {{wikiversity|Football (soccer)}} {{Shelves|Athletic games}} {{Alphabetical|F}} {{status|25%}} __NOTOC__ [[ko:축구]] [[hr:Nogomet]] [[ja:サッカー]] [[pa:Football]] [[ro:Fotbal]] 9n7mhxqtyqboieb8j6puc3fo8egm47p French/Texts/National anthems/La Marseillaise 0 68639 4673000 4648407 2026-09-30T01:18:45Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3624460 /* The Anthem */ 4673000 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{French/Texts/National anthems/Header}}</noinclude> ==Introduction== The song was written and composed in 1792 by [[w:Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle|Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]] in Strastburg during the French Revolution, and was originally titled "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin". It was adopted as the national anthem in 1795. It acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by people marching on the capital.{{main|w:La Marseillaise}} ==How To Read The Anthem== You will not get much out of the anthem if you skim through it or only know the meanings of half the words. There are two ways you can read it. The first is to read the French text and English translation below. The second way will lead to a greater understanding of the anthem, but is more time consuming. Read a line, [http://translate.google.com/translate_t look up] words you don't know, then continue on to the next line. When you finish reading a verse, you should reread both in French and English to make sure you understand both the overall picture and each line. It may be necessary to repeat this several times. After reading the entire anthem once, quickly read it a second time. You should be able to reread it in no time at all. If you find yourself having trouble rereading the anthem, read it a third time until you are comfortable reading it. ==Vocabulary== {| !Word !English meaning |- |la Patrie||fatherland |- |le citoyen||citizen |} ==The Anthem== <div style="float: right;">{{Listen|filename=La Marseillaise Georges THILL Musique de la Garde Républicaine.ogg|title=''La Marseillaise'' Audio|description=Listen to an audio recording of ''La Marseillaise''.}}</div> {| !'''French lyrics'''||'''English Translation''' |- |'''I.'''<br /> :Allons enfants de la Patrie :Le jour de gloire est arrivé ! :Contre nous de la tyrannie :L'étendard sanglant est levé ''(bis)'' :Entendez-vous dans les campagnes :Mugir ces féroces soldats ? :Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras. :Égorger vos fils, vos compagnes ! |width=50%|{{Solution|title=Verse I|text= :Arise children of our fatherland, :The day of glory has arrived! :Against us, tyranny, :Has raised its bloodied banner, (1) :Do you hear in the fields :The howling of these fearsome soldiers? :They are coming up into your arms (2) :To slit the throats of your sons and consorts! }} |- |'''Refrain :''' :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons |{{Solution|title=Refrain|text= ::To arms, citizens! ::Form your battalions! ::Let us march, let us march! ::Let impure blood (of our enemies) ::Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''II.'''<br /> :Que veut cette horde d'esclaves :De traîtres, de rois conjurés ? :Pour qui ces ignobles entraves :Ces fers dès longtemps préparés ? ''(bis)'' :Français, pour nous, ah ! quel outrage :Quels transports il doit exciter ? :C'est nous qu'on ose méditer :De rendre à l'antique esclavage ! |{{Solution|title=Verse II|text= :What does this horde of slaves, :Traitors, and plotting kings want? :For whom these vile chains :These long-prepared irons? :Frenchmen, for us, ah! What outrage, :What fury must it arouse? :It is us they dare plan :To return to the old slavery! }} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''III.'''<br /> :Quoi ces cohortes étrangères ! :Feraient la loi dans nos foyers ! :Quoi ! ces phalanges mercenaires :Terrasseraient nos fils guerriers ! ''(bis)'' :Grand Dieu ! par des mains enchaînées :Nos fronts sous le joug se ploieraient :De vils despotes deviendraient :Les maîtres des destinées. |{{Solution|title=Verse III|text= :What! These foreign cohorts! :They would make laws in our courts! :What! These mercenary phalanxes :Would cut down our warrior sons :Good Lord! By chained hands :Our brow would yield under the yoke :The vile despots would have themselves be :The masters of destiny }} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''IV.'''<br /> :Tremblez, tyrans et vous perfides :L'opprobre de tous les partis :Tremblez ! vos projets parricides :Vont enfin recevoir leurs prix ! ''(bis)'' :Tout est soldat pour vous combattre :S'ils tombent, nos jeunes héros :La France en produit de nouveaux, :Contre vous tout prêts à se battre. | {{Solution|title=Verse IV|text= :Tremble, tyrants and traitors :The shame of all good men :Tremble! Your parricidal schemes :Will receive their just reward :Against you we are all soldiers :If they fall, our young heroes :France will bear new ones :Ready to join the fight against you }} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''V'''<br /> :Français, en guerriers magnanimes :Portez ou retenez vos coups ! :Épargnez ces tristes victimes :À regret s'armant contre nous ''(bis)'' :Mais ces despotes sanguinaires :Mais ces complices de Bouillé :Tous ces tigres qui, sans pitié :Déchirent le sein de leur mère ! |{{Solution|title=Verse V|text= :Frenchmen, as magnanimous warriors :Bear or hold back your blows :Spare these sad victims :That they regret taking up arms against us :But not these bloody despots :These accomplices of [[w:François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé|Bouillé]] :All these tigers who mercilessly :Ripped out their mothers' wombs }} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''VI.'''<br /> :Amour sacré de la Patrie :Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs :Liberté, Liberté chérie :Combats avec tes défenseurs ! ''(bis)'' :Sous nos drapeaux, que la victoire :Accoure à tes mâles accents :Que tes ennemis expirants :Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire ! |{{Solution|title=Verse VI|text= :Sacred patriotic love :Lead [and] support our avenging arms :Liberty, cherished liberty :Fight back with your defenders :Under our flags, let victory :Hurry to your manly tone :So that your enemies, in their last breath [before death] :See your triumph and our glory! }} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''VII. Couplet des enfants'''<br /> :Nous entrerons dans la carrière :Quand nos aînés n'y seront plus :Nous y trouverons leur poussière :Et la trace de leurs vertus ''(bis)'' :Bien moins jaloux de leur survivre :Que de partager leur cercueil :Nous aurons le sublime orgueil :De les venger ou de les suivre ! |{{Solution|title=Verse VII|text= :We shall enter the career (3) :When our elders will no longer be there :There we shall find their ashes [lit. dust] :And the mark of their virtues :[We are] Much less jealous of surviving them :Than of sharing their coffins :[For] We shall have the sublime pride :Of avenging or joining [lit. following] them }} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |colspan=2|'''VIII. Couplet supprimé par Servan, Ministre de la Guerre en 1792''' |- | :Dieu de clémence et de justice :Vois nos tyrans, juge nos coeurs :Que ta bonté nous soit propice :Défends-nous de ces oppresseurs :Tu règnes au ciel et sur terre :Et devant Toi, tout doit fléchir :De ton bras, viens nous soutenir :Toi, grand Dieu, maître du tonnerre. |{{Solution|text = :God of mercy and justice :See our tyrants, judge our hearts :Thy goodness be with us :Defend us from these oppressors :You reign in heaven and on earth :And before You all must bend :In your arms, come support us :You Great God, Lord of the thunder.|title = English}} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |colspan=2|<div style="text-align: center;">'''Couplets supplémentaires - Additional Verses'''</div> |- |'''IX.'''<br /> :Peuple français, connais ta gloire ; :Couronné par l'Égalité, :Quel triomphe, quelle victoire, :D'avoir conquis la Liberté ! ''(bis)'' :Le Dieu qui lance le tonnerre :Et qui commande aux éléments, :Pour exterminer les tyrans, :Se sert de ton bras sur la terre. |{{Solution|title=English|text= :French people, know thy glory :Crowned by Equality, :What a triumph, what a victory, :To have won Liberty! :The God who throws thunder :And who commands the elements, :To exterminate the tyrants :Uses your arm on earth.}} | |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''X.'''<br /> :Nous avons de la tyrannie :Repoussé les derniers efforts ; :De nos climats, elle est bannie ; :Chez les Français les rois sont morts. ''(bis)'' :Vive à jamais la République ! :Anathème à la royauté ! :Que ce refrain, partout porté, :Brave des rois la politique. |{{Solution|title=English|text= :Of tyranny, we have :Rebuffed its last efforts; :From our climes, it is banished; :Among the French the kings are dead. :May the Republic live forever! :Anathema to royalty! :May this refrain, sung everywhere, :Defy politics to kings.}} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''XI.'''<br /> :La France que l'Europe admire :A reconquis la Liberté :Et chaque citoyen respire :Sous les lois de l'Égalité ; ''(bis)'' :Un jour son image chérie :S'étendra sur tout l'univers. :Peuples, vous briserez vos fers :Et vous aurez une Patrie ! |{{Solution|title=English|text= :France that Europe admires :Has reconquered Liberty :And every citizen breathes :Under the laws of Equality; :One day its beloved image :Will extend throughout the universe. :Peoples, you will break your chains :And you will have a fatherland!}} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''XII.'''<br /> :Foulant aux pieds les droits de l'Homme, :Les soldatesques légions :Des premiers habitants de Rome :Asservirent les nations. ''(bis)'' :Un projet plus grand et plus sage :Nous engage dans les combats :Et le Français n'arme son bras :Que pour détruire l'esclavage. |{{Solution|title=English|text= :Trampling on the rights of Man, :The soldierly legions :Of Rome's first inhabitants :Enslaved nations. :A larger project, and wiser, :Engages us in battle :And the Frenchman only arms himself :In order to destroy slavery.}} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''XIII.'''<br /> :Oui ! déjà d'insolents despotes :Et la bande des émigrés :Faisant la guerre aux Sans-Culottes :Par nos armes sont altérés ; ''(bis)'' :Vainement leur espoir se fonde :Sur le fanatisme irrité, :Le signe de la Liberté :Fera bientôt le tour du monde. |{{Solution|title=English|text= :Yes! already insolent despots :And the band of emigrants :Waging war on the sans-culottes :By our weapons are altered; :Vainly their hope is based :On piqued fanaticism :The sign of Liberty :Will soon spread around the world.}} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''XIV.'''<br /> :O vous ! que la gloire environne, :Citoyens, illustres guerriers, :Craignez, dans les champs de Bellone, :Craignez de flétrir vos lauriers ! ''(bis)'' :Aux noirs soupçons inaccessibles :Envers vos chefs, vos généraux, :Ne quittez jamais vos drapeaux, :Et vous resterez invincibles. |{{Solution|title=English|text= :O you! that glory surrounds, :Citizens, illustrious warriors, :Fear, in the fields of [[w:Bellona|Bellona]], :Fear the sullying of your laurels! :To dark unfounded suspicions :Towards your leaders, your generals, :Never leave your flags, :And you will remain invincible.}} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |- |'''XV.'''<br /> :Enfants, que l'Honneur, la Patrie :Fassent l'objet de tous nos vœux ! :Ayons toujours l'âme nourrie :Des feux qu'ils inspirent tous deux. ''(bis)'' :Soyons unis ! Tout est possible ; :Nos vils ennemis tomberont, :Alors les Français cesseront :De chanter ce refrain terrible : |{{Solution|title=English|text= :Children, let Honor and the Fatherland :Be the object of all our wishes! :Let us always have souls nourished :By fires that might inspire both. :Let us be united! Anything is possible; :Our vile enemies will fall, :Then the French will cease :To sing this terrible refrain:}} |- !colspan=2|(refrain) |- |{{Solution|title=French|text= :Aux armes citoyens :Formez vos bataillons :Marchons, marchons :Qu'un sang impur :Abreuve nos sillons }} |{{Solution|title=English|text= :To arms, citizens! :Form your battalions! :Let us march, let us march! :Let impure blood (of our enemies) :Soak the furrows (of our fields) }} |} '''(1)''' The sentence (in French) is inverted, the non-literal translation is : "The bloody banner of tyranny is raised against/before us" but it may be also "Protect us against tyranny, The bloody banner is raised"<br> '''(2)''' Here and in the next line, this is often sung as ''"nos"'' ("our") rather than ''"vos"'' ("your"); ''"vos"'' remains official.<br> '''(3)''' ''"la carrière"'' ("the career"), that is, of being in the army. ==Questions== <noinclude>{{French/Texts/National anthems/Footer}}</noinclude> rd5ph4r3gf21wt9fu7ctlyumwheou4l Radiation Oncology/Kaposi's sarcoma 0 73173 4673082 1942991 2026-09-30T09:03:12Z Jcb 90773 4673082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} *''See also:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Kaposi's sarcoma/Randomized|Randomized evidence]] ==Background== Named for Moritz Kaposi, a Hungarian dermatologist, who described the condition in 1872. <br>Caused by infection with HHV-8. Three types: *Classic - affects elderly Mediterranean and Eastern European men *:Typically begins on the hands and feet and spreads centrally over many years *Endemic - in parts of Africa *Epidemic (AIDS-associated) *Immunosuppression-associated (a.k.a. transplantation-associated) ==Presentation== *Classic KS **Violaceous macules, progressing to plaques, then to nodules. Ultimate phase is hyperkeratotic or ulcerative. **Classic type is slowly progressive **A second primary malignancy (usually lyphoproliferative) may develop in up to 1/3 of patients *Endemic KS **Has 3 forms: ***Indolent nodular - behaves similarly to classic KS ***Locally aggressive ***Disseminated aggressive ==Staging== Multiple staging systems exist. *I - locally indolent cutaneous lesions *II - locally invasive lesions *III - disseminated mucocutaneous form with LN involvement *IV - disseminated mucocutaneous form with visceral involvement *Each stage is further subdivided into A or B according to presence or absence of systemic symptoms (fever, weight loss > 10%), similar to the Ann Arbor staging system for lymphomas *'''1983''' {{PMID|6861160}} -- "Kaposi's sarcoma: a new staging classification." (Krigel RL, Cancer Treat Rep. 1983 Jun;67(6):531-4.) ===HIV-Related=== {| class="wikitable" width=80% |+Revised ACTG Staging System (1997) |- !Stage !! CD4 count (per &micro;L) !! Tumor Risk Group !! Median Survival (months) |- | '''I''' || &ge; 150 (I0) || Good (T0): KS confined to skin, lymph nodes, or flat palate lesions; no tumor-associated edema or visceral KS || NR |- | '''II''' || &ge; 150 (I0) || Poor (T1): Visceral KS, nodular oral disease, or tumor-associated edema || 35 |- | '''III''' || < 150 (I1) || Any || 13 |} *'''Revised ACTG Staging System; 1997''' - {{PMID|9294471}} -- "AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: prospective validation of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group staging classification. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Oncology Committee." (Krown SE, J Clin Oncol. 1997 Sep;15(9):3085-92.) <br><br> {| class="wikitable" width=80% |+ACTG Staging (1989) |- ! width=10%| !! width=40% | Good Risk <br>(All of the following) !! width=40% | Poor Risk (Any of the following) |- |'''Tumor (T)''' || style="vertical-align:top" | Confined to skin and/or lymph nodes and/or minimal oral disease (non-nodular, confined to palate) | Tumor-associated edema or ulceration <br>Extensive oral KS <br>KS of GI tract <br>KS in other non-nodal viscera |- |'''Immune System (I)''' || CD4 count &ge; 200 / &micro;L || CD4 count < 200 |- |'''Systemic Illness (S)''' || No history of opportunistic infection or thrush <br>"B" symptoms absent (include unexplained fever, night sweats, >10% weight loss, or diarrhea persisting > 2 weeks) <br>KPS &ge; 70 | History of opportunistic infection and/or thrush <br>"B" symptoms present <br>KPS < 70 <br>Other HIV-related illness (e.g., neurologic disease, lymphoma) |} *'''AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG); 1989''' {{PMID|2671281}} -- "Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a proposal for uniform evaluation, response, and staging criteria. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Oncology Committee." (Krown SE, J Clin Oncol. 1989 Sep;7(9):1201-7.) ==Treatment== '''''Classic or Endemic KS:''''' *Excision alone for solitary lesions. *For few lesions in a single area - extended field RT (8-12 Gy single dose) *Use lower dose for oral mucosa in order to prevent severe mucositis: 15 Gy in 10 fractions **{{PMID|16394668}} "Kaposi's sarcoma--radiotherapeutic aspects" (full text at [http://books.google.com/books?id=NRDaJBO6YeUC Google books]) **{{PMID|7516086}} "Radiotherapy in the management of epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma of the oral cavity, the eyelid and the genitals." **{{PMID|9488122}} "Radiotherapy in the management of epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma: a retrospective study of 643 cases." *Total skin electron therapy - 4 Gy weekly x 6-8 weeks *For extensive disease: chemotherapy with vinblastine, bleomycin, doxorubicin, or dacarbazine. Oral etoposide. *Intralesional interferon alfa-2b '''''Immunosuppresion-related KS:''''' *Regresses with stopping, modifying, or reducing immunosuppression in most pts. '''''Epidemic (AIDS related):''''' *HAART - highly active anti-retroviral therapy *Response to chemotherapy and RT is less durable than in classic KS *If widespread mucocutaneous or visceral disease, treat with chemo. ==Radiotherapy== *'''Johannesburg Hospital''' (South Africa)(2003-2004) -- RT 24/12 vs. 20/5 **Randomized. 65 sites of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma (histolocially proven, HIV+, mucosal or cutaneous). Arm 1) RT 24/12 vs. Arm 2) RT 20/5. Tumor + 2cm margin, if oral location then entire oral cavity **'''2008''' {{PMID|18439694}} -- "Hypofractionated radiation therapy in the treatment of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma - A prospective randomized trial." (Singh NB, Radiother Oncol. 2008 Apr 23 [Epub ahead of print]) ***Outcome: CR 24/12 37% vs. 20/5 50% (NS), local control (CR/PR/SD) 66% vs. 90% (NS). Mean time-to-response 3 months ***Toxicity: No difference, but necrosis/ulceration in 3% vs. 17% ***Conclusion: The two schedules produced equivalent results *'''University of Washington''' -- RT 8/1 vs. 20/10 vs. 40/20 **Randomized, 3 arms. 71 cutaneous lesions. Arm 1) RT 8/1 vs Arm 2) 20/10 vs Arm 3) 40/20 **'''1993''' {{PMID|8262827}} &mdash; "A randomized prospective trial of radiation therapy for AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma." (Stelzer KJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Dec 1;27(5):1057-61.) ***Outcome: CR 40/20 83% vs. 20/10 79% vs. 8/1 50% (SS). Median time to failure 9.9 months vs. 6.0 months vs. 3.0 months (SS) ***Conclusion: Higher doses resulted in improved response and control duration ==Reviews== *{{PMID|18657433}}, 2008 -- "Update on classic Kaposi sarcoma therapy: new look at an old disease." (Di Lorenzo G, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008 Dec;68(3):242-9.) *{{PMID|10749966}}, 2000 &mdash; "Kaposi's sarcoma." Antman K et al. N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 6;342(14):1027-38. f2wf32tabsplwc5n4nhe65njelmctrg User:KristianMolhave/notes 2 76224 4673097 4409373 2026-09-30T10:45:22Z Jcb 90773 4673097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Handbook of Nanotechnology]] [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Ant_to_atoms_banner.jpg Ant to atoms] =References= *{{PMID|12829145}} *DOI in a similar way? {| cellspacing="10" |The Parts: |[[#1|'''1: '''Introduction ]] |[[#2|'''2: '''Seeing 'Nano' ]] |[[#3|'''3: '''Physics ]] |[[#4|'''4: '''Materials ]] |[[#5|'''5: '''Systems ]] |[[#6|'''6: '''Engineering ]] |[[#7|'''7: '''Nano-Bio Primer ]] |[[#8|'''8: '''Environmental ]] |} =Math= [[Help:Formula]] =boxes= This box is just a test for a template under construction for the nanowiki: {{Nanowiki Definition | Abbrevation=SPM| Name=Scanning Probe Microscopy| info=By scanning a probe over a surface that while recording a signal that depends on a local interaction of the probe tip with the surface atoms, a scanning probe image can be created. Examples can be the Van der Waals force and AFM cantilevers or the tunneling current and an atomically sharp conducting tip }} =tables= {| border="1" |+ Nanotechnology Journals ! Name !! DTV Link !! Impact factor !! Comments |- |} {| border="1" |+ Nanotechnology Journals ! Name !! DTV Link !! Impact factor !! Comments |- |} =intro to EM= 9m0re8qiiwhqhwhhyozgjwiuqt5tquq Unicode/Character reference/1000-1FFF 0 77324 4673096 4672654 2026-09-30T10:44:22Z ILYA125467 3627024 Replaced colors with templates 4673096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Myanmar''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|100x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KA|&#x1000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER KHA|&#x1001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER GA|&#x1002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER GHA|&#x1003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER NGA|&#x1004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER CA|&#x1005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER CHA|&#x1006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER JA|&#x1007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER JHA|&#x1008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER NYA|&#x1009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER NNYA|&#x100a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TTA|&#x100b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TTHA|&#x100c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER DDA|&#x100d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER DDHA|&#x100e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER NNA|&#x100f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|101x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER TA|&#x1010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER THA|&#x1011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER DA|&#x1012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER DHA|&#x1013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER NA|&#x1014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER PA|&#x1015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER PHA|&#x1016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER BA|&#x1017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER BHA|&#x1018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER MA|&#x1019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER YA|&#x101a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER RA|&#x101b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER LA|&#x101c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER WA|&#x101d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SA|&#x101e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER HA|&#x101f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|102x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER LLA|&#x1020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER A|&#x1021;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A|&#x1022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER I|&#x1023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER II|&#x1024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER U|&#x1025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER UU|&#x1026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER E|&#x1027;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER MON E|&#x1028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER O|&#x1029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER AU|&#x102a;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN TALL AA|&#x102b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x102c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN I|&#x102d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN II|&#x102e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN U|&#x102f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|103x |style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x1030;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1031;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x1032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN MON II|&#x1033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN MON O|&#x1034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E ABOVE|&#x1035;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x1036;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN DOT BELOW|&#x1037;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN VISARGA|&#x1038;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN VIRAMA|&#x1039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN ASAT|&#x103a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL YA|&#x103b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA|&#x103c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL WA|&#x103d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL HA|&#x103e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER GREAT SA|&#x103f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|104x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR DIGIT ZERO|&#x1040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR DIGIT ONE|&#x1041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR DIGIT TWO|&#x1042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR DIGIT THREE|&#x1043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR DIGIT FOUR|&#x1044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR DIGIT FIVE|&#x1045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR DIGIT SIX|&#x1046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR DIGIT NINE|&#x1049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN LITTLE SECTION|&#x104a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SECTION|&#x104b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL LOCATIVE|&#x104c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL COMPLETED|&#x104d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL AFOREMENTIONED|&#x104e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL GENITIVE|&#x104f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|105x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHA|&#x1050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SSA|&#x1051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x1052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x1053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x1054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x1055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x1056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x1057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x1058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x1059;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER MON NGA|&#x105a;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER MON JHA|&#x105b;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER MON BBA|&#x105c;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER MON BBE|&#x105d;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MON MEDIAL NA|&#x105e;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MON MEDIAL MA|&#x105f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|106x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MON MEDIAL LA|&#x1060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SGAW KAREN SHA|&#x1061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SGAW KAREN EU|&#x1062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TONE MARK SGAW KAREN HATHI|&#x1063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR TONE MARK SGAW KAREN KE PHO|&#x1064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER WESTERN PWO KAREN THA|&#x1065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER WESTERN PWO KAREN PWA|&#x1066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN EU|&#x1067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN UE|&#x1068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN TONE-1|&#x1069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN TONE-2|&#x106a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN TONE-3|&#x106b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN TONE-4|&#x106c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN TONE-5|&#x106d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER EASTERN PWO KAREN NNA|&#x106e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER EASTERN PWO KAREN YWA|&#x106f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|107x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER EASTERN PWO KAREN GHWA|&#x1070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN GEBA KAREN I|&#x1071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN KAYAH OE|&#x1072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN KAYAH U|&#x1073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN KAYAH EE|&#x1074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA|&#x1075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KHA|&#x1076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN GA|&#x1077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA|&#x1078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN ZA|&#x1079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA|&#x107a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN DA|&#x107b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NA|&#x107c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN PHA|&#x107d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN FA|&#x107e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN BA|&#x107f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|108x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA|&#x1080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER SHAN HA|&#x1081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN SHAN MEDIAL WA|&#x1082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN AA|&#x1083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN E|&#x1084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN E ABOVE|&#x1085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN FINAL Y|&#x1086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-2|&#x1087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-3|&#x1088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-5|&#x1089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-6|&#x108a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN COUNCIL TONE-2|&#x108b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN COUNCIL TONE-3|&#x108c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN SHAN COUNCIL EMPHATIC TONE|&#x108d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR LETTER RUMAI PALAUNG FA|&#x108e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN RUMAI PALAUNG TONE-5|&#x108f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|109x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT ZERO|&#x1090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT ONE|&#x1091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT TWO|&#x1092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT THREE|&#x1093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT FOUR|&#x1094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT FIVE|&#x1095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT SIX|&#x1096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT NINE|&#x1099;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN KHAMTI TONE-1|&#x109a;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SIGN KHAMTI TONE-3|&#x109b;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AITON A|&#x109c;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AITON AI|&#x109d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL SHAN ONE|&#x109e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR SYMBOL SHAN EXCLAMATION|&#x109f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Georgian''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|10Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER AN|&#x10a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER BAN|&#x10a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER GAN|&#x10a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER DON|&#x10a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER EN|&#x10a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER VIN|&#x10a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER ZEN|&#x10a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER TAN|&#x10a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER IN|&#x10a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER KAN|&#x10a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER LAS|&#x10aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER MAN|&#x10ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER NAR|&#x10ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER ON|&#x10ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER PAR|&#x10ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER ZHAR|&#x10af;}} |----- align="center" style="{{1.0}}" !style="background:#ffffff"|10Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER RAE|&#x10b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER SAN|&#x10b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER TAR|&#x10b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER UN|&#x10b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER PHAR|&#x10b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER KHAR|&#x10b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER GHAN|&#x10b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER QAR|&#x10b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER SHIN|&#x10b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CHIN|&#x10b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CAN|&#x10ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER JIL|&#x10bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CIL|&#x10bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER CHAR|&#x10bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER XAN|&#x10be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER JHAN|&#x10bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|10Cx |style="{{1.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HAE|&#x10c0;}}||style="{{1.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HE|&#x10c1;}}||style="{{1.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HIE|&#x10c2;}}||style="{{1.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER WE|&#x10c3;}}||style="{{1.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HAR|&#x10c4;}}||style="{{1.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER HOE|&#x10c5;}}||&nbsp;||style="{{6.1}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER YN|&#x10c7;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="{{6.1}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN CAPITAL LETTER AEN|&#x10cd;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="{{1.0}}" !style="background:#ffffff"|10Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER AN|&#x10d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER BAN|&#x10d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER GAN|&#x10d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER DON|&#x10d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER EN|&#x10d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER VIN|&#x10d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER ZEN|&#x10d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER TAN|&#x10d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER IN|&#x10d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER KAN|&#x10d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER LAS|&#x10da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER MAN|&#x10db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER NAR|&#x10dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER ON|&#x10dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER PAR|&#x10de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER ZHAR|&#x10df;}} |----- align="center" style="{{1.0}}" !style="background:#ffffff"|10Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER RAE|&#x10e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER SAN|&#x10e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER TAR|&#x10e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER UN|&#x10e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER PHAR|&#x10e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER KHAR|&#x10e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER GHAN|&#x10e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER QAR|&#x10e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER SHIN|&#x10e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER CHIN|&#x10e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER CAN|&#x10ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER JIL|&#x10eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER CIL|&#x10ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER CHAR|&#x10ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER XAN|&#x10ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER JHAN|&#x10ef;}} |----- align="center" style="{{1.0}}" !style="background:#ffffff"|10Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HAE|&#x10f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HE|&#x10f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HIE|&#x10f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER WE|&#x10f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HAR|&#x10f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HOE|&#x10f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER FI|&#x10f6;}}||style="{{3.2}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER YN|&#x10f7;}}||style="{{3.2}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER ELIFI|&#x10f8;}}||style="{{4.1}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER TURNED GAN|&#x10f9;}}||style="{{4.1}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER AIN|&#x10fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR|&#x10fb;}}||style="{{4.1}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER GEORGIAN NAR|&#x10fc;}}||style="{{6.1}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER AEN|&#x10fd;}}||style="{{6.1}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER HARD SIGN|&#x10fe;}}||style="{{6.1}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN LETTER LABIAL SIGN|&#x10ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Hangul Jamo''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KIYEOK|&#x1100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGKIYEOK|&#x1101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN|&#x1102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT|&#x1103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGTIKEUT|&#x1104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL|&#x1105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM|&#x1106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP|&#x1107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGPIEUP|&#x1108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS|&#x1109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGSIOS|&#x110a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG|&#x110b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CIEUC|&#x110c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGCIEUC|&#x110d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH|&#x110e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KHIEUKH|&#x110f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG THIEUTH|&#x1110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PHIEUPH|&#x1111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG HIEUH|&#x1112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-KIYEOK|&#x1113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGNIEUN|&#x1114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-TIKEUT|&#x1115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-PIEUP|&#x1116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-KIYEOK|&#x1117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-NIEUN|&#x1118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGRIEUL|&#x1119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-HIEUH|&#x111a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNRIEUL|&#x111b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM-PIEUP|&#x111c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNMIEUM|&#x111d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-KIYEOK|&#x111e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-NIEUN|&#x111f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-TIKEUT|&#x1120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS|&#x1121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-KIYEOK|&#x1122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-TIKEUT|&#x1123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-PIEUP|&#x1124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SSANGSIOS|&#x1125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-CIEUC|&#x1126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-CIEUC|&#x1127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-CHIEUCH|&#x1128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-THIEUTH|&#x1129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-PHIEUPH|&#x112a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNPIEUP|&#x112b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNSSANGPIEUP|&#x112c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-KIYEOK|&#x112d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-NIEUN|&#x112e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-TIKEUT|&#x112f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-RIEUL|&#x1130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-MIEUM|&#x1131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PIEUP|&#x1132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PIEUP-KIYEOK|&#x1133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-SSANGSIOS|&#x1134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-IEUNG|&#x1135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-CIEUC|&#x1136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-CHIEUCH|&#x1137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-KHIEUKH|&#x1138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-THIEUTH|&#x1139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PHIEUPH|&#x113a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-HIEUH|&#x113b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMSIOS|&#x113c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMSSANGSIOS|&#x113d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMSIOS|&#x113e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMSSANGSIOS|&#x113f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PANSIOS|&#x1140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-KIYEOK|&#x1141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-TIKEUT|&#x1142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-MIEUM|&#x1143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PIEUP|&#x1144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-SIOS|&#x1145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PANSIOS|&#x1146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGIEUNG|&#x1147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-CIEUC|&#x1148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-CHIEUCH|&#x1149;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-THIEUTH|&#x114a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PHIEUPH|&#x114b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG YESIEUNG|&#x114c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CIEUC-IEUNG|&#x114d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMCIEUC|&#x114e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMSSANGCIEUC|&#x114f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMCIEUC|&#x1150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMSSANGCIEUC|&#x1151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH-KHIEUKH|&#x1152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH-HIEUH|&#x1153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMCHIEUCH|&#x1154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMCHIEUCH|&#x1155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG PHIEUPH-PIEUP|&#x1156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNPHIEUPH|&#x1157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGHIEUH|&#x1158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG YEORINHIEUH|&#x1159;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG KIYEOK-TIKEUT|&#x115a;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-SIOS|&#x115b;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-CIEUC|&#x115c;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-HIEUH|&#x115d;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-RIEUL|&#x115e;}}||style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL CHOSEONG FILLER|[HCF]}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116x |style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG FILLER|[HJF]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG A|&#x1161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG AE|&#x1162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA|&#x1163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YAE|&#x1164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO|&#x1165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG E|&#x1166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO|&#x1167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YE|&#x1168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O|&#x1169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG WA|&#x116a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG WAE|&#x116b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG OE|&#x116c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO|&#x116d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U|&#x116e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG WEO|&#x116f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG WE|&#x1170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG WI|&#x1171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU|&#x1172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU|&#x1173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YI|&#x1174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I|&#x1175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-O|&#x1176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-U|&#x1177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-O|&#x1178;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-YO|&#x1179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO-O|&#x117a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO-U|&#x117b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO-EU|&#x117c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO-O|&#x117d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO-U|&#x117e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-EO|&#x117f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-E|&#x1180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YE|&#x1181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-O|&#x1182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-U|&#x1183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YA|&#x1184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YAE|&#x1185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YEO|&#x1186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-O|&#x1187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-I|&#x1188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-A|&#x1189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-AE|&#x118a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-EO-EU|&#x118b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-YE|&#x118c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-U|&#x118d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-A|&#x118e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-EO|&#x118f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-E|&#x1190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-YEO|&#x1191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-YE|&#x1192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-U|&#x1193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-I|&#x1194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-U|&#x1195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-EU|&#x1196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YI-U|&#x1197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-A|&#x1198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-YA|&#x1199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-O|&#x119a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-U|&#x119b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-EU|&#x119c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-ARAEA|&#x119d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA|&#x119e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-EO|&#x119f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-U|&#x11a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG ARAEA-I|&#x11a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG SSANGARAEA|&#x11a2;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-EU|&#x11a3;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-U|&#x11a4;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO-YA|&#x11a5;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YA|&#x11a6;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YAE|&#x11a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK|&#x11a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGKIYEOK|&#x11a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-SIOS|&#x11aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN|&#x11ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-CIEUC|&#x11ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-HIEUH|&#x11ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT|&#x11ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL|&#x11af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KIYEOK|&#x11b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM|&#x11b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP|&#x11b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-SIOS|&#x11b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-THIEUTH|&#x11b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PHIEUPH|&#x11b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-HIEUH|&#x11b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM|&#x11b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP|&#x11b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-SIOS|&#x11b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS|&#x11ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGSIOS|&#x11bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG|&#x11bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG CIEUC|&#x11bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG CHIEUCH|&#x11be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KHIEUKH|&#x11bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG THIEUTH|&#x11c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PHIEUPH|&#x11c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH|&#x11c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-RIEUL|&#x11c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-SIOS-KIYEOK|&#x11c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-KIYEOK|&#x11c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-TIKEUT|&#x11c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-SIOS|&#x11c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-PANSIOS|&#x11c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG NIEUN-THIEUTH|&#x11c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-KIYEOK|&#x11ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG TIKEUT-RIEUL|&#x11cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KIYEOK-SIOS|&#x11cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-NIEUN|&#x11cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-TIKEUT|&#x11ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-TIKEUT-HIEUH|&#x11cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGRIEUL|&#x11d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM-KIYEOK|&#x11d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-MIEUM-SIOS|&#x11d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP-SIOS|&#x11d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PIEUP-HIEUH|&#x11d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KAPYEOUNPIEUP|&#x11d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-SSANGSIOS|&#x11d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-PANSIOS|&#x11d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-KHIEUKH|&#x11d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG RIEUL-YEORINHIEUH|&#x11d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-KIYEOK|&#x11da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-RIEUL|&#x11db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-PIEUP|&#x11dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-SIOS|&#x11dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-SSANGSIOS|&#x11de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-PANSIOS|&#x11df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-CHIEUCH|&#x11e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG MIEUM-HIEUH|&#x11e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KAPYEOUNMIEUM|&#x11e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-RIEUL|&#x11e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-PHIEUPH|&#x11e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PIEUP-HIEUH|&#x11e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KAPYEOUNPIEUP|&#x11e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-KIYEOK|&#x11e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-TIKEUT|&#x11e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-RIEUL|&#x11e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SIOS-PIEUP|&#x11ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PANSIOS|&#x11eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-KIYEOK|&#x11ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-SSANGKIYEOK|&#x11ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGYESIEUNG|&#x11ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-KHIEUKH|&#x11ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG|&#x11f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-SIOS|&#x11f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-PANSIOS|&#x11f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG PHIEUPH-PIEUP|&#x11f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KAPYEOUNPHIEUPH|&#x11f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-NIEUN|&#x11f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-RIEUL|&#x11f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-MIEUM|&#x11f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG HIEUH-PIEUP|&#x11f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG YEORINHIEUH|&#x11f9;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-NIEUN|&#x11fa;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-PIEUP|&#x11fb;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-CHIEUCH|&#x11fc;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-KHIEUKH|&#x11fd;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG KIYEOK-HIEUH|&#x11fe;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGNIEUN|&#x11ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ethiopic''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|120x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HA|&#x1200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HU|&#x1201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HI|&#x1202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HAA|&#x1203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HEE|&#x1204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HE|&#x1205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HO|&#x1206;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HOA|&#x1207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LA|&#x1208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LU|&#x1209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LI|&#x120a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LAA|&#x120b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LEE|&#x120c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LE|&#x120d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LO|&#x120e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LWA|&#x120f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|121x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHA|&#x1210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHU|&#x1211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHI|&#x1212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHAA|&#x1213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHEE|&#x1214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHE|&#x1215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHO|&#x1216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWA|&#x1217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MA|&#x1218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MU|&#x1219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MI|&#x121a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MAA|&#x121b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MEE|&#x121c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ME|&#x121d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MO|&#x121e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWA|&#x121f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|122x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZA|&#x1220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZU|&#x1221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZI|&#x1222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZAA|&#x1223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZEE|&#x1224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZE|&#x1225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZO|&#x1226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZWA|&#x1227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RA|&#x1228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RU|&#x1229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RI|&#x122a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RAA|&#x122b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE REE|&#x122c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RE|&#x122d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RO|&#x122e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RWA|&#x122f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|123x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SA|&#x1230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SU|&#x1231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SI|&#x1232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SAA|&#x1233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEE|&#x1234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SE|&#x1235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SO|&#x1236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SWA|&#x1237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHA|&#x1238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHU|&#x1239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHI|&#x123a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHAA|&#x123b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHEE|&#x123c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHE|&#x123d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHO|&#x123e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHWA|&#x123f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|124x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QA|&#x1240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QU|&#x1241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QI|&#x1242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QAA|&#x1243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QEE|&#x1244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QE|&#x1245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QO|&#x1246;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QOA|&#x1247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWA|&#x1248;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWI|&#x124a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWAA|&#x124b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWEE|&#x124c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWE|&#x124d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|125x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHA|&#x1250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHU|&#x1251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHI|&#x1252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHAA|&#x1253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHEE|&#x1254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHE|&#x1255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHO|&#x1256;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWA|&#x1258;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWI|&#x125a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWAA|&#x125b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWEE|&#x125c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWE|&#x125d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|126x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BA|&#x1260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BU|&#x1261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BI|&#x1262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BAA|&#x1263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BEE|&#x1264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BE|&#x1265;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BO|&#x1266;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWA|&#x1267;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VA|&#x1268;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VU|&#x1269;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VI|&#x126a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VAA|&#x126b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VEE|&#x126c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VE|&#x126d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VO|&#x126e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VWA|&#x126f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|127x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TA|&#x1270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TU|&#x1271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TI|&#x1272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TAA|&#x1273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TEE|&#x1274;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TE|&#x1275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TO|&#x1276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TWA|&#x1277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CA|&#x1278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CU|&#x1279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CI|&#x127a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CAA|&#x127b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CEE|&#x127c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CE|&#x127d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CO|&#x127e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CWA|&#x127f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|128x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XA|&#x1280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XU|&#x1281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XI|&#x1282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XAA|&#x1283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XEE|&#x1284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XE|&#x1285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XO|&#x1286;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XOA|&#x1287;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWA|&#x1288;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWI|&#x128a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWAA|&#x128b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWEE|&#x128c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWE|&#x128d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|129x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NA|&#x1290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NU|&#x1291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NI|&#x1292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NAA|&#x1293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NEE|&#x1294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NE|&#x1295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NO|&#x1296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NWA|&#x1297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYA|&#x1298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYU|&#x1299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYI|&#x129a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYAA|&#x129b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYEE|&#x129c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYE|&#x129d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYO|&#x129e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYWA|&#x129f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL A|&#x12a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL U|&#x12a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL I|&#x12a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL AA|&#x12a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL EE|&#x12a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL E|&#x12a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL O|&#x12a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GLOTTAL WA|&#x12a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KA|&#x12a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KU|&#x12a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KI|&#x12aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KAA|&#x12ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KEE|&#x12ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KE|&#x12ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KO|&#x12ae;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KOA|&#x12af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWA|&#x12b0;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWI|&#x12b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWAA|&#x12b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWEE|&#x12b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWE|&#x12b5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXA|&#x12b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXU|&#x12b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXI|&#x12ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXAA|&#x12bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXEE|&#x12bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXE|&#x12bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXO|&#x12be;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWA|&#x12c0;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWI|&#x12c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWAA|&#x12c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWEE|&#x12c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWE|&#x12c5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WA|&#x12c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WU|&#x12c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WI|&#x12ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WAA|&#x12cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WEE|&#x12cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WE|&#x12cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WO|&#x12ce;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WOA|&#x12cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL A|&#x12d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL U|&#x12d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL I|&#x12d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL AA|&#x12d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL EE|&#x12d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL E|&#x12d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHARYNGEAL O|&#x12d6;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZA|&#x12d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZU|&#x12d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZI|&#x12da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZAA|&#x12db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZEE|&#x12dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZE|&#x12dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZO|&#x12de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZWA|&#x12df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHA|&#x12e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHU|&#x12e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHI|&#x12e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHAA|&#x12e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHEE|&#x12e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHE|&#x12e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHO|&#x12e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ZHWA|&#x12e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YA|&#x12e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YU|&#x12e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YI|&#x12ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YAA|&#x12eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YEE|&#x12ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YE|&#x12ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YO|&#x12ee;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YOA|&#x12ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DA|&#x12f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DU|&#x12f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DI|&#x12f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DAA|&#x12f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DEE|&#x12f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DE|&#x12f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DO|&#x12f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DWA|&#x12f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDA|&#x12f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDU|&#x12f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDI|&#x12fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDAA|&#x12fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDEE|&#x12fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDE|&#x12fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDO|&#x12fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDWA|&#x12ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|130x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JA|&#x1300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JU|&#x1301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JI|&#x1302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JAA|&#x1303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JEE|&#x1304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JE|&#x1305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JO|&#x1306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JWA|&#x1307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GA|&#x1308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GU|&#x1309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GI|&#x130a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GAA|&#x130b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GEE|&#x130c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GE|&#x130d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GO|&#x130e;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GOA|&#x130f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|131x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWA|&#x1310;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWI|&#x1312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWAA|&#x1313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWEE|&#x1314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWE|&#x1315;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGA|&#x1318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGU|&#x1319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGI|&#x131a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGAA|&#x131b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGEE|&#x131c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGE|&#x131d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGO|&#x131e;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGWAA|&#x131f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|132x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THA|&#x1320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THU|&#x1321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THI|&#x1322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THAA|&#x1323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THEE|&#x1324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THE|&#x1325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THO|&#x1326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THWA|&#x1327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHA|&#x1328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHU|&#x1329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHI|&#x132a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHAA|&#x132b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHEE|&#x132c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHE|&#x132d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHO|&#x132e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHWA|&#x132f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|133x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHA|&#x1330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHU|&#x1331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHI|&#x1332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHAA|&#x1333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHEE|&#x1334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHE|&#x1335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHO|&#x1336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHWA|&#x1337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSA|&#x1338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSU|&#x1339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSI|&#x133a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSAA|&#x133b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSEE|&#x133c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSE|&#x133d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSO|&#x133e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSWA|&#x133f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|134x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZA|&#x1340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZU|&#x1341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZI|&#x1342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZAA|&#x1343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZEE|&#x1344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZE|&#x1345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZO|&#x1346;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZOA|&#x1347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FA|&#x1348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FU|&#x1349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FI|&#x134a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FAA|&#x134b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FEE|&#x134c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FE|&#x134d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FO|&#x134e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWA|&#x134f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|135x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PA|&#x1350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PU|&#x1351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PI|&#x1352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PAA|&#x1353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PEE|&#x1354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PE|&#x1355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PO|&#x1356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWA|&#x1357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RYA|&#x1358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MYA|&#x1359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FYA|&#x135a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="{{6.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK|&nbsp;&#x135d;}}||style="{{6.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK|&nbsp;&#x135e;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK|&nbsp;&#x135f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|136x |style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK|&#x1360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE|&#x1361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC FULL STOP|&#x1362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC COMMA|&#x1363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON|&#x1364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC COLON|&#x1365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON|&#x1366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK|&#x1367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR|&#x1368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE|&#x1369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO|&#x136a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE|&#x136b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR|&#x136c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE|&#x136d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX|&#x136e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN|&#x136f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|137x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE|&#x1371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN|&#x1372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY|&#x1373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY|&#x1374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY|&#x1375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY|&#x1376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY|&#x1377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x1378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x1379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY|&#x137a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED|&#x137b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND|&#x137c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ethiopic Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|138x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT MWA|&#x1380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWI|&#x1381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWEE|&#x1382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWE|&#x1383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT BWA|&#x1384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWI|&#x1385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWEE|&#x1386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWE|&#x1387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT FWA|&#x1388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWI|&#x1389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWEE|&#x138a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWE|&#x138b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT PWA|&#x138c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWI|&#x138d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWEE|&#x138e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWE|&#x138f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|139x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK YIZET|&#x1390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DERET|&#x1391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK RIKRIK|&#x1392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK SHORT RIKRIK|&#x1393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DIFAT|&#x1394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK KENAT|&#x1395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK CHIRET|&#x1396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK HIDET|&#x1397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DERET-HIDET|&#x1398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK KURT|&#x1399;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Cherokee''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|13Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER A|&#x13a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER E|&#x13a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER I|&#x13a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER O|&#x13a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER U|&#x13a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER V|&#x13a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GA|&#x13a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER KA|&#x13a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GE|&#x13a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GI|&#x13a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GO|&#x13aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GU|&#x13ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER GV|&#x13ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HA|&#x13ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HE|&#x13ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HI|&#x13af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|13Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HO|&#x13b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HU|&#x13b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HV|&#x13b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LA|&#x13b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LE|&#x13b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LI|&#x13b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LO|&#x13b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LU|&#x13b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER LV|&#x13b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER MA|&#x13b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER ME|&#x13ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER MI|&#x13bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER MO|&#x13bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER MU|&#x13bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NA|&#x13be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER HNA|&#x13bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|13Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NAH|&#x13c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NE|&#x13c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NI|&#x13c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NO|&#x13c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NU|&#x13c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER NV|&#x13c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUA|&#x13c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUE|&#x13c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUI|&#x13c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUO|&#x13c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUU|&#x13ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER QUV|&#x13cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SA|&#x13cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER S|&#x13cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SE|&#x13ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SI|&#x13cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|13Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SO|&#x13d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SU|&#x13d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER SV|&#x13d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DA|&#x13d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TA|&#x13d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DE|&#x13d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TE|&#x13d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DI|&#x13d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TI|&#x13d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DO|&#x13d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DU|&#x13da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DV|&#x13db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER DLA|&#x13dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLA|&#x13dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLE|&#x13de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLI|&#x13df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|13Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLO|&#x13e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLU|&#x13e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TLV|&#x13e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSA|&#x13e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSE|&#x13e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSI|&#x13e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSO|&#x13e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSU|&#x13e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER TSV|&#x13e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WA|&#x13e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WE|&#x13ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WI|&#x13eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WO|&#x13ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WU|&#x13ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER WV|&#x13ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YA|&#x13ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{8.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|13Fx |style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YE|&#x13f0;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YI|&#x13f1;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YO|&#x13f2;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YU|&#x13f3;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER YV|&#x13f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE LETTER MV|&#x13f5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YE|&#x13f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YI|&#x13f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YO|&#x13fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YU|&#x13fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YV|&#x13fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MV|&#x13fd;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|140x |style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS HYPHEN|&#x1400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS E|&#x1401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAI|&#x1402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS I|&#x1403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS II|&#x1404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS O|&#x1405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OO|&#x1406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE OO|&#x1407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER EE|&#x1408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER I|&#x1409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS A|&#x140a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AA|&#x140b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WE|&#x140c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WE|&#x140d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WI|&#x140e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WI|&#x140f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|141x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WII|&#x1410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WII|&#x1411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WO|&#x1412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WO|&#x1413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOO|&#x1414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WOO|&#x1415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI WOO|&#x1416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WA|&#x1417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WA|&#x1418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WAA|&#x1419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WAA|&#x141a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI WAA|&#x141b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AI|&#x141c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE W|&#x141d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS GLOTTAL STOP|&#x141e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL ACUTE|&#x141f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|142x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL GRAVE|&#x1420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL BOTTOM HALF RING|&#x1421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL TOP HALF RING|&#x1422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RIGHT HALF RING|&#x1423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RING|&#x1424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL DOUBLE ACUTE|&#x1425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL DOUBLE SHORT VERTICAL STROKES|&#x1426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL MIDDLE DOT|&#x1427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL SHORT HORIZONTAL STROKE|&#x1428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL PLUS|&#x1429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL DOWN TACK|&#x142a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS EN|&#x142b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS IN|&#x142c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS ON|&#x142d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AN|&#x142e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PE|&#x142f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|143x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAAI|&#x1430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PI|&#x1431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PII|&#x1432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PO|&#x1433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS POO|&#x1434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE POO|&#x1435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HEE|&#x1436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HI|&#x1437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PA|&#x1438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAA|&#x1439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWE|&#x143a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWE|&#x143b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWI|&#x143c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWI|&#x143d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWII|&#x143e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWII|&#x143f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|144x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWO|&#x1440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWO|&#x1441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWOO|&#x1442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWOO|&#x1443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWA|&#x1444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWA|&#x1445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWAA|&#x1446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWAA|&#x1447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE PWAA|&#x1448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS P|&#x1449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE P|&#x144a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER H|&#x144b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TE|&#x144c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAAI|&#x144d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TI|&#x144e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TII|&#x144f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|145x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TO|&#x1450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TOO|&#x1451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE TOO|&#x1452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DEE|&#x1453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DI|&#x1454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TA|&#x1455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAA|&#x1456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWE|&#x1457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWE|&#x1458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWI|&#x1459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWI|&#x145a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWII|&#x145b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWII|&#x145c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWO|&#x145d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWO|&#x145e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWOO|&#x145f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|146x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWOO|&#x1460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWA|&#x1461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWA|&#x1462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWAA|&#x1463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWAA|&#x1464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI TWAA|&#x1465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS T|&#x1466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTE|&#x1467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTI|&#x1468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTO|&#x1469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTA|&#x146a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KE|&#x146b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAAI|&#x146c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KI|&#x146d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KII|&#x146e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KO|&#x146f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|147x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KOO|&#x1470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE KOO|&#x1471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KA|&#x1472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAA|&#x1473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWE|&#x1474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWE|&#x1475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWI|&#x1476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWI|&#x1477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWII|&#x1478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWII|&#x1479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWO|&#x147a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWO|&#x147b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWOO|&#x147c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWOO|&#x147d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWA|&#x147e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWA|&#x147f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|148x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWAA|&#x1480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWAA|&#x1481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI KWAA|&#x1482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS K|&#x1483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KW|&#x1484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KEH|&#x1485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KIH|&#x1486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KOH|&#x1487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KAH|&#x1488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CE|&#x1489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CAAI|&#x148a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CI|&#x148b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CII|&#x148c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CO|&#x148d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS COO|&#x148e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE COO|&#x148f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|149x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CA|&#x1490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CAA|&#x1491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWE|&#x1492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWE|&#x1493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWI|&#x1494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWI|&#x1495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWII|&#x1496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWII|&#x1497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWO|&#x1498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWO|&#x1499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWOO|&#x149a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWOO|&#x149b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWA|&#x149c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWA|&#x149d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWAA|&#x149e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWAA|&#x149f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|14Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI CWAA|&#x14a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS C|&#x14a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI TH|&#x14a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS ME|&#x14a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAAI|&#x14a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MI|&#x14a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MII|&#x14a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MO|&#x14a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MOO|&#x14a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE MOO|&#x14a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MA|&#x14aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAA|&#x14ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWE|&#x14ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWE|&#x14ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWI|&#x14ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWI|&#x14af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|14Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWII|&#x14b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWII|&#x14b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWO|&#x14b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWO|&#x14b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWOO|&#x14b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWOO|&#x14b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWA|&#x14b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWA|&#x14b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MWAA|&#x14b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE MWAA|&#x14b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI MWAA|&#x14ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS M|&#x14bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE M|&#x14bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MH|&#x14bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS ATHAPASCAN M|&#x14be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI M|&#x14bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|14Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NE|&#x14c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAAI|&#x14c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NI|&#x14c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NII|&#x14c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NO|&#x14c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NOO|&#x14c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE NOO|&#x14c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NA|&#x14c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAA|&#x14c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWE|&#x14c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE NWE|&#x14ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWA|&#x14cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE NWA|&#x14cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWAA|&#x14cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE NWAA|&#x14ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI NWAA|&#x14cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|14Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS N|&#x14d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NG|&#x14d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NH|&#x14d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LE|&#x14d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAAI|&#x14d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LI|&#x14d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LII|&#x14d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LO|&#x14d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LOO|&#x14d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE LOO|&#x14d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LA|&#x14da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAA|&#x14db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWE|&#x14dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWE|&#x14dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWI|&#x14de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWI|&#x14df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|14Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWII|&#x14e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWII|&#x14e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWO|&#x14e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWO|&#x14e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWOO|&#x14e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWOO|&#x14e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWA|&#x14e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWA|&#x14e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LWAA|&#x14e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LWAA|&#x14e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS L|&#x14ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE L|&#x14eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MEDIAL L|&#x14ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SE|&#x14ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAAI|&#x14ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SI|&#x14ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|14Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SII|&#x14f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SO|&#x14f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOO|&#x14f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE SOO|&#x14f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SA|&#x14f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAA|&#x14f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWE|&#x14f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWE|&#x14f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWI|&#x14f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWI|&#x14f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWII|&#x14fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWII|&#x14fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWO|&#x14fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWO|&#x14fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWOO|&#x14fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWOO|&#x14ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|150x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWA|&#x1500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWA|&#x1501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWAA|&#x1502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWAA|&#x1503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SWAA|&#x1504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS S|&#x1505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS ATHAPASCAN S|&#x1506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SW|&#x1507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT S|&#x1508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MOOSE-CREE SK|&#x1509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SKW|&#x150a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI S-W|&#x150b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SPWA|&#x150c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI STWA|&#x150d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SKWA|&#x150e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SCWA|&#x150f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|151x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHE|&#x1510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHI|&#x1511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHII|&#x1512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHO|&#x1513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHOO|&#x1514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHA|&#x1515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHAA|&#x1516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWE|&#x1517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWE|&#x1518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWI|&#x1519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWI|&#x151a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWII|&#x151b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWII|&#x151c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWO|&#x151d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWO|&#x151e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWOO|&#x151f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|152x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWOO|&#x1520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWA|&#x1521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWA|&#x1522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWAA|&#x1523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWAA|&#x1524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SH|&#x1525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YE|&#x1526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAAI|&#x1527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YI|&#x1528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YII|&#x1529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YO|&#x152a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YOO|&#x152b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE YOO|&#x152c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YA|&#x152d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAA|&#x152e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWE|&#x152f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|153x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWE|&#x1530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWI|&#x1531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWI|&#x1532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWII|&#x1533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWII|&#x1534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWO|&#x1535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWO|&#x1536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWOO|&#x1537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWOO|&#x1538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWA|&#x1539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWA|&#x153a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWAA|&#x153b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWAA|&#x153c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI YWAA|&#x153d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y|&#x153e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BIBLE-CREE Y|&#x153f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|154x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE Y|&#x1540;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI YI|&#x1541;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RE|&#x1542;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS R-CREE RE|&#x1543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LE|&#x1544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAAI|&#x1545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RI|&#x1546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RII|&#x1547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RO|&#x1548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS ROO|&#x1549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LO|&#x154a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RA|&#x154b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAA|&#x154c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LA|&#x154d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWAA|&#x154e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE RWAA|&#x154f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|155x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS R|&#x1550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE R|&#x1551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MEDIAL R|&#x1552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FE|&#x1553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FAAI|&#x1554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FI|&#x1555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FII|&#x1556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FO|&#x1557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FOO|&#x1558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FA|&#x1559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FAA|&#x155a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FWAA|&#x155b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE FWAA|&#x155c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS F|&#x155d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THE|&#x155e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS N-CREE THE|&#x155f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|156x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THI|&#x1560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS N-CREE THI|&#x1561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THII|&#x1562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS N-CREE THII|&#x1563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THO|&#x1564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THOO|&#x1565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THA|&#x1566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THAA|&#x1567;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THWAA|&#x1568;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE THWAA|&#x1569;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH|&#x156a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHE|&#x156b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHI|&#x156c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHO|&#x156d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHA|&#x156e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTH|&#x156f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|157x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYE|&#x1570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYI|&#x1571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYO|&#x1572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYA|&#x1573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HE|&#x1574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HI|&#x1575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HII|&#x1576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HO|&#x1577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HOO|&#x1578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HA|&#x1579;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HAA|&#x157a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK H|&#x157b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVUT H|&#x157c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS HK|&#x157d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAAI|&#x157e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QI|&#x157f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|158x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QII|&#x1580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QO|&#x1581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QOO|&#x1582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QA|&#x1583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAA|&#x1584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS Q|&#x1585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHE|&#x1586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHI|&#x1587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHO|&#x1588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHA|&#x1589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE RE|&#x158a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE RI|&#x158b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE RO|&#x158c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE RA|&#x158d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAAI|&#x158e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGI|&#x158f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|159x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGII|&#x1590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGO|&#x1591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGOO|&#x1592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGA|&#x1593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAA|&#x1594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NG|&#x1595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNG|&#x1596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHE|&#x1597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHI|&#x1598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHO|&#x1599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHA|&#x159a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THE|&#x159b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THI|&#x159c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THO|&#x159d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THA|&#x159e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE TH|&#x159f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|15Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHI|&#x15a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHII|&#x15a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHO|&#x15a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHOO|&#x15a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHA|&#x15a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LHAA|&#x15a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LH|&#x15a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THE|&#x15a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THI|&#x15a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THII|&#x15a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THO|&#x15aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THOO|&#x15ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THA|&#x15ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE THAA|&#x15ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TH-CREE TH|&#x15ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AIVILIK B|&#x15af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|15Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT E|&#x15b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT I|&#x15b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT O|&#x15b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT A|&#x15b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT WE|&#x15b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT WI|&#x15b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT WO|&#x15b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT WA|&#x15b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT NE|&#x15b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT NI|&#x15b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT NO|&#x15ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT NA|&#x15bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT KE|&#x15bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT KI|&#x15bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT KO|&#x15be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT KA|&#x15bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|15Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HE|&#x15c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HI|&#x15c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HO|&#x15c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HA|&#x15c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHU|&#x15c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHO|&#x15c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHE|&#x15c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHEE|&#x15c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHI|&#x15c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GHA|&#x15c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER RU|&#x15ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER RO|&#x15cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER RE|&#x15cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER REE|&#x15cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER RI|&#x15ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER RA|&#x15cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|15Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER WU|&#x15d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER WO|&#x15d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER WE|&#x15d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER WEE|&#x15d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER WI|&#x15d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER WA|&#x15d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HWU|&#x15d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HWO|&#x15d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HWE|&#x15d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HWEE|&#x15d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HWI|&#x15da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HWA|&#x15db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER THU|&#x15dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER THO|&#x15dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER THE|&#x15de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER THEE|&#x15df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|15Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER THI|&#x15e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER THA|&#x15e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTU|&#x15e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTO|&#x15e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTE|&#x15e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTEE|&#x15e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTI|&#x15e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTA|&#x15e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER PU|&#x15e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER PO|&#x15e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER PE|&#x15ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER PEE|&#x15eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER PI|&#x15ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER PA|&#x15ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER P|&#x15ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GU|&#x15ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|15Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GO|&#x15f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GE|&#x15f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GEE|&#x15f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GI|&#x15f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GA|&#x15f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHU|&#x15f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHO|&#x15f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHE|&#x15f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHEE|&#x15f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHI|&#x15f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KHA|&#x15fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKU|&#x15fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKO|&#x15fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKE|&#x15fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKEE|&#x15fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKI|&#x15ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|160x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKA|&#x1600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KK|&#x1601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NU|&#x1602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NO|&#x1603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NE|&#x1604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NEE|&#x1605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NI|&#x1606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NA|&#x1607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MU|&#x1608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MO|&#x1609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ME|&#x160a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MEE|&#x160b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MI|&#x160c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MA|&#x160d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YU|&#x160e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YO|&#x160f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|161x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YE|&#x1610;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YEE|&#x1611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YI|&#x1612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YA|&#x1613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JU|&#x1614;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI JU|&#x1615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JO|&#x1616;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JE|&#x1617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JEE|&#x1618;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JI|&#x1619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI JI|&#x161a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JA|&#x161b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJU|&#x161c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJO|&#x161d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJE|&#x161e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJEE|&#x161f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|162x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJI|&#x1620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJA|&#x1621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LU|&#x1622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LO|&#x1623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LE|&#x1624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LEE|&#x1625;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LI|&#x1626;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LA|&#x1627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLU|&#x1628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLO|&#x1629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLE|&#x162a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLEE|&#x162b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLI|&#x162c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLA|&#x162d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHU|&#x162e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHO|&#x162f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|163x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHE|&#x1630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHEE|&#x1631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHI|&#x1632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHA|&#x1633;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHU|&#x1634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHO|&#x1635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHE|&#x1636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHEE|&#x1637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHI|&#x1638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHA|&#x1639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLU|&#x163a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLO|&#x163b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLE|&#x163c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLEE|&#x163d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLI|&#x163e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLA|&#x163f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|164x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZU|&#x1640;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZO|&#x1641;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZE|&#x1642;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZEE|&#x1643;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZI|&#x1644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZA|&#x1645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER Z|&#x1646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER INITIAL Z|&#x1647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZU|&#x1648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZO|&#x1649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZE|&#x164a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZEE|&#x164b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZI|&#x164c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZA|&#x164d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SU|&#x164e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SO|&#x164f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|165x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SE|&#x1650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SEE|&#x1651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SI|&#x1652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SA|&#x1653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHU|&#x1654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHO|&#x1655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHE|&#x1656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHEE|&#x1657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHI|&#x1658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHA|&#x1659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SH|&#x165a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSU|&#x165b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSO|&#x165c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSE|&#x165d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSEE|&#x165e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSI|&#x165f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|166x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSA|&#x1660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHU|&#x1661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHO|&#x1662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHE|&#x1663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHEE|&#x1664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHI|&#x1665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHA|&#x1666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSU|&#x1667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSO|&#x1668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSE|&#x1669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSEE|&#x166a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSI|&#x166b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSA|&#x166c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CHI SIGN|&#x166d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FULL STOP|&#x166e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAI|&#x166f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|167x |style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAI|&#x1670;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGI|&#x1671;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGII|&#x1672;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGO|&#x1673;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGOO|&#x1674;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGA|&#x1675;}}||style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGAA|&#x1676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWEE|&#x1677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWI|&#x1678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWII|&#x1679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWO|&#x167a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWOO|&#x167b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWA|&#x167c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWAA|&#x167d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE FINAL TH|&#x167e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT W|&#x167f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ogham''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|168x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM SPACE MARK|&#x1680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER BEITH|&#x1681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER LUIS|&#x1682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER FEARN|&#x1683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER SAIL|&#x1684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER NION|&#x1685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER UATH|&#x1686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER DAIR|&#x1687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER TINNE|&#x1688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER COLL|&#x1689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER CEIRT|&#x168a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER MUIN|&#x168b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER GORT|&#x168c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER NGEADAL|&#x168d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER STRAIF|&#x168e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER RUIS|&#x168f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|169x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER AILM|&#x1690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER ONN|&#x1691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER UR|&#x1692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER EADHADH|&#x1693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER IODHADH|&#x1694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER EABHADH|&#x1695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER OR|&#x1696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER UILLEANN|&#x1697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER IFIN|&#x1698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER EAMHANCHOLL|&#x1699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM LETTER PEITH|&#x169a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM FEATHER MARK|&#x169b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OGHAM REVERSED FEATHER MARK|&#x169c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Runic''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|16Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FEHU FEOH FE F|&#x16a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER V|&#x16a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER URUZ UR U|&#x16a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER YR|&#x16a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER Y|&#x16a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER W|&#x16a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER THURISAZ THURS THORN|&#x16a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ETH|&#x16a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ANSUZ A|&#x16a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER OS O|&#x16a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER AC A|&#x16aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER AESC|&#x16ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-OSS O|&#x16ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-OSS O|&#x16ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER O|&#x16ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER OE|&#x16af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|16Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ON|&#x16b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER RAIDO RAD REID R|&#x16b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER KAUNA|&#x16b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER CEN|&#x16b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER KAUN K|&#x16b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER G|&#x16b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ENG|&#x16b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER GEBO GYFU G|&#x16b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER GAR|&#x16b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER WUNJO WYNN W|&#x16b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER HAGLAZ H|&#x16ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER HAEGL H|&#x16bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-HAGALL H|&#x16bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-HAGALL H|&#x16bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER NAUDIZ NYD NAUD N|&#x16be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-NAUD N|&#x16bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|16Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER DOTTED-N|&#x16c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ISAZ IS ISS I|&#x16c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER E|&#x16c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER JERAN J|&#x16c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER GER|&#x16c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-AR AE|&#x16c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-AR A|&#x16c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER IWAZ EOH|&#x16c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER PERTHO PEORTH P|&#x16c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ALGIZ EOLHX|&#x16c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SOWILO S|&#x16ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SIGEL LONG-BRANCH-SOL S|&#x16cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-SOL S|&#x16cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER C|&#x16cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER Z|&#x16ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER TIWAZ TIR TYR T|&#x16cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|16Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-TYR T|&#x16d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER D|&#x16d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER BERKANAN BEORC BJARKAN B|&#x16d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-BJARKAN B|&#x16d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER DOTTED-P|&#x16d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER OPEN-P|&#x16d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER EHWAZ EH E|&#x16d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER MANNAZ MAN M|&#x16d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-MADR M|&#x16d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-MADR M|&#x16d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LAUKAZ LAGU LOGR L|&#x16da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER DOTTED-L|&#x16db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER INGWAZ|&#x16dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ING|&#x16dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER DAGAZ DAEG D|&#x16de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER OTHALAN ETHEL O|&#x16df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|16Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER EAR|&#x16e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER IOR|&#x16e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER CWEORTH|&#x16e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER CALC|&#x16e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER CEALC|&#x16e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER STAN|&#x16e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-YR|&#x16e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG-YR|&#x16e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER ICELANDIC-YR|&#x16e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER Q|&#x16e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER X|&#x16ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC SINGLE PUNCTUATION|&#x16eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC MULTIPLE PUNCTUATION|&#x16ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC CROSS PUNCTUATION|&#x16ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC ARLAUG SYMBOL|&#x16ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC TVIMADUR SYMBOL|&#x16ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{7.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|16Fx |style="{{3.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC BELGTHOR SYMBOL|&#x16f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER K|&#x16f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER SH|&#x16f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER OO|&#x16f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET OS|&#x16f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET IS|&#x16f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET EH|&#x16f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AC|&#x16f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AESC|&#x16f8;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tagalog''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|170x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER A|&#x1700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER I|&#x1701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER U|&#x1702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER KA|&#x1703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER GA|&#x1704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER NGA|&#x1705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER TA|&#x1706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER DA|&#x1707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER NA|&#x1708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER PA|&#x1709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER BA|&#x170a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER MA|&#x170b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER YA|&#x170c;}}||style="{{14.0}};{{text default color}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER RA|&#x170d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER LA|&#x170e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER WA|&#x170f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|171x |style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER SA|&#x1710;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER HA|&#x1711;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1712;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1713;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG SIGN VIRAMA|&#x1714;}}||style="{{14.0}};{{text default color}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG SIGN PAMUDPOD|&#x1715;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="{{14.0}};{{text default color}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGALOG LETTER ARCHAIC RA|&#x171f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Hanunoo''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|172x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER A|&#x1720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER I|&#x1721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER U|&#x1722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER KA|&#x1723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER GA|&#x1724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER NGA|&#x1725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER TA|&#x1726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER DA|&#x1727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER NA|&#x1728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER PA|&#x1729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER BA|&#x172a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER MA|&#x172b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER YA|&#x172c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER RA|&#x172d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER LA|&#x172e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER WA|&#x172f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|173x |style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER SA|&#x1730;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO LETTER HA|&#x1731;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1732;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1733;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANUNOO SIGN PAMUDPOD|&#x1734;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PHILIPPINE SINGLE PUNCTUATION|&#x1735;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PHILIPPINE DOUBLE PUNCTUATION|&#x1736;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Buhid''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.2}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|174x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER A|&#x1740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER I|&#x1741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER U|&#x1742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER KA|&#x1743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER GA|&#x1744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER NGA|&#x1745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER TA|&#x1746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER DA|&#x1747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER NA|&#x1748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER PA|&#x1749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER BA|&#x174a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER MA|&#x174b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER YA|&#x174c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER RA|&#x174d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER LA|&#x174e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER WA|&#x174f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|175x |style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER SA|&#x1750;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID LETTER HA|&#x1751;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1752;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUHID VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1753;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tagbanwa''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|176x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER A|&#x1760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER I|&#x1761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER U|&#x1762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER KA|&#x1763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER GA|&#x1764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER NGA|&#x1765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER TA|&#x1766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER DA|&#x1767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER NA|&#x1768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER PA|&#x1769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER BA|&#x176a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER MA|&#x176b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER YA|&#x176c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER LA|&#x176e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER WA|&#x176f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|177x |style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA LETTER SA|&#x1770;}}||&nbsp;||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1772;}}||style="{{3.2}};{{text default color}};"{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAGBANWA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1773;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Khmer''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|178x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER KA|&#x1780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER KHA|&#x1781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER KO|&#x1782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER KHO|&#x1783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER NGO|&#x1784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER CA|&#x1785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER CHA|&#x1786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER CO|&#x1787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER CHO|&#x1788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER NYO|&#x1789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER DA|&#x178a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER TTHA|&#x178b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER DO|&#x178c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER TTHO|&#x178d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER NNO|&#x178e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER TA|&#x178f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|179x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER THA|&#x1790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER TO|&#x1791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER THO|&#x1792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER NO|&#x1793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER BA|&#x1794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER PHA|&#x1795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER PO|&#x1796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER PHO|&#x1797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER MO|&#x1798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER YO|&#x1799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER RO|&#x179a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER LO|&#x179b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER VO|&#x179c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER SHA|&#x179d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER SSO|&#x179e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER SA|&#x179f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|17Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER HA|&#x17a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER LA|&#x17a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER LETTER QA|&#x17a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAQ|&#x17a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAA|&#x17a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QI|&#x17a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QII|&#x17a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QU|&#x17a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUK|&#x17a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUU|&#x17a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUUV|&#x17aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RY|&#x17ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RYY|&#x17ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL LY|&#x17ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL LYY|&#x17ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QE|&#x17af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|17Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAI|&#x17b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO TYPE ONE|&#x17b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO TYPE TWO|&#x17b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAU|&#x17b3;}}||style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL INHERENT AQ|[KIV AQ]}}||style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL INHERENT AA|[KIV AA]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x17b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN I|&#x17b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN II|&#x17b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN Y|&#x17b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN YY|&#x17ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN U|&#x17bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x17bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN UA|&#x17bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN OE|&#x17be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN YA|&#x17bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|17Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN IE|&#x17c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN E|&#x17c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN AE|&#x17c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x17c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN OO|&#x17c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x17c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT|&#x17c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN REAHMUK|&#x17c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN YUUKALEAPINTU|&#x17c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN MUUSIKATOAN|&#x17c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN TRIISAP|&#x17ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN BANTOC|&#x17cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN ROBAT|&#x17cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN TOANDAKHIAT|&#x17cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN KAKABAT|&#x17ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN AHSDA|&#x17cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|17Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN SAMYOK SANNYA|&#x17d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN VIRIAM|&#x17d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN COENG|&#x17d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN BATHAMASAT|&#x17d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN KHAN|&#x17d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN BARIYOOSAN|&#x17d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN CAMNUC PII KUUH|&#x17d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN LEK TOO|&#x17d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN BEYYAL|&#x17d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN PHNAEK MUAN|&#x17d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN KOOMUUT|&#x17da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER CURRENCY SYMBOL RIEL|&#x17db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN AVAKRAHASANYA|&#x17dc;}}||style="{{4.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SIGN ATTHACAN|&#x17dd;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|17Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT ZERO|&#x17e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT ONE|&#x17e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT TWO|&#x17e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT THREE|&#x17e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT FOUR|&#x17e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT FIVE|&#x17e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT SIX|&#x17e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT SEVEN|&#x17e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT EIGHT|&#x17e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER DIGIT NINE|&#x17e9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|17Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK SON|&#x17f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK MUOY|&#x17f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PII|&#x17f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK BEI|&#x17f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK BUON|&#x17f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM|&#x17f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-MUOY|&#x17f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-PII|&#x17f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-BEI|&#x17f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-BUON|&#x17f9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Mongolian''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|180x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN BIRGA|&#x1800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN ELLIPSIS|&#x1801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN COMMA|&#x1802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FULL STOP|&#x1803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN COLON|&#x1804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FOUR DOTS|&#x1805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN|&#x1806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN SIBE SYLLABLE BOUNDARY MARKER|&#x1807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN MANCHU COMMA|&#x1808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN MANCHU FULL STOP|&#x1809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN NIRUGU|&#x180a;}}||style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR ONE|[FV S1]}}||style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR TWO|[FV S2]}}||style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR THREE|[FV S3]}}||style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR|[MV S]}}||style="{{14.0}};{{text default color}};font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR FOUR|[FV S4]}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|181x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT ZERO|&#x1810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT ONE|&#x1811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT TWO|&#x1812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT THREE|&#x1813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT FOUR|&#x1814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT FIVE|&#x1815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT SIX|&#x1816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DIGIT NINE|&#x1819;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|182x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER A|&#x1820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER E|&#x1821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER I|&#x1822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER O|&#x1823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER U|&#x1824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER OE|&#x1825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER UE|&#x1826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER EE|&#x1827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER NA|&#x1828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ANG|&#x1829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER BA|&#x182a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER PA|&#x182b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER QA|&#x182c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER GA|&#x182d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MA|&#x182e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER LA|&#x182f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|183x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SA|&#x1830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SHA|&#x1831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TA|&#x1832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER DA|&#x1833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER CHA|&#x1834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER JA|&#x1835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER YA|&#x1836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER RA|&#x1837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER WA|&#x1838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER FA|&#x1839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER KA|&#x183a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER KHA|&#x183b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TSA|&#x183c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ZA|&#x183d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER HAA|&#x183e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ZRA|&#x183f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|184x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER LHA|&#x1840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ZHI|&#x1841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER CHI|&#x1842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO LONG VOWEL SIGN|&#x1843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO E|&#x1844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO I|&#x1845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO O|&#x1846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO U|&#x1847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO OE|&#x1848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO UE|&#x1849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ANG|&#x184a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO BA|&#x184b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO PA|&#x184c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO QA|&#x184d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO GA|&#x184e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO MA|&#x184f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|185x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO TA|&#x1850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO DA|&#x1851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO CHA|&#x1852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO JA|&#x1853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO TSA|&#x1854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO YA|&#x1855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO WA|&#x1856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO KA|&#x1857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO GAA|&#x1858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO HAA|&#x1859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO JIA|&#x185a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO NIA|&#x185b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO DZA|&#x185c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE E|&#x185d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE I|&#x185e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE IY|&#x185f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|186x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE UE|&#x1860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE U|&#x1861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ANG|&#x1862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE KA|&#x1863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE GA|&#x1864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE HA|&#x1865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE PA|&#x1866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE SHA|&#x1867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE TA|&#x1868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE DA|&#x1869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE JA|&#x186a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE FA|&#x186b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE GAA|&#x186c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE HAA|&#x186d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE TSA|&#x186e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ZA|&#x186f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|187x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE RAA|&#x1870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE CHA|&#x1871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ZHA|&#x1872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU I|&#x1873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU KA|&#x1874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU RA|&#x1875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU FA|&#x1876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ZHA|&#x1877;}}||style="{{11.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER CHA WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1878;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|188x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ANUSVARA ONE|&#x1880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI VISARGA ONE|&#x1881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DAMARU|&#x1882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI UBADAMA|&#x1883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI INVERTED UBADAMA|&#x1884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI BALUDA|&#x1885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI THREE BALUDA|&#x1886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI A|&#x1887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI I|&#x1888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI KA|&#x1889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI NGA|&#x188a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI CA|&#x188b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TTA|&#x188c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TTHA|&#x188d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DDA|&#x188e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI NNA|&#x188f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|189x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TA|&#x1890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DA|&#x1891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI PA|&#x1892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI PHA|&#x1893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI SSA|&#x1894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ZHA|&#x1895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ZA|&#x1896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI AH|&#x1897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ALI GALI TA|&#x1898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ALI GALI ZHA|&#x1899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI GHA|&#x189a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI NGA|&#x189b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI CA|&#x189c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI JHA|&#x189d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI TTA|&#x189e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI DDHA|&#x189f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{3.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|18Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI TA|&#x18a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI DHA|&#x18a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI SSA|&#x18a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI CYA|&#x18a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI ZHA|&#x18a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI ZA|&#x18a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI HALF U|&#x18a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI HALF YA|&#x18a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI BHA|&#x18a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DAGALGA|&nbsp;&#x18a9;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI LHA|&#x18aa;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|18Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OY|&#x18b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AY|&#x18b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAY|&#x18b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WAY|&#x18b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS POY|&#x18b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAY|&#x18b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWOY|&#x18b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAY|&#x18b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAY|&#x18b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWAY|&#x18b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAY|&#x18ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NOY|&#x18bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAY|&#x18bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAY|&#x18bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOY|&#x18be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAY|&#x18bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|18Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHOY|&#x18c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHAY|&#x18c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWOY|&#x18c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YOY|&#x18c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAY|&#x18c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAY|&#x18c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWI|&#x18c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY NWI|&#x18c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWII|&#x18c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY NWII|&#x18c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWO|&#x18ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY NWO|&#x18cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NWOO|&#x18cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY NWOO|&#x18cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWEE|&#x18ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWI|&#x18cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|18Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWII|&#x18d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWO|&#x18d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWOO|&#x18d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS RWA|&#x18d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY P|&#x18d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY T|&#x18d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY K|&#x18d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY C|&#x18d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY M|&#x18d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY N|&#x18d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY S|&#x18da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS OJIBWAY SH|&#x18db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS EASTERN W|&#x18dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WESTERN W|&#x18dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL SMALL RING|&#x18de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RAISED DOT|&#x18df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|18Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS R-CREE RWE|&#x18e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LOO|&#x18e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LAA|&#x18e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THWE|&#x18e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS THWA|&#x18e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHWE|&#x18e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHOO|&#x18e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTHAA|&#x18e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHWE|&#x18e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHOO|&#x18e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHWE|&#x18ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHOO|&#x18eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI HOO|&#x18ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GWU|&#x18ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DENE GEE|&#x18ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GAA|&#x18ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|18Fx |style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER GWA|&#x18f0;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI JUU|&#x18f1;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JWA|&#x18f2;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BEAVER DENE L|&#x18f3;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS BEAVER DENE R|&#x18f4;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DENTAL S|&#x18f5;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Limbu''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|190x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL-CARRIER LETTER|&#x1900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER KA|&#x1901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER KHA|&#x1902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER GA|&#x1903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER GHA|&#x1904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER NGA|&#x1905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER CA|&#x1906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER CHA|&#x1907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER JA|&#x1908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER JHA|&#x1909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER YAN|&#x190a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER TA|&#x190b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER THA|&#x190c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER DA|&#x190d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER DHA|&#x190e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER NA|&#x190f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|191x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER PA|&#x1910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER PHA|&#x1911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER BA|&#x1912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER BHA|&#x1913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER MA|&#x1914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER YA|&#x1915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER RA|&#x1916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER LA|&#x1917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER WA|&#x1918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER SHA|&#x1919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER SSA|&#x191a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER SA|&#x191b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER HA|&#x191c;}}||style="{{7.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER GYAN|&#x191d;}}||style="{{7.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU LETTER TRA|&#x191e;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|192x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN A|&#x1920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN EE|&#x1923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x1924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN OO|&#x1925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x1926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU VOWEL SIGN O|&#x1928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SUBJOINED LETTER YA|&#x1929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SUBJOINED LETTER RA|&#x192a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SUBJOINED LETTER WA|&#x192b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|193x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER KA|&#x1930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER NGA|&#x1931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER ANUSVARA|&#x1932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER TA|&#x1933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER NA|&#x1934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER PA|&#x1935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER MA|&#x1936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER RA|&#x1937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SMALL LETTER LA|&#x1938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SIGN MUKPHRENG|&#x1939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SIGN KEMPHRENG|&#x193a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SIGN SA-I|&#x193b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|194x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU SIGN LOO|&#x1940;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU EXCLAMATION MARK|&#x1944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU QUESTION MARK|&#x1945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT ZERO|&#x1946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT ONE|&#x1947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT TWO|&#x1948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT THREE|&#x1949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT FOUR|&#x194a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT FIVE|&#x194b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT SIX|&#x194c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT SEVEN|&#x194d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT EIGHT|&#x194e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIMBU DIGIT NINE|&#x194f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tai Le''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|195x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER KA|&#x1950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER XA|&#x1951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER NGA|&#x1952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TSA|&#x1953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER SA|&#x1954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER YA|&#x1955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TA|&#x1956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER THA|&#x1957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER LA|&#x1958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER PA|&#x1959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER PHA|&#x195a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER MA|&#x195b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER FA|&#x195c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER VA|&#x195d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER HA|&#x195e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER QA|&#x195f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|196x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER KHA|&#x1960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TSHA|&#x1961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER NA|&#x1962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER A|&#x1963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER I|&#x1964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER EE|&#x1965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER EH|&#x1966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER U|&#x1967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER OO|&#x1968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER O|&#x1969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER UE|&#x196a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER E|&#x196b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER AUE|&#x196c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER AI|&#x196d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|197x |style="{{4.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TONE-2|&#x1970;}}||style="{{4.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TONE-3|&#x1971;}}||style="{{4.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TONE-4|&#x1972;}}||style="{{4.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TONE-5|&#x1973;}}||style="{{4.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI LE LETTER TONE-6|&#x1974;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''New Tai Lue''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|198x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH QA|&#x1980;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW QA|&#x1981;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH KA|&#x1982;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH XA|&#x1983;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH NGA|&#x1984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW KA|&#x1985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW XA|&#x1986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW NGA|&#x1987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH TSA|&#x1988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH SA|&#x1989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH YA|&#x198a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW TSA|&#x198b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW SA|&#x198c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW YA|&#x198d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH TA|&#x198e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH THA|&#x198f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|199x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH NA|&#x1990;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW TA|&#x1991;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW THA|&#x1992;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW NA|&#x1993;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH PA|&#x1994;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH PHA|&#x1995;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH MA|&#x1996;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW PA|&#x1997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW PHA|&#x1998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW MA|&#x1999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH FA|&#x199a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH VA|&#x199b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH LA|&#x199c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW FA|&#x199d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW VA|&#x199e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW LA|&#x199f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH HA|&#x19a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH DA|&#x19a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH BA|&#x19a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW HA|&#x19a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW DA|&#x19a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW BA|&#x19a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH KVA|&#x19a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH XVA|&#x19a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW KVA|&#x19a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW XVA|&#x19a9;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH SUA|&#x19aa;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW SUA|&#x19ab;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN VOWEL SHORTENER|&#x19b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x19b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN II|&#x19b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN U|&#x19b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x19b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN E|&#x19b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AE|&#x19b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN O|&#x19b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN OA|&#x19b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN UE|&#x19b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AY|&#x19ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AAY|&#x19bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN UY|&#x19bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN OY|&#x19bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN OAY|&#x19be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN UEY|&#x19bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN IY|&#x19c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL V|&#x19c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL NG|&#x19c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL N|&#x19c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL M|&#x19c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL K|&#x19c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL D|&#x19c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL B|&#x19c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE TONE MARK-1|&#x19c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE TONE MARK-2|&#x19c9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT ZERO|&#x19d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT ONE|&#x19d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT TWO|&#x19d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT THREE|&#x19d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT FOUR|&#x19d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT FIVE|&#x19d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT SIX|&#x19d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT SEVEN|&#x19d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT EIGHT|&#x19d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE DIGIT NINE|&#x19d9;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE THAM DIGIT ONE|&#x19da;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE SIGN LAE|&#x19de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW TAI LUE SIGN LAEV|&#x19df;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Khmer Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PATHAMASAT|&#x19e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL MUOY KOET|&#x19e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PII KOET|&#x19e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL BEI KOET|&#x19e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL BUON KOET|&#x19e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM KOET|&#x19e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-MUOY KOET|&#x19e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-PII KOET|&#x19e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BEI KOET|&#x19e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BUON KOET|&#x19e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP KOET|&#x19ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-MUOY KOET|&#x19eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PII KOET|&#x19ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BEI KOET|&#x19ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BUON KOET|&#x19ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PRAM KOET|&#x19ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|19Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL TUTEYASAT|&#x19f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL MUOY ROC|&#x19f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PII ROC|&#x19f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL BEI ROC|&#x19f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL BUON ROC|&#x19f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM ROC|&#x19f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-MUOY ROC|&#x19f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-PII ROC|&#x19f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BEI ROC|&#x19f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BUON ROC|&#x19f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP ROC|&#x19fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-MUOY ROC|&#x19fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PII ROC|&#x19fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BEI ROC|&#x19fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BUON ROC|&#x19fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PRAM ROC|&#x19ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Buginese''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1A0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER KA|&#x1a00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER GA|&#x1a01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NGA|&#x1a02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NGKA|&#x1a03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER PA|&#x1a04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER BA|&#x1a05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER MA|&#x1a06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER MPA|&#x1a07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER TA|&#x1a08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER DA|&#x1a09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NA|&#x1a0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NRA|&#x1a0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER CA|&#x1a0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER JA|&#x1a0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NYA|&#x1a0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER NYCA|&#x1a0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1A1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER YA|&#x1a10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER RA|&#x1a11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER LA|&#x1a12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER VA|&#x1a13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER SA|&#x1a14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER A|&#x1a15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE LETTER HA|&#x1a16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1a17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1a18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1a19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN O|&#x1a1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN AE|&#x1a1b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE PALLAWA|&#x1a1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUGINESE END OF SECTION|&#x1a1f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tai Tham''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1A2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KA|&#x1a20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KHA|&#x1a21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KXA|&#x1a22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW KA|&#x1a23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW KXA|&#x1a24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW KHA|&#x1a25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER NGA|&#x1a26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH CA|&#x1a27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH CHA|&#x1a28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW CA|&#x1a29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW SA|&#x1a2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW CHA|&#x1a2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER NYA|&#x1a2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER RATA|&#x1a2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH RATHA|&#x1a2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER DA|&#x1a2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1A3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW RATHA|&#x1a30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER RANA|&#x1a31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH TA|&#x1a32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH THA|&#x1a33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW TA|&#x1a34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW THA|&#x1a35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER NA|&#x1a36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER BA|&#x1a37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PA|&#x1a38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PHA|&#x1a39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH FA|&#x1a3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW PA|&#x1a3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW FA|&#x1a3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW PHA|&#x1a3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER MA|&#x1a3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA|&#x1a3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1A4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH YA|&#x1a40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER RA|&#x1a41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER RUE|&#x1a42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LA|&#x1a43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LUE|&#x1a44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER WA|&#x1a45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SHA|&#x1a46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SSA|&#x1a47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SA|&#x1a48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA|&#x1a49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LLA|&#x1a4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER A|&#x1a4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LOW HA|&#x1a4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER I|&#x1a4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER II|&#x1a4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER U|&#x1a4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1A5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER UU|&#x1a50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER EE|&#x1a51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER OO|&#x1a52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER LAE|&#x1a53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM LETTER GREAT SA|&#x1a54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA|&#x1a55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LA|&#x1a56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN LA TANG LAI|&#x1a57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG LAI|&#x1a58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NGA|&#x1a59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN LOW PA|&#x1a5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA|&#x1a5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MA|&#x1a5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN BA|&#x1a5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN SA|&#x1a5e;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1A6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT|&#x1a60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A|&#x1a61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT|&#x1a62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x1a63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN TALL AA|&#x1a64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1a65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN II|&#x1a66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UE|&#x1a67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE|&#x1a68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1a69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x1a6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN O|&#x1a6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW|&#x1a6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OY|&#x1a6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1a6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AE|&#x1a6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1A7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO|&#x1a70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x1a71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN THAM AI|&#x1a72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA ABOVE|&#x1a73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG|&#x1a74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN TONE-1|&#x1a75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN TONE-2|&#x1a76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-3|&#x1a77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-4|&#x1a78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-5|&#x1a79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN RA HAAM|&#x1a7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN MAI SAM|&#x1a7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN-LUE KARAN|&#x1a7c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM COMBINING CRYPTOGRAMMIC DOT|&#x1a7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1A8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT ZERO|&#x1a80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT ONE|&#x1a81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT TWO|&#x1a82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT THREE|&#x1a83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT FOUR|&#x1a84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT FIVE|&#x1a85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT SIX|&#x1a86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1a87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1a88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM HORA DIGIT NINE|&#x1a89;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1A9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT ZERO|&#x1a90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT ONE|&#x1a91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT TWO|&#x1a92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT THREE|&#x1a93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT FOUR|&#x1a94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT FIVE|&#x1a95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT SIX|&#x1a96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1a97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1a98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM THAM DIGIT NINE|&#x1a99;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1AAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN WIANG|&#x1aa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN WIANGWAAK|&#x1aa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN SAWAN|&#x1aa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KEOW|&#x1aa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN HOY|&#x1aa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN DOKMAI|&#x1aa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN REVERSED ROTATED RANA|&#x1aa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN MAI YAMOK|&#x1aa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KAAN|&#x1aa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN KAANKUU|&#x1aa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN SATKAAN|&#x1aaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN SATKAANKUU|&#x1aab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN HANG|&#x1aac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAI THAM SIGN CAANG|&#x1aad;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{7.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ABx |{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLED CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT|&nbsp;&#x1ab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DIAERESIS-RING|&nbsp;&#x1ab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING INFINITY|&nbsp;&#x1ab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOWNWARDS ARROW|&nbsp;&#x1ab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING TRIPLE DOT|&nbsp;&#x1ab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING X-X BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1ab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING WIGGLY LINE BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1ab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING OPEN MARK BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1ab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE OPEN MARK BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1ab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LIGHT CENTRALIZATION STROKE BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1ab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING STRONG CENTRALIZATION STROKE BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1aba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING PARENTHESES ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1abb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE PARENTHESES ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1abc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING PARENTHESES BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1abd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING PARENTHESES OVERLAY|&nbsp;&#x1abe;}}||style="{{13.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER W BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1abf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{14.0}};{{text default color}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ACx |style="{{13.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1ac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT PARENTHESIS ABOVE LEFT|&nbsp;&#x1ac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT PARENTHESIS ABOVE RIGHT|&nbsp;&#x1ac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT PARENTHESIS BELOW LEFT|&nbsp;&#x1ac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT PARENTHESIS BELOW RIGHT|&nbsp;&#x1ac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SQUARE BRACKETS ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING NUMBER SIGN ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING INVERTED DOUBLE ARCH ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING PLUS SIGN ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE PLUS SIGN ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE PLUS SIGN BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1aca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING TRIPLE ACUTE ACCENT|&nbsp;&#x1acb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR G|&nbsp;&#x1acc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR R|&nbsp;&#x1acd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR T|&nbsp;&#x1ace;}}||style="{{17.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE CARON|&nbsp;&#x1acf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{17.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ADx |{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-ACUTE|&nbsp;&#x1ad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRAVE-VERTICAL-LINE|&nbsp;&#x1ad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-GRAVE|&nbsp;&#x1ad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ACUTE-VERTICAL-LINE|&nbsp;&#x1ad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-MACRON|&nbsp;&#x1ad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MACRON-VERTICAL-LINE|&nbsp;&#x1ad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-ACUTE-GRAVE|&nbsp;&#x1ad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-GRAVE-ACUTE|&nbsp;&#x1ad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE-GRAVE|&nbsp;&#x1ad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SHARP SIGN|&nbsp;&#x1ad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING FLAT SIGN|&nbsp;&#x1ada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOWN TACK ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1adb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DIAERESIS WITH RAISED LEFT DOT|&nbsp;&#x1adc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOT-AND-RING BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1add;}}||style="{{18.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRAVE-DOT|&nbsp;&#x1ade;}}||style="{{18.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOT-ACUTE|&nbsp;&#x1adf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{17.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1AEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT TACK ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT TACK ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MINUS SIGN ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SQUARE ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SEAGULL ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE ARCH BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1ae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE ARCH ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING EQUALS SIGN ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT ANGLE CENTRED ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1ae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING UPWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1aea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1aeb;}}||style="{{18.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING CARON-ACUTE|&nbsp;&#x1aec;}}||style="{{18.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING VERTICAL-LINE-DOUBLE-ACUTE|&nbsp;&#x1aed;}}||style="{{18.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1aee;}}||style="{{18.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1aef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1AFx |style="{{18.0}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE COMMA ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1af0;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Balinese''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN ULU RICEM|&#x1b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN ULU CANDRA|&#x1b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN CECEK|&#x1b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN SURANG|&#x1b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN BISAH|&#x1b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER AKARA|&#x1b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER AKARA TEDUNG|&#x1b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER IKARA|&#x1b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER IKARA TEDUNG|&#x1b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER UKARA|&#x1b09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER UKARA TEDUNG|&#x1b0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER RA REPA|&#x1b0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER RA REPA TEDUNG|&#x1b0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER LA LENGA|&#x1b0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER LA LENGA TEDUNG|&#x1b0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER EKARA|&#x1b0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER AIKARA|&#x1b10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER OKARA|&#x1b11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER OKARA TEDUNG|&#x1b12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER KA|&#x1b13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER KA MAHAPRANA|&#x1b14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER GA|&#x1b15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER GA GORA|&#x1b16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER NGA|&#x1b17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER CA|&#x1b18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER CA LACA|&#x1b19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER JA|&#x1b1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER JA JERA|&#x1b1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER NYA|&#x1b1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER TA LATIK|&#x1b1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER TA MURDA MAHAPRANA|&#x1b1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER DA MURDA ALPAPRANA|&#x1b1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER DA MURDA MAHAPRANA|&#x1b20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER NA RAMBAT|&#x1b21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER TA|&#x1b22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER TA TAWA|&#x1b23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER DA|&#x1b24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER DA MADU|&#x1b25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER NA|&#x1b26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER PA|&#x1b27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER PA KAPAL|&#x1b28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER BA|&#x1b29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER BA KEMBANG|&#x1b2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER MA|&#x1b2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER YA|&#x1b2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER RA|&#x1b2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER LA|&#x1b2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER WA|&#x1b2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER SA SAGA|&#x1b30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER SA SAPA|&#x1b31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER SA|&#x1b32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER HA|&#x1b33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE SIGN REREKAN|&#x1b34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN TEDUNG|&#x1b35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN ULU|&#x1b36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN ULU SARI|&#x1b37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN SUKU|&#x1b38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN SUKU ILUT|&#x1b39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN RA REPA|&#x1b3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN RA REPA TEDUNG|&#x1b3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN LA LENGA|&#x1b3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN LA LENGA TEDUNG|&#x1b3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN TALING|&#x1b3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN TALING REPA|&#x1b3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN TALING TEDUNG|&#x1b40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN TALING REPA TEDUNG|&#x1b41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN PEPET|&#x1b42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE VOWEL SIGN PEPET TEDUNG|&#x1b43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE ADEG ADEG|&#x1b44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER KAF SASAK|&#x1b45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER KHOT SASAK|&#x1b46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER TZIR SASAK|&#x1b47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER EF SASAK|&#x1b48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER VE SASAK|&#x1b49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER ZAL SASAK|&#x1b4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER ASYURA SASAK|&#x1b4b;}}||style="{{14.0}};{{text default color}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE LETTER ARCHAIC JNYA|&#x1b4c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="{{16.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE INVERTED CARIK SIKI|&#x1b4e;}}||style="{{16.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE INVERTED CARIK PAREREN|&#x1b4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT ZERO|&#x1b50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT ONE|&#x1b51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT TWO|&#x1b52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT THREE|&#x1b53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT FOUR|&#x1b54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT FIVE|&#x1b55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT SIX|&#x1b56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1b57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1b58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE DIGIT NINE|&#x1b59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PANTI|&#x1b5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PAMADA|&#x1b5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE WINDU|&#x1b5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE CARIK PAMUNGKAH|&#x1b5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE CARIK SIKI|&#x1b5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE CARIK PAREREN|&#x1b5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PAMENENG|&#x1b60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DONG|&#x1b61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DENG|&#x1b62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DUNG|&#x1b63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DANG|&#x1b64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DANG SURANG|&#x1b65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DING|&#x1b66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DAENG|&#x1b67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DEUNG|&#x1b68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DAING|&#x1b69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL DANG GEDE|&#x1b6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING TEGEH|&#x1b6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING ENDEP|&#x1b6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING KEMPUL|&#x1b6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING KEMPLI|&#x1b6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING JEGOGAN|&#x1b6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING KEMPUL WITH JEGOGAN|&#x1b70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING KEMPLI WITH JEGOGAN|&#x1b71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING BENDE|&#x1b72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL COMBINING GONG|&#x1b73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL RIGHT-HAND OPEN DUG|&#x1b74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL RIGHT-HAND OPEN DAG|&#x1b75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL RIGHT-HAND CLOSED TUK|&#x1b76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL RIGHT-HAND CLOSED TAK|&#x1b77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND OPEN PANG|&#x1b78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND OPEN PUNG|&#x1b79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND CLOSED PLAK|&#x1b7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND CLOSED PLUK|&#x1b7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND OPEN PING|&#x1b7c;}}||style="{{14.0}};{{text default color}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PANTI LANTANG|&#x1b7d;}}||style="{{14.0}};{{text default color}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PAMADA LANTANG|&#x1b7e;}}||style="{{16.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALINESE PANTI BAWAK|&#x1b7f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sundanese''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE SIGN PANYECEK|&#x1b80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE SIGN PANGLAYAR|&#x1b81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE SIGN PANGWISAD|&#x1b82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER A|&#x1b83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER I|&#x1b84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER U|&#x1b85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER AE|&#x1b86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER O|&#x1b87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER E|&#x1b88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER EU|&#x1b89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER KA|&#x1b8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER QA|&#x1b8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER GA|&#x1b8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER NGA|&#x1b8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER CA|&#x1b8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER JA|&#x1b8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER ZA|&#x1b90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER NYA|&#x1b91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER TA|&#x1b92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER DA|&#x1b93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER NA|&#x1b94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER PA|&#x1b95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER FA|&#x1b96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER VA|&#x1b97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER BA|&#x1b98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER MA|&#x1b99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER YA|&#x1b9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER RA|&#x1b9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER LA|&#x1b9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER WA|&#x1b9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER SA|&#x1b9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER XA|&#x1b9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER HA|&#x1ba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE CONSONANT SIGN PAMINGKAL|&#x1ba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE CONSONANT SIGN PANYAKRA|&#x1ba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE CONSONANT SIGN PANYIKU|&#x1ba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PANGHULU|&#x1ba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PANYUKU|&#x1ba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PANAELAENG|&#x1ba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PANOLONG|&#x1ba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PAMEPET|&#x1ba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE VOWEL SIGN PANEULEUNG|&#x1ba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE SIGN PAMAAEH|&#x1baa;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE SIGN VIRAMA|&#x1bab;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE CONSONANT SIGN PASANGAN MA|&#x1bac;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE CONSONANT SIGN PASANGAN WA|&#x1bad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER KHA|&#x1bae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER SYA|&#x1baf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT ZERO|&#x1bb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT ONE|&#x1bb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT TWO|&#x1bb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT THREE|&#x1bb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT FOUR|&#x1bb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT FIVE|&#x1bb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT SIX|&#x1bb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1bb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1bb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE DIGIT NINE|&#x1bb9;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE AVAGRAHA|&#x1bba;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER REU|&#x1bbb;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER LEU|&#x1bbc;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER ARCHAIC I|&#x1bbd;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER FINAL K|&#x1bbe;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE LETTER FINAL M|&#x1bbf;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Batak''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER A|&#x1bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN A|&#x1bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER HA|&#x1bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN HA|&#x1bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER MANDAILING HA|&#x1bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER BA|&#x1bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER KARO BA|&#x1bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER PA|&#x1bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN PA|&#x1bc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER NA|&#x1bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER MANDAILING NA|&#x1bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER WA|&#x1bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN WA|&#x1bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER PAKPAK WA|&#x1bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER GA|&#x1bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN GA|&#x1bcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER JA|&#x1bd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER DA|&#x1bd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER RA|&#x1bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN RA|&#x1bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER MA|&#x1bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN MA|&#x1bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SOUTHERN TA|&#x1bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER NORTHERN TA|&#x1bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SA|&#x1bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN SA|&#x1bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER MANDAILING SA|&#x1bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER YA|&#x1bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN YA|&#x1bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER NGA|&#x1bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER LA|&#x1bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER SIMALUNGUN LA|&#x1bdf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER NYA|&#x1be0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER CA|&#x1be1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER NDA|&#x1be2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER MBA|&#x1be3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER I|&#x1be4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK LETTER U|&#x1be5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK SIGN TOMPI|&#x1be6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1be7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN PAKPAK E|&#x1be8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN EE|&#x1be9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1bea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN KARO I|&#x1beb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN O|&#x1bec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN KARO O|&#x1bed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1bee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK VOWEL SIGN U FOR SIMALUNGUN SA|&#x1bef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{6.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK CONSONANT SIGN NG|&#x1bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK CONSONANT SIGN H|&#x1bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK PANGOLAT|&#x1bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK PANONGONAN|&#x1bf3;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK SYMBOL BINDU NA METEK|&#x1bfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK SYMBOL BINDU PINARBORAS|&#x1bfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK SYMBOL BINDU JUDUL|&#x1bfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATAK SYMBOL BINDU PANGOLAT|&#x1bff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Lepcha''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1C0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER KA|&#x1c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER KLA|&#x1c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER KHA|&#x1c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER GA|&#x1c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER GLA|&#x1c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER NGA|&#x1c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER CA|&#x1c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER CHA|&#x1c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER JA|&#x1c08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER NYA|&#x1c09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER TA|&#x1c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER THA|&#x1c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER DA|&#x1c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER NA|&#x1c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER PA|&#x1c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER PLA|&#x1c0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1C1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER PHA|&#x1c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER FA|&#x1c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER FLA|&#x1c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER BA|&#x1c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER BLA|&#x1c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER MA|&#x1c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER MLA|&#x1c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER TSA|&#x1c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER TSHA|&#x1c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER DZA|&#x1c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER YA|&#x1c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER RA|&#x1c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER LA|&#x1c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER HA|&#x1c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER HLA|&#x1c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER VA|&#x1c1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1C2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER SA|&#x1c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER SHA|&#x1c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER WA|&#x1c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER A|&#x1c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA SUBJOINED LETTER YA|&#x1c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA SUBJOINED LETTER RA|&#x1c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x1c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x1c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN OO|&#x1c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x1c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN K|&#x1c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN M|&#x1c2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN L|&#x1c2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1C3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN N|&#x1c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN P|&#x1c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN R|&#x1c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN T|&#x1c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN NYIN-DO|&#x1c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA CONSONANT SIGN KANG|&#x1c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA SIGN RAN|&#x1c36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA SIGN NUKTA|&#x1c37;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA PUNCTUATION TA-ROL|&#x1c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA PUNCTUATION NYET THYOOM TA-ROL|&#x1c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA PUNCTUATION CER-WA|&#x1c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA PUNCTUATION TSHOOK CER-WA|&#x1c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA PUNCTUATION TSHOOK|&#x1c3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1C4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT ZERO|&#x1c40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT ONE|&#x1c41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT TWO|&#x1c42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT THREE|&#x1c43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT FOUR|&#x1c44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT FIVE|&#x1c45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT SIX|&#x1c46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1c47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1c48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA DIGIT NINE|&#x1c49;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER TTA|&#x1c4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER TTHA|&#x1c4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEPCHA LETTER DDA|&#x1c4f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ol Chiki''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1C5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT ZERO|&#x1c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT ONE|&#x1c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT TWO|&#x1c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT THREE|&#x1c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT FOUR|&#x1c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT FIVE|&#x1c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT SIX|&#x1c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI DIGIT NINE|&#x1c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LA|&#x1c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AT|&#x1c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AG|&#x1c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER ANG|&#x1c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AL|&#x1c5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LAA|&#x1c5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1C6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AAK|&#x1c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AAJ|&#x1c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AAM|&#x1c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER AAW|&#x1c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LI|&#x1c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER IS|&#x1c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER IH|&#x1c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER INY|&#x1c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER IR|&#x1c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LU|&#x1c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER UC|&#x1c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER UD|&#x1c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER UNN|&#x1c6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER UY|&#x1c6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LE|&#x1c6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER EP|&#x1c6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1C7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER EDD|&#x1c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER EN|&#x1c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER ERR|&#x1c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER LO|&#x1c73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER OTT|&#x1c74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER OB|&#x1c75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER OV|&#x1c76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI LETTER OH|&#x1c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI MU TTUDDAG|&#x1c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI GAAHLAA TTUDDAAG|&#x1c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI MU-GAAHLAA TTUDDAAG|&#x1c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI RELAA|&#x1c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI PHAARKAA|&#x1c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI AHAD|&#x1c7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI PUNCTUATION MUCAAD|&#x1c7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OL CHIKI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE MUCAAD|&#x1c7f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{9.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1C8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ROUNDED VE|&#x1c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LONG-LEGGED DE|&#x1c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O|&#x1c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER WIDE ES|&#x1c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL TE|&#x1c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER THREE-LEGGED TE|&#x1c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL HARD SIGN|&#x1c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL YAT|&#x1c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UNBLENDED UK|&#x1c88;}}||style="{{16.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TJE|&#x1c89;}}||style="{{16.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TJE|&#x1c8a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Georgian Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{11.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1C9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER AN|&#x1c90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER BAN|&#x1c91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER GAN|&#x1c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER DON|&#x1c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER EN|&#x1c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER VIN|&#x1c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ZEN|&#x1c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER TAN|&#x1c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER IN|&#x1c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER KAN|&#x1c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER LAS|&#x1c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER MAN|&#x1c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER NAR|&#x1c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ON|&#x1c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER PAR|&#x1c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ZHAR|&#x1c9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{11.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1CAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER RAE|&#x1ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER SAN|&#x1ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER TAR|&#x1ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER UN|&#x1ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER PHAR|&#x1ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER KHAR|&#x1ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER GHAN|&#x1ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER QAR|&#x1ca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER SHIN|&#x1ca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CHIN|&#x1ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CAN|&#x1caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER JIL|&#x1cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CIL|&#x1cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER CHAR|&#x1cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER XAN|&#x1cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER JHAN|&#x1caf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{11.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1CBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HAE|&#x1cb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HE|&#x1cb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HIE|&#x1cb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER WE|&#x1cb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HAR|&#x1cb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HOE|&#x1cb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER FI|&#x1cb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER YN|&#x1cb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER ELIFI|&#x1cb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER TURNED GAN|&#x1cb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER AIN|&#x1cba;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER AEN|&#x1cbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER HARD SIGN|&#x1cbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEORGIAN MTAVRULI CAPITAL LETTER LABIAL SIGN|&#x1cbf;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sundanese Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1CCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU SURYA|&#x1cc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU PANGLONG|&#x1cc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU PURNAMA|&#x1cc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU CAKRA|&#x1cc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU LEU SATANGA|&#x1cc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU KA SATANGA|&#x1cc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU DA SATANGA|&#x1cc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU BA SATANGA|&#x1cc7;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Vedic Extensions''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1CDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE KARSHANA|&#x1cd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE SHARA|&#x1cd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE PRENKHA|&#x1cd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN NIHSHVASA|&#x1cd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN YAJURVEDIC MIDLINE SVARITA|&#x1cd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC AGGRAVATED INDEPENDENT SVARITA|&#x1cd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC INDEPENDENT SVARITA|&#x1cd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC KATHAKA INDEPENDENT SVARITA|&#x1cd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE CANDRA BELOW|&#x1cd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC KATHAKA INDEPENDENT SVARITA SCHROEDER|&#x1cd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE DOUBLE SVARITA|&#x1cda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE TRIPLE SVARITA|&#x1cdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE KATHAKA ANUDATTA|&#x1cdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE DOT BELOW|&#x1cdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE TWO DOTS BELOW|&#x1cde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE THREE DOTS BELOW|&#x1cdf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.2}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1CEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE RIGVEDIC KASHMIRI INDEPENDENT SVARITA|&#x1ce0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE ATHARVAVEDIC INDEPENDENT SVARITA|&#x1ce1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN VISARGA SVARITA|&#x1ce2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN VISARGA UDATTA|&#x1ce3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN REVERSED VISARGA UDATTA|&#x1ce4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN VISARGA ANUDATTA|&#x1ce5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN REVERSED VISARGA ANUDATTA|&#x1ce6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN VISARGA UDATTA WITH TAIL|&#x1ce7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN VISARGA ANUDATTA WITH TAIL|&#x1ce8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA ANTARGOMUKHA|&#x1ce9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA BAHIRGOMUKHA|&#x1cea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA VAMAGOMUKHA|&#x1ceb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA VAMAGOMUKHA WITH TAIL|&#x1cec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN TIRYAK|&#x1ced;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN HEXIFORM LONG ANUSVARA|&#x1cee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN LONG ANUSVARA|&#x1cef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1CFx |style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN RTHANG LONG ANUSVARA|&#x1cf0;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA UBHAYATO MUKHA|&#x1cf1;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ARDHAVISARGA|&#x1cf2;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ROTATED ARDHAVISARGA|&#x1cf3;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE CANDRA ABOVE|&#x1cf4;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&#x1cf5;}}||style="background:#7e99ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN UPADHMANIYA|&#x1cf6;}}||style="{{10.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN ATIKRAMA|&#x1cf7;}}||style="{{7.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE RING ABOVE|&#x1cf8;}}||style="{{7.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC TONE DOUBLE RING ABOVE|&#x1cf9;}}||style="{{12.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VEDIC SIGN DOUBLE ANUSVARA ANTARGOMUKHA|&#x1cfa;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Phonetic Extensions''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1D0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL A|&#x1d00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL AE|&#x1d01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED AE|&#x1d02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL BARRED B|&#x1d03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL C|&#x1d04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL D|&#x1d05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL ETH|&#x1d06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL E|&#x1d07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OPEN E|&#x1d08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED I|&#x1d09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL J|&#x1d0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL K|&#x1d0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L WITH STROKE|&#x1d0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL M|&#x1d0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED N|&#x1d0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL O|&#x1d0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1D1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OPEN O|&#x1d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O|&#x1d11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS OPEN O|&#x1d12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O WITH STROKE|&#x1d13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED OE|&#x1d14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OU|&#x1d15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TOP HALF O|&#x1d16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER BOTTOM HALF O|&#x1d17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL P|&#x1d18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R|&#x1d19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R|&#x1d1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL T|&#x1d1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL U|&#x1d1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS U|&#x1d1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS DIAERESIZED U|&#x1d1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS TURNED M|&#x1d1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1D2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL V|&#x1d20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL W|&#x1d21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL Z|&#x1d22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL EZH|&#x1d23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER VOICED LARYNGEAL SPIRANT|&#x1d24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN LETTER AIN|&#x1d25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL GAMMA|&#x1d26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL LAMDA|&#x1d27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL PI|&#x1d28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL RHO|&#x1d29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL PSI|&#x1d2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYRILLIC LETTER SMALL CAPITAL EL|&#x1d2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL A|&#x1d2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL AE|&#x1d2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL B|&#x1d2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL BARRED B|&#x1d2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1D3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL D|&#x1d30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL E|&#x1d31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL REVERSED E|&#x1d32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL G|&#x1d33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL H|&#x1d34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL I|&#x1d35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL J|&#x1d36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL K|&#x1d37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL L|&#x1d38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL M|&#x1d39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL N|&#x1d3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL REVERSED N|&#x1d3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL O|&#x1d3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL OU|&#x1d3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL P|&#x1d3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R|&#x1d3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1D4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL T|&#x1d40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL U|&#x1d41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL W|&#x1d42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL A|&#x1d43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED A|&#x1d44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ALPHA|&#x1d45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED AE|&#x1d46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL B|&#x1d47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL D|&#x1d48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL E|&#x1d49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL SCHWA|&#x1d4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL OPEN E|&#x1d4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED OPEN E|&#x1d4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL G|&#x1d4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED I|&#x1d4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL K|&#x1d4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1D5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL M|&#x1d50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ENG|&#x1d51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL O|&#x1d52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL OPEN O|&#x1d53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TOP HALF O|&#x1d54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BOTTOM HALF O|&#x1d55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL P|&#x1d56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL T|&#x1d57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL U|&#x1d58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL SIDEWAYS U|&#x1d59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED M|&#x1d5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL V|&#x1d5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL AIN|&#x1d5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BETA|&#x1d5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GREEK GAMMA|&#x1d5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DELTA|&#x1d5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.0}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1D6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GREEK PHI|&#x1d60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CHI|&#x1d61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER I|&#x1d62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R|&#x1d63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER U|&#x1d64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER V|&#x1d65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER BETA|&#x1d66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER GAMMA|&#x1d67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER RHO|&#x1d68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER PHI|&#x1d69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER CHI|&#x1d6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER UE|&#x1d6b;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d6c;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d6d;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d6e;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1D7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH MIDDLE TILDE|&#x1d76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED G|&#x1d77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER CYRILLIC EN|&#x1d78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR G|&#x1d79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER TH WITH STRIKETHROUGH|&#x1d7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER I WITH STROKE|&#x1d7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH STROKE|&#x1d7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH STROKE|&#x1d7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL CAPITAL LETTER U WITH STROKE|&#x1d7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH STROKE|&#x1d7f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1D8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1d8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1D9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK AND TAIL|&#x1d91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1d9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED ALPHA|&#x1d9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL C|&#x1d9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL C WITH CURL|&#x1d9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ETH|&#x1d9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED OPEN E|&#x1d9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1DAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL F|&#x1da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL DOTLESS J WITH STROKE|&#x1da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL SCRIPT G|&#x1da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED H|&#x1da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL I WITH STROKE|&#x1da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL IOTA|&#x1da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I|&#x1da6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I WITH STROKE|&#x1da7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL J WITH CROSSED-TAIL|&#x1da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1da9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1daa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L|&#x1dab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL M WITH HOOK|&#x1dac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED M WITH LONG LEG|&#x1dad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL N WITH LEFT HOOK|&#x1dae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL N WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1daf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{4.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1DBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N|&#x1db0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BARRED O|&#x1db1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL PHI|&#x1db2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL S WITH HOOK|&#x1db3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL ESH|&#x1db4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL T WITH PALATAL HOOK|&#x1db5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL U BAR|&#x1db6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL UPSILON|&#x1db7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL U|&#x1db8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL V WITH HOOK|&#x1db9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED V|&#x1dba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL Z|&#x1dbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL Z WITH RETROFLEX HOOK|&#x1dbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL Z WITH CURL|&#x1dbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL EZH|&#x1dbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODIFIER LETTER SMALL THETA|&#x1dbf;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1DCx |style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOTTED GRAVE ACCENT|&nbsp;&#x1dc0;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOTTED ACUTE ACCENT|&nbsp;&#x1dc1;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SNAKE BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1dc2;}}||style="{{4.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING SUSPENSION MARK|&nbsp;&#x1dc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE|&nbsp;&#x1dc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON|&nbsp;&#x1dc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MACRON-GRAVE|&nbsp;&#x1dc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ACUTE-MACRON|&nbsp;&#x1dc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE|&nbsp;&#x1dc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ACUTE-GRAVE-ACUTE|&nbsp;&#x1dc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER R BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1dca;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING BREVE-MACRON|&nbsp;&#x1dcb;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING MACRON-BREVE|&nbsp;&#x1dcc;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE CIRCUMFLEX ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1dcd;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING OGONEK ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1dce;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ZIGZAG BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1dcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{5.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1DDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING IS BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1dd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING UR ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1dd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING US ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1dd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER FLATTENED OPEN A ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1dd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AE|&nbsp;&#x1dd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AO|&nbsp;&#x1dd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AV|&nbsp;&#x1dd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER C CEDILLA|&nbsp;&#x1dd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR D|&nbsp;&#x1dd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH|&nbsp;&#x1dd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER G|&nbsp;&#x1dda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G|&nbsp;&#x1ddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER K|&nbsp;&#x1ddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L|&nbsp;&#x1ddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L|&nbsp;&#x1dde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL M|&nbsp;&#x1ddf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{7.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1DEx |style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER N|&nbsp;&#x1de0;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N|&nbsp;&#x1de1;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R|&nbsp;&#x1de2;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER R ROTUNDA|&nbsp;&#x1de3;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER S|&nbsp;&#x1de4;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S|&nbsp;&#x1de5;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER Z|&nbsp;&#x1de6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA|&nbsp;&#x1de7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER B|&nbsp;&#x1de8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER BETA|&nbsp;&#x1de9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA|&nbsp;&#x1dea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER F|&nbsp;&#x1deb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE|&nbsp;&#x1dec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LIGHT CENTRALIZATION STROKE|&nbsp;&#x1ded;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER P|&nbsp;&#x1dee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH|&nbsp;&#x1def;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{7.0}};{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1DFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH LIGHT CENTRALIZATION STROKE|&nbsp;&#x1df0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER W|&nbsp;&#x1df1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS|&nbsp;&#x1df2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS|&nbsp;&#x1df3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS|&nbsp;&#x1df4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING UP TACK ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1df5;}}||style="{{10.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING KAVYKA ABOVE RIGHT|&nbsp;&#x1df6;}}||style="{{10.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING KAVYKA ABOVE LEFT|&nbsp;&#x1df7;}}||style="{{10.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOT ABOVE LEFT|&nbsp;&#x1df8;}}||style="{{10.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING WIDE INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1df9;}}||style="{{14.0}};{{text default color}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOT BELOW LEFT|&nbsp;&#x1dfa;}}||style="{{9.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DELETION MARK|&nbsp;&#x1dfb;}}||style="{{6.0}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1dfc;}}||style="{{5.2}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING ALMOST EQUAL TO BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1dfd;}}||style="{{5.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING LEFT ARROWHEAD ABOVE|&nbsp;&#x1dfe;}}||style="{{5.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING RIGHT ARROWHEAD AND DOWN ARROWHEAD BELOW|&nbsp;&#x1dff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Latin Extended Additional''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW|&#x1e00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW|&#x1e01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA AND ACUTE|&#x1e08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA AND ACUTE|&#x1e09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH CEDILLA|&#x1e10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CEDILLA|&#x1e11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH MACRON AND GRAVE|&#x1e14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON AND GRAVE|&#x1e15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH MACRON AND ACUTE|&#x1e16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON AND ACUTE|&#x1e17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW|&#x1e1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW|&#x1e1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CEDILLA AND BREVE|&#x1e1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CEDILLA AND BREVE|&#x1e1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH MACRON|&#x1e20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH MACRON|&#x1e21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH DIAERESIS|&#x1e26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH DIAERESIS|&#x1e27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH CEDILLA|&#x1e28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH CEDILLA|&#x1e29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH BREVE BELOW|&#x1e2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH BREVE BELOW|&#x1e2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW|&#x1e2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW|&#x1e2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS AND ACUTE|&#x1e2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS AND ACUTE|&#x1e2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH ACUTE|&#x1e30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH ACUTE|&#x1e31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON|&#x1e38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON|&#x1e39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH ACUTE|&#x1e3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH ACUTE|&#x1e3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE|&#x1e4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE|&#x1e4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS|&#x1e4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS|&#x1e4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MACRON AND GRAVE|&#x1e50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON AND GRAVE|&#x1e51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MACRON AND ACUTE|&#x1e52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON AND ACUTE|&#x1e53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH ACUTE|&#x1e54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH ACUTE|&#x1e55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON|&#x1e5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON|&#x1e5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH ACUTE AND DOT ABOVE|&#x1e64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE AND DOT ABOVE|&#x1e65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON AND DOT ABOVE|&#x1e66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON AND DOT ABOVE|&#x1e67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE|&#x1e68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE|&#x1e69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS BELOW|&#x1e72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS BELOW|&#x1e73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW|&#x1e74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW|&#x1e75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW|&#x1e77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE|&#x1e78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE|&#x1e79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH MACRON AND DIAERESIS|&#x1e7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON AND DIAERESIS|&#x1e7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH TILDE|&#x1e7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TILDE|&#x1e7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH GRAVE|&#x1e80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH GRAVE|&#x1e81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH ACUTE|&#x1e82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH ACUTE|&#x1e83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DIAERESIS|&#x1e84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DIAERESIS|&#x1e85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X WITH DIAERESIS|&#x1e8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH DIAERESIS|&#x1e8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1E9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CIRCUMFLEX|&#x1e90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CIRCUMFLEX|&#x1e91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1e93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH LINE BELOW|&#x1e96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DIAERESIS|&#x1e97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH RING ABOVE|&#x1e98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH RING ABOVE|&#x1e99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RIGHT HALF RING|&#x1e9a;}}||style="{{2.0}};{{text default color}}"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DOT ABOVE|&#x1e9b;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DIAGONAL STROKE|&#x1e9c;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH HIGH STROKE|&#x1e9d;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S|&#x1e9e;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER DELTA|&#x1e9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1ea0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1ea1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ea2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ea3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&#x1ea4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&#x1ea5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&#x1ea6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&#x1ea7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ea8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ea9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&#x1eaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&#x1eab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&#x1eac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&#x1ead;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE|&#x1eae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND ACUTE|&#x1eaf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE|&#x1eb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND GRAVE|&#x1eb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1eb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1eb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE|&#x1eb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE|&#x1eb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW|&#x1eb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND DOT BELOW|&#x1eb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1eb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1eb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1eba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ebb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE|&#x1ebc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE|&#x1ebd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&#x1ebe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&#x1ebf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1ECx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&#x1ec0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&#x1ec1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ec2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ec3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&#x1ec4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&#x1ec5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&#x1ec6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&#x1ec7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ec8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ec9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1eca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1ecb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1ecc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1ecd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ece;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ecf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&#x1ed0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE|&#x1ed1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&#x1ed2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE|&#x1ed3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ed4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ed5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&#x1ed6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE|&#x1ed7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&#x1ed8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW|&#x1ed9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND ACUTE|&#x1eda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND ACUTE|&#x1edb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND GRAVE|&#x1edc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND GRAVE|&#x1edd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ede;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1edf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE|&#x1ee0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE|&#x1ee1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW|&#x1ee2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW|&#x1ee3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1ee4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1ee5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ee6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ee7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND ACUTE|&#x1ee8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND ACUTE|&#x1ee9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND GRAVE|&#x1eea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND GRAVE|&#x1eeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1eec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND HOOK ABOVE|&#x1eed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE|&#x1eee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE|&#x1eef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1EFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW|&#x1ef0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND DOT BELOW|&#x1ef1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE|&#x1ef2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE|&#x1ef3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1ef4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1ef5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ef6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE|&#x1ef7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH TILDE|&#x1ef8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE|&#x1ef9;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH LL|&#x1efa;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH LL|&#x1efb;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH V|&#x1efc;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH V|&#x1efd;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH LOOP|&#x1efe;}}||style="{{5.1}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH LOOP|&#x1eff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Greek Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI|&#x1f00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA|&#x1f01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI|&#x1f08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA|&#x1f09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI|&#x1f10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA|&#x1f11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f15;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI|&#x1f18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA|&#x1f19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f1d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI|&#x1f20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA|&#x1f21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI|&#x1f28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA|&#x1f29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI|&#x1f30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA|&#x1f31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI|&#x1f38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA|&#x1f39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI|&#x1f40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA|&#x1f41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f45;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI|&#x1f48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA|&#x1f49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f4d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI|&#x1f50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA|&#x1f51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f57;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA|&#x1f59;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f5b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f5d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI|&#x1f60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA|&#x1f61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI|&#x1f68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA|&#x1f69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1f6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1f6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1f6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1f6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1f6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA|&#x1f70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA|&#x1f71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA|&#x1f72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA|&#x1f73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA|&#x1f74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA|&#x1f75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA|&#x1f76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA|&#x1f77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA|&#x1f78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA|&#x1f79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA|&#x1f7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA|&#x1f7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA|&#x1f7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA|&#x1f7d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1f9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1faa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1faf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VRACHY|&#x1fb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON|&#x1fb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fb4;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI|&#x1fb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VRACHY|&#x1fb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON|&#x1fb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA|&#x1fba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA|&#x1fbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK KORONIS|&#x1fbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PSILI|&#x1fbf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PERISPOMENI|&#x1fc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1fc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fc4;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI|&#x1fc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA|&#x1fc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA|&#x1fc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA|&#x1fca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA|&#x1fcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1fcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PSILI AND VARIA|&#x1fcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PSILI AND OXIA|&#x1fce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK PSILI AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1fcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VRACHY|&#x1fd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH MACRON|&#x1fd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA|&#x1fd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA|&#x1fd3;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI|&#x1fd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1fd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VRACHY|&#x1fd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH MACRON|&#x1fd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA|&#x1fda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA|&#x1fdb;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DASIA AND VARIA|&#x1fdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DASIA AND OXIA|&#x1fde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DASIA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1fdf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY|&#x1fe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON|&#x1fe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA|&#x1fe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA|&#x1fe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI|&#x1fe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA|&#x1fe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI|&#x1fe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND PERISPOMENI|&#x1fe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VRACHY|&#x1fe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH MACRON|&#x1fe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA|&#x1fea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA|&#x1feb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA|&#x1fec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DIALYTIKA AND VARIA|&#x1fed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DIALYTIKA AND OXIA|&#x1fee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK VARIA|&#x1fef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{1.1}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FFx |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1ff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1ff3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1ff4;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI|&#x1ff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI|&#x1ff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA|&#x1ff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA|&#x1ff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA|&#x1ffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA|&#x1ffb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI|&#x1ffc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK OXIA|&#x1ffd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEK DASIA|&#x1ffe;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} sjb8efalkiprnrvkfs76oy1i2wyr04e Emergency Medicine/Hypertensive Emergencies 0 79873 4673049 3255299 2026-09-30T06:45:11Z Jcb 90773 4673049 wikitext text/x-wiki =Hypertension= ==Definitions== ===Hypertension=== Hypertension, as defined by the ''Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure'' (JNC 7), is defined as the systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > 90 mmHg. In order to diagnose a patient with hypertension, the blood pressure must be above these levels for the average of at least two separate readings in a seated patient on at least two separate office visits. JNC 7 defines two stages of hypertension: *Stage I: SBP 140-159 mmHg and/or DBP 90-99 mmHg *Stage II: SBP >= 160 mmHg and/or DBP >= 100 mmHg ===Hypertensive Urgency=== Hypertensive ''urgency'' is defined as severe hypertension '''without''' acute evidence of target organ damage/dysfunction (CNS, cardiovascular, renal). ===Hypertensive Emergency=== Hypertensive '''''emergency''''' is defined as severe hypertension '''with''' evidence of acute target organ damage/dysfunction. Treatment always requires IV medication and reduction of blood pressure within one hour. *Note: a patient does not necessarily have to carry a previous diagnosis of hypertension to present with hypertensive emergency! ==Etiology== In most cases, the exact cause of hypertension is never found, and the hypertension is said to be "essential". There are, however, several reversible and correctible causes that should be searched out and eliminated if at all possible. These include: *Drug use **OTC sinus preparations **[[Emergency Medicine/Hallucinogens|PCP]] **[[Emergency Medicine/Amphetamines|Amphetamines]] **[[Emergency Medicine/Cocaine|Cocaine]] **Oral contraceptives *Drug withdrawals **Beta blockers **Alpha2 agonists *Renal Artery Stenosis *Pheochromocytoma *[[Emergency Medicine/Congenital Abnormalities of the Cardiovascular System|Aortic coarctation]] *Cushing Syndrome/Disease *Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia *Hyperaldosteronism ==Diagnosis== ===History=== Historical account should focus on the presence or absence of organ damage/dysfunction (see below), any previous history of hypertension, current medications, and ruling in/out the above etiologic factors. Specifically ask about: *Back pain - Aortic dissection *Chest pain - Myocardial infarction or ischemia *Dyspnea - Pulmonary edema, CHF *Neurologic symptoms - headache, visual disturbances, altered level of consciousness, seizures **Symptoms of Encephalopathy ===Examination=== Vital signs: Should be monitored every 5–10 minutes if hypertensive emergency is considered. General: Level of consciousness, fluency of speech HEENT: Funduscopic exam should be performed looking for papilledema, new exudates, and flame hemorrhages. Cardiovascular: Look for signs of long standing hypertension and acute cardiovascular dysfunction * Heaves * Displacement of the PMI * Carotid bruits * Elevated JVP * Peripheral edema Pulmonary: Evaluate for signs of CHF * Crackles * Wheezes * Accessory muscle use/retractions Abdomen: Assess for bruits or pulsatile masses Neurologic: Look for signs of hypertensive encephalopathy * Altered level of consciousness * Acute confusional states/delirium * Visual field deficits * Focal deficits, either centrally or peripherally ===Imaging/Lab Studies=== BMP, CBC, UA, Tox studies (if indicated) EKG should be performed if chest pain or dyspnea is present Chest radiographs may be indicated if there is chest pain or dyspnea Head CT is indicated if there are focal neurological findings ==Treatment== ===Hypertensive Urgency=== Treatment of hypertensive urgency involves reducing the blood pressure to normal or near-normal levels within 24 to 48 hours. These patients, who do not have any objective evidence of end-organ damage, may be discharged on oral anti-hypertensives with close follow-up at their primary physician's office within the next 2–3 days. ===Hypertensive Emergency=== Hypertensive emergency requires rapid BP lowering and admission to a step-down unit or the ICU. General principles include reducing the mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 20% in 1–2 hours with IV anti-hypertensives, including nitroprusside, nitroglycerin or IV beta-blockers. Afterwards, the blood pressure should be brought to 160/100 over the next 6–8 hours. ==References== #The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure ([http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/hypertension/jnc7full.pdf PDF link]) #Murphy, C. "Hypertensive Emergencies." ''Emerg Clin North Am.'' 1995 Nov;13(4):973-1007. {{PMID|7588198}} {{BookCat}} 0oco5tnggitaz2q9pgqmh77ddt45dm5 Radiation Oncology/IGRT 0 81210 4673052 3741521 2026-09-30T06:48:04Z Jcb 90773 4673052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/TOC}} *IGRT is a step forward of IMRT in which various biological and anatomical imaging techniques are integrated into the radiation therapy process. The overall goal of IGRT is to target tumors more accurately while better sparing the normal tissues. The definition of target volume is undergoing a change on account of advancements in imaging modalities. *{{PMID|15606303}} *Magnetic Resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) ({{PMID|31167658}}): MRL systems overcome the limitations of conventional image-guided radiotherapy, especially in soft tissue, where target and organs at risk need accurate definition {{BookCat}} 1qek5wez5ivw7ms4a2ock0cq656m5y8 Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Early stage 0 84496 4673037 2982376 2026-09-30T06:03:39Z Jcb 90773 4673037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/TOC}} <big>'''Early Stage Hodgkin's Disease'''</big> ==Treatment Overview== *Initially, high cure rate was achieved through prophylactic extended field radiation, to adjacent areas next to involved regions *Since staging laparotomy showed infradiaphgragmatic occult disease in ~20% patients with supradiaphragmatic disease, prophylactic radiation was extended to para-aortic fields or all lymph node areas. Spleen was either removed or irradiated *Local and distant relapses continued to occur despite extensive RT; combined chemotherapy ([[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP|MOPP]]) and radiation (EFRT) was shown to result in 80-90% 5-year survival. Randomized trials showed that combined chemotherapy + EFRT and combined chemotherapy + IFRT was superior to RT alone *Because maximal combined treatment resulted in significant toxicity (late sepsis in splenectomy patients, second malignancies, heart and lung disease, and sterility), efforts were undertaken to reduce radiation field size after administration of chemotherapy *to be continued ... *German HD8 and EORTC H9 showed [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVD|ABVD]] x4 cycles + IFRT 30 Gy as the superior approach for unfavorable disease over chemotherapy + EFRT *to be continued ... ==RT alone== *'''Princess Margaret Hospital; 1992''' (1978-86) {{PMID|1555977}} &mdash; "Analysis of supradiaphragmatic clinical stage I and II Hodgkin's disease treated with radiation alone." Gospodarowicz MK et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;22(5):859-65. **Retrospective. 250 patients. Stage cI-II with supradiaphragmatic disease; no adverse prognostic factors. Variety of radiation techniques (involved field, mantle, or extended field). **90% cause-specific survival at 8-years with RT alone *'''Stanford''' **'''1973''' {{PMID|4126721}} &mdash; "Survival and relapse rates in Hodgkin's disease: Stanford experience, 1961-71." (Kaplan HS, Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1973 May;36:487-96.) ***No abstract **'''1968''' {{PMID|4170945}} -- "Clinical evaluation and radiotherapeutic management of Hodgkin's disease and the malignant lymphomas." (Kaplan HS, N Engl J Med. 1968 Apr 18;278(16):892-9.) ***No abstract **'''1962''' {{PMID|14453744}} &mdash; "The radical radiotherapy of regionally localized Hodgkin's disease." (Kaplan HS, Radiology. 1962 Apr;78:553-61.) ***No abstract ==RT vs Chemo== *'''NCI-Canada HD.6''' **See results below (at [[#Chemo vs Chemo+RT]]) *'''NCI''' **{{PMID|2033427}}, 1991 &mdash; "Radiation therapy versus combination chemotherapy in the treatment of early-stage Hodgkin's disease: seven-year results of a prospective randomized trial." Longo DL et al. J Clin Oncol. 1991 Jun;9(6): 906-17. **Randomized. 136 pts. Stage I,II,and IIIA1. Pts with peripheral IA treated with RT alone (n=30). The rest were randomized to RT alone vs MOPP. **Median f/u 7.5 yrs. For pts with peripheral IA dz treated with RT alone, all pts cured. For pts randomized to RT, 96% CR, 35% relapsed, 20% died. For [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP|MOPP]], 96% CR, 13% relapsed, 7% died. 10-yr DFS 60% RT vs 86% (SS). 10-yr OS, 76% vs 92% (p=.05). MOPP superior for the following subgroups: Stage IIIA1, massive mediastinal dz, no B symptoms, ESR >20, 4 or more involved sites, age < 40. *'''Italian trial''' **{{PMID|1740677}}, 1992 (1979-82) &mdash; "Extended-field radiotherapy is superior to MOPP chemotherapy for the treatment of pathologic stage I-IIA Hodgkin's disease: eight-year update of an Italian prospective randomized study." Biti GP et al. J Clin Oncol. 1992 Mar;10(3): 378-82. **89 pts. Stage pI-IIA. Randomized to mantle field followed by para-aortic vs [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP|MOPP]] x 6 cycles. ==Chemo + RT== *'''Stanford''', 1993 (1980-88) - {{PMID|7683016}} &mdash; "Hodgkin's disease with bulky mediastinal involvement: effective management with combined modality therapy." Behar RA et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Apr 2;25(5):771-6. **Retrospective. 48 pts with bulky disease. Chemo followed by mantle field RT. **9-yr OS 84%, FFR 88% **Good results for combined modality treatment. ==RT vs Chemo+RT== *'''EORTC H5''', 1988 (1977-82) :See details at [[#EORTC Hodgkin's trials]] *'''EORTC H8-Favorable''' (1993-1999) -- MOPP-ABV x3 + IFRT vs STNI **Randomized. 542 patients, Stage I-II supradiaphragmatic HD, favorable (Prognostic score using [[Radiation_Oncology/Hodgkin/EORTC|EORTC H7]] criteria 1-5). Arm 1) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP-ABV|MOPP-ABV]] x3 cycles + IFRT vs. Arm 2) STNI alone **'''2007''' {{PMID|17989384}} -- "Chemotherapy plus involved-field radiation in early-stage Hodgkin's disease." (Ferme C, N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 8;357(19):1916-27.). Median F/U 7.7 years ***H8-F Outcome: 5-year EFS MOPP-ABV + IFRT 98% vs. STNI 74% (SS); 10-year OS 97% vs. 92% (SS) ***Conclusion: For favorable disease, MOPP-ABV x3 cycles + IFRT is superior to STNI *'''German HD7''' (1993-1998) -- EFRT alone vs. ABVD x2 + EFRT **Randomized. 650 patients, Stage IA-IIB without risk factors. Treated with 1) RT alone vs. 2) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVD|ABVD]] x 2 cycles + RT RT same in both arms, given as EFRT 30 Gy + IFRT 10 Gy **'''2007''' {{PMID|17606976}} -- "Two cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine plus extended-field radiotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in early favorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final results of the GHSG HD7 trial." (Engert A, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 10;25(23):3495-502.). Median F/U 7.2 years ***7-year outcome: no difference in survival (92% vs. 94%, NS), but significant difference in DFS RT alone 67% vs. CRT 88% (SS). Treatment relapse more successful for RT only arm ***Second malignancies: no difference, 0.8% per year, highest in older patients & B-symptoms ***Conclusion: Combined modality more effective than EF-RT alone *'''SWOG S9133''' (1989-2000) -- STNI vs doxorubicin/vinblastine + STNI **Randomized. ''Closed after 2nd analysis due to superior outcome of CMT arm.'' 348 patients with clinical Stage IA-IIA, supradiaphragmatic HD, no staging laparotomy. Arm 1) subtotal lymphoid irradiation (STNI 36/20 or 40/20) or chemo (doxorubicin/vinblastine x3 cycles) + STNI **'''2001''' {{PMID|11709567}} &mdash; "Phase III randomized intergroup trial of subtotal lymphoid irradiation versus doxorubicin, vinblastine, and subtotal lymphoid irradiation for stage IA to IIA Hodgkin's disease." (Press OW et al. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Nov 15;19(22):4238-44.) Median F/U 3.3 years ***Outcome: FFS CMT 94% vs. STNI only 81% (SS); only 3 and 7 deaths in the arms ***Toxicity: well tolerated **Conclusion: Good outcome possible without staging laparotomy; combined modality superior to STNI alone *'''EORTC H7-Favorable''' (1988-1993) -- EBVP x6 + IFRT vs STNI **Randomized. 333 patients with Stage I supradiaphragmatic HL, favorable (prognostic score 1-5). No staging laparotomy. Arm 1) STNI alone (36 Gy uninvoled, 40 Gy involved fields) vs. Arm 2) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#EBVP|EBVP]] x6 cycles + IFRT (36-40 Gy) **'''2006''' {{PMID|16754934}} &mdash; "Combined-modality therapy for clinical stage I or II Hodgkin's lymphoma: long-term results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer H7 randomized controlled trials." (Noordijk EM, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 1;24(19):3128-35.) Median F/U 8.7 years ***Outcome: 10-yr EFS STNI 78% vs. EBVP+IF 88% (SS). OS similar at 92%. ***Conclusion: Combined chemo + IFRT is superior STNI alone ==Chemo vs Chemo+RT== '''''Meta-analysis''''' *'''Cologne; 2010''' {{PMID|19951972}} -- "Combined modality treatment improves tumor control and overall survival in patients with early stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: a systematic review." (Herbst C, Haematologica. 2010 Mar;95(3):494-500. Epub 2009 Nov 30.) **Meta-analysis. 5 randomized trials of chemo alone vs chemo-RT, 1245 patients, early stage HL **Outcome: tumor control better with chemo-RT (HR 0.4, SS), OS better with chemo-RT (HR 0.4, SS) **Conclusion: Adding RT to chemotherapy improves local tumor control and overall survival '''''Randomized''''' *'''EORTC H10'''(ONGOING) - chemotherapy alone vs chemo-RT (involved nodes - INRT) in pts with PET CR after 2 cycles of chemo **See details at [[Radiation_Oncology/Hodgkin/EORTC#H10|H10]] *'''EORTC H9-F''' (1998-2004) - chemo followed by IFRT 36 Gy vs 20 Gy vs observation **See details at [[Radiation_Oncology/Hodgkin/EORTC#H9|H9F]] *'''Italy; 2007''' {{PMID|17786707}} -- "Randomized comparison of consolidation radiation versus observation in bulky Hodgkin's lymphoma with post-chemotherapy negative positron emission tomography scans." (Picardi M, Leuk Lymphoma. 2007 Sep;48(9):1721-7.) **Randomized. 260 patients with bulky HL, treated with induction chemo. Then if no residual disease on PET, randomized to +/- IFRT 32 Gy. Median F/U 3.3 years **Outcome: Biopsy malignancy observation 14% vs. RT 4% (SS). All relapses in chemo-only group were in the bulky site/contiguous LNs **Conclusion: PET accuracy 86% with 14% false-negative rate; addition of RT improves EFS in PET-negative patients *'''NCI-Canada HD.6 / ECOG''' (1994-2002) - ABVD vs RT (or ABVD+RT) **405 pts. Stage I-IIA, no bulky disease. Also excluded pts with low risk disease (single node, NS or LP histology, limited to high neck or epitrochlear). Stratified into favorable or unfavorable groups (unfavorable, any of: age >40, ESR > 50, MC or LD histology, 4 or more sites of disease). Staging eval included CT but not PET. **Randomized to: ***1) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVD|ABVD]] alone. All received at least 4 cycles. Restaged after cycles 2 and 4. If achieve CR after 2nd cycle, then had 4 cycles only. If not achieve early CR, then receive a total of 6 cycles. ***2) Radiation therapy. Favorable group received RT alone (subtotal nodal). Unfavorable group received 2 cyles ABVD then RT (subtotal nodal). Dose was 35 Gy / 20 fx (175 cGy/fx). **Trial closed to accrual early (goal was 450 pts) after results of EORTC trial that showed excellent results for involved field (rather than subtotal nodal) RT in combination with chemotherapy. **'''2005''' {{PMID|15837968}} &mdash; "Randomized comparison of ABVD chemotherapy with a strategy that includes radiation therapy in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group." Meyer RM et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 20;23(21):4634-42. ***Median f/u 4.2 yrs. 399 pts evaluated. No difference in EFS (86 v 86%) or OS (96 vs 94%). Benefit for freedom from disease progression for RT arm (87 vs 93%, SS). In unfavorable group, freedom from disease progression was superior in the combined modality arm, but no difference in OS. ***''Note: Compare to preliminary results from H9F (listed above)'' **'''2012 (12 yrs):''' {{PMID|22149921}} -- "ABVD Alone versus Radiation-Based Therapy in Limited-Stage Hodgkin's Lymphoma" (Meyer RM, N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.) -- Median f/u 11.3 yr ***12-yr OS 94% (ABVD alone) vs 87% (STNI), SS. FFDP 87% (ABVD) vs 92% (STNI), SS. EFS 85% vs 80%, NS. ***In favorable group, no difference in OS, FFDP, EFS at 12 years with ABVD vs STNI ***In unfavorable group, ABVD+STNI had better 12 yr FFDP (94% vs 86%, SS) but worse 12 yr OS (81% vs 92%, SS) than ABVD alone ***More secondary cancers (23 vs 10 pts), cardiac events (26 vs 16 pts) with STNI **'''Conclusion''': ABVD alone was associated with a higher rate of overall survival owing to a lower rate of death from other causes. **'''Criticisms''': Antiquated RT techniques with large field (STNI) and high dose (35 Gy) may have increased late toxicity, RT group had older patients (45% vs 36% over age 40), 5 of 24 deaths in RT arm from "other causes" including drowning/suicide/Alzheimer's vs. no such deaths in chemo alone arm, ABVD x 2c may be insufficient systemic therapy for unfavorable disease *'''Tata Memorial Hospital; India''' (1993-1996) -- Initial chemotherapy, PET-, then +/- RT **Randomized. 179 patients (251 enrolled, and 179 achieved CR). Stage I-IV (I-II in ~55%), ABVD x6. If clinical/radiographical CR, then Arm 1) EBRT vs Arm 2) observation. RT given as IFRT 84%, inverted Y 11%, mantle 4%, TNI 1%. Dose 30 Gy with 10 Gy boost to bulky disease **'''2004''' {{PMID|14657226}} -- "Consolidation radiation after complete remission in Hodgkin's disease following six cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy: is there a need?" (Laskar S, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jan 1;22(1):62-8. Epub 2003 Dec 2.) Median F/U 5.25 years ***Outcome: 8-year EFS no RT 76% vs RT 88% (SS), 8-year OS 89% vs 100% (SS). RT improved outcomes for age <15 years, B-symptoms, advanced stage, and bulky disease ***Conclusion: Addition of consolidation RT improves EFS/OS in patients achieving CR after ABVD '''''Retrospective''''' *'''SEER''' (1988-2006) **Adult stage I-II. No chemo information available. **'''2012''' {{PMID|22251881}} -- "Declining use of radiotherapy in stage I and II Hodgkin's disease and its effect on survival and secondary malignancies." (Koshy M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Feb 1;82(2):619-25.) -- Median f/u 4.9 yrs ***12,247 pts; 51.5% received RT. Decreasing utilization of RT: 62.9% RT use 1988-91, vs 43.7% in 2004-06. ***5-yr OS 76% (RT) vs 87% (no RT); HR 1.72. No increase in secondary malignancies. ***Conclusion: survival benefit associated with use of RT ==Extent of radiation field (RT alone)== ===Meta-analysis=== *'''International HD Collaborative Group; 1998''' {{PMID|9508163}} -- "Influence of more extensive radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term outcome of early-stage Hodgkin's disease: a meta-analysis of 23 randomized trials involving 3,888 patients. International Hodgkin's Disease Collaborative Group." (Specht L, J Clin Oncol. 1998 Mar;16(3):830-43.) **Meta-analysis. 1,974 patients in 8 trials comparing more vs less extensive RT and 1,688 patients in 13 trials comparing RT + chemo vs RT alone **Outcome: More extensive RT reduces risk of failure (31% vs. 43%, SS), but there was no impact on 10-year OS (77% vs 77%). Addition of chemotherapy reduced risk of failure (15% vs. 33%), with no impact on 10-year OS (79% vs. 76%) **Conclusion: More extensive RT field or addition of chemo improve disease control, but have no effect on OS due to effective salvage. Less intensive primary treatment appears to achieve similar survival rates as more intensive treatment ==Extent of radiation field (with chemotherapy)== Please see [[Radiation_Oncology/Hodgkin/Overview#Radiation_fields|HD radiation fields]] for overview ===STNI vs. IFRT=== *'''EORTC H8-U''' (1993-1999) -- MOPP-ABV x6 + IFRT vs MOPP-ABV x4 + IFRT vs MOPP-ABV x4 + STNI **Randomized, 3 arms. 996 patients, Stage I-II supradiaphragmatic HD, unfavorable (Prognostic score using [[Radiation_Oncology/Hodgkin/EORTC|EORTC H7]] criteria >=9). Arm 1) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP-ABV|MOPP-ABV]] x6 cycles + IFRT vs. Arm 2) MOPP-ABV x4 cycles + IFRT vs. Arm 3) MOPP-ABV x4 cycles + STNI. RT dose CR 36 Gy, PR 40 Gy **'''2007''' {{PMID|17989384}} -- "Chemotherapy plus involved-field radiation in early-stage Hodgkin's disease." (Ferme C, N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 8;357(19):1916-27.). Median F/U 7.7 years ***Outcome: 5-year EFS 84% vs. 88% vs. 87% (NS); 10-year OS 88% vs. 85% vs. 84% (NS) ***Conclusion: Best strategy for unfavorable disease is MOPP-ABV x4 cycles + IFRT *'''Milan''' (Italy)(1990-96) - ABVD x 4 cycles plus subtotal nodal vs involved field RT **Randomized. 136 patients. Stage I (unfavorable) or IIA (favorable or unfavorable), clinical staging. [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVD|ABVD]] x4 cycles. Arm 1) subtotal nodal irradiation vs. Arm 2) involved field RT. RT began 4 weeks after chemo and restaging. Dose for CR 36 Gy, for PR/unconfirmed CR 40 Gy. For STNI, 30.6 Gy to uninvolved mantle + para-aortic + spleen. Treated postchemotherapy volumes **'''2004''' {{PMID|15199092}} (2004) - "ABVD plus subtotal nodal vs involved-field radiotherapy in early-stage Hodgkin's disease: long-term results." (Bonadonna G, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul 15;22(14):2835-41.) Median F/U 9.7 years ***Outcome: CR STNI 100% vs. IFRT 97%. 12-year FFP 93% vs. 94% (NS); 12-year OS 96% vs. 94% (NS) ***Conclusion: ABVD + IFRT is feasible to use involved-field instead of more extensive RT ===EFRT vs. IFRT=== *'''German HD8''' (1993-98) -- COPP/ABVD x2 cycles plus EFRT vs IFRT **Randomized. 1064 patients, with early stage unfavorable HD. Clinical stages I-II with 1 or more risk factors, as well as stage IIIA without risk factors. Risk factors were large mediastinal mass, extranodal, massive splenic involvement, elevated ESR, or more than 2 lymph node groups. IIB may have only elevated ESR or more than 2 lymph node groups but no other risk factors. Treated with [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#COPP/ABVD|COPP/ABVD]] x 2 cycles, then randomized to Arm 1) EFRT 30 Gy vs. Arm 2) IFRT 30 Gy. A 10 Gy boost to bulky disease. Supradiaphragmatic EF RT was a mantle + PA + splenic hilum / spleen. Subdiaphragmatic EF RT was an inverted Y plus mini-mantle. **'''5-years; 2003''' {{PMID|12913100}} &mdash; "Involved-field radiotherapy is equally effective and less toxic compared with extended-field radiotherapy after four cycles of chemotherapy in patients with early-stage unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of the HD8 trial of the German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group." (Engert A, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Oct 1;21(19):3601-8.) Median F/U 4.5 years ***Outcome: 5-year FFTF EFRT 86% vs. IFRT 84% (NS), 5-year OS EFRT 91% vs. 92% (NS). No difference in CR, PFS, relapse rate, death, and second neoplasm ***Toxicity: Nause/vomiting, pharyngitis, GI toxicity, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia worse in EFRT arms ***Conclusion: RT volume reduction from EFRT to IFRT produces similar results and less toxicity **'''Elderly; 2007''' {{PMID|17071932}} -- "Poorer outcome of elderly patients treated with extended-field radiotherapy compared with involved-field radiotherapy after chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma: an analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group." (Klimm B, Ann Oncol. 2007 Feb;18(2):357-63. Epub 2006 Oct 27.) ***Subset analysis. 89 patients age >60. Poorer risk profile ***Outcome: 5-year FFTF EFRT 58% vs. IFRT 70% (SS), OS 59% vs. 81% (SS) ***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 EFRT 26% vs. IFRT 9% ***Conclusion: Treatment with EFRT of elderly patients after chemo has negative impact on survival *'''GPMC''' (Groupe Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, France)(1976-81) -- MOPP x3 plus EFRT vs IFRT **Randomized. 335 patients, Stage I-IIIA. No staging laparotomy or splenectomy. MOPP x3 cycles. Then randomized to Arm 1)EFRT vs Arm 2) IFRT. Supradiaphragmatic disease = mantle + para-aortic field. Infradiaphragmatic disease = inverted Y + supraclavicular fields. Stage III = total nodal irradiation. Dose 40 Gy @ 2-2.5 Gy/fx. For unfavorable prognosis patients, additional MOPP x3 given **'''1985''' {{PMID|3838188}} &mdash; "Extended versus involved fields irradiation combined with MOPP chemotherapy in early clinical stages of Hodgkin's disease." (Zittoun R, J Clin Oncol. 1985 Feb;3(2):207-14.) Median F/U 3.5 years ***Outcome: 6-year DFS EFRT 90% vs. IFRT 86% (NS), OS 93% vs. 90% (NS). Relapse in nonirradiated areas EFRT 3/11 (27%) vs IFRT 12/18 (67%) ***Conclusion: Combined chemotherapy and EFRT did not result in definite advantage and may represent overtreatment for many patients ===INRT=== *'''British Columbia; 2008''' (1989-2005) {{PMID|18838714}} -- "Involved-nodal radiation therapy as a component of combination therapy for limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: a question of field size." (Campbell BA, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov 10;26(32):5170-4. Epub 2008 Oct 6.) **Retrospective. 325 patients with limited-stage HD Stage (IA 29%, IIA 71%), treated with chemotherapy + RT. EFRT used 1989-1996 (39%), IFRT used 1996-2001 (30%), INRT used 2001-2005 (31%). INRT defined as prechemo nodal volume with margin <=5 cm. No PET. Median F/U of living patients 6.7 years **Outcome: Relapse rate EFRT 3% vs. IFRT 5% vs. INRT 3% (NS). No marginal recurrences after INRT. 5-year PFS 97% and OS 95%. 10-year PFS 95% and OS 90% **Conclusion: Reduction in field size to involved nodes + 5cm appears safe, without increased risk of recurrence ===Field Guidelines=== *'''German GHSG; 2008''' {{PMID|18956517}} -- "Involved-node radiotherapy in early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. Definition and guidelines of the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG)." (Eich HT, Strahlenther Onkol. 2008 Aug;184(8):406-10.) **CTV encompasses initial location and extent of disease, taking displacement of normal tissue into account. Margin 2 cm axial and 3cm craniocaudal; can be reduced to 1-1.5 cm. Mediastinum is different **Conclusion: Concept of INRT has been proposed; field sizes will further decrease compared to IFRT *'''EORTC-GELA''' **'''2008''' {{PMID|18555548}} -- "The conundrum of Hodgkin lymphoma nodes: to be or not to be included in the involved node radiation fields. The EORTC-GELA lymphoma group guidelines." (Girinsky T, Radiother Oncol. 2008 Aug;88(2):202-10. Epub 2008 Jun 12.) ***Three step process in treatment position: 1) PET scan review, 2) CT scan review, 3) prechemo vs postchemo changes used as surrogate of initial involvement ***Conclusion: Guidelines developed for cervical and axillary lymph nodes. This manuscript is considered an addendum to prior publication **'''2006''' {{PMID|16797755}} -- "Involved-node radiotherapy (INRT) in patients with early Hodgkin lymphoma: concepts and guidelines." (Girinsky T, Radiother Oncol. 2006 Jun;79(3):270-7. Epub 2006 Jun 22.) ***New concepts for RT fields in patients with early stage HD after chemotherapy ***Conclusion: First attempt at concept of involved-node radiotherapy (INRT) guidelines ***<u>Comment</u> ({{PMID|17125861}}): Implementing INRT requires using 4DCT to ensure appropriate margins for motion ***<u>Author response</u> ({{PMID|17125861}}): Goal is to propose easy reasonable guidelines, emphasis on pretreatment volumes *'''Memorial Sloan-Kettering; 2002''' {{PMID|12078908}} -- "The involved field is back: issues in delineating the radiation field in Hodgkin's disease." (Yahalom J, Ann Oncol. 2002;13 Suppl 1:79-83.) **Design guidelines and field border recommendations ==RT dose== *Meta-analysis in 1966 ({{PMID|5947345}}) suggested a continuous reduction in recurrence rates with RT alone up to 40 Gy, after which toxicity became excessive *Subsequent dose-response analyses ({{PMID|1620882}}, {{PMID|10348284}}) suggested a plateau between 30 - 40 Gy for subclinical disease, but reduction in control for bulky disease below 40 Gy *German HD4 randomized trial showed that 30 Gy was adequate compared to 40 Gy *Both German HD10 and EORTC H9 suggest (reported as abstract only; 4/2010) that 20 Gy after chemo CR may be sufficient as a consolidation dose *Please also see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Hodgkin/Early_stage_favorable|Early Stage Favorable]] page for more trials *'''German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group; 1997''' (1983-93) **Review of pts from randomized trials HD1 and HD5. Pts were treated with COPP/ABVD followed by RT. Randomized to 20 vs 40 Gy extended field in HD1; received 30 Gy in HD5. Bulky dz always received 40 Gy. **No difference in freedom from failure or survival in the different dose arms, supporting that 20 Gy is acceptable for nonbulky disease. Bulky disease should receive 40 Gy. ==Chemotherapy Regimens== *'''HD13''' (''ongoing trial'') **Randomized to 2 cycles of ABVD, ABV, AVD, or AV. All followed by 30 Gy IF-RT. *'''Italian IIL''' (1997-2001) -- ABVD + IFRT vs. EVE + IFRT **Randomized. 181 patients, age <65, with unfavorable Stage IA-IIA (bulky, subdiaphragmatic, ESR >40, Extranodal, hilar, or >3 LN areas). Arm 1) doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine ([[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVD|ABVD]]) + IFRT vs. Arm 2) epirubicin, vinblastine, etoposide ([[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#EVE|EVE]]) + IFRT. RT 36/20, postchemo volumes, to all initially involved regions **'''5-years; 2008''' {{PMID|18180244}} -- "ABVD plus radiotherapy versus EVE plus radiotherapy in unfavorable stage IA and IIA Hodgkin's lymphoma: results from an Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi randomized study." (Pavone V, Ann Oncol. 2008 Apr;19(4):763-8. Epub 2008 Jan 6.) ***Outcome: 5-year RFS ABVD 95% vs. EVE 78% (SS); OS 95% vs. 92% (NS) ***Conclusion: EVE chemotherapy significantly worse than ABVD *'''EORTC H7-Unfavorable''' (1988-1993) -- EBVP x6 + IFRT vs MOPP/ABV + IFRT **Randomized. ''Stopped early due to worse outcome in EBVP arm.'' 389 patients with Stage I supradiaphragmatic HL, unfavorable (prognostic score >=9). No staging laparotomy. Arm 1) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#EBVP|EBVP]] x6 + IFRT 36-40 Gy vs. Arm 2) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP-ABV|MOPP/ABV]] x6 + IFRT 36-40 Gy **'''2006''' {{PMID|1675493}} &mdash; "Combined-modality therapy for clinical stage I or II Hodgkin's lymphoma: long-term results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer H7 randomized controlled trials." (Noordijk EM, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 1;24(19):3128-35.) Median F/U 8.7 years ***Outcome: 10-yr EFS EBVP 68% vs. MOPP/ABV 88% (SS). OS 79% vs 87% (SS). Low control rate in irradiated areas ***Conclusion: EBVP is inferior to MOPP/ABV, IFRT with poor chemo not sufficient in these patients with high tumor burden ==Toxicity== '''''Gonadal function''''' *'''EORTC/GELA, 2007''' {{PMID|17515571}} -- "Gonadal function in males after chemotherapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma treated in four subsequent trials by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer: EORTC Lymphoma Group and the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte." (van der Kaaij, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jul 1;25(19):2825-32.) **Prospective. FSH levels measured in 4 EORTC trials (H6-H9). 355 patients with FSH >1 year for fertility; 349 patients with FSH <1 years for fertility recovery. Median F/U 2.7 years **Elevated FSH: RT 3% vs. non-alkylating chemo ([[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#ABVD|ABVD]] or [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#EBVP|EBVP]]) 8% vs. alkylating chemo ([[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP|MOPP]], [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP/ABV|MOPP/ABV]], [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#BEACOPP|BEACOPP]]) 60% (SS). Recovery of fertility at 19 months: non-alkylating 82% vs. alkylating 52% (SS). Dose-dependent. **Conclusion: Fertility ok after non-alkylating chemo; alkylating chemo has dismal effect, even after limited cycles k81witk7153woz48jproeamtgdhvf4p Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Advanced stage 0 84497 4673036 4244146 2026-09-30T06:01:03Z Jcb 90773 4673036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/TOC}} <big>'''Advanced Stage Hodgkin's Lymphoma'''</big> ==Chemo +/- RT== ===Randomized=== *'''EORTC 20884''' (1989-2000) -- MOPP-ABV, if CR -> RT vs. observation **Randomized. 739 patients. Stage III-IV. MOPP-ABV x 6-8 cycles depending on response. If CR after 4 cycles (early CR), received 6 cycles total. If CR at 6 cycles, received 8 cycles total. If early or late CR, randomized after completing all chemo. Arm 1) IFRT 24 Gy vs Arm 2) observation. If PR after 6 cycles, no further chemo and IFRT (not randomized) 30 Gy to nodal sites or 18-24 Gy to extranodal sites plus optional 4-10 Gy boost. CR in 57% (n=421), of these 333 (79%) were randomized. **'''Overall; 2003''' {{PMID|12802025}}, 2003 &mdash; "Involved-field radiotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma." (Aleman BM et al. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 12;348(24):2396-406.) Median F/U 6.6 years ***Outcome: Randomized (n=333): 5-year EFS observation 84% vs. RT 79% (NS); 5-year OS 91% vs. 85% (NS). Local relapse RT 46% vs. 27%. Partial response cohort (n=250): 5-year EFS 79%, 5-year OS 87% ***Second cancers: 5-year rate observation 4% vs. RT 8% (p=0.05) ***Conclusion: No need for IFRT in patients who are in CR after MOPP-ABV; only patients in PR after chemo benefit **'''RT QC; 2005''' {{PMID|15936157}} -- "Quality control of involved-field radiotherapy in patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma (EORTC 20884)." (Aleman BM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Nov 15;63(4):1184-90. Epub 2005 Jun 2.) ***Major violation rate 47% (predominately target volumes). Dose correct in 81%. However, no difference in cumulative failure rate between with or without major violations ***Conclusion: Outcome was not influenced by violations of the RT protocol **'''Partial Response; 2007''' {{PMID|17097834}} &mdash; "Involved-field radiotherapy for patients in partial remission after chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma." Median F/U 7.8 years ***Outcome (all IFRT): 8-year EFS 76% and OS 84% not significantly different from those with CR +/- RT (73-77% and 78-85%). ***Second cancers: Comparable to non-irradiated patients ***Conclusion: Outcomes suggest a definitive role for RT in patients with PR ***Other publications: {{PMID|15936157}}, 2005 (Quality control) *'''SWOG 7808''' (1978-88) **Randomized. 530 patients entered, 322 achieved CR after MOP-BAP, 278 pts randomized. Stage III-IV. Randomized to low-dose RT (10-20 Gy at 1.5 Gy/fx) to all initially involved sites vs observation. RT: 135 randomized, 104 received it, 18 major protocol violations **'''1994''' {{PMID|8172436}}, 1994 &mdash; "Low-dose involved field radiation after chemotherapy in advanced Hodgkin disease. A Southwest Oncology Group randomized study." Fabian CJ et al. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Jun 1;120(11):903-12. ***5-year outcomes: RFS and OS similar between the two arms. RT improved RFS for pts with NS histology (82% vs. 60%, SS) or bulky disease (75% vs. 57%, SS) ***RT subanalysis: Relapse rate: 8% in correctly delivered RT, 16% in as-treated with RT, 23% in as-assigned to RT, 32% in CT alone **Conclusion: RT benefits pts with bulky disease (>6cm) or nodular sclerosing HD who achieve CR after chemo. *'''HD1''' (German Hodgkins Study Group) **{{PMID|8624293}} &mdash; "Further chemotherapy versus low-dose involved-field radiotherapy as consolidation of complete remission after six cycles of alternating chemotherapy in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease. German Hodgkins' Study Group (GHSG)." Diehl V et al. Ann Oncol. 1995 Nov;6(9):901-10. **288 pts. Stages IIIB-IV. Induction with 3 cycles COPP/ABVD. If CR, then randomized to 20 Gy to involved fields (IF) or 1 additional cycle of COPP/ABVD. Pts with nodal PR received more RT: 20 Gy IF with 40 Gy to persistent disease. **59% had CR after induction. No difference in relapses between those randomized to the 2 arms. 3-fold higher risk of relapse for those receiving no additional therapy (refused). ===Retrospective=== *'''NCI''', 1991 - {{PMID|1988570}} &mdash; "Treatment of advanced-stage massive mediastinal Hodgkin's disease: the case for combined modality treatment." Longo DL et al. J Clin Oncol. 1991 Feb;9(2):227-35. **Retrospective. 49 pts with bulky disease (most were Stage III-IV). 10 pts received mantle field RT after MOPP, the rest received MOPP alone. Tumor mortality 80% vs 44% (nearly SS, p=0.055). OS not S.S. *'''Yale''', 1995 (1969-89) **{{PMID|9166487}} &mdash; "Combined Modality Therapy in Previously Untreated Patients With Advanced Hodgkin's Disease: A 24-Year Follow-Up Study." Salloum E et al. Cancer J Sci Am. 1995 Nov;1(4):267. **Retrospective. 186 pts. Stages IIB,III,IV. Pts received 6 months of chemotherapy (MVVPP, MOPP, MOPP/ABVD, or ABVD) followed by RT. **FFS was 63% @ 5 yrs, 56% / 10 y, and 40% / 23.5 y. **Comment: Better results than CALGB 8251 trial with MOPP alone but similar to those using MOPP/ABVD or ABVD. *'''ECOG E1492''' - phase II, Stanford V chemotherapy **Stage I/II bulky and Stage III/IV. Stanford V x 12 weeks followed by 36 Gy RT to nodes > 5 cm. **{{PMID|10694546}} (2000) &mdash; "Assessment of the stanford V regimen and consolidative radiotherapy for bulky and advanced Hodgkin's disease: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group pilot study E1492." Horning SJ et al. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Mar;18(5):972-80. ''To add:'' *German HD *SWOG *EORTC-GPMC '''Meta-analysis''' *'''1998''' {{PMID|9508162}} -- "Meta-analysis of chemotherapy versus combined modality treatment trials in Hodgkin's disease. International Database on Hodgkin's Disease Overview Study Group." (Loeffler M J Clin Oncol. 1998 Mar;16(3):818-29.) **14 trials, 1740 patients. 8 comparisons of CT +/- RT, 8 comparisons of CT1 vs CT2+RT **10-years: addition of RT shows 11% benefit in tumor control (SS), no difference in OS. However, in CT1 vs. CT2+RT comparisons, no difference in tumor control, but OS better 8% if no RT but more chemo. Also significantly fewer fatal events in chemo only group in CR **Conclusion: Combined modality significantly inferior survival, if adequate chemo given **''2003 Comment'': {{PMID|12788163}} -- "Consolidation radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease: is it dead?" (Prosnitz LR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Jul 1;56(3):605-8.) ***Good review of literature. Several issues with analysis, only 6 of the 14 studies actually published as full manuscripts. Conclusion: "Targeted low-dose consolidation RT, skillfully administered, probably does some good." ===Non-randomized=== *'''MRC UKLG LY09''' - IF-RT for incomplete response to chemo or bulky disease presentation **807 pts. Prospective, randomized (chemo, not +/- RT). Randomized to ABVD or 1 of 2 multidrug combinations x 6 cycles (up to 8). IF-RT recommended for incomplete response to chemo or bulky disease presentation **'''2010''' {{PMID|20498402}} -- "Consolidation Radiotherapy in Patients With Advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Survival Data From the UKLG LY09 Randomized Controlled Trial" (Johnson PW, J Clin Oncol. 2010 July 10;28(20):3352-59.) - Median f/u 6.9 yrs ***702 of 807 achieved objective response. Postchemo RT given in 300 (43% of responders). ; 5-yr PFS 86% (RT) vs 71% (no RT);(HR 0.43). Overall survival, HR = 0.47. **Conclusion: Patients who received consolidation RT apparently had better outcomes. *'''Stanford''' **{{PMID|11821442}}, 2002 &mdash; "Stanford V and radiotherapy for locally extensive and advanced Hodgkin's disease: mature results of a prospective clinical trial." Horning SJ et al. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Feb 1;20(3):630-7. **Prospective. 142 pts. Stage III-IV (or Stage I-II if bulky). Treated with Stanford V x 12 wks followed by 36 Gy to initial sites of bulky (>5cm) or macroscopic splenic dz. Most pts received modified mantle field. **Median f/u 5.4 yrs. FFP 89%, OS 96%. FFP 94% (for prognostic score 0-2) vs 75% (for 3 or more). ==Chemotherapy alone== *'''CALGB 8251''' **{{PMID|1383821}}, 1992 &mdash; "Chemotherapy of advanced Hodgkin's disease with MOPP, ABVD, or MOPP alternating with ABVD." Canellos GP et al. N Engl J Med. 1992 Nov 19;327(21):1478-84. **Both ABVD and MOPP/ABVD were superior to MOPP alone. ABVD less toxic than MOPP/ABVD. *'''CALGB 8952''' **{{PMID|12586796}}, 2003 &mdash; "Randomized comparison of ABVD and MOPP/ABV hybrid for the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease: report of an intergroup trial." Duggan DB et al. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Feb 15;21(4):607-14. **76% CR, 63% FFP, 81% OS at 5-yrs, no difference between arms. Worse pulmonary and hematologic toxicity and more 2nd malignancies with MOPP/ABV. **No benefit for MOPP/ABV vs ABVD. ABVD should be considered standard regimen. ==Chemotherapy comparisons== *ABVD is currently the standard regimen (Nov 2012) *Stanford V is much shorter, and has lower risk of pulmonary toxicity. However, it was designed with consolidative RT, and elimination of RT does not appear feasible. When RT is given appropriately, outcomes are comparable to ABVD *BEACOPP may be associated with improved PFS, but has greater toxicity. Given good salvage regimens, the improved PFS may not translate into improved OS *'''Intergroup E2496''' -- ABVD vs Stanford V **'''2012''' {{PMID|23182987}} -- "Randomized Phase III Trial of ABVD Versus Stanford V With or Without Radiation Therapy in Locally Extensive and Advanced-Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma: An Intergroup Study Coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E2496)." (Gordon LI, J Clin Oncol -- online before print, November 26, 2012.) -- Median f/u 6.4 yr ***5-yr FFS 74% (ABVD) vs 71% (Stanford V), NS. No difference in CR rate (73% vs 69%). ***Conclusion: "ABVD remains the standard of care for patients with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma." *'''UK ISRCTN 64141244''' (1998-2006) -- Stanford V vs ABVD **Randomized. ''Trial stopped early due to problems with mechlorethamine supply.'' 520 of target 580 patients with Stage IIB-IV, or bulky (>5cm) Stage I-IIA. Arm 1) Stanford V x12 weeks vs. Arm 2) ABVD 6-8 cycles. RT in both arms 34-36 Gy to site of bulky disease and splenic deposits; later in the trial RT in ABVD arm only if not CR. RT given in 73% of SV arm and 53% of ABVD arm **'''2009''' {{PMID|19738111}} -- "Randomized comparison of the stanford V regimen and ABVD in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Lymphoma Group Study ISRCTN 64141244." (Hoskin PJ, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 10;27(32):5390-6. Epub 2009 Sep 8.) Median F/U 4.3 years ***Outcome: 5-year PFS SV 74% vs. ABVD 76% (NS); 5-year OS 92% vs. 90% (NS). ***Toxicity: Acute toxicity comparable; late pulmonary toxicity worse with ABVD ***Conclusion: Efficacy of Stanford V and ABVD comparable when given in combination with appropriate RT *'''Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi''' (1996-2000) -- modified Stanford V vs MOPPEBVCAD vs ABVD **Randomized. 334 patients with Stage IIB-IV. Arm 1) ABVD x6 cycles vs. Arm 2) Stanford V x3 cycles vs. Arm 3) MOPPEBVCAD x6 cycles. Goal to decrease RT. RT given to previous bulky sites or PR but not more than 2 sites; dose 36 Gy if uCR or 42 Gy if PR. RT given in 76%, 71% and 50%. **'''2005''' {{PMID|16172458}} -- "ABVD versus modified stanford V versus MOPPEBVCAD with optional and limited radiotherapy in intermediate- and advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: final results of a multicenter randomized trial by the Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi." (Gobbi PG, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Dec 20;23(36):9198-207. Epub 2005 Sep 19.) ***Outcome: 5-year PFS ABVD 85% vs. Stanford V 73% vs. MOPPEBVCAD 94% (SS worse for Stanford V); 5-year OS 90% vs. 82% vs 89%. ***Toxicity: Myelotoxicity MOPPEBVCAD > STanford V > ABVD ***Conclusion: ABVD best choice when combined with optional limited RT. Stanford V (as originally designed) is unlikely to allow reduction in subsequent RT *'''EORTC/GPMC''' **{{PMID|7509381}}, 1994 &mdash; "A randomized study in stage IIIB and IV Hodgkin's disease comparing eight courses of MOPP versus an alteration of MOPP with ABVD: a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Cooperative Group and Groupe Pierre-et-Marie-Curie controlled clinical trial." Somers R et al. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Feb;12(2):279-87. **Randomized to MOPP x 8 or alternating MOPPx2/ABVDx2/MOPPx2/ABVDx2. Rt was given to bulky disease (>5cm) or residual areas. **MOPP/ABVD led to improved response rate and failure-free survival (FFS) but no difference in relapse-free survival or OS. Early CR (CR4) is associated with final remission. *'''EORTC 20012''' (ongoing) - ABVD vs BEACOPP ==Patterns of failure== *{{PMID|688174}}, 1978 &mdash; "Patterns of relapse in advanced Hodgkin's disease treated with combination chemotherapy." Young RC et al. Cancer. 1978 Aug;42(2 Suppl):1001-7. **161 pts with advanced stage disease achieved CR after chemo. 32% have relapsed. Pts with higher stage, systemic symptoms, and nodular sclerosing histology most likely to relapse. 92% relapse in sites of prior disease. RT did not alter the pattern of sites of relapse. ==Radiation doses== *'''EORTC 20884'''({{PMID|17097834}}) **Nodal areas - 24 Gy (if CR), 30 Gy (if PR), boost 4-10 Gy **Lung - 16 Gy (18 Gy if PR), boost 4-10 Gy **Liver - 20 Gy **Bone - 24 Gy, boost 10 Gy laz1199x9271gx094jnq5ofapw8q89m Radiation Oncology/IMRT/Pelvis 0 98289 4673055 1612685 2026-09-30T06:50:19Z Jcb 90773 4673055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} This page is for IMRT topics that apply to any pelvic malignancy. ==Dosimetry== *'''U. Chicago''', 2000 - {{PMID|11121668}} &mdash; "Intensity-modulated whole pelvic radiation therapy in patients with gynecologic malignancies." Roeske JC et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Dec 1;48(5):1613-21. **10 pts (5 cervix, 5 endometrium). LN CTV based on expanding vessel contours by 2 cm. Compared 3D-CRT "4-field box" (based on PTV) vs IMRT. **Volume of small bowel > 30 Gy, 17.4% (IMRT) vs 33.8% (3D). Reduced volume of rectum and bladder receiving prescription dose by 23% **Conclusion: IMRT reduces volume of small bowel irradiated. ===Pelvis + para-aortic=== *'''U. Chicago''', 2006 (2002-2005) - {{PMID|16730136}} &mdash; "Preliminary outcome and toxicity report of extended-field, intensity-modulated radiation therapy for gynecologic malignancies." Salama JK et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jul 15;65(4):1170-6. **13 pts with gynecologic malignancies. CTV included pelvic and presacral LN + para-aortic LN. **Low incidence of acute toxicity. *'''UAB''', 2005 - {{PMID|15380585}} &mdash; "IMRT dose escalation for positive para-aortic lymph nodes in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer while reducing dose to bone marrow and other organs at risk." Ahmad RS et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Oct 1;60(2):505-12. **5 cervical ca pts with positive PA LN. Treatment included pelvis + para-aortics. Compare 3 techniques: 1) AP-PA (both regions), 2) 4-field box (both regions), 3) IMRT to PA matched to 4-field box to pelvis. ===Bone marrow sparing=== :''See also:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Toxicity/Bone marrow]] *'''U. Chicago''' **'''2003''' {{PMID|12957265}} &mdash; "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy as a means of reducing dose to bone marrow in gynecologic patients receiving whole pelvic radiotherapy." Lujan AE et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Oct 1;57(2):516-21. ***10 pts with gynecologic cancer. Compared 3 plans: 1) standard 4-field, 2) IMRT (sparing normal tissues but not bone marrow), and 3) bone-marrow sparing IMRT. ***Bone marrow sparing IMRT reduced amount of BM treated to >50% of prescription dose from 87.4% (std) and 75.7% (IMRT) to 60%. **'''2002''' {{PMID|12459361}} &mdash; "Impact of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on acute hematologic toxicity in women with gynecologic malignancies." Brixey CJ et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Dec 1;54(5):1388-96. ***36 pts with gynecologic cancer, treating the pelvis using IMRT (that did not include bone marrow sparing in the cost function). Compared hematologic toxicity to 88 pts treated with standard fields. ***No S.S. seen in grade 2 or higher WBC, ANC, and Hgb toxicity (19.4%, 9.1%, and 8.6% IMRT; 21.6%, 8.3%, 9.2% std). No grade 2 platelet toxicity. Significant difference in WBC toxicity for pts treated with chemo: 31.2% vs 60% (IMRT vs std). ***Standard IMRT planning resulted in less bone marrow being irradiated, particularly in the iliac crests. kjcxjdpazor9jhdyuc8xe59ulwqmz2y Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4 0 101287 4672917 4670707 2026-09-29T12:26:43Z UnbreakablePromise 3625823 heard Ng5 is called the Macbeth gambit so i will name it 4672917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Scotch game |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C44]] |parent=[[../|Scotch game]] |responses= }} == 3...exd4 == Black takes the pawn in the centre. [[/4. Nxd4|'''4. Nxd4''']], recapturing the pawn, is the main line. White centralises their knight, supported by their queen. Black has a chance to take the initiative and develop with tempo, attacking White's centre with 4...Bc5 or 4...Nf6. Alternatively, White can gambit the pawn and not recapture it: [[/4. Bc4|'''4. Bc4''']] is the '''Scotch Gambit'''. White leaves the pawn in peace and tries to establish attacking pressure with a lead in development. [[/4. c3|'''4. c3''']] is the '''Göring Gambit'''. Similar to the [[Chess/Danish Gambit|Danish gambit]], White offers one or two further pawns to get a lead in development. [[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5?''']] is the '''Macbeth Gambit'''. The idea is to sacrifice the knight on f7 to lure out Black's king. It is dubious and can be disarmed by best play, but scores well in amateur databases. 4...h6 5. Nxf7 Kxf7 6. Bc4+ and Black must avoid 6...Ke8??, else 7. Qh5+ leads to forced mate. ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">'''Main line'''</th> <td>[[/4. Nxd4|Nxd4]]<br>-</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">'''Scotch Gambit'''</th> <td>[[/4. Bc4|Bc4]]<br>-</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">'''Göring Gambit'''</th> <td>[[/4. c3|c3]]<br>d5</td> <td>=</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} hniy9kpo123pbo7flgd21w4q9b8oqtb 4673123 4672917 2026-09-30T11:30:50Z JCrue 2226064 rv good faith see [[Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Ng5]] 4673123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Scotch game |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C44]] |parent=[[../|Scotch game]] |responses= }} == 3...exd4 == Black takes the pawn in the centre. [[/4. Nxd4|'''4. Nxd4''']], recapturing the pawn, is the main line. White centralises their knight, supported by their queen. Black has a chance to take the initiative and develop with tempo, attacking White's centre with 4...Bc5 or 4...Nf6. Alternatively, White can gambit the pawn and not recapture it: [[/4. Bc4|'''4. Bc4''']] is the '''Scotch Gambit'''. White leaves the pawn in peace and tries to establish attacking pressure with a lead in development. [[/4. c3|'''4. c3''']] is the '''Göring Gambit'''. Similar to the [[Chess/Danish Gambit|Danish gambit]], White offers one or two further pawns to get a lead in development. [[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5?''']] is a trap line, the idea being to sacrifice the knight on f7 to lure out Black's king. It is dubious and can be disarmed by best play, but scores well in amateur databases. 4...h6 5. Nxf7 Kxf7 6. Bc4+ and Black must avoid 6...Ke8??, else 7. Qh5+ leads to forced mate. ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">4</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">'''Main line'''</th> <td>[[/4. Nxd4|Nxd4]]<br>-</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">'''Scotch Gambit'''</th> <td>[[/4. Bc4|Bc4]]<br>-</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">'''Göring Gambit'''</th> <td>[[/4. c3|c3]]<br>d5</td> <td>=</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} ezdakmhaz68zvnaghlvn527gl8fm0x5 Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Nxd4 0 101290 4672919 4611811 2026-09-29T12:37:58Z UnbreakablePromise 3625823 /* 4. Nxd4 */ 4672919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Scotch game |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C45]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|Scotch game]] → [[../|3...exd4]] }} == 4. Nxd4 == Black has now an opportunity to take the initiative that should not be wasted. [[/4...Bc5|'''4...Bc5''']], the '''classical variation''', attacks White's central knight on d4 and forces White to either move it or protect it. Black should expect replies like 5. Be3, 5. Nxc6, or 5. Nb3. [[/4...Nf6|'''4...Nf6''']], the '''Schmidt variation''', is most common. Black puts immediate attacking pressure on White's pawn on e4. Rather than defend it with 5. Nc3 Bb4 (pinning knight) 6. Nxc6 bxc6 7. Bd3, the main continuation is to trade off the knights and push it instead 5. Nxc6 bxc6 6. e5. [[/4...Qh4|'''4...Qh4''']], the '''Steinitz variation''', is more aggressive. Black threatens White's e-pawn and wins it outright after 5. Nc3 Bb4 6. Be2 (6. Bd2?? to unpin the knight drops the knight on d4) Qxe4. However, doing so costs time and White is thought to get more than enough compensation. The line continues 7. Nb5 Bxc3+ 8. bxc3 Kd8 9. O-O. [[/4...Qf6|'''4...Qf6''']] is a line where the Queen is developed to attack the knight. White can tranpose this to a classical Scotch with 5. c3, however it is more sharp to play 5. Nb5, threatening the now unprotected c7 fork. Black usually responds with 5... Bc5, threatening checkmate; after white defends black can play Bb6 protecting c7. White will then attempt to remove this bishop with their other knight. [[/4...Nxd4|'''4...Nxd4?''']] is a line more common at lower levels. This allows white to centralise their Queen early without potential tempo gains and is a mistake on black. White usually wants to quickly castle queenside and counter a potential Nf6 with e5, similar to the ''Schmidt variation''. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 exd4 4. Nxd4''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left"><span style="font-size:small;">4</span></th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">'''Classical Variation'''<span style="font-size:small;"></span></th> <td><span style="font-size:small;">...<br>[[/4...Bc5|Bc5]]</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">=</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">'''Schmidt Variation'''<span style="font-size:small;"></span></th> <td><span style="font-size:small;">...<br>[[/4...Nf6|Nf6]]</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">=</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">'''Steinitz Variation'''<span style="font-size:small;"></span></th> <td><span style="font-size:small;">...<br>[[/4...Qh4|Qh4]]</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">=</span> </td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 2hc8ghpl8pashfdamdg1mmcyhqhkwne Radiation Oncology/Heterotopic ossification 0 102171 4673030 3226743 2026-09-30T05:55:21Z Jcb 90773 4673030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} ==Etiology== *HO is a dystrophic calcification, occurring in the setting of soft-tissue insult **Traumatic - fractures, dislocations, contusions, operations, burns **Neurogenic - spinal trauma, head injury **Genetic - fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive (FOP), progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH), Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) *Locations **Hip most common - typically after ORIF (52% any grade, 19% Grade III-IV) or THA (43% any grade, 9% Grade III-IV) **Elbow common with burn injuries **Other major joints sometimes affected **Rarely soft tissue locations not associated with joints (quadriceps contusions, abdominal muscles after surgery) *Clinical Presentation **Most commonly incidental finding on radiograph **If symptomatic, typically decreased range of motion; can sometimes present as complete ankylosis *Risk factors (best studied for hip; limited info for other organs) **History of HO most important (60-90% risk) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+'''Hip surgery risk factors''' |- ! Patient !! Clinical !! Surgical |- | History of HO || T-type fracture || Lateral/anterolateral approach |- | Male || Fracture with dislocation || Trochanteric or femoral osteotomy |- | Hypertrophic OA || Multiple injuries || Extended iliofemoral approach |- | Ankylosing spondylitis || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | Skeletal hyperostosis || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | Prior hip surgery || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |} ==Pathophysiology== <table> <tr> <td> <gallery caption="Heterotopic Ossification of the Elbow" widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3"> Image:Heterotopic_Ossification_Elbow1.JPG| Image:Heterotopic_Ossification_Elbow2.JPG| </gallery> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <gallery caption="Heterotopic Ossification of the Hip" widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3"> Image:Heterotopic_Ossification_Hip1.JPG| Image:Heterotopic_Ossification_Hip2.JPG| </gallery> </td> </tr> </table> {{clr}} *Inappropriate differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts *Dysfunction of bone formation/remodelling process *Components necessary **Osteogenic precursor cells **Inducing agents (BMPs likely involved) **Permissive environment *RT 30/1 given to rats within first week of healing prevents bone repair, but same dose during second week has no effect. It is speculated that osteogenic progenitors are present early, and are radiosensitive due to high mitotic rate as they are proliferating and differentiating into osteoblasts and chondrocytes *From clinical trials, it appears this window is during first 3-4 days ==Classification== '''''Brooker Classification:''''' (radiographic) *I - islands of bone within the soft tissue (clinically silent) *II - bone spurs from the pelvis or proximal femur; >= 1 cm gap between opposing surfaces (clinically insignificant) *III - bone spurs from the pelvis or proximal femur; < 1 cm gap between opposing surfaces (clinically significant) *IV - ankylosis (clinically significant) ==Treatment Overview== *Clinically significant HO - surgery *Prophylaxis modalities **NSAIDs (Indomethacin) **RT - better by meta-analysis, but absolute gain <2%. Dose dependent, with 6/1 comparable to NSAIDs, and higher doses better *RT schedule **Typically 7 Gy - 8 Gy single fraction; 5.5/1 appears insufficient **Timing <4 hours pre-operatively OR <72 hours post-operatively *RT side effects **Carcinogenesis concern (see [[#Second malignancy risk]]) **Trochanteric non-union (but data from older surgical techniques that had high nonunion rates in nonirradiated patients as well) **[[Radiation_Oncology/Normal_tissue_tolerance#Testis|Testicular tolerance]] (for hip prophylaxis) ***One abstract suggests that 8 Gy hip dose results in mean testicular dose of 25 cGy -> reversible azoospermia ***Testicular shielding reduced dose by ~50% *Data mostly available for hip, although other sites are treated as well ==RT vs. NSAIDs== '''Meta-analysis''' *'''Greece, 2004''' {{PMID|15465207}} -- "Radiotherapy vs. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of heterotopic ossification after major hip procedures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials." (Pakos EE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Nov 1;60(3):888-95.) **Meta-analysis. 7 randomized trials, 1143 patients. **Prevention: Brooker Grade 3-4: RT more effective than NSAIDs, RR 0.42 (SS), absolute risk difference 1.8%; Any Grade: RR 0.75 (NS) **Subgroups: early preop (16-20 hours) not effective; 6 Gy/fx comparable to NSAIDs; higher doses better (SS) **Conclusion: RT almost twice more effective than NSAIDs, but absolute benefit gain small (<2%) '''Randomized''' *'''Wurzburg, Germany''' (1995-1996) -- RT 7/1 vs NSAID x 2 weeks **Randomized. 100 patients, total hip replacement. Arm 1) prophylactic RT 7/1 given 16-20 hours before surgery vs. Arm 2) NSAID (Voltaren 2 x 75 mg/d x 2 weeks) starting first postop day. Historical control 100 patients with no prophylactic therapy **'''1998''' {{PMID|9788422}} -- "Preoperative irradiation versus the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for prevention of heterotopic ossification following total hip replacement: the results of a randomized trial." (Kolbl O, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Sep 1;42(2):397-401.) ***Outcome: HO preop RT 48% vs. NSAID 11% (SS). For clinically significant HO (Brooker III-IV), no difference between RT and NSAID. Historical control 68% (SS) ***Conclusion: RT and use of NSAID can reduce incidence of clinically relevant HO after THR '''Risk of Long Bone Non-Union with NSAIDs''' *'''JBJS, 2003''' {{PMID|12892193}} -- "Heterotopic ossification prophylaxis with indomethacin increases the risk of long-bone nonunion." (Burd TA, J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003 Jul;85(5):700-5.) **282 patients with open reduction and internal fixation of an acetabular fracture randomized to XRT or indomethacin. **XRT was 800 cGy x 1 within 72 hrs of surgery. Indomethacin was 25 mg tid x 6 wks. **When comparing patients who received indomethacin with those who did not, a significant difference was noted in the rate of nonunion (26% v 7%; p = 0.004) **Conclusion: Patients with concurrent fractures of the acetabulum and long bones who receive indomethacin have a significantly greater risk of nonunion of the fractures of the long bones when compared with those who receive XRT or no prophylaxis. ==Fractionation (Hip)== *Initial dose chosen in the 1980s was 20/10, based on pediatric observations of bony growth inhibition *In 1988, a retrospective comparison of 20/10 with 10/5 showed no difference. RT was effective if delivered <=96 hours after surgery *Also in 1988, a retrospective review of 7/1 schedule found it effective. All but 1 patients were treated <=72 hours *In 1992, randomized comparison of 10/5 vs. 8/1 in <=96 hours after surgery found no difference *In 1994, randomized comparison of preop RT 7-8/1 in <4 hours prior to surgery vs. postop RT 7-8/1 in <48 hours after surgery found no difference *In 1995, in order to bring the dose even lower, retrospective comparison of 7/1 with 5.5/1 in <=72 hours after surgery found higher failure rate with 5.5 Gy *In 1997, randomized trial of preop RT 7/1 in <4 hours vs. postop RT 17.5/5 in <72 hours found benefit for postop RT. The poor outcomes were seen in patients with significant disease (Grade III-IV) treated with preop RT. There was no difference in no/low risk disease (Grade 0-II) *In 2003, a randomized comparison of 10/5 vs. 5/2 in <=96 hours after surgery found no difference in clinical HO *Therefore, post-op RT 7/1 within 72 hours (and possibly up to 96 hours) is effective. RT 5/2 post-op may be effective clinically, but RT 5/1 post-op was not effective. Preop RT 7/1 is effective for low disease burden (preventive, or Grade I-II) if given <4 hours prior to surgery, and may be easier logistically *'''Cornell, 2003''' {{PMID|14513439}} -- "The efficacy of 500 CentiGray radiation in the prevention of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, pilot study." (Padgett DE, J Arthroplasty. 2003 Sep;18(6):677-86.) **Randomized. 59 patients. Treated with 10/5 vs. 5/2 in <=96 hours **Treatment failure: 10/5 3% vs. 5/2 7% (p=0.09) **Conclusion: 5/2 appears effective in preventing clinically significant HO *'''German Cooperative Group, 2001''' {{PMID|11697322}} -- "Radiation prophylaxis for heterotopic ossification about the hip joint--a multicenter study." (Seegenschmiedt MH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Nov 1;51(3):756-65.) **Patterns of care study in 1999. 114 institutions, 5989 hips treated. **RT dose: preop 7/1 most common (5-10 Gy); postop 7/1 most common (5-16). RT timing: preop 0.5-24 hours; postop 1-120 hours **Failure rate: radiographic 11%, functional 5%. If treated >8 hours pre-op or >72 hours post-op higher failure rate **Conclusion: Single dose 7 Gy has become standard in most institutions, either preop or postop *'''Erlangen HOP2, 1997''' (1992-1995) {{PMID|9300751}} -- "Prevention of heterotopic ossification about the hip: final results of two randomized trials in 410 patients using either preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy." (Seegenschmiedt MH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Aug 1;39(1):161-71.) **Randomized. 161 patients. Preop RT 7/1 (<4 hours) vs. Postop RT 17.5/5 (<=96 hours). Portals periacetabular and intertrochanteric soft tissues **Failure rate: radiological overall 11%; preop 19% vs. postop 5% (SS). Functional 14% Highest failure in pre-op RT for Brooker Grade III-IV (39%), otherwise preo-op and post-op outcomes comparable **Conclusion: preop RT inferior to postop RT, except in Grade I-II, where no difference *'''Erlangen HOP1, 1997''' (1987-1992) {{PMID|9300751}} -- "Prevention of heterotopic ossification about the hip: final results of two randomized trials in 410 patients using either preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy." (Seegenschmiedt MH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Aug 1;39(1):161-71.) **Randomized. 249 patients, high risk. Post-op RT 10/5 vs. 17.5/5. Portals periacetabular and intertrochanteric soft tissues **Failure rate: radiological overall 9%; low dose 11% vs. high dose 6% (NS). Functional 7% **Conclusion: no difference in post-op dose *'''Lahey Clinic, 1995''' {{PMID|7713977}} -- "Single-dose irradiation for the prevention of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty. A comparison of doses of five hundred and fifty and seven hundred centigray." (Healy WL, J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995 Apr;77(4):590-5.) **Retrospective. 107 hips in 94 patients. Post-op RT, either 7/1 (88 hips) or 5.5/1 (19 hips) **Failure rate: radiographic 7/1 10% vs. 5.5/1 63% (SS); symptomatic 0/88 vs. 2/19 **Conclusion: recommend 7/1 *'''Rochester, 1994''' {{PMID|8083129}} -- "Randomized trial comparing preoperative versus postoperative irradiation for prevention of heterotopic ossification following prosthetic total hip replacement: preliminary results." (Gregoritch SJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Aug 30;30(1):55-62.) **Randomized, multi-institutional. 98/122 patients with risk factors, following elective hip replacement. Treated with pre-op RT 7-8/1 <4 hours vs. post-op RT 7-8/1 <48 hours. Fields to soft tissues between periacetabular region of pelvis and intertrochanteric portion of femur. Median F/U 9.5 months **Failure rate: radiographic preop 26% vs. postop 28% (NS); clinical 2% vs. 5% (NS) **Conclusion: no difference between preop and postop *'''Rochester, 1992''' {{PMID|1541613}} -- "Prevention of heterotopic ossification with irradiation after total hip arthroplasty. Radiation therapy with a single dose of eight hundred centigray administered to a limited field." (Pellegrini VD Jr, J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992 Feb;74(2):186-200.) **Randomized. 62 hips in 55 patients at high risk. Treated with postop RT 8/1 vs. 10/5 limited field (includes lateral aspect of greater trochanter). Minimum F/U 6 months **Failure rate: Single fraction 21% vs. multifraction 21% **Conclusion: Single fraction effective. *'''Lahey Clinic, 1988''' (1981-1986) {{PMID|3136510}} -- "Heterotopic bone formation after hip surgery: prevention with single-dose postoperative hip irradiation." (Lo TC, Radiology. 1988 Sep;168(3):851-4.) **Retrospective. 23 patients at high risk. RT post-op 7/1, given <=72 hours. Minimum F/U 6 months **Failure rate: 4% **Conclusion: 7/1 appears comparable to fractionated doses *'''UCLA, 1988''' (1980-1986) {{PMID|3343154}} -- "The use of postoperative irradiation for the prevention of heterotopic bone formation after total hip replacement." (Sylvester JE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Mar;14(3):471-6.) **Retrospective. 28 patients at high risk. 1980-1982 RT 20/10, then 1982-1986 10/5. Median F/U 1 year **Conclusion: 10/5 as effective as 20/10, and should begin as early as possible, in <4 days ==Other sites== [[Image:Heterotopic_Ossification_Elbow_RT.JPG|thumb]] '''Elbow''' *Incidence **Isolated dislocation: 3-10% **Dislocation + fracture: 15-20% *'''Rush Univerisity; 2011''' {{PMID|22016869}} -- "Radiation therapy for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis afer high-risk elbow surgery." (Strauss JB, Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2011 Aug;40(8):400-5.) **Retrospective. 44 patients, status post surgery and single-fraction radiation, with NSAID use. Median follow up 4.5 months **Outcome: radiographic evidence of HO in 48%, however in all cases small and not functionally significant. No complications **Conclusion: RT in combination with NSAID is safe and efficacious *'''Cleveland Clinic; 2010''' (1993-2006) {{PMID|20637977}} -- "Postoperative single-fraction radiation for prevention of heterotopic ossification of the elbow." (Robinson CG, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Aug 1;77(5):1493-9.) **Retrospective. 36 patients, 72% had evidence of HO prior to surgery, elbow surgery followed by single fraction 7 Gy RT (median 1 day postop). Median F/U 8.7 months **Outcome: new HO 8%; all patients improvement in ROM from baseline **Conclusion: RT after surgery associated with favorable functional and radiographic outcomes **Comment ({{PMID|21195881}}): most of these were for secondary prophylaxis, after development of HO, rather than primary prophylaxis after the initial injury *'''NYU; 2003''' {{PMID|15156818}} -- "Prevention of heterotopic ossification at the elbow following trauma using radiation therapy." (Stein DA, Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 2003;61(3-4):151-4.) **Retrospective. 11 patients. Trauma followed by ORIF, and post-op RT 7/1 in <=72 hours. Minimum F/U 12 months **Failure: radiographic 27%, clinical 9%. No healing complications *'''Frankfurt; 2001''' (Germany) {{PMID|11341414}} -- "Radiation therapy for the prevention of heterotopic ossification at the elbow." (Heyd r, J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001 Apr;83(3):332-4.) **Case series. 9 patients with clinically significant HO at elbow. Post-op RT, 5 patients 5/2, 4 patients 6-7/1. Mean F/U 7.7 months **Failure rate: 0; 8/9 patients had clinical improvement *'''Miami; 1998''' {{PMID|9160948}} -- "Early excision of heterotopic ossification about the elbow followed by radiation therapy." (McAuliffe JA, J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997 May;79(5):749-55.) **Retrospective. 8 patients with HO at elbow. Post-op RT 10/5. Median F/U 4 years **Failure: 0 ==Re-treatment== *'''Lahey Clinic, 2001''' {{PMID|11459729}} -- "Re-irradiation for prophylaxis of heterotopic ossification after hip surgery." (Lo TC, Br J Radiol. 2001 Jun;74(882):503-6.) **Case reports. Single dose-reirradiation **Conclusion: possible and safe ==Dosimetry== *'''Louisville; 2008''' {{PMID|18982191}} -- "Evaluation of scrotal and testicular radiation doses for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis." (Patel H, Am J Orthop. 2008 Sep;37(9):E163-6.) **Prospective. HO in hip/femur region. TLD placed inside and outside testicular shield **Outcome: mean inside dose 10 cGy, mean outside dose 20 cGy **Conclusion: Given that sperm abnormalities have been reported with 15 cGy, young males should be counseled and treated with a testicular shield ==Second malignancy risk== 1 case report exists in the literature *'''U. Mississippi; 2012''' {{PMID|24674090}} - [http://www.practicalradonc.org/article/S1879-8500(11)00170-6/fulltext]-- "Radiation-induced sarcoma following radiation prophylaxis of heterotopic ossification." (Mourad WF, Pract Radiat Oncol. 2012 Apr;2(2):151-154.) **7 Gy x 1. High grade undifferentiated sarcoma of the proximal thigh diagnosed 16 months after prophylactic RT in a 51 yo. *'''University of Cambridge; 2014''' {{PMID|25089852}} -- "Prophylactic radiotherapy against heterotopic ossification following internal fixation of acetabular fractures: a comparative estimate of risk." (Burnet NG, Br J Radiol. 2014 Oct;87(1042):20140398. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20140398. Epub 2014 Aug 4.) **Estimation of competing risks: ***Risk of fatal cancer by ICRP (International Commission on Radiologic Protection) risk: 1:1,000 to 1:10,000 ***Risk of fatal cancer by Trott and Kemprad method: 1:3,000; may rise to 1:2,000 for younger patients and fall to 1:6,000 for elderly patients ***Risk of gastric bleeding or perforation from indomethacin: 1:180 to 1:900 in older patients ***Risk of death from reoperation for HO: 1,4000 to 1:30,000 **Conclusion: Results endore multidisciplinary management ==Reviews== *'''Harvard, 2006''' - {{PMID|16863921}} &mdash; "Heterotopic ossification: Pathophysiology, clinical features, and the role of radiotherapy for prophylaxis." Balboni TA et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Aug 1;65(5):1289-99. 2186fg1zwilvvm2o6zsyffjl7me883l Radiation Oncology/Hyperthermia 0 108792 4673050 4320963 2026-09-30T06:46:44Z Jcb 90773 4673050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''Hyperthermia'''</big> • Hyperthermia uses higher temperatures than diathermy, which is the deep heating of body tissue for relaxation or physical therapy • When combined with radiation therapy, it is called thermoradiotherapy '''Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy''' • Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion (HIPEC or IPHC) is a type of hyperthermia therapy used in combination with surgery in the treatment of advanced abdominal cancers • In this procedure, warmed anti-cancer medications are infused and circulated in the peritoneal cavity (abdomen) for a short period of time • The chemotherapeutic agents generally infused during IPHC are mitomycin-C and cisplatin • Santiago González-Moreno, et al. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2010 Feb 15; 2(2): 68–75. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Rationale and technique ({{PMID|21160924}}) '''Whole-body hyperthermia''' *H Wehner et al. Whole-body hyperthermia with water-filtered infrared radiation: technical-physical aspects and clinical experiences. Int J Hyperthermia. 2001 Jan-Feb;17(1):19-30. ({{PMID|11212877}}) **Eighty treatments of patients in an advanced stage of cancer (40 male, 40 female, April 1998-April 1999) were performed with a WBH device with water-filtered infrared radiation, IRATHERM 2000. **The mean duration of the rising phase (37.5-41.5 degrees C) was 87 +/- 19 min. **WBH with water-filtered infrared radiation in combination with induced hyperglycaemia and relative hyperoxaemia (procedure of systemic Cancer Multistep Therapy) is a safe and practicable procedure with good tolerability in the case of experienced application. *''Subpage: [[Radiation_Oncology/Hyperthermia/Randomized|Level I evidence]]'' *[[Radiation_Oncology/Breast/Recurrence|Breast cancer]] *[[Radiation_Oncology/Melanoma|Melanoma]] *[[Radiation_Oncology/Cervix/Locally_Advanced#Hyperthermia|Cervical cancer]] ==RT +/- Hyperthermia== *'''Duke''' (1994-2001) **Randomized. 109 patients with superficial tumors (<= 3cm depth); breast 65%, H&N 13%, melanoma 10%. Tumors had to be "heatable" on initial HT. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + HT. Hyperthermia to >43C x1 hour, 2x/week. RT dose 30-60 Gy if previous RT, otherwise 60-70 Gy in 1.8-2.0 Gy/fx **'''2005''' {{PMID|15860867}} -- "Randomized trial of hyperthermia and radiation for superficial tumors." (Jones EL, J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 1;23(13):3079-85.) ***Outcome: CR RT 42% vs. RT+HT 66% (SS). Patients with prior RT had most benefit (68% vs. 23%, SS) ***Toxicity: Well tolerated, 1 Grade III thermal burn ***Conclusion: Significant local control benefit for HT *'''International Collaborative Hyperthermia Group''' (1988-1991) -- combined results from 5 PIII trials **Randomized. ''5 trials merged due to slow accrual, closed early after benefit.'' 306 patients. Advanced primary or recurrent BCA; 50% active disease outside treatment area. Could have had prior RT. Trials: Dutch Hyperthermia Group (DHG), Medical Research Council (MRC BrI and BrR), European Society of Hyperthermic Oncology (ESHO), and Princes Margaret (PMH). Target hyperthermia 43C. RT given in various fractions. **'''1996''' {{PMID|8690639}} -- "Radiotherapy with or without hyperthermia in the treatment of superficial localized breast cancer: results from five randomized controlled trials. International Collaborative Hyperthermia Group." (Vernon CC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Jul 1;35(4):731-44.) ***Outcome: CR RT 41% vs. RT+HT 59% (SS); greatest effect in recurrent lesions in previous RT, where re-irradiation dose was low. 2-year OS ~40% (NS), 74% patients progressed outside HT area during follow-up ***Conclusion: Combined result demonstrated efficacy of hyperthermia as adjunct to RT for treatment of recurrence *'''RTOG, 1991''' {{PMID|1903023}} -- "Randomized phase III study comparing irradiation and hyperthermia with irradiation alone in superficial measurable tumors. Final report by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group." (Perez CA, Am J Clin Oncol 1991 Apr;14(2):133-41.) **Randomized. 307 patients with superficial tumors. Treated with RT alone or RT + HT (following, to 42.5C for 45-60 min) **Response: CR RT 30% vs. RT+HT 32%; improved LC in tumors <3cm **Toxicity: comparable, but 30% thermal blisters in heated tumors ==Timing of Hyperthermia== *'''Jefferson, 1993''' (1983-1990) {{PMID|8515137}} -- "Randomized trial of one versus two adjuvant hyperthermia treatments per week in patients with superficial tumours." (Engin K, Int J Hyperthermia. 1993 May-Jun;9(3):327-40.) **Randomized. 41 patients with 44 superficial tumors. Treated with QW vs. BIW HT + RT (mean dose 45 Gy) **2-month CR: 59% QW HT vs. 55% BIW HT **Predictive factors for CR: RT dose, tumor volume; Predictive factors for duration of response: minimum tumor temperature, tumor volume **Toxicity: No difference. **Conclusion: No difference in response or duration between once weekly and twice weekly hyperthermia ==Duration of Hyperthermia== *Temperature should be converted to 43 celsius-equivalent minutes **Each 1C above 43C requires 1/2 time for equivalent thermal damage (e.g. 1 min @ 45C = 4 min @ 43C) **Each 1C below 43C requires 4x increase in time for equivalent thermal damage (e.g. 1 min @ 42C = 0.25 min @ 43C) **t<sub>2</sub>/t<sub>1</sub> = 2^(Temp1-Temp2) ==Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC)== *S J Valle et al. Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) Methodology, Drugs and Bidirectional Chemotherapy. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2016 Jun;7(2):152-9. ({{PMID|27065705}}) *Wim Ceelen et al. Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: A Critical Review. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Jun 22;13(13):3114. ({{PMID|34206563}}) 1pdhp7k00t0mrrne7jmhwgtf4k2uhsu Radiation Oncology/Leukemia/ALL 0 114316 4673103 4584032 2026-09-30T10:49:49Z Jcb 90773 4673103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia''' {{Radiation Oncology:TOC}} ==Risk of Relapse== *Clinical **Age **WBC count *Biological **Histology/immunophenotype **Cytogenetics **Gene identification *Response based **Morphology (BM Bx/aspirate) **Minimal Residual Disease *Lymphomatous presentation ({{PMID|1855175}}) '''''Risk groups:''''' *Low - age 2-9 inclusive, WBC < 10,000; no L2 morphology and boys with plts < 100,000 *Intermediate - all others; includes pts who are low risk but have L2 morphology or boys with plts < 100,000 *High - WBC > 50,000; pts who are intermediate risk but have L2 morphology '''''Adults with ALL:''''' *'''High risk:''' age > 35, WBC > 30,000, null cell phenotype, Ph+, remission after more than 4 weeks of intensive chemo *:Have a 18-28% chance of continuous CR at 5 yrs *Regular risk *:60% 5-yr DFS == CNS disease == See also: [[Radiation Oncology/CNS/CSF involvement]] CNS 1 - Negative cytology (no blasts) <br>CNS 2 - +cytology, < 5 WBC/microliter <br>CNS 3 - +cytology, >=5 WBC/microliter, or any CN lesion *Gilchrist 1994 CNS involvement at diagnosis in 3% of children with ALL. <br>CNS involvement is more common in ALL, rare in AML (except for the variant acute myelomonocytic leukemia, AMML), and rare in CML and CLL. Risk in AMML is 20%. 5-10% risk in adults with ALL. ==Roles for Radiation== *CNS prophylaxis *CNS Therapy (active disease) *TBI *Testis prophylaxis(sanctuary sites) *Palliation ==BMT== Indications for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT): *Relapse, unfavorable cytogenetics, induction failure. *High risk patients (relapsed or t(9;22) (Philadelphia) may benefit from BMT Conditioning regimens prior to HSCT: purpose is to prevent graft rejection and eliminate leukemic cells. Regimen may consist of chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy + TBI. There is a suggestion of improved outcomes with TBI. *''Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/TBI|TBI page]] for technical details'' TBI - Socio et al, Blood 2001 ==CNS prophylaxis== Indications: *Overt CNS involvement at time of diagnosis *High risk disease **<1 yo, >10 yo **WBC > 50,000 **T-cell ALL **Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl translocation) *PCI for CNS prophylaxis as frontline treatment for patients with ALL led to an increase in survival in the 1960s. *However, toxicity from PCI is significant, particularly with early trials using 24 Gy *Dose can be reduced to 12-18 Gy or eliminated entirely if appropriate systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy is used, with lower toxicity *DFCI Consortium protocol: cranial RT 12 Gy indications (per {{PMID|17971588}}): T-cell phenotype, CNS-3 status at diagnosis, or residual disease after induction *COG AALL0232 protocol (High risk B-precursor ALL) **Prophylactic 12 Gy cranial RT ***Slow early responders (day 15 BMBx shows M2/M3 disease, or day 29 BMBx shows MRD) ***MLL rearrangement ***Patients pre-treated with steroids (e.g. for bronchiolitis symptoms) **Therapeutic 18 Gy cranial RT ***CNS 3 disease **Therapeutic 24 Gy testicular RT ***Initial testicular involvement, and continued evidence of testicular involvement at the end of Induction *Dose overview: **Standard risk, CNS 1-2: chemotherapy **Standard risk, CNS 3: WBRT 18 Gy **High risk, CNS 1-2: WBRT 12 Gy **High risk, CNS 3: WBRT 18 Gy **Overt disease (CN palsy or by MRI): WBRT 24 Gy first, then chemo ==Treatment of CNS disease== :See also: [[Radiation Oncology/CNS/CSF involvement]] Therapeutic Cranial Irradiation -5% of those on initial presentation -CNS failure See appropriate protocol for chemotherapy regimen, individual risk-adapted, and response criteria to stratify by risk category. *Dose **Varies on protocol **24 Gy in past, no longer used. **18 Gy (standard dose) associated with decreased risk of CNS complications ***{{PMID|11443604}} - Waber DP, Shapiro BL, Carpentieri SC, et al.: Excellent therapeutic efficacy and minimal late neurotoxicity in children treated with 18 grays of cranial radiation therapy for high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a 7-year follow-up study of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consortium Protocol 87-01. Cancer 92 (1): 15-22, 2001. **12 Gy has been used more recently in European trials ***{{PMID|10828010}} - Schrappe M, Reiter A, Ludwig WD, et al.: Improved outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia despite reduced use of anthracyclines and cranial radiotherapy: results of trial ALL-BFM 90. German-Austrian-Swiss ALL-BFM Study Group. Blood 95 (11): 3310-22, 2000. *Fraction size **Usually 180 **Sometimes 160 (thought to be lower neurocognitive effects) *Volume **Cranial radiation only (no spinal irradiation) ***(Sanctuary Therapy: A Randomized Trial of 724 Children with Previously Untreated Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia A Report from Childrens Cancer Study Group Nesbit et al. CANCER RESEARCH 42. 674-680, February 1982) **Areas to watch ***Cribiform plate (reported site of failure for medulloblastoma) ***Temporal lobes '''''Treatments:''''' <br>CCG trials from 1971-78 used cranial RT + intrathecal MTX but no spinal RT. <br>CSI was found to be more effective than cranial RT in treating pts with CNS relapse. (Willougby, MRC, {{PMID|816410}}, 1976) <br>CCG trials from 1978-83 used 24 Gy cranial + 12 Gy spinal given during consolidation phase along with systemic and intrathecal chemo. :CNS disease at diagnosis was not an independent prognostic factor, thereby indicating the effectiveness of CNS treatment regimens used. CCG trials from 1983-89 used more intensive chemotherapy. Reduced spinal dose to 6 Gy in those treated with intensive consolidation phase in order to limit hematopoietic toxicity. *'''Children's Cancer Group, CCG''', 1996 (1983-89) - {{PMID|8823255}} &mdash; "Craniospinal irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with central nervous system disease at diagnosis: a report from the Children's Cancer Group." Chewlow JM et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Aug 1;36(1):19-27. **Prospective. 53 pts with CNS disease on 4 trials for children > 1 yr -- '''CCG-104'''(low-risk), '''CCG-105''' (int-risk), '''CCG-106''' (high-risk), '''CCG-123''' (lymphomatous presentation). Pts with CNS disease received CSI and intrathecal chemo. Pts with CNS disease treated with intensive consolidation chemo received 24 Gy cranial RT + 6 Gy spinal (each at 2 Gy/fx). Pts not treated with intensive consolidation received 24 Gy / 12 Gy. All received intrathecal MTX and/or Ara-C. ***Median f/u 74 mo. 5-yr EFS for all CNS+ pts was 69%, compared to 67% for those who were CNS-. 5-yr freedom from isolated CNS relapse was 90% vs 94%. No difference between 6 Gy and 12 Gy group. **Conclusion: CNS disease at diagnosis is not a poor prognostic factor for children treated with intensive chemo + craniospinal RT + intrathecal chemo. 6 Gy of spinal RT + 24 Gy cranial RT is appropriate. *'''Meta-analysis, 2003''' {{PMID|12721257}} -- "CNS-directed therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Childhood ALL Collaborative Group overview of 43 randomized trials." (Clarke M, J Clin Oncol. 2003 May 1;21(9):1798-809.) **Individual data on 2848 patients randomly assigned to CNS-directed therapy prior 1993 **10-year EFS: RT + IT-chemo 64% vs. high-dose IT-chemo 63% (NS) **Conclusion: "Radiotherapy can be replaced by long-term intrathecal therapy. Intravenous methotrexate gives some additional benefit by reducing non-CNS relapses." ==Prophylactic CNS RT== ===CCG trials=== *'''High Risk''' **'''CCG-106''' ***'''1993''' {{PMID|8229139}} &mdash; "Improved therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and unfavorable presenting features: a follow-up report of the Childrens Cancer Group Study CCG-106." Gaynon PS et al. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Nov;11(11):2234-42. *'''Lymphomatous Presentation''' **'''CCG-123''' ***'''1993''' {{PMID|8262820}} &mdash; "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with lymphomatous presentation: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group." Cherlow JM et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Dec 1;27(5):1001-9. *'''Intermediate Risk''' :CNS RT not standard part of protocols :Isolated CNS relapse rate is <5%, though it accounts for 25-30% of all failures :Testicular relapse rate is <1% **'''CCG-1991''' ***Comparison of single delayed intensification and double delayed intensification within dexamethasone-based regimen **'''CCG-1952''' ***'''2006''' {{PMID|16609069}} -- "Intrathecal triple therapy decreases central nervous system relapse but fails to improve event-free survival when compared with intrathecal methotrexate: results of the Children's Cancer Group (CCG) 1952 study for standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, reported by the Children's Oncology Group." (Matloub Y, Blood. 2006 Aug 15;108(4):1165-73.) ****Randomized. 1018 patients to intrathecal MTX or intrathecal MTX+cytarabine+hydrocortisone after induction. ****6-year EFS: IT-MTX 83% vs. IT-Triple 81% (NS). More testicle and BM failures with IT-Triple ****''CNS failure'': IT-MTX 5.9% vs. IT-Triple 3.4%. ****Conclusion: IT-Triple improves CNS failure, but no OS difference due to more testicle/BM failures **'''CCG-1922''' (children 1-10 y/o, WBC <50K) ***'''2003''' {{PMID|12531809}} -- "Dexamethasone versus prednisone and daily oral versus weekly intravenous mercaptopurine for patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group." (Bostrom BC, Blood. 2003 May 15;101(10):3809-17.) ****Randomized. 1060 patients randomized to dexamethasone vs. prednisone (standard arm). Second randomization oral vs. IV 6-mercaptopurine. CNS therapy IT-MTX ****6-year EFS: dexamethaseon 85% vs. prednisone 77% (SS). No difference for 6-MP. OS 93% vs. 91% (NS) ****''Isolated CNS failure'': dexamethasone 3.7% (25% of all failures) vs. prednisone 7.1% (31%) (SS) ****''Testicular failure'': dexamethasone 0.2% vs. prednisone 0.5% ****Conclusion: dexamethasone-based regimen superior over prednisone **'''CCG-1891''' (children 1-10 y/o, WBC <50K) ***'''2002''' {{PMID|11806983}} -- "Double-delayed intensification improves event-free survival for children with intermediate-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. (Lange BJ, Blood. 2002 Feb 1;99(3):825-33.) ****Successor study to CCG-105. Young (<10) patients with intermediate-risk ALL. Randomized 1204 patients to single delayed intensification phase (DI), double DI, or DI + vincristine/prednisone pulsing. No RT CNS prophylaxis ****6-year outcome: EFS 79% (double DI best at 83%), OS 89% (no difference) ****''Isolated CNS failure'': DI 7.9% (36% of all failures), double DI 6.7% (35%), DI+VP 4.8%(35%) ****''Testicular failure'': DI 2%, double DI 1%, DI+VP 2% ****Conclusion: double delayed-intensification phase improves EFS **'''CCG-191P''' ***Randomized. 181 patients. VHD-MTX vs. CRT + intrathecal methotrexate ***Equivalent survival. However, patients treated with CRT had poorer performance on neurocognitive testing over time. **'''CCG-105''' ***'''1993''' {{PMID|8445428}} &mdash; "Improved outcome with delayed intensification for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and intermediate presenting features: a Childrens Cancer Group phase III trial." Tubergen DG et al. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Mar;11(3):527-37. ***'''1993''' {{PMID|8445427}} &mdash; "Prevention of CNS disease in intermediate-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: comparison of cranial radiation and intrathecal methotrexate and the importance of systemic therapy: a Childrens Cancer Group report." Tubergen DG et al. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Mar;11(3):520-6. **'''CCG-141''' ***{{PMID|7033075}} (1981), {{PMID|6336986}} (1983) *'''Low Risk''' **'''CCG-104''' *'''Unclassified''' *'''CCG-101''' (1972-1974) **'''1982''' {{PMID|7034927}} -- "Sanctuary therapy: a randomized trial of 724 children with previously untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A Report from Children's Cancer Study Group." (Nesbit ME, Cancer Res. 1982 Feb;42(2):674-80.) ***Randomized. 724 children. 4 methods of prophylactic sanctuary therapies: 1) 24 Gy CSI + 12 Gy extended field RT to liver, spleen, kidneys, lower abdomen, gonads, 2) 24 Gy CSI, 3) 24 Gy PCI + IT-MTX, and 4) IT-MTX alone ***8-year OS: 56%, EFS 52% ***The 3 arms containing RT comparable at preventing CNS relapse, and superior to IT-MTX alone. If WBC >20K, best arm was PCI + IT-MTX ***PCI 24 Gy vs. 18 Gy = similar rates or relapse ***Conclusion: CSI not necessary ===BFM Trials=== *'''BFM Review, 2000''' (1981-1995) {{PMID|11187912}} -- "Long-term results of four consecutive trials in childhood ALL performed by the ALL-BFM study group from 1981 to 1995. Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster." (Schrappe M, Leukemia. 2000 Dec;14(12):2205-22.) **Four consecutive trials (ALL-BFM 81, 83, 86, 90). 4440 children. **8-year EFS: BFM-81 66% improved to BFM-90 76%. If good early response (~90% patients), then 8-year EFS 80% **''Isolated CNS relapse: BMF-81 5.3% improved to BFM-90 1.1%'' **Major findings: ***1) Re-intensification is crucial part of treatment, even for low risk patients ***2) ''Cranial RT can be reduced to 12 Gy, or even eliminated if replaced by intensive systemic therapy and IT-MTX'' ***3) Maintenance for 24 months better than 18 months ***4) Inadequate response to initial prednisone defines ~10% high risk patients **High risk patients: Poor prednisone response, hyperleukocytosis, age <1 year, Philadelphia chromosome ===St. Jude's Trials=== *'''SJ Total Therapy XV''' (2000-2007) **'''2009''' {{PMID|19553647}} -- "Treating childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial irradiation." (Pui CH, N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 25;360(26):2730-41.) ***Prospective. 498 consecutive patients with ALL. No PCI. Low risk (age 1-10, WBC <50K, DNA index >1.16, t(12;21)); high risk (t(9;22)). Final risk status determined by level of MRD (>1% after induction was high risk). Treatment individualized. ***Outcome: 5-year EFS 86%, OS 93%. 5-year risk of isolated CNS relapse 2.7%, any CNS relapse 3.9% ***Predictors for CNS relapse: t(1;19), CNS involvement at diagnosis, T-cell immunophenotype ***Conclusion: Prophylactic cranial irradiation can be safely omitted from treatment of childhood ALL *'''SJCRH XIII''' (1991-1994) **'''1998''' {{PMID|9657739}} -- "Early intensification of intrathecal chemotherapy virtually eliminates central nervous system relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." (Pui CH, Blood. 1998 Jul 15;92(2):411-5.) ***Prospective. 165 patients. Intensified intrathecal chemo (MTX+hydrocortisone+Ara-C) for better CNS control. ***RT (22%): PCI 18 Gy only for high risk (B-cell >100K, T-cell >50K or Ph+, 18%); PCI 24 Gy only for CNS leukemia (CNS-3, 4%) ***5-year isolated CNS failure: low risk 2 failures (1%), high risk 0 failures ***5-year EFS: 80% ***Conclusion: Early intensification of intrathecal chemo reduces risk of CNS relapse, with PCI reserved only for high risk patients *'''SJCRH XII''' (1988-1991) **RT same as XI (High risk or CNS leukemia: PCI 18 Gy, otherwise no RT) *'''SJCRH XI''' (1984-1988) **High risk or CNS leukemia: PCI 18 Gy, otherwise no RT *'''SJCRH X''' (1979-1983) **Standard risk: PCI 18 Gy + IT MTX vs. high-dose MTX; high risk: PCI 24 Gy **Lower CNS failure in PCI group **Higher testis and BM failure rate in PCI arm **Stratified by WBC (>25k), increase risk of CNS failure in HDMTX arm *'''SJCRH IX''' (1976-1979) **RT PCI 24 Gy + some IT-MTX *'''SJCRH VIII''' (1972-1975) **Everyone RT PCI 24 Gy + IT-MTX. Maintenance randomized to 4 different regimens: 1) IV-MTX, 2) oral MTX + 6-MP, 3) #2 + cyclophosphamide, 4) #3 + ara-C **CNS relapse least in oral MTX + 6-MP arm **Significant leukoencephalopathy (lethargy, SZ, spasticity, paresis, ataxia) in IV-MTX concurrent with PCI arm *'''SJCRH VII''' **'''1981''' {{PMID|6115282}} -- "Leukaemia remission and survival." (Simone JV, Lancet. 1981 Sep 5;2(8245):531.) ***Randomized to CSI 24 Gy vs. PCI 24 Gy + IT-MTX ***No difference in outcomes ***Conclusion: No need for CSI if IT-MTX given for spinal control *'''SJCRH VI''' **'''1978''' {{PMID|102418}} -- "Preventive central nervous system irradiation in children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia." (Dahl GV, Cancer. 1978 Nov;42(5):2187-92.) ***Randomized to +/- CSI 24 Gy ***CSI to 24 Gy in 15/16 fxs reduced isolated CNS relapse from 67% to 4% ***No change in overall survival due to significant and persistent BM failures ***Dose reduction to 12 Gy not possible with chemo of that time *'''SJCRH V''' **'''1973''' {{PMID|4516522}} -- "Comparison of two methods of preventing central nervous system leukemia." (Aur RJ, Blood. 1973 Sep;42(3):349-57.) ***All patients given CNS RT 24 Gy ***Addition of craniospinal radiation significantly improved outcomes over previous studies (I-IV) *'''SJCRH I-IV''' (1962-1966) **'''1972''' {{PMID|4509105}} -- ""Total therapy" studies of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children. Current results and prospects for cure." (Simone J, Cancer. 1972 Dec;30(6):1488-94.) ***No CNS RT given ***Conclusion: 1) combination chemo is superior to sequential administration of single agents, 2) full-dose is superior to half-dose chemotherapy ===DFCI Consortium Trials=== *'''DFCI Consortium 95-01''' (1996-2000) **Multiple randomizations. 491 patients with ALL; 272 standard risk (B-cell, WBC <50K, Age 1-10, no CNS lymphoblasts, no mediastinal mass, no [[w:Philadelphia_chromosome|Philadelphia chromosome]]), 219 high risk. ***Standard risk: 1) triple IT chemo vs. double IT chemo + Cranial RT 18 Gy BID, 2) Erwinia vs. Escherichia coli asparaginase. ***High risk: 1) doxorubicin vs. doxorubicin + dexrazoxane, 2) Hyperfractionated (0.9 Gy BID to 18 Gy) versus daily RT (1.8 Gy daily to 18 Gy) **'''2007''' {{PMID|17003366}} -- "Results of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01 for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." (Moghrabi A, Blood. 2007 Feb 1;109(3):896-904. Epub 2006 Sep 26.). Median F/U 5.7 years ***Outcome: Standard risk: no difference between triple IT chemo and double IT chemo with cranial RT; Erwinia asparaginase worse EFS. High risk: 1) dexrazoxane no benefit ***Conclusion: Intensive (triple) intrathecal chemo as effective as cranial RT in standard risk patients ===Other Trials=== *'''Odense, 1995''' (Denmark) {{PMID|7895752}} -- "Prolonged intrathecal chemotherapy replacing cranial irradiation in high-risk acute lymphatic leukaemia: long-term follow up with cerebral computed tomography scans and endocrinological studies." (Hasle H, Eur J Pediatr. 1995 Jan;154(1):24-9.) **Prospective. 21 children with high-risk ALL. Treated with prolonged intrathecal triple therapy (MTX, hydrocortisone, Ara-C) **5-year EFS: 79% **CNS relapses: none **Side effects: 1 child with cortical atrophy, 5 children with delayed bone age, no hormonal abnormalities **Conclusion: Extended IT-chemo may provide effective protection with low risk ==RT Toxicity== *'''DFCI Consortium Trial 95-01''' **Randomized. ''See above for full protocol information''. Subset 164 patients with standard-risk ALL treated with Arm 1) 18 Gy CRT + double IT chemo vs. Arm 2) triple IT chemo **'''2007''' {{PMID|17971588}} -- "Neuropsychological outcomes from a randomized trial of triple intrathecal chemotherapy compared with 18 Gy cranial radiation as CNS treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: findings from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01." (Waber DP, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Nov 1;25(31):4914-21.). Neuropsychological testing at median 6 years **Outcome: cognitive function for both groups in average range (median IQ ~100), prevalence of children in special ed comparable. Significant difference in speed of information processing **Conclusion: minimal difference between cranial RT and intrathecal chemo alone. Preferable to avoid CRT, but if necessary, CRT 18 Gy may not add risk for neurotoxicity *'''Toronto, 2006''' {{PMID|16921038}} -- "Comparison of long-term neurocognitive outcomes in young children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with cranial radiation or high-dose or very high-dose intravenous methotrexate." (Spiegler BJ, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug 20;24(24):3858-64.) **Retrospective review. 79 patients with high-risk ALL treated on protocols. CNS prophylaxis either CRT 18 Gy, or high-dose MTX, or very-high dose MTX. Neurocognitive assessment done in mean 10.5 years after Dx (5-20 years) **Outcome: no difference between either MTX dose and population mean; CRT did ~1 STD worse (clinically significant, since many require special academic accommodations) **Conclusion: "Treatment strategies for young children with ALL that avoid CRT are associated with good long-term neurocognitive outcomes." *'''St. Jude's, 2003''' (1962-1992) {{PMID|12917300}} -- "Extended follow-up of long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia." (Pui CH, N Engl J Med. 2003 Aug 14;349(7):640-9.) **Retrospective. 856 patients with no recurrence treated on 13 consecutive clinical trials (out of 2069 treated). Min F/U 10 years **2nd neoplasms: 41/44 RT-related (cumulative risk at 20 years RT 21% vs. no RT 1%) **Death rate: standardized mortality ratio to US population - RT 1.9 (SS) vs. no RT 1.7 (NS) **Unemployment: men RT 15% vs. no RT 5%; women RT 35% vs. no RT 5% **Conclusion: children with ALL who did not receive RT can expect normal life; RT is associated with risk of second neoplasms, slight excess mortality, and unemployment *'''NCI, 1994''' {{PMID|7933424}} -- "Educational attainment in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia." (Haupt R, JAMA. 1994 Nov 9;272(18):1427-32.) **Retrospective. 593 adult survivors of ALL, 409 sibling controls treated in 23 CCG centers **More likely to enter special education, RR 3.4 (SS) or learning disability, RR 3.6 (SS). Risk increased with increasing dose of cranial RT **Same probability of finishing high school, or earning bachelor's degree **CNS RT 24 Gy or age <6: less likely to enter college (RR 0.67) **Conclusion: "This large study demonstrates that childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors have a greater likelihood of being placed in special education or learning disabled programs than their siblings, but that most are able to overcome these problems. Dose of cranial radiotherapy and age at diagnosis are the most important education-related risk factors." ==Refs to Add== *POG 7420 *Gilchrist 1994 *Krull 2013 (JCO Vol 31, Number 35, December 10, 2013, pp. 4407-4415) ==Review articles== *'''CNS treatment:''' {{PMID|12525506}} &mdash; "Toward optimal central nervous system-directed treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Pui CH et al. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jan 15;21(2):179-81. *'''CNS treatment:''' {{PMID|16215818}}, 2005 &mdash; "Leukemic and lymphomatous meningitis: incidence, prognosis and treatment." Chamberlain MC et al. J Neurooncol. 2005 Oct;75(1):71-83. *'''ALL treamtent:''' {{PMID|16407512}} &mdash; "Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Pui CH et al. NEJM. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-178. Keywords: ALL, radiotherapy, radiation eku7v26osmkji7fjf6tisbgqdjjcu3j Arithmetic/Working with Integers 0 115631 4672929 3693327 2026-09-29T13:27:17Z ~2026-52219-13 3627167 made it easier to read 4672929 wikitext text/x-wiki There are a number of ways to compare two arithmetic ''expressions''. The first one can either be: *equal to the second (=) *greater than the second (>) *less than the second (<) *greater than '''<u>or</u>''' equal to the second (≥) *less than or equal to the second (≤) Examples: :5 > 2 (reads: "Five is greater than Two") :2 < 5 (reads: "Two is less than Five") :7 = 7 (reads: "Seven is equal to Seven") :a ≥ b (reads: "A is greater than '''or''' equal to B". This means A could be equal to B '''or''' greater than B.) :a ≤ b (reads: "A is less than '''or''' equal to B". This means A could be equal to B '''or''' less than B.) *These are very important to understand before diving into solving equations with these symbols. {{BookCat}} 5ubf9ioqz1cfymtfqeg8q3vbn7757x0 Vietnamese/Tourism 0 122530 4672942 4384106 2026-09-29T13:55:26Z Iplaychess123 3627168 4672942 wikitext text/x-wiki Tourism is an important industry for Vietnam. Few countries have changed so much over such a short time as Vietnam. Only fifty-odd years after the savagery and slaughter of the American War, this resilient nation is buoyant with hope. It is a country on the move: access is now easier than ever, roads are being upgraded, hotels are springing up and Vietnam’s raucous entrepreneurial spirit is once again alive and well as the old-style Communist system gives way to a socialist market economy. As the number of tourists finding their way here soars, the word is out that this is a land not of bomb craters and army ordnance but of shimmering paddy fields and sugar-white beaches, full-tilt cities and venerable pagodas – often overwhelming in its sheer beauty. The speed with which Vietnam’s population has been able to put the bitter events of its recent past behind it, and focus its gaze so steadfastly on the future, often surprises visitors expecting to encounter shell-shocked resentment of the West. It wasn’t always like this, however. The reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1975, ending twenty years of bloody civil war, was followed by a decade or so of hardline centralist economic rule from which only the shake-up of [[w:Đổi Mới|Chính sách Đổi Mới]] – Vietnam’s equivalent of perestroika – beginning in 1986, could awaken the country. This signaled a renaissance for Vietnam, and today a high fever of commerce grips the nation: from the flashy new shopping malls and designer boutiques to the hustle and bustle of street markets and the booming cross-border trade with China. From a tourist’s point of view, this is a great time to visit – not only to soak up the intoxicating sense of vitality and optimism, but also the chance to witness a country in profound flux. Inevitably, that’s not the whole story. Đổi Mới is an economic policy, not a magic spell, and life, for much of the population, remains hard. Indeed, the move towards a market economy has predictably polarized the gap between rich and poor. Average monthly incomes for city-dwellers remain at around US$50, while in the poorest provinces workers may scrape by on as little as US$15 a month – a difference that amply illustrates the growing gulf between urban and rural Vietnam. There is an equally marked difference between north and south, a deep psychological divide that was around long before the American War, and is engrained in Vietnamese culture. Northerners are considered reticent, thrifty, law-abiding and lacking the dynamism and entrepreneurial know-how of their more worldly-wise southern compatriots. Not surprisingly, this is mirrored in the broader economy: the south is Vietnam’s growth engine, it boasts lower unemployment and higher average wages, and the increasingly glitzy Ho Chi Minh City looks like Bangkok and Singapore than Hanoi. {{BookCat}} 0n86xd7ld20vr1vlsrm8hou36ir75dy Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Lymphatic System 0 135383 4673095 3251680 2026-09-30T10:44:08Z ~2026-52733-78 3627242 COrrecting information 4673095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 10 Lymphatic.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/toms/111942949 Toms Bauģis ] cc by]] ==Objectives== After completing this section, you should know: Chelsea smells * the function of the lymphatic system * what the terms tissue fluid, lymph, lymphocyte and lymphatic mean * how lymph is formed and what is in it * the basic structure and function of a lymph node and the position of some important lymph nodes in the body * the route by which lymph circulates in the body and is returned to the blood system * the location and function of the spleen, thymus and lacteals ==Lymphatic System== When '''tissue fluid''' enters the small blind-ended '''lymphatic capillaries''' that form a network between the cells it becomes '''lymph'''. Lymph is a clear watery fluid that is very similar to blood plasma except that it contains large numbers of white blood cells, mostly '''lymphocytes'''. It also contains protein, cellular debris, foreign particles and bacteria. Lymph that comes from the intestines also contains many fat globules following the absorption of fat from the digested food into the lymphatics ('''lacteals''') of the villi (see chapter 11 for more on these). From the lymph capillaries the lymph flows into larger tubes called '''lymphatic vessels.''' These carry the lymph back to join the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.1 and 10.2). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Capillary bed with lymphatic capilaries.jpg]] Diagram 10.1 - A capillary bed with lymphatic capillaries ===Lymphatic vessels=== Lymphatic vessels have several similarities to veins. Both are thin walled and return fluid to the right hand side of the heart. The movement of the fluid in both is brought about by the contraction of the muscles that surround them and both have valves to prevent backflow. One important difference is that lymph passes through at least one '''lymph node''' or gland before it reaches the blood system (see diagram 10.2). These filter out used cell parts, cancer cells and bacteria and help defend the body from infection. Lymph nodes are of various sizes and shapes and found throughout the body and the more important ones are shown in diagram 10.3. They consist of lymph tissue surrounded by a fibrous sheath. Lymph flows into them through a number of incoming vessels. It then trickles through small channels where white cells called '''macrophages''' (derived from '''monocytes''') remove the bacteria and debris by engulfing and digesting them (see diagram 10.4). The lymph then leaves the lymph nodes through outgoing vessels to continue its journey towards the heart where it rejoins the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.2 and 10.3). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymphatic system.jpg]] Diagram 10.2 - The lymphatic system [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Circulation of lymph w major lymph nodes.jpg]] Diagram 10.3 - The circulation of lymph with major lymph nodes [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymph node.jpg]] Diagram 10.4 - A lymph node As well as filtering the lymph, lymph nodes produce the white cells known as '''lymphocytes'''. Lymphocytes are also produced by the '''thymus''', '''spleen''' and '''bone marrow'''. There are two kinds of lymphocyte. The first attack invading micro organisms directly while others produce '''antibodies''' that circulate in the blood and attack them. The function of the lymphatic system can therefore be summarized as transport and defense. It is important for returning the fluid and proteins that have escaped from the blood capillaries to the blood system and is also responsible for picking up the products of fat digestion in the small intestine. Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection. ===Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system=== During infection of the body the lymph nodes often become swollen and tender because of their increased activity. This is what causes the swollen ‘glands’ in your neck during throat infections, mumps and tonsillitis. Sometimes the bacteria multiply in the lymph node and cause inflammation. Cancer cells may also be carried to the lymph nodes and then transported to other parts of the body where they may multiply to form a secondary growth or '''metastasis'''. The lymphatic system may therefore contribute to the spread of cancer. Inactivity of the muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels or blockage of these vessels causes tissue fluid to ‘back up’ in the tissues resulting in swelling or '''oedema'''. ==Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System== The '''spleen''' is an important part of the lymphatic system. It is a deep red organ situated in the abdomen caudal to the stomach (see diagram 10.3). It is composed of two different types of tissue. The first type makes and stores lymphocytes, the cells of the immune system. The second type of tissue destroys worn out red blood cells, breaking down the haemoglobin into iron, which is recycled, and waste products that are excreted. The spleen also stores red blood cells. When severe blood loss occurs, it contracts and releases them into the circulation. The '''thymus''' is a large pink organ lying just under the sternum (breastbone) just cranial to the heart (see diagram 10.1). It has an important function processing lymphocytes so they are capable of recognising and attacking foreign invaders like bacteria. Other lymph organs are the '''bone marrow''' of the long bones where lymphocytes are produced and '''lymph nodules''', which are like tiny lymph nodes. Large clusters of these are found in the wall of the small intestine (called Peyer’s Patches) and in the tonsils. ==Summary== * Fluid leaks out of the thin walled capillaries as they pass through the tissues. This is called '''tissue fluid'''. * Much of tissue fluid passes back into the capillaries. Some enters the blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells of the tissues. This fluid is called '''lymph'''. * Lymph flows from the '''lymphatic capillaries''' to '''lymph vessels''', passing through '''lymph nodes''' and along the thoracic duct to join the blood system. * Lymph nodes filter the lymph and produce '''lymphocytes'''. * Other organs of the lymphatic system are the '''spleen, thymus, bone marrow''', and '''lymph nodules'''. ==Worksheets== [http://www.wikieducator.org/Lymphatic_System_Worksheet Lymphatic System Worksheet] ==Test Yourself== 1. What is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph? 2. By what route does lymph make its way back to join the blood of the circulatory system? 3. As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along what makes it flow? 4. What happens to the lymph as it passes through a lymph node? 5. Where is the spleen located in the body? 6. Where is the thymus located in the body? 7. What is the function of lymphocytes? [[/Test Yourself Answers/]] ==Websites== *http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=117 Cancerhelp A nice clear explanation here with great diagrams of the (human) lymphatic system. *http://www.jdaross.cwc.net/lymphatics2.htm Lymphatic system Introduction to the Lymphatic System. A good description of lymph circulation with an animation. *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system Wikipedia Good information here on the (human) lymphatic system, lymph circulation and lymphoid organs. ==Glossary== *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary] {{BookCat}} k3lnrkx6aaesjwbm659hov8y5sk804l 4673099 4673095 2026-09-30T10:47:46Z ~2026-52733-78 3627242 SOlving isssues 4673099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 10 Lymphatic.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/toms/111942949 Toms Bauģis ] cc by]] ==Objectives== After completing this section, you should know: Chelsea smells * the function of the lymphatic system * what the terms tissue fluid, lymph, lymphocyte and lymphatic mean * how lymph is formed and what is in it * the basic structure and function of a lymph node and the position of some important lymph nodes in the body * the route by which lymph circulates in the body and is returned to the blood system * the location and function of the spleen, thymus and lacteals ==Lymphatic System== When '''tissue fluid''' enters the small blind-ended '''lymphatic capillaries''' that form a network between the cells it becomes '''lymph'''. Lymph is a clear watery fluid that is very similar to blood plasma except that it contains large numbers of white blood cells, mostly '''lymphocytes'''. It also contains protein, cellular debris, foreign particles and bacteria. Lymph that comes from the intestines also contains many fat globules following the absorption of fat from the digested food into the lymphatics ('''lacteals''') of the villi (see chapter 11 for more on these). From the lymph capillaries the lymph flows into larger tubes called '''lymphatic vessels.''' These carry the lymph back to join the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.1 and 10.2). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Capillary bed with lymphatic capilaries.jpg]] Diagram 10.1 - A capillary bed with lymphatic capillaries ===Lymphatic vessels=== Lymphatic vessels have several similarities to veins. Both are thin walled and return fluid to the right hand side of the heart. The movement of the fluid in both is brought about by the contraction of the muscles that surround them and both have valves to prevent backflow. One important difference is that lymph passes through at least one '''lymph node''' or gland before it reaches the blood system (see diagram 10.2). These filter out used cell parts, cancer cells and bacteria and help defend the body from infection. Lymph nodes are of various sizes and shapes and found throughout the body and the more important ones are shown in diagram 10.3. They consist of lymph tissue surrounded by a fibrous sheath. Lymph flows into them through a number of incoming vessels. It then trickles through small channels where white cells called '''macrophages''' (derived from '''monocytes''') remove the bacteria and debris by engulfing and digesting them (see diagram 10.4). The lymph then leaves the lymph nodes through outgoing vessels to continue its journey towards the heart where it rejoins the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.2 and 10.3). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymphatic system.jpg]] Diagram 10.2 - Emilia at night [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Circulation of lymph w major lymph nodes.jpg]] Diagram 10.3 - The circulation of lymph with major lymph nodes [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymph node.jpg]] Diagram 10.4 - A lymph node As well as filtering the lymph, lymph nodes produce the white cells known as '''lymphocytes'''. Lymphocytes are also produced by the '''thymus''', '''spleen''' and '''bone marrow'''. There are two kinds of lymphocyte. The first attack invading micro organisms directly while others produce '''antibodies''' that circulate in the blood and attack them. The function of the lymphatic system can therefore be summarized as transport and defense. It is important for returning the fluid and proteins that have escaped from the blood capillaries to the blood system and is also responsible for picking up the products of fat digestion in the small intestine. Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection. ===Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system=== During infection of the body the lymph nodes often become swollen and tender because of their increased activity. This is what causes the swollen ‘glands’ in your neck during throat infections, mumps and tonsillitis. Sometimes the bacteria multiply in the lymph node and cause inflammation. Cancer cells may also be carried to the lymph nodes and then transported to other parts of the body where they may multiply to form a secondary growth or '''metastasis'''. The lymphatic system may therefore contribute to the spread of cancer. Inactivity of the muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels or blockage of these vessels causes tissue fluid to ‘back up’ in the tissues resulting in swelling or '''oedema'''. ==Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System== The '''spleen''' is an important part of the lymphatic system. It is a deep red organ situated in the abdomen caudal to the stomach (see diagram 10.3). It is composed of two different types of tissue. The first type makes and stores lymphocytes, the cells of the immune system. The second type of tissue destroys worn out red blood cells, breaking down the haemoglobin into iron, which is recycled, and waste products that are excreted. The spleen also stores red blood cells. When severe blood loss occurs, it contracts and releases them into the circulation. The '''thymus''' is a large pink organ lying just under the sternum (breastbone) just cranial to the heart (see diagram 10.1). It has an important function processing lymphocytes so they are capable of recognising and attacking foreign invaders like bacteria. Other lymph organs are the '''bone marrow''' of the long bones where lymphocytes are produced and '''lymph nodules''', which are like tiny lymph nodes. Large clusters of these are found in the wall of the small intestine (called Peyer’s Patches) and in the tonsils. ==Summary== * Fluid leaks out of the thin walled capillaries as they pass through the tissues. This is called '''tissue fluid'''. * Much of tissue fluid passes back into the capillaries. Some enters the blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells of the tissues. This fluid is called '''lymph'''. * Lymph flows from the '''lymphatic capillaries''' to '''lymph vessels''', passing through '''lymph nodes''' and along the thoracic duct to join the blood system. * Lymph nodes filter the lymph and produce '''lymphocytes'''. * Other organs of the lymphatic system are the '''spleen, thymus, bone marrow''', and '''lymph nodules'''. ==Worksheets== [http://www.wikieducator.org/Lymphatic_System_Worksheet Lymphatic System Worksheet] ==Test Yourself== 1. What is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph? 2. By what route does lymph make its way back to join the blood of the circulatory system? 3. As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along what makes it flow? 4. What happens to the lymph as it passes through a lymph node? 5. Where is the spleen located in the body? 6. Where is the thymus located in the body? 7. What is the function of lymphocytes? [[/Test Yourself Answers/]] ==Websites== *http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=117 Cancerhelp A nice clear explanation here with great diagrams of the (human) lymphatic system. *http://www.jdaross.cwc.net/lymphatics2.htm Lymphatic system Introduction to the Lymphatic System. A good description of lymph circulation with an animation. *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system Wikipedia Good information here on the (human) lymphatic system, lymph circulation and lymphoid organs. ==Glossary== *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary] {{BookCat}} gp8bnhmg7cq99k8my2regd1brly3rea 4673100 4673099 2026-09-30T10:48:15Z Pristome 3519119 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-52733-78|~2026-52733-78]] ([[User talk:~2026-52733-78|talk]]) to last version by PokestarFan 4673100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 10 Lymphatic.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/toms/111942949 Toms Bauģis ] cc by]] ==Objectives== After completing this section, you should know: * the function of the lymphatic system * what the terms tissue fluid, lymph, lymphocyte and lymphatic mean * how lymph is formed and what is in it * the basic structure and function of a lymph node and the position of some important lymph nodes in the body * the route by which lymph circulates in the body and is returned to the blood system * the location and function of the spleen, thymus and lacteals ==Lymphatic System== When '''tissue fluid''' enters the small blind-ended '''lymphatic capillaries''' that form a network between the cells it becomes '''lymph'''. Lymph is a clear watery fluid that is very similar to blood plasma except that it contains large numbers of white blood cells, mostly '''lymphocytes'''. It also contains protein, cellular debris, foreign particles and bacteria. Lymph that comes from the intestines also contains many fat globules following the absorption of fat from the digested food into the lymphatics ('''lacteals''') of the villi (see chapter 11 for more on these). From the lymph capillaries the lymph flows into larger tubes called '''lymphatic vessels.''' These carry the lymph back to join the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.1 and 10.2). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Capillary bed with lymphatic capilaries.jpg]] Diagram 10.1 - A capillary bed with lymphatic capillaries ===Lymphatic vessels=== Lymphatic vessels have several similarities to veins. Both are thin walled and return fluid to the right hand side of the heart. The movement of the fluid in both is brought about by the contraction of the muscles that surround them and both have valves to prevent backflow. One important difference is that lymph passes through at least one '''lymph node''' or gland before it reaches the blood system (see diagram 10.2). These filter out used cell parts, cancer cells and bacteria and help defend the body from infection. Lymph nodes are of various sizes and shapes and found throughout the body and the more important ones are shown in diagram 10.3. They consist of lymph tissue surrounded by a fibrous sheath. Lymph flows into them through a number of incoming vessels. It then trickles through small channels where white cells called '''macrophages''' (derived from '''monocytes''') remove the bacteria and debris by engulfing and digesting them (see diagram 10.4). The lymph then leaves the lymph nodes through outgoing vessels to continue its journey towards the heart where it rejoins the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.2 and 10.3). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymphatic system.jpg]] Diagram 10.2 - The lymphatic system [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Circulation of lymph w major lymph nodes.jpg]] Diagram 10.3 - The circulation of lymph with major lymph nodes [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymph node.jpg]] Diagram 10.4 - A lymph node As well as filtering the lymph, lymph nodes produce the white cells known as '''lymphocytes'''. Lymphocytes are also produced by the '''thymus''', '''spleen''' and '''bone marrow'''. There are two kinds of lymphocyte. The first attack invading micro organisms directly while others produce '''antibodies''' that circulate in the blood and attack them. The function of the lymphatic system can therefore be summarized as transport and defense. It is important for returning the fluid and proteins that have escaped from the blood capillaries to the blood system and is also responsible for picking up the products of fat digestion in the small intestine. Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection. ===Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system=== During infection of the body the lymph nodes often become swollen and tender because of their increased activity. This is what causes the swollen ‘glands’ in your neck during throat infections, mumps and tonsillitis. Sometimes the bacteria multiply in the lymph node and cause inflammation. Cancer cells may also be carried to the lymph nodes and then transported to other parts of the body where they may multiply to form a secondary growth or '''metastasis'''. The lymphatic system may therefore contribute to the spread of cancer. Inactivity of the muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels or blockage of these vessels causes tissue fluid to ‘back up’ in the tissues resulting in swelling or '''oedema'''. ==Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System== The '''spleen''' is an important part of the lymphatic system. It is a deep red organ situated in the abdomen caudal to the stomach (see diagram 10.3). It is composed of two different types of tissue. The first type makes and stores lymphocytes, the cells of the immune system. The second type of tissue destroys worn out red blood cells, breaking down the haemoglobin into iron, which is recycled, and waste products that are excreted. The spleen also stores red blood cells. When severe blood loss occurs, it contracts and releases them into the circulation. The '''thymus''' is a large pink organ lying just under the sternum (breastbone) just cranial to the heart (see diagram 10.1). It has an important function processing lymphocytes so they are capable of recognising and attacking foreign invaders like bacteria. Other lymph organs are the '''bone marrow''' of the long bones where lymphocytes are produced and '''lymph nodules''', which are like tiny lymph nodes. Large clusters of these are found in the wall of the small intestine (called Peyer’s Patches) and in the tonsils. ==Summary== * Fluid leaks out of the thin walled capillaries as they pass through the tissues. This is called '''tissue fluid'''. * Much of tissue fluid passes back into the capillaries. Some enters the blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells of the tissues. This fluid is called '''lymph'''. * Lymph flows from the '''lymphatic capillaries''' to '''lymph vessels''', passing through '''lymph nodes''' and along the thoracic duct to join the blood system. * Lymph nodes filter the lymph and produce '''lymphocytes'''. * Other organs of the lymphatic system are the '''spleen, thymus, bone marrow''', and '''lymph nodules'''. ==Worksheets== [http://www.wikieducator.org/Lymphatic_System_Worksheet Lymphatic System Worksheet] ==Test Yourself== 1. What is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph? 2. By what route does lymph make its way back to join the blood of the circulatory system? 3. As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along what makes it flow? 4. What happens to the lymph as it passes through a lymph node? 5. Where is the spleen located in the body? 6. Where is the thymus located in the body? 7. What is the function of lymphocytes? [[/Test Yourself Answers/]] ==Websites== *http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=117 Cancerhelp A nice clear explanation here with great diagrams of the (human) lymphatic system. *http://www.jdaross.cwc.net/lymphatics2.htm Lymphatic system Introduction to the Lymphatic System. A good description of lymph circulation with an animation. *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system Wikipedia Good information here on the (human) lymphatic system, lymph circulation and lymphoid organs. ==Glossary== *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary] {{BookCat}} 0myip25pqmjpubgb8qpeareglq4dh8q 4673101 4673100 2026-09-30T10:49:20Z ~2026-52733-78 3627242 Restoring a false removal 4673101 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 10 Lymphatic.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/toms/111942949 Toms Bauģis ] cc by]] ==Objectives== After completing this section, you should know: Chelsea SUCKS * the function of the lymphatic system * what the terms tissue fluid, lymph, lymphocyte and lymphatic mean * how lymph is formed and what is in it * the basic structure and function of a lymph node and the position of some important lymph nodes in the body * the route by which lymph circulates in the body and is returned to the blood system * the location and function of the spleen, thymus and lacteals ==Lymphatic System== When '''tissue fluid''' enters the small blind-ended '''lymphatic capillaries''' that form a network between the cells it becomes '''lymph'''. Lymph is a clear watery fluid that is very similar to blood plasma except that it contains large numbers of white blood cells, mostly '''lymphocytes'''. It also contains protein, cellular debris, foreign particles and bacteria. Lymph that comes from the intestines also contains many fat globules following the absorption of fat from the digested food into the lymphatics ('''lacteals''') of the villi (see chapter 11 for more on these). From the lymph capillaries the lymph flows into larger tubes called '''lymphatic vessels.''' These carry the lymph back to join the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.1 and 10.2). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Capillary bed with lymphatic capilaries.jpg]] Diagram 10.1 - A capillary bed with lymphatic capillaries ===Lymphatic vessels=== Lymphatic vessels have several similarities to veins. Both are thin walled and return fluid to the right hand side of the heart. The movement of the fluid in both is brought about by the contraction of the muscles that surround them and both have valves to prevent backflow. One important difference is that lymph passes through at least one '''lymph node''' or gland before it reaches the blood system (see diagram 10.2). These filter out used cell parts, cancer cells and bacteria and help defend the body from infection. Lymph nodes are of various sizes and shapes and found throughout the body and the more important ones are shown in diagram 10.3. They consist of lymph tissue surrounded by a fibrous sheath. Lymph flows into them through a number of incoming vessels. It then trickles through small channels where white cells called '''macrophages''' (derived from '''monocytes''') remove the bacteria and debris by engulfing and digesting them (see diagram 10.4). The lymph then leaves the lymph nodes through outgoing vessels to continue its journey towards the heart where it rejoins the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.2 and 10.3). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymphatic system.jpg]] Diagram 10.2 - The lymphatic system [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Circulation of lymph w major lymph nodes.jpg]] Diagram 10.3 - The circulation of lymph with major lymph nodes [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymph node.jpg]] Diagram 10.4 - A lymph node As well as filtering the lymph, lymph nodes produce the white cells known as '''lymphocytes'''. Lymphocytes are also produced by the '''thymus''', '''spleen''' and '''bone marrow'''. There are two kinds of lymphocyte. The first attack invading micro organisms directly while others produce '''antibodies''' that circulate in the blood and attack them. The function of the lymphatic system can therefore be summarized as transport and defense. It is important for returning the fluid and proteins that have escaped from the blood capillaries to the blood system and is also responsible for picking up the products of fat digestion in the small intestine. Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection. ===Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system=== During infection of the body the lymph nodes often become swollen and tender because of their increased activity. This is what causes the swollen ‘glands’ in your neck during throat infections, mumps and tonsillitis. Sometimes the bacteria multiply in the lymph node and cause inflammation. Cancer cells may also be carried to the lymph nodes and then transported to other parts of the body where they may multiply to form a secondary growth or '''metastasis'''. The lymphatic system may therefore contribute to the spread of cancer. Inactivity of the muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels or blockage of these vessels causes tissue fluid to ‘back up’ in the tissues resulting in swelling or '''oedema'''. ==Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System== The '''spleen''' is an important part of the lymphatic system. It is a deep red organ situated in the abdomen caudal to the stomach (see diagram 10.3). It is composed of two different types of tissue. The first type makes and stores lymphocytes, the cells of the immune system. The second type of tissue destroys worn out red blood cells, breaking down the haemoglobin into iron, which is recycled, and waste products that are excreted. The spleen also stores red blood cells. When severe blood loss occurs, it contracts and releases them into the circulation. The '''thymus''' is a large pink organ lying just under the sternum (breastbone) just cranial to the heart (see diagram 10.1). It has an important function processing lymphocytes so they are capable of recognising and attacking foreign invaders like bacteria. Other lymph organs are the '''bone marrow''' of the long bones where lymphocytes are produced and '''lymph nodules''', which are like tiny lymph nodes. Large clusters of these are found in the wall of the small intestine (called Peyer’s Patches) and in the tonsils. ==Summary== * Fluid leaks out of the thin walled capillaries as they pass through the tissues. This is called '''tissue fluid'''. * Much of tissue fluid passes back into the capillaries. Some enters the blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells of the tissues. This fluid is called '''lymph'''. * Lymph flows from the '''lymphatic capillaries''' to '''lymph vessels''', passing through '''lymph nodes''' and along the thoracic duct to join the blood system. * Lymph nodes filter the lymph and produce '''lymphocytes'''. * Other organs of the lymphatic system are the '''spleen, thymus, bone marrow''', and '''lymph nodules'''. ==Worksheets== [http://www.wikieducator.org/Lymphatic_System_Worksheet Lymphatic System Worksheet] ==Test Yourself== 1. What is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph? 2. By what route does lymph make its way back to join the blood of the circulatory system? 3. As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along what makes it flow? 4. What happens to the lymph as it passes through a lymph node? 5. Where is the spleen located in the body? 6. Where is the thymus located in the body? 7. What is the function of lymphocytes? [[/Test Yourself Answers/]] ==Websites== *http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=117 Cancerhelp A nice clear explanation here with great diagrams of the (human) lymphatic system. *http://www.jdaross.cwc.net/lymphatics2.htm Lymphatic system Introduction to the Lymphatic System. A good description of lymph circulation with an animation. *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system Wikipedia Good information here on the (human) lymphatic system, lymph circulation and lymphoid organs. ==Glossary== *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary] {{BookCat}} sqjiym49a5up86vu93l87fnf3xn77q8 4673102 4673101 2026-09-30T10:49:37Z Pristome 3519119 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-52733-78|~2026-52733-78]] ([[User talk:~2026-52733-78|talk]]) to last version by Pristome 4673102 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 10 Lymphatic.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/toms/111942949 Toms Bauģis ] cc by]] ==Objectives== After completing this section, you should know: * the function of the lymphatic system * what the terms tissue fluid, lymph, lymphocyte and lymphatic mean * how lymph is formed and what is in it * the basic structure and function of a lymph node and the position of some important lymph nodes in the body * the route by which lymph circulates in the body and is returned to the blood system * the location and function of the spleen, thymus and lacteals ==Lymphatic System== When '''tissue fluid''' enters the small blind-ended '''lymphatic capillaries''' that form a network between the cells it becomes '''lymph'''. Lymph is a clear watery fluid that is very similar to blood plasma except that it contains large numbers of white blood cells, mostly '''lymphocytes'''. It also contains protein, cellular debris, foreign particles and bacteria. Lymph that comes from the intestines also contains many fat globules following the absorption of fat from the digested food into the lymphatics ('''lacteals''') of the villi (see chapter 11 for more on these). From the lymph capillaries the lymph flows into larger tubes called '''lymphatic vessels.''' These carry the lymph back to join the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.1 and 10.2). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Capillary bed with lymphatic capilaries.jpg]] Diagram 10.1 - A capillary bed with lymphatic capillaries ===Lymphatic vessels=== Lymphatic vessels have several similarities to veins. Both are thin walled and return fluid to the right hand side of the heart. The movement of the fluid in both is brought about by the contraction of the muscles that surround them and both have valves to prevent backflow. One important difference is that lymph passes through at least one '''lymph node''' or gland before it reaches the blood system (see diagram 10.2). These filter out used cell parts, cancer cells and bacteria and help defend the body from infection. Lymph nodes are of various sizes and shapes and found throughout the body and the more important ones are shown in diagram 10.3. They consist of lymph tissue surrounded by a fibrous sheath. Lymph flows into them through a number of incoming vessels. It then trickles through small channels where white cells called '''macrophages''' (derived from '''monocytes''') remove the bacteria and debris by engulfing and digesting them (see diagram 10.4). The lymph then leaves the lymph nodes through outgoing vessels to continue its journey towards the heart where it rejoins the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.2 and 10.3). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymphatic system.jpg]] Diagram 10.2 - The lymphatic system [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Circulation of lymph w major lymph nodes.jpg]] Diagram 10.3 - The circulation of lymph with major lymph nodes [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymph node.jpg]] Diagram 10.4 - A lymph node As well as filtering the lymph, lymph nodes produce the white cells known as '''lymphocytes'''. Lymphocytes are also produced by the '''thymus''', '''spleen''' and '''bone marrow'''. There are two kinds of lymphocyte. The first attack invading micro organisms directly while others produce '''antibodies''' that circulate in the blood and attack them. The function of the lymphatic system can therefore be summarized as transport and defense. It is important for returning the fluid and proteins that have escaped from the blood capillaries to the blood system and is also responsible for picking up the products of fat digestion in the small intestine. Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection. ===Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system=== During infection of the body the lymph nodes often become swollen and tender because of their increased activity. This is what causes the swollen ‘glands’ in your neck during throat infections, mumps and tonsillitis. Sometimes the bacteria multiply in the lymph node and cause inflammation. Cancer cells may also be carried to the lymph nodes and then transported to other parts of the body where they may multiply to form a secondary growth or '''metastasis'''. The lymphatic system may therefore contribute to the spread of cancer. Inactivity of the muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels or blockage of these vessels causes tissue fluid to ‘back up’ in the tissues resulting in swelling or '''oedema'''. ==Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System== The '''spleen''' is an important part of the lymphatic system. It is a deep red organ situated in the abdomen caudal to the stomach (see diagram 10.3). It is composed of two different types of tissue. The first type makes and stores lymphocytes, the cells of the immune system. The second type of tissue destroys worn out red blood cells, breaking down the haemoglobin into iron, which is recycled, and waste products that are excreted. The spleen also stores red blood cells. When severe blood loss occurs, it contracts and releases them into the circulation. The '''thymus''' is a large pink organ lying just under the sternum (breastbone) just cranial to the heart (see diagram 10.1). It has an important function processing lymphocytes so they are capable of recognising and attacking foreign invaders like bacteria. Other lymph organs are the '''bone marrow''' of the long bones where lymphocytes are produced and '''lymph nodules''', which are like tiny lymph nodes. Large clusters of these are found in the wall of the small intestine (called Peyer’s Patches) and in the tonsils. ==Summary== * Fluid leaks out of the thin walled capillaries as they pass through the tissues. This is called '''tissue fluid'''. * Much of tissue fluid passes back into the capillaries. Some enters the blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells of the tissues. This fluid is called '''lymph'''. * Lymph flows from the '''lymphatic capillaries''' to '''lymph vessels''', passing through '''lymph nodes''' and along the thoracic duct to join the blood system. * Lymph nodes filter the lymph and produce '''lymphocytes'''. * Other organs of the lymphatic system are the '''spleen, thymus, bone marrow''', and '''lymph nodules'''. ==Worksheets== [http://www.wikieducator.org/Lymphatic_System_Worksheet Lymphatic System Worksheet] ==Test Yourself== 1. What is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph? 2. By what route does lymph make its way back to join the blood of the circulatory system? 3. As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along what makes it flow? 4. What happens to the lymph as it passes through a lymph node? 5. Where is the spleen located in the body? 6. Where is the thymus located in the body? 7. What is the function of lymphocytes? [[/Test Yourself Answers/]] ==Websites== *http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=117 Cancerhelp A nice clear explanation here with great diagrams of the (human) lymphatic system. *http://www.jdaross.cwc.net/lymphatics2.htm Lymphatic system Introduction to the Lymphatic System. A good description of lymph circulation with an animation. *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system Wikipedia Good information here on the (human) lymphatic system, lymph circulation and lymphoid organs. ==Glossary== *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary] {{BookCat}} 0myip25pqmjpubgb8qpeareglq4dh8q 4673104 4673102 2026-09-30T10:50:54Z ~2026-52733-78 3627242 4673104 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 10 Lymphatic.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/toms/111942949 Toms Bauģis ] cc by]] ==Objectives== After completing this section, you should know:Chelsea stinks * the function of the lymphatic system * what the terms tissue fluid, lymph, lymphocyte and lymphatic mean * how lymph is formed and what is in it * the basic structure and function of a lymph node and the position of some important lymph nodes in the body * the route by which lymph circulates in the body and is returned to the blood system * the location and function of the spleen, thymus and lacteals ==Lymphatic System== When '''tissue fluid''' enters the small blind-ended '''lymphatic capillaries''' that form a network between the cells it becomes '''lymph'''. Lymph is a clear watery fluid that is very similar to blood plasma except that it contains large numbers of white blood cells, mostly '''lymphocytes'''. It also contains protein, cellular debris, foreign particles and bacteria. Lymph that comes from the intestines also contains many fat globules following the absorption of fat from the digested food into the lymphatics ('''lacteals''') of the villi (see chapter 11 for more on these). From the lymph capillaries the lymph flows into larger tubes called '''lymphatic vessels.''' These carry the lymph back to join the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.1 and 10.2). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Capillary bed with lymphatic capilaries.jpg]] Diagram 10.1 - A capillary bed with lymphatic capillaries ===Lymphatic vessels=== Lymphatic vessels have several similarities to veins. Both are thin walled and return fluid to the right hand side of the heart. The movement of the fluid in both is brought about by the contraction of the muscles that surround them and both have valves to prevent backflow. One important difference is that lymph passes through at least one '''lymph node''' or gland before it reaches the blood system (see diagram 10.2). These filter out used cell parts, cancer cells and bacteria and help defend the body from infection. Lymph nodes are of various sizes and shapes and found throughout Emilias body and the more important ones are shown in diagram 10.3. They consist of lymph tissue surrounded by a fibrous sheath. Lymph flows into them through a number of incoming vessels. It then trickles through small channels where white cells called '''macrophages''' (derived from '''monocytes''') remove the bacteria and debris by engulfing and digesting them (see diagram 10.4). The lymph then leaves the lymph nodes through outgoing vessels to continue its journey towards the heart where it rejoins the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.2 and 10.3). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymphatic system.jpg]] Diagram 10.2 - The lymphatic system [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Circulation of lymph w major lymph nodes.jpg]] Diagram 10.3 - The circulation of lymph with major lymph nodes [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymph node.jpg]] Diagram 10.4 - A lymph node As well as filtering the lymph, lymph nodes produce the white cells known as '''lymphocytes'''. Lymphocytes are also produced by the '''thymus''', '''spleen''' and '''bone marrow'''. There are two kinds of lymphocyte. The first attack invading micro organisms directly while others produce '''antibodies''' that circulate in the blood and attack them. The function of the lymphatic system can therefore be summarized as transport and defense. It is important for returning the fluid and proteins that have escaped from the blood capillaries to the blood system and is also responsible for picking up the products of fat digestion in the small intestine. Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection. ===Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system=== During infection of the body the lymph nodes often become swollen and tender because of their increased activity. This is what causes the swollen ‘glands’ in your neck during throat infections, mumps and tonsillitis. Sometimes the bacteria multiply in the lymph node and cause inflammation. Cancer cells may also be carried to the lymph nodes and then transported to other parts of the body where they may multiply to form a secondary growth or '''metastasis'''. The lymphatic system may therefore contribute to the spread of cancer. Inactivity of the muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels or blockage of these vessels causes tissue fluid to ‘back up’ in the tissues resulting in swelling or '''oedema'''. ==Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System== The '''spleen''' is an important part of the lymphatic system. It is a deep red organ situated in the abdomen caudal to the stomach (see diagram 10.3). It is composed of two different types of tissue. The first type makes and stores lymphocytes, the cells of the immune system. The second type of tissue destroys worn out red blood cells, breaking down the haemoglobin into iron, which is recycled, and waste products that are excreted. The spleen also stores red blood cells. When severe blood loss occurs, it contracts and releases them into the circulation. The '''thymus''' is a large pink organ lying just under the sternum (breastbone) just cranial to the heart (see diagram 10.1). It has an important function processing lymphocytes so they are capable of recognising and attacking foreign invaders like bacteria. Other lymph organs are the '''bone marrow''' of the long bones where lymphocytes are produced and '''lymph nodules''', which are like tiny lymph nodes. Large clusters of these are found in the wall of the small intestine (called Peyer’s Patches) and in the tonsils. ==Summary== * Fluid leaks out of the thin walled capillaries as they pass through the tissues. This is called '''tissue fluid'''. * Much of tissue fluid passes back into the capillaries. Some enters the blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells of the tissues. This fluid is called '''lymph'''. * Lymph flows from the '''lymphatic capillaries''' to '''lymph vessels''', passing through '''lymph nodes''' and along the thoracic duct to join the blood system. * Lymph nodes filter the lymph and produce '''lymphocytes'''. * Other organs of the lymphatic system are the '''spleen, thymus, bone marrow''', and '''lymph nodules'''. ==Worksheets== [http://www.wikieducator.org/Lymphatic_System_Worksheet Lymphatic System Worksheet] ==Test Yourself== 1. What is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph? 2. By what route does lymph make its way back to join the blood of the circulatory system? 3. As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along what makes it flow? 4. What happens to the lymph as it passes through a lymph node? 5. Where is the spleen located in the body? 6. Where is the thymus located in the body? 7. What is the function of lymphocytes? [[/Test Yourself Answers/]] ==Websites== *http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=117 Cancerhelp A nice clear explanation here with great diagrams of the (human) lymphatic system. *http://www.jdaross.cwc.net/lymphatics2.htm Lymphatic system Introduction to the Lymphatic System. A good description of lymph circulation with an animation. *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system Wikipedia Good information here on the (human) lymphatic system, lymph circulation and lymphoid organs. ==Glossary== *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary] {{BookCat}} ci5jrx9mwnr0sdm60fp3st56v98ozrk 4673105 4673104 2026-09-30T10:51:04Z Pristome 3519119 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-52733-78|~2026-52733-78]] ([[User talk:~2026-52733-78|talk]]) to last version by Pristome 4673105 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals - 10 Lymphatic.jpg|thumb|400px|right|original image by [http://flickr.com/photos/toms/111942949 Toms Bauģis ] cc by]] ==Objectives== After completing this section, you should know: * the function of the lymphatic system * what the terms tissue fluid, lymph, lymphocyte and lymphatic mean * how lymph is formed and what is in it * the basic structure and function of a lymph node and the position of some important lymph nodes in the body * the route by which lymph circulates in the body and is returned to the blood system * the location and function of the spleen, thymus and lacteals ==Lymphatic System== When '''tissue fluid''' enters the small blind-ended '''lymphatic capillaries''' that form a network between the cells it becomes '''lymph'''. Lymph is a clear watery fluid that is very similar to blood plasma except that it contains large numbers of white blood cells, mostly '''lymphocytes'''. It also contains protein, cellular debris, foreign particles and bacteria. Lymph that comes from the intestines also contains many fat globules following the absorption of fat from the digested food into the lymphatics ('''lacteals''') of the villi (see chapter 11 for more on these). From the lymph capillaries the lymph flows into larger tubes called '''lymphatic vessels.''' These carry the lymph back to join the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.1 and 10.2). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Capillary bed with lymphatic capilaries.jpg]] Diagram 10.1 - A capillary bed with lymphatic capillaries ===Lymphatic vessels=== Lymphatic vessels have several similarities to veins. Both are thin walled and return fluid to the right hand side of the heart. The movement of the fluid in both is brought about by the contraction of the muscles that surround them and both have valves to prevent backflow. One important difference is that lymph passes through at least one '''lymph node''' or gland before it reaches the blood system (see diagram 10.2). These filter out used cell parts, cancer cells and bacteria and help defend the body from infection. Lymph nodes are of various sizes and shapes and found throughout the body and the more important ones are shown in diagram 10.3. They consist of lymph tissue surrounded by a fibrous sheath. Lymph flows into them through a number of incoming vessels. It then trickles through small channels where white cells called '''macrophages''' (derived from '''monocytes''') remove the bacteria and debris by engulfing and digesting them (see diagram 10.4). The lymph then leaves the lymph nodes through outgoing vessels to continue its journey towards the heart where it rejoins the blood circulation (see diagrams 10.2 and 10.3). [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymphatic system.jpg]] Diagram 10.2 - The lymphatic system [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Circulation of lymph w major lymph nodes.jpg]] Diagram 10.3 - The circulation of lymph with major lymph nodes [[Image:Anatomy and physiology of animals Lymph node.jpg]] Diagram 10.4 - A lymph node As well as filtering the lymph, lymph nodes produce the white cells known as '''lymphocytes'''. Lymphocytes are also produced by the '''thymus''', '''spleen''' and '''bone marrow'''. There are two kinds of lymphocyte. The first attack invading micro organisms directly while others produce '''antibodies''' that circulate in the blood and attack them. The function of the lymphatic system can therefore be summarized as transport and defense. It is important for returning the fluid and proteins that have escaped from the blood capillaries to the blood system and is also responsible for picking up the products of fat digestion in the small intestine. Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection. ===Problems with lymph nodes and the lymphatic system=== During infection of the body the lymph nodes often become swollen and tender because of their increased activity. This is what causes the swollen ‘glands’ in your neck during throat infections, mumps and tonsillitis. Sometimes the bacteria multiply in the lymph node and cause inflammation. Cancer cells may also be carried to the lymph nodes and then transported to other parts of the body where they may multiply to form a secondary growth or '''metastasis'''. The lymphatic system may therefore contribute to the spread of cancer. Inactivity of the muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels or blockage of these vessels causes tissue fluid to ‘back up’ in the tissues resulting in swelling or '''oedema'''. ==Other Organs Of The Lymphatic System== The '''spleen''' is an important part of the lymphatic system. It is a deep red organ situated in the abdomen caudal to the stomach (see diagram 10.3). It is composed of two different types of tissue. The first type makes and stores lymphocytes, the cells of the immune system. The second type of tissue destroys worn out red blood cells, breaking down the haemoglobin into iron, which is recycled, and waste products that are excreted. The spleen also stores red blood cells. When severe blood loss occurs, it contracts and releases them into the circulation. The '''thymus''' is a large pink organ lying just under the sternum (breastbone) just cranial to the heart (see diagram 10.1). It has an important function processing lymphocytes so they are capable of recognising and attacking foreign invaders like bacteria. Other lymph organs are the '''bone marrow''' of the long bones where lymphocytes are produced and '''lymph nodules''', which are like tiny lymph nodes. Large clusters of these are found in the wall of the small intestine (called Peyer’s Patches) and in the tonsils. ==Summary== * Fluid leaks out of the thin walled capillaries as they pass through the tissues. This is called '''tissue fluid'''. * Much of tissue fluid passes back into the capillaries. Some enters the blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that form a network between the cells of the tissues. This fluid is called '''lymph'''. * Lymph flows from the '''lymphatic capillaries''' to '''lymph vessels''', passing through '''lymph nodes''' and along the thoracic duct to join the blood system. * Lymph nodes filter the lymph and produce '''lymphocytes'''. * Other organs of the lymphatic system are the '''spleen, thymus, bone marrow''', and '''lymph nodules'''. ==Worksheets== [http://www.wikieducator.org/Lymphatic_System_Worksheet Lymphatic System Worksheet] ==Test Yourself== 1. What is the difference between tissue fluid and lymph? 2. By what route does lymph make its way back to join the blood of the circulatory system? 3. As the lymphatic system has no heart to push the lymph along what makes it flow? 4. What happens to the lymph as it passes through a lymph node? 5. Where is the spleen located in the body? 6. Where is the thymus located in the body? 7. What is the function of lymphocytes? [[/Test Yourself Answers/]] ==Websites== *http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=117 Cancerhelp A nice clear explanation here with great diagrams of the (human) lymphatic system. *http://www.jdaross.cwc.net/lymphatics2.htm Lymphatic system Introduction to the Lymphatic System. A good description of lymph circulation with an animation. *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system Wikipedia Good information here on the (human) lymphatic system, lymph circulation and lymphoid organs. ==Glossary== *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Glossary Link to Glossary] {{BookCat}} 0myip25pqmjpubgb8qpeareglq4dh8q Horticulture/Irrigation 0 136243 4673058 4028197 2026-09-30T06:53:40Z Jcb 90773 4673058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WMOG-header}} [[Image:Irrigation in the Heart of the Sahara.jpg|thumb|High-altitude aerial view of irrigation in the Heart of the Sahara]] '''Irrigation''' is the artificial application of water to the soil in order ensure an adequate supply of water for plants. In crop production it is mainly used to replace missing rainfall in periods of drought, but also to protect plants against frost.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Snyder | first1 = R. L. | last2 = Melo-Abreu | first2 = J. P. | title = Frost protection: fundamentals, practice, and economics – Volume 1 | booktitle = Environment and Natural Resources Series 10 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | year = 2005 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/y7223e/y7223e00.pdf | id = ISSN: 1684-8241. }}</ref> Additionally irrigation helps to suppress weed growing in rice fields.<ref>{{cite web | last = Williams | first = J. F. | coauthors = S. R. Roberts, J. E. Hill, S. C. Scardaci, and G. Tibbits | title = Managing Water for Weed Control in Rice | publisher = [[UC Davis, Department of Plant Sciences]] | url = http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/uccerice/WATER/water.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-14 }}</ref> In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is sometimes referred to as dryland farming or as rain fed farming. == History of irrigation == [[Image:Pot chain irrigation 1846.jpg|thumb|Animal-powered irrigation, Upper Egypt, ca. 1840]] [[Image:Turpan-karez-museo-d02.jpg|thumb|right|Inside a karez tunnel at Turpan, China.]] Irrigation is an ancient practice, with archaeological evidence of irrigation in Mesopotamia and Egypt as far back as the 6th millennium BCE, where barley was grown in areas where the natural rainfall was insufficient to support such a crop.<ref>{{cite book | title =The History of Technology – Irrigation | publisher =Encyclopædia Britannica, 1994 edition}}</ref> In the western hemisphere archaeologists have found irrigation canals in the Zana Valley of the Andes Mountains in Peru from as far back as the 4th millennium BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan and northern India (from circa 2600 BCE) also had an early canal irrigation system (from circa 2600 BCE).<ref>{{cite web| title =Ancient India Indus Valley Civilization | publisher =Minnesota State University "e-museum" | url =http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/india/indus/elements.html | accessdate = 2007-01-10 }}</ref> Large scale agriculture was practiced and an extensive network of canals was used for the purpose of irrigation. Sophisticated irrigation and storage systems were developed, including the reservoirs built at Girnar in 3000 BCE.<ref>Rodda, J. C. and Ubertini, Lucio (2004). ''The Basis of Civilization - Water Science?'' pg 161. International Association of Hydrological Sciences (International Association of Hydrological Sciences Press 2004).</ref> There is evidence of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Amenemhet III in the twelfth dynasty (about 1800 BCE) using the natural lake of the Faiyum Oasis as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during the dry seasons, as the lake swelled annually as caused by the annual flooding of the Nile.<ref>{{cite web | title =Amenemhet III | publisher =Britannica Concise | url =http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9006076/Amenemhet-III | accessdate = 2007-01-10 }}</ref> The Qanats, developed in ancient Persia in about 800 BCE, are among the oldest known irrigation methods still in use today. They are now found in Asia, the middle east and north Africa. The system comprises a network of vertical wells and gently sloping tunnels driven into the sides of cliffs and steep hills to tap groundwater.<ref>{{cite web| title =Qanat Irrigation Systems and Homegardens (Iran) | work =Globally Important Agriculture Heritage Systems | publisher =UN Food and Agriculture Organization | url =http://www.fao.org/sd/giahs/other_iran1_desc.asp | accessdate = 2007-01-10 }}</ref> The noria, a water wheel with clay pots around the rim powered by the flow of the stream (or by animals where the water source was still), was first brought into use at about this time, by Roman settlers in North Africa. By 150 BCE the pots were fitted with valves to allow smoother filling as they were forced into the water.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1911 and 1989 editions</ref> The irrigation works of ancient Sri Lanka, the earliest dating from about 300 BCE, in the reign of King Pandukabhaya and under continuous development for the next thousand years, were one of the most complex irrigation systems of the ancient world. In addition to underground canals, the Sinhalese were the first to build completely artificial reservoirs to store water. The system was extensively restored and further extended during the reign of King Parakrama Bahu (1153–1186 CE).<ref>{{cite web| last =de Silva | first =Sena | title =Reservoirs of Sri Lanka and their fisheries | publisher =UN Food and Agriculture Organization | date =1998 | url =http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0028E/T0028E03.htm | accessdate = 2007-01-10 }}</ref> The oldest known hydraulic engineers of China were Sunshu Ao (6th century BCE) of the Spring and Autumn Period and Ximen Bao (5th century BCE) of the Warring States period, both of whom worked on large irrigation projects. In the Szechwan region belonging to the State of Qin of ancient China, the Dujiangyan Irrigation System was built in 256 BCE to irrigate an enormous area of farmland that today still supplies water.<ref>{{cite book | title =China – history | publisher =Encyclopædia Britannica,1994 edition}}</ref> By the 1st century AD, during the Han Dynasty, the Chinese also used chain pumps that lifted water from lower elevation to higher elevation.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 344 346">Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering''. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Pages 344-346.</ref> These were powered by manual foot pedal, hydraulic waterwheels, or rotating mechanical wheels pulled by oxen.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 340 343">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 340-343.</ref> The water was used for public works of providing water for urban residential quarters and palace gardens, but mostly for irrigation of farmland canals and channels in the fields.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 33 110">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 33, 110.</ref> In fifteenth century Korea the world's first water gauge, ''woo ryang gyae'' (Korean: 우량계), was discovered in 1441 CE. The inventor was Jang Young Sil, a Korean engineer of the Choson Dynasty, under the active direction of the King, Se Jong. It was installed in irrigation tanks as part of a nationwide system to measure and collect rainfall for agricultural applications. With this instrument, planners and farmers could make better use of the information gathered in the survey.<ref>{{cite book | last =Baek Sauk Gi | title =Jang Young Sil | publisher =Woong-Jin-Wee-In-Jun-Gi: "Woongjin Publishing Co., Ltd" | date =1987}}</ref> By the middle of the 20th century, the advent of diesel and electric motors led for the first time to systems that could pump groundwater out of major aquifers faster than it was recharged. This can lead to permanent loss of aquifer capacity, decreased water quality, ground subsidence, and other problems. The future of food production in such areas as the North China Plain, the Punjab, and the Great Plains of the US is threatened. == Types of irrigation == [[Image:LevelBasinFloodIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Basin flood irrigation of wheat]] [[Image:Sprinkler.gif|thumb|Sprinkler]] Various types of irrigation techniques differ in how the water obtained from the source is distributed within the field. In general, the goal is to supply the entire field uniformly with water, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. === Surface irrigation === In surface irrigation systems water moves over and across the land by simple gravity flow in order to wet it and to infiltrate into the soil. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow, borderstrip or basin irrigation. It is often called '''flood irrigation''' when the irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land. Historically, this has been the most common method of irrigating agricultural land. Where water levels from the irrigation source permit, the levels are controlled by dikes, usually plugged by soil. This is often seen in terraced rice fields (rice paddies), where the method is used to flood or control the level of water in each distinct field. In some cases, the water is pumped, or lifted by human or animal power to the level of the land. === Localized irrigation === Localized irrigation is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Drip irrigation, spray or micro-sprinkler irrigation and bubbler irrigation belong to this category of irrigation methods.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Frenken | first1 = K. | title = Irrigation in Africa in figures – AQUASTAT Survey – 2005 | booktitle = Water Report 29 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | date = 2005 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr29_eng.pdf | id = {{ISBN|92-5-105414-2}} | accessdate = 2007-03-14 }}</ref> ==== Drip, or trickle irrigation ==== [[Image:Dripperwithdrop.png|thumb|Drip Irrigation - A dripper in action]] [[Image:dripirrigation.gif|thumb|Drip Irrigation Layout and its parts]] Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop. This type of system can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly, since evaporation and runoff are minimized. In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic mulch, further reducing evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of fertilizer. The process is known as [[w:fertigation]]. Deep percolation, where water moves below the root zone, can occur if a drip system is operated for too long of a duration or if the delivery rate is too high. Drip irrigation methods range from very high-tech and computerized to low-tech and relatively labor-intensive. Lower water pressures are usually needed than for most other types of systems, with the exception of low energy center pivot systems and surface irrigation systems, and the system can be designed for uniformity throughout a field or for precise water delivery to individual plants in a landscape containing a mix of plant species. Although it is difficult to regulate pressure on steep slopes, pressure compensating emitters are available, so the field does not have to be level. High-tech solutions involve precisely calibrated emitters located along lines of tubing that extend from a computerized set of valves. Both pressure regulation and filtration to remove particles are important. The tubes are usually black (or buried under soil or mulch) to prevent the growth of algae and to protect the polyethylene from degradation due to ultraviolet light. But drip irrigation can also be as low-tech as a porous clay vessel sunk into the soil and occasionally filled from a hose or bucket. Subsurface drip irrigation has been used successfully on lawns, but it is more expensive than a more traditional sprinkler system. Surface drip systems are not cost-effective (or aesthetically pleasing) for lawns and golf courses. Netafim,Jain Irrigation Systems, Chapin Watermatics, Eurodrip, Plastro Irrigation Systems are major manufacturer of Drip Irrigation Systems. In the past one of the main disadvantages of the subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems, when used for turf, was the fact of having to install the plastic lines very close to each other in the ground, therefore disrupting the turfgrass area. Recent technology developments on drip installers like the drip installer at New Mexico State University Arrow Head Center, places the line underground and covers the slit leaving no soil exposed. === Sprinkler irrigation === [[Image:TravellingSprinkler.JPG|thumb|A travelling sprinkler at Millets Farm Centre, Oxfordshire, UK]] In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns. A system utilizing sprinklers, sprays, or guns mounted overhead on permanently installed risers is often referred to as a ''solid-set'' irrigation system. Higher pressure sprinklers that rotate are called ''rotors'' and are driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism. Rotors can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle. Guns are similar to rotors, except that they generally operate at very high pressures of 40 to 130&nbsp;lbf/in² (275 to 900 kPa) and flows of 50 to 1200 US gal/min (3 to 76 L/s), usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 0.5 to 1.9 inches (10 to 50&nbsp;mm). Guns are used not only for irrigation, but also for industrial applications such as dust suppression and logging. [[Image:Irrigated blueberries4046.jpg|left|thumb|Sprinkler irrigation of [[../Vaccinium|blueberries]] in Plainville, New York]] Sprinklers may also be mounted on moving platforms connected to the water source by a hose. Automatically moving wheeled systems known as ''traveling sprinklers'' may irrigate areas such as small farms, sports fields, parks, pastures, and cemeteries unattended. Most of these utilize a length of polyethylene tubing wound on a steel drum. As the tubing is wound on the drum powered by the irrigation water or a small gas engine, the sprinkler is pulled across the field. When the sprinkler arrives back at the reel the system shuts off. This type of system is known to most people as a "waterreel" traveling irrigation sprinkler and they are used extensively for dust suppression, irrigation, and land application of waste water. Other travelers use a flat rubber hose that is dragged along behind while the sprinkler platform is pulled by a cable. These cable-type travelers are definitely old technology and their use is limited in today's modern irrigation projects. ==== Center pivot irrigation ==== [[Image:Center-pivot irrigation.jpg|thumb|The hub of a center-pivot irrigation system.]] Center pivot irrigation is a form of sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminum) joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. The system moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the arc. These systems are common in parts of the United States where terrain is flat. [[Image:PivotWithDrops.JPG|left|thumb|Center pivot with drop sprinklers. Photo by Gene Alexander, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.]] Most center pivot systems now have drops hanging from a u-shaped pipe called a ''gooseneck'' attached at the top of the pipe with sprinkler heads that are positioned a few feet (at most) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses. Drops can also be used with drag hoses or bubbler's that deposit the water directly on the ground between crops. The crops are planted in a circle to conform to the center pivot. This type of system is known as LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application). Originally, most center pivots were water powered. These were replaced by hydraulic systems (''T-L Irrigation'') and electric motor driven systems (''Lindsay'', ''Reinke'', ''Valley'', ''Zimmatic''). Most systems today are driven by an electric motor mounted low on each span. This drives a reduction gearbox and transverse driveshafts transmit power to another reduction gearbox mounted behind each wheel. Precision controls, some with GPS location and remote computer monitoring, are now available. ==== Lateral move (side roll, wheel line) irrigation ==== [[Image:WheelLineIrrigation.JPG|thumb|Wheel line irrigation system in Idaho. 2001. Photo by Joel McNee, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.]] A series of pipes, each with a wheel of about 1.5 m diameter permanently affixed to its midpoint and sprinklers along its length, are coupled together at one edge of a field. Water is supplied at one end using a large hose. After sufficient water has been applied, the hose is removed and the remaining assembly rotated either by hand or with a purpose-built mechanism, so that the sprinklers move 10 m across the field. The hose is reconnected. The process is repeated until the opposite edge of the field is reached. This system is less expensive to install than a center pivot, but much more labor intensive to operate, and it is limited in the amount of water it can carry. Most systems utilize 4 or 5 inch diameter aluminum pipe. One feature of a lateral move system is that it consists of sections that can be easily disconnected. They are most often used for small or oddly-shaped fields, such as those found in hilly or mountainous regions, or in regions where labor is inexpensive. === Sub-irrigation === Sub-irrigation also sometimes called ''seepage irrigation'' has been used for many years in field crops in areas with high water tables. It is a method of artificially raising the water table to allow the soil to be moistened from below the plants' root zone. Often those systems are located on permanent grasslands in lowlands or river valleys and combined with drainage infrastructure. A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and gates allows it to increase or decrease the water level in a network of ditches and the control the water table thereby. Sub-irrigation is also used in commercial greenhouse production, usually for potted plants. Water is delivered from below, absorbed upwards, and the excess collected for recycling. Typically, a solution of water and nutrients floods a container or flows through a trough for a short period of time, 10–20 minutes, and is then pumped back into a holding tank for reuse. Sub-irrigation in greenhouses requires fairly sophisticated, expensive equipment and management. Advantages are water and nutrient conservation, and labor-saving through lowered system maintenance and automation. It is similar in principle and action to subsurface drip irrigation. === Manual irrigation using buckets or watering cans === These systems have low requirements for infrastructure and technical equipment but need high labor inputs. Irrigation using watering cans is to be found for example in peri-urban agriculture around large cities in some African countries. == Sources of irrigation water == Sources of irrigation water can be groundwater extracted from springs or by using wells, surface water withdrawn from rivers, lakes or reservoirs or non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated water or drainage water. A special form of irrigation using surface water is spate irrigation, also called floodwater harvesting. In case of a flood (spate) water is diverted to normally dry river beds (wadi’s) using a network of dams, gates and channels and spread over large areas. The moisture stored in the soil will be used thereafter to grow crops. Spate irrigation areas are in particular located in semi-arid or arid, mountainous regions. While floodwater harvesting belongs to the accepted irrigation methods, rainwater harvesting is usually not considered as a form of irrigation. Rainwater harvesting is the collection of runoff water from roofs or unused land and the concentration of this water on cultivated land. Therefore this method is considered as a water concentration method. == How an in-ground irrigation system works == Most commercial and residential irrigation systems are "in ground" systems, which means that everything is buried in the ground. With the pipes, sprinklers, and irrigation valves being hidden, it makes for a cleaner, more presentable landscape without garden hoses or other items having to be moved around manually. === Water source and piping === The beginning of a sprinkler system is the water source. This is usually a tap into an existing (city) water line or a pump that pulls water out of a well or a pond. The water travels through pipes from the water source through the valves to the sprinklers. The pipes from the water source up to the irrigation valves are called "mainlines", and the lines from the valves to the sprinklers are called "lateral lines". Most piping used in irrigation systems today are HDPE and MDPE or PVC or PEX plastic pressure pipes due to their ease of installation and resistance to corrosion. After the water source, the water usually travels through a back flow prevention device. This prevents water in the irrigation lines from being pulled back into and contaminating the clean water supply. === Controllers, zones, and valves === Most Irrigation systems are divided into zones. A zone is a single Irrigation Valve and one or a group of sprinklers that are connected by pipes. Irrigation Systems are divided into zones because there is usually not enough pressure and available flow to run sprinklers for an entire yard or sports field at once. Each zone has a solenoid valve on it that is controlled via wire by an Irrigation Controller. The Irrigation Controller is either a mechanical or electrical device that signals a zone to turn on at a specific time and keeps it on for a specified amount of time. "Smart Controller" is a recent term used to describe a controller that is capable of adjusting the watering time by itself in response to current environmental conditions. The smart controller determines current conditions by means of historic weather data for the local area, a moisture sensor (water potential or water content), weather station, or a combination of these. ===Sprinklers=== When a zone comes on, the water flows through the lateral lines and ultimately ends up at the irrigation sprinkler heads. Most sprinklers have pipe thread inlets on the bottom of them which allows a fitting and the pipe to be attached to them. The sprinklers are usually installed with the top of the head flush with the ground surface. When the water is pressurized, the head will pop up out of the ground and water the desired area until the valve closes and shuts off that zone. Once there is no more water pressure in the lateral line, the sprinkler head will retract back into the ground. == Academic resources == * Irrigation Science, ISSN: 1432-1319 (electronic) 0342-7188 (paper), Springer * Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ISSN: 0733-9437, American Society of Civil Engineers Publications == References == <references/> * {{cite web | title=Jess Stryker's Landscape Irrigation Tutorials | url=http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/ | accessdate=August 1, 2005 }} * {{cite journal | author=[[Tom Dillehay|Dillehay TD]], Eling HH Jr, Rossen J | title=Preceramic irrigation canals in the Peruvian Andes | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=102 | issue=47 | year=2005 | pages=17241–4 | id={{PMID|16284247}}}} * {{cite web | title=RW Environments Smart Controller Ancillary | url=http://www.rwenvironments.com/downloads/smartcontrollers4.pdf | accessdate=December 18, 2006 }} * {{cite web | title=Technique to Maintain Quality Turf with Less Water | url=http://www.slideshare.net/hornetcentral/easy-technique-to-maintain-quality-turf-with-less-water | accessdate=May 24, 2014 }} == External links == {{Commons|Irrigation}} * {{cite web | title=Irrigation techniques | work=USGS | url=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/irmethods.html | accessdate=December 8, 2005 }} * {{cite web | title=The Irrigation Association | url=http://www.irrigation.org | accessdate=December 8, 2005 }} * [http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part12.htm Royal Engineers Museum] 19th century Irrigation in India * [http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stm AQUASTAT] FAO's global information system on water and agriculture * [http://www.appropedia.org/Irrigation_methods Related article(s)] at Appropedia, a wiki for non-Wikipedia (projects & practical "how to") content. {{Status|100%}}[[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}/Techniques|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] cr8611k9la5z8oo091q7fvgne4paqsk Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6 0 138167 4673092 4672831 2026-09-30T10:16:18Z JCrue 2226064 /* History */ 4673092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Berlin defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C24]] |parent=[[../|Bishop's opening]] }} == 2...Nf6 · Berlin defence == Black develops the king's knight and threatens the e4-pawn. This move also pre-empts "[[w:Scholar's Mate|scholar's mate]]" by controlling the h5 square so preventing 3. Qh5. === Defend the pawn === White's e4-pawn is under attack. Exactly how they choose to defend it presents different options for transpositions (Italian game positions or Vienna game positions). [[/3. d3|'''3. d3''']] is the '''main line'''. This is the most straight forward way to defend the pawn and puts paid to the idea of ...Nxe4. It also opens a line for the queen's bishop to develop. Most commonly, Black may invite White to transpose into an giuoco pianissimo via a couple of move orders (3...Nc6 4. Nf3 Bc5 is one). However, Black's most testing idea is to capitalise on the fact that they have not needed to play ...Nc6 yet by playing 3...c6, avoiding transposing and preparing to play ...d5. [[/3. Nc3|'''3. Nc3''']] is a transposition into the '''Stanley variation''' of the Vienna game. This appears to add a defender to e4, but the defence, for the moment, is illusory. If 3...Nxe4, 4. Nxe4? is a mistake on account of a common tactic called the centre fork trick. (4...d5! 5. Bd3 dxe4 6. Bxe4 f5 7. Bf3 {{chess/not|--}}). It's not cut and dry, however, because White can regain the material another way, 4. Qh5 (threatening Qxf7#) Nd6 (best) 5. Qxe5+ {{chess/not|=}}. Usually Black wishes to avoid this, and first defends e5, 3...Nc6, and if White wishes to avoid the centre fork trick, they are compelled to play 4. d3 to defend the pawn after all. This is a fine move, but it does allow Black to seize the bishop pair with 4...Na5. [[/3. f3|'''3. f3?''']] to defend the pawn should not be played: it is unnecessarily weakening to White's king's side, and takes away the most active developing square for the king's knight. === Gambit a pawn === White may rather give up a pawn for activity and attacking chances. After [[/3. d4|'''3. d4!?''']], the '''Ponziani''' or '''Urusov gambit''', White offers either pawn for Black to take. After 3...exd4, White allows Black the option of keeping the material: 4. Nf3 Nxe4 5. Qxd4 Nf6 {{chess/not|=}}. 4...Nc6 instead and the game reaches a tabiya more commonly seen in the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4|4...Nf6 line of the Scotch gambit]] (also arising from [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|4. d4 in the Italian game two knights defence]]). Either way White has active play and compensation for the pawn. 3...Nxe4? however is wrong: 4. dxe5 and White is looking for sacrifices or attacks on f7, e.g. 4...Nc6 5. Bxf7+ Kxf7 6. Qd5+ Ke8 7. Qxe4 {{chess/not|++}}. [[/3. Nf3|'''3. Nf3''']] allows Black to take on e4, 3...Nxe4. Though 4. Nxe5 may be played, (Black is doing well after 4...d5), the usual idea is to sacrifice the pawn with 4. Nc3!?, the explosive '''Boden-Kieseritzky gambit'''. 4...Nxc3 5. dxc3 and White has a lot of activity. Many amateurs have fallen afoul of 4...d6?? 6. Ng5! Be6 7. Bxe6 fxe6 8. Qf3!{{chess/not|only}} {{chess/not|+++}}. However, Black can avoid all the complications with 3...Nc6, and instead transpose into two knights defence to the Italian game. [[/3. f4|'''3. f4''']] is a gambit explored by Gioachino '''Greco'''. Accepting the pawn, 3...exf4?!, would transpose into a less common line in the king's gambit accepted, but better refutations are to be had with 3...Nxe4 or 3...d5. === History === The earliest games in this line were recorded by seventeenth century chess author [[w:Gioachino Greco|Gioachino Greco]] (1600―1634), including the line with 3. f4, known as the Greco gambit.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272151 NN v Greco, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1272152 Greco v NN, 1620. Chessgames.com]</ref> [[w:Domenico Ponziani|Domenico Ponziani]] (1719―1796) published analysis of the defence, though focused more on the line with 2...Bc5.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The incomparable game of chess |last="dal Rio" |first="Ercole" |year=1820 |pages=228-232 |language=English |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4zcu |translator-last=Bingham |translator-first=J. S. |orig-date=1769 |location=London |publisher=J. J. Stockdale}} (N.B. as a historical curiousity, the translator incorrectly attributed this to Del Rio rather than Ponziani)</ref> Before [[w:Carl Jaenisch|Jaenisch]], 2...Nf6 was considered inferior to 2...Bc5. Jaenisch praised 2...Nf6 as the strongest, counterattacking reply, writing in 1842 that it "proves... the relative weakness of [2. Bc4, and] It is difficult for us to conceive how all preceding authors have, without exception, dismissed [2...Nf6] as inferior to [2...Bc5], which latter move so decidedly yields a vast field of attack for the first player."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jaenisch's chess preceptor: a new analysis of the openings of games |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Longman & co. |year=1847 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/jaenischs-chess-preceptor |translator-last=Walker |translator-first=George |pages=64-71}} (translation of {{Cite book |title=Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures du jeu des échecs |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Gartner |year=1842}})</ref> It was given the name Berlin defence (in German, ''Berliner partie'') by [[w:Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]] in ''Handbuch des Schachspiels'' (first published 1843), who attributed it to Berliner [[w:Ludwig Bledow|Ludwig Bledow]] (1795―1846).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbuch des Schachspiels |last=von Biluger |first=P. R. |publisher=Verlag Von Veit & Comp. |year=1891 |edition=7th |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesscha00schagoog |pages=363-374}}</ref> ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6'''<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th style="text-align: left">3</th> <th style="text-align: left">4</th> <th style="text-align: left"></th></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Modern Bishop's Opening</th> <td>[[/3. d3|d3]]<br>Nc6</td> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]<br>Be7</td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Ponziani/Urusov Gambit</th> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d4|d4!?]]</td> <td></td><td>=</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Vienna Game|Vienna Game]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nc3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|equal}}</td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">[[Chess/Petrov's Defence|Petrov's Defence]]<br>by transposition</th> <td>[[../../2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Nf3]]</td><td></td><td>{{chesspunc|-1}}</td></tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} [[fi:Shakki/rnbqkb1r;pppp1ppp;5n2;4p3;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNBQK1NR w KQkq]] {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} de3wczyoi4nckfwxlm9eh2gs2g3e47p Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Randomized 0 139915 4673044 2777194 2026-09-30T06:13:56Z Jcb 90773 4673044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/TOC}} <big>'''Hodgkin's Lymphoma Randomized Evidence'''</big> In process of cross-linking... ==Early Stage== ===RT Alone: Dose=== *'''HD4''' (1988-1994) -- All IFRT 40 Gy, EFRT 40 Gy vs EFRT 30 Gy **Randomized. 376 patients, Stage I-II, no risk factors (large mediastinal mass, extranodal lesions, massive splenic disease, elevated ESR, 3+ involved areas). Involved field RT 40 Gy. Arm 1) EFRT 40 Gy vs Arm 2) EFRT 30 Gy. No chemotherapy **'''2001''' {{PMID|11387364}} -- "Low-dose radiation is sufficient for the noninvolved extended-field treatment in favorable early-stage Hodgkin's disease: long-term results of a randomized trial of radiotherapy alone." (Duhmke E, J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jun 1;19(11):2905-14.) Median F/U 7.2 years ***Outcome: 7-year RFP 40 Gy 78% vs 30 Gy 83% (NS); 7-year OS 91% vs 96% (NS). Worse outcome (RFS 72% vs 84%) with protocol violations ***Conclusion: 30 Gy dose adequate for clinically noninvolved areas ===RT vs. Chemo-RT=== *'''SWOG S9133''' (1989-2000) **Randomized. ''Closed after 2nd analysis due to superior outcome of CMT arm.'' 348 patients with clinical Stage IA-IIA, supradiaphragmatic HD, no staging laparotomy. Arm 1) subtotal lymphoid irradiation (STLI 36/20 or 40/20) or chemo (doxorubicin/vinblastine x3 cycles) + STLI **'''2001''' {{PMID|11709567}} &mdash; "Phase III randomized intergroup trial of subtotal lymphoid irradiation versus doxorubicin, vinblastine, and subtotal lymphoid irradiation for stage IA to IIA Hodgkin's disease." (Press OW et al. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Nov 15;19(22):4238-44.) Median F/U 3.3 years ***Outcome: FFS CMT 94% vs. STLI only 81% (SS); only 3 and 7 deaths in the arms ***Toxicity: well tolerated **Conclusion: Good outcome possible without staging laparotomy; combined modality superior to STLI alone *'''EORTC H8''' (1993-1999) **Two randomized trials: ***H8-F (favorable): Arm 1) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|MOPP-ABV]] x3 cycles + IFRT vs. Arm 2) STNI alone ***H8-U (unfavorable): Arm 1) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|MOPP-ABV]] x6 cycles + IFRT vs. Arm 2) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|MOPP-ABV]] x4 cycles + IFRT vs. Arm 3) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|MOPP-ABV]] x4 cycles + STNI **'''2007''' {{PMID|17989384}} -- "Chemotherapy plus involved-field radiation in early-stage Hodgkin's disease." (Ferme C, N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 8;357(19):1916-27.). Median F/U 7.7 years ***H8-F Outcome: 5-year EFS MOPP-ABV + IFRT 98% vs. STNI 74% (SS); 10-year OS 97% vs. 92% (SS) ***H8-U Outcome: 5-year EFS similar 84% vs. 88% vs. 87% (NS); 10-year OS 88% vs. 85% vs. 84% ***Conclusion: Favorable disease chemo x3 + IFRT best, unfavorable disease chemo x4 + IFRT best *'''German HD7''' (1993-1998) **Randomized. 650 patients, Stage IA-IIB without risk factors. Treated with 1) RT alone vs. 2) ABVD x 2 cycles + RT RT same in both arms, given as EFRT 30 Gy + IFRT 10 Gy **'''2007''' {{PMID|17606976}} -- "Two cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine plus extended-field radiotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in early favorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final results of the GHSG HD7 trial." (Engert A, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 10;25(23):3495-502.). Median F/U 7.2 years ***7-year outcome: no difference in survival (92% vs. 94%, NS), but significant difference in DFS RT alone 67% vs. CRT 88% (SS). Treatment relapse more successful for RT only arm ***Second malignancies: no difference, 0.8% per year, highest in older patients & B-symptoms ***Conclusion: Combined modality more effective than EF-RT alone ===Chemo-RT: Chemotherapy Regimens=== *'''HD10''' (1998-2002) -- 2x2: ABVD x2 vs ABVD x4; IFRT 30 Gy vs 20 Gy **Randomized, 2x2. 1131 patients. Stage I-II without risk factors. Randomization #1) ABVD x4 cycles vs ABVD x2 cycles, and randomization #2) IFRT 30 Gy vs IFRT 20 Gy **'''2010; 5 years''' - {{PMID|20818855}} &mdash; "Reduced Treatment Intensity in Patients with Early-Stage Hodgkin's Lymphoma." (Engert A et al; NEJM 2010) Median F/U 7.5 years ***ABVD Outcome: No significant difference in 5-year OS, FFTF, or PFS between ABVD x 4 and ABVD x 2 (OS 97.1% vs 96.6%; FFTF 93% vs 91.1%; PFS 93.5% vs 91.2%). ***IFRT Outcome: No significant difference between IFRT 30 Gy vs 20 Gy (OS 98% vs 97%, FFTF 93% vs 93%, PFS 94% vs 93%). No difference when all 4 arms compared. ***Toxicity: Acute toxicity during chemotherapy was more frequent with four cycles of ABVD: 51.7% of the patients who received four cycles of ABVD had at least one instance of severe toxicity (grade III or IV) as compared with 33.2% of those who received two cycles (P<0.001). Severe toxicity (grade III or IV) was observed more often among the patients treated with 30 Gy of involved-field radiation therapy than among those who received 20 Gy (8.7% vs. 2.9%, P<0.001). ***Conclusion: 2 cycles of ABVD followed by 20 Gy IFRT is the new standard for GHSG for early favorable HD **'''2009; 5-years''' ASH Abstract #716 [http://ash.confex.com/ash/2009/webprogram/Paper21388.html Abstract] - "Two Cycles of ABVD Followed by Involved Field Radiotherapy with 20 Gray (Gy) Is the New Standard of Care in the Treatment of Patients with Early-Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma: Final Analysis of the Randomized German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) HD10." (Engert A; Dec 2009) Median F/U 6.6 years ***ABVD Outcome: No significant difference in 5-year OS, FFTF, or PFS between ABVD x 4 and ABVD x 2 (OS 97% vs 97%; FFTF 93% vs 91%; PFS 93% vs 91%). ***IFRT Outcome: No significant difference between IFRT 30 Gy vs 20 Gy (OS 98% vs 97%, FFTF 93% vs 93%, PFS 94% vs 93%). No difference when all 4 arms compared. ***Conclusion: 2 cycles of ABVD followed by 20 Gy IFRT is the new standard for GHSG for early favorable HD *'''Italian IIL''' (1997-2001) -- ABVD + IFRT vs. EVE + IFRT **Randomized. 181 patients, age <65, with unfavorable Stage IA-IIA (bulky, subdiaphragmatic, ESR >40, Extranodal, hilar, or >3 LN areas). Arm 1) doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (ABVD) + IFRT vs. Arm 2) epirubicin, vinblastine, etoposide (EVE) + IFRT. RT 36/20, postchemo volumes, to all initially involved regions **'''5-years; 2008''' {{PMID|18180244}} -- "ABVD plus radiotherapy versus EVE plus radiotherapy in unfavorable stage IA and IIA Hodgkin's lymphoma: results from an Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi randomized study." (Pavone V, Ann Oncol. 2008 Apr;19(4):763-8. Epub 2008 Jan 6.) ***Outcome: 5-year RFS ABVD 95% vs. EVE 78% (SS); OS 95% vs. 92% (NS) ***Conclusion: EVE chemotherapy significantly worse than ABVD ===Chemo-RT: RT Dose=== *'''HD10''' (1998-2002) -- 2x2: ABVD x2 vs ABVD x4; IFRT 30 Gy vs 20 Gy **Randomized, 2x2. 1131 patients. Stage I-II without risk factors. Randomization #1) ABVD x4 cycles vs ABVD x2 cycles, and randomization #2) IFRT 30 Gy vs IFRT 20 Gy **'''2009; 5-years''' ASH Abstract #716 [http://ash.confex.com/ash/2009/webprogram/Paper21388.html Abstract] - "Two Cycles of ABVD Followed by Involved Field Radiotherapy with 20 Gray (Gy) Is the New Standard of Care in the Treatment of Patients with Early-Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma: Final Analysis of the Randomized German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) HD10." (Engert A; Dec 2009) Median F/U 6.6 years ***ABVD Outcome: No significant difference in 5-year OS, FFTF, or PFS between ABVD x 4 and ABVD x 2 (OS 97% vs 97%; FFTF 93% vs 91%; PFS 93% vs 91%). ***IFRT Outcome: No significant difference between IFRT 30 Gy vs 20 Gy (OS 98% vs 97%, FFTF 93% vs 93%, PFS 94% vs 93%). No difference when all 4 arms compared. ***Conclusion: 2 cycles of ABVD followed by 20 Gy IFRT is the new standard for GHSG for early favorable HD q02lckj5c4py9exz7o8shghzatoc846 Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance 4 140081 4673069 4672886 2026-09-30T08:10:42Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 2 threads (older than 14 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/September]] 4673069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == BhardwajGardening reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|BhardwajGardening}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315583]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/BhardwajGardening/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:02, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:36, 17 September 2026 (UTC) == Manusheikh reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Manusheikh}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315575]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Manusheikh/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:03, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 17 September 2026 (UTC) == Wrankerseo reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Wrankerseo}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315564]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315567]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315563]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Wrankerseo/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:05, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 17 September 2026 (UTC) == Mscdubai reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mscdubai}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mscdubai/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:28, 19 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:44, 21 September 2026 (UTC) == Hasbaticom reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Hasbaticom}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Hasbaticom/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:40, 19 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:44, 21 September 2026 (UTC) == [[User:AAASecurityGuard]] reported by TechVindicator == Spam [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 10:03, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally locked and blocked}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:18, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == AAASecurityGuard reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|AAASecurityGuard}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/AAASecurityGuard/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:20, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally locked and blocked}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:18, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikibooks:AI For Beginners]] == '''Reason for reporting:''' Wrong title, renaming needed ([[AI For Beginners]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:20, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Moved to the correct namespace}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) ::{{done|Ultimately deleted}} per [[WB:AI]]. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:51, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == CU request == {{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} According to [[Special:Diff/4671813]], User:Sisterian ([[Special:Contributions/Sisterian]]) has been using genAI/LLMs for their contributions. User:Pamela Talemwa ([[Special:Contributions/Pamela_Talemwa]]) & User:Sisterian overlap at [[A Young Reader's Guide to a Healthy Environment]] ([https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&diff=prev&oldid=4671755&diffmode=source], [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A_Young_Reader%27s_Guide_to_a_Healthy_Environment&oldid=4665328]). What do our admins and CUs think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:11, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :[[User:Sisterian]] has also created a page in another person's userspace, [[User:Samah2025/sandbox/A Young Girl’s Guide to Menstrual Health and Wellbeing]], so I will add [[User:Samah2025]] to the list. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 04:45, 23 September 2026 (UTC) :Hello, @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]], @[[User:Xania|Xania]], @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]. I have been supporting a number of trainees with Wikibooks editing and its looks like a lot more was done outside of the guidance I provided. I am going to look into those contributions and rectify the underlying issues. Thank you. [[User:Sisterian|Sisterian]] ([[User talk:Sisterian|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sisterian|contribs]]) 08:52, 23 September 2026 (UTC) : OK --[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|<sup>talk</sup>]] 12:13, 23 September 2026 (UTC) == DhaanishChennai123 reported by TechVindicator == * {{userlinks|DhaanishChennai123}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/DhaanishChennai123/ --> [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:05, 24 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by Kittycataclysm. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:17, 24 September 2026 (UTC) == Seobavswellness12390 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Seobavswellness12390}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Seobavswellness12390/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 24 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by Kittycataclysm. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:17, 24 September 2026 (UTC) == Mango-tree-technology reported by TechVindicator == * {{userlinks|Mango-tree-technology}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mango-tree-technology/ --> [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:41, 25 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Blocked}} by Kittycataclysm. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:53, 25 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-51713-42 reported by Morkoz == * {{userlinks|~2026-51713-42}} Spam, see also [[w:hi:special:contribs/~2026-51214-19|~2026-51214-19]]. <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-51713-42/ --> --[[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 15:43, 25 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by NDKDD (GS). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 22:37, 25 September 2026 (UTC) cst5dx31u71ym0gur79tvhbbs2ak70f Radiation Oncology/Hyperthermia/Randomized 0 152738 4673051 1144911 2026-09-30T06:47:31Z Jcb 90773 4673051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''Hyperthermia Randomized Evidence'''</big> ==RT +/- Hyperthermia== *'''Duke''' (1994-2001) **Randomized. 109 patients with superficial tumors (<= 3cm depth); breast 65%, H&N 13%, melanoma 10%. Tumors had to be "heatable" on initial HT. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + HT. Hyperthermia to >43C x1 hour, 2x/week. RT dose 30-60 Gy if previous RT, otherwise 60-70 Gy in 1.8-2.0 Gy/fx **'''2005''' {{PMID|15860867}} -- "Randomized trial of hyperthermia and radiation for superficial tumors." (Jones EL, J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 1;23(13):3079-85.) ***Outcome: CR RT 42% vs. RT+HT 66% (SS). Patients with prior RT had most benefit (68% vs. 23%, SS) ***Toxicity: Well tolerated, 1 Grade III thermal burn ***Conclusion: Significant local control benefit for HT *'''International Collaborative Hyperthermia Group''' (1988-1991) -- combined results from five Phase III trials **Randomized. ''5 trials merged due to slow accrual, closed early after benefit.'' 306 patients. Advanced primary or recurrent BCA; 50% active disease outside treatment area. Could have had prior RT. Trials: Dutch Hyperthermia Group (DHG), Medical Research Council (MRC BrI and BrR), European Society of Hyperthermic Oncology (ESHO), and Princes Margaret (PMH). Target hyperthermia 43C. RT given in various fractions. **'''1996''' {{PMID|8690639}} -- "Radiotherapy with or without hyperthermia in the treatment of superficial localized breast cancer: results from five randomized controlled trials. International Collaborative Hyperthermia Group." (Vernon CC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Jul 1;35(4):731-44.) ***Outcome: CR RT 41% vs. RT+HT 59% (SS); greatest effect in recurrent lesions in previous RT, where re-irradiation dose was low. 2-year OS ~40% (NS), 74% patients progressed outside HT area during follow-up ***Conclusion: Combined result demonstrated efficacy of hyperthermia as adjunct to RT for treatment of recurrence ad208fw2m1nrw46oy9sjoxthk7oli6v Radiation Oncology/Kaposi's sarcoma/Randomized 0 156958 4673083 3651651 2026-09-30T09:05:13Z Jcb 90773 4673083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''Randomized Evidence for Kaposi's Sarcoma'''</big> *'''Johannesburg Hospital''' (South Africa)(2003-2004) -- RT 24/12 vs. 20/5 **Randomized. 65 sites of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma (histolocially proven, HIV+, mucosal or cutaneous). Arm 1) RT 24/12 vs. Arm 2) RT 20/5. Tumor + 2cm margin, if oral location then entire oral cavity **'''2008''' {{PMID|18439694}} -- "Hypofractionated radiation therapy in the treatment of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma - A prospective randomized trial." (Singh NB, Radiother Oncol. 2008 Apr 23 [Epub ahead of print]) ***Outcome: CR 24/12 37% vs. 20/5 50% (NS), local control (CR/PR/SD) 66% vs. 90% (NS). Mean time-to-response 3 months ***Toxicity: No difference, but necrosis/ulceration in 3% vs. 17% ***Conclusion: The two schedules produced equivalent results *'''University of Washington''' -- RT 8/1 vs. 20/10 vs. 40/20 **Randomized, 3 arms. 71 cutaneous lesions. Arm 1) RT 8/1 vs Arm 2) 20/10 vs Arm 3) 40/20 **'''1993''' {{PMID|8262827}} &mdash; "A randomized prospective trial of radiation therapy for AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma." (Stelzer KJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Dec 1;27(5):1057-61.) ***Outcome: CR 40/20 83% vs. 20/10 79% vs. 8/1 50% (SS). Median time to failure 9.9 months vs. 6.0 months vs. 3.0 months (SS) ***Conclusion: Higher doses resulted in improved response and control duration 8lmuq4zo0qrav47kp66fg7hloixdqs9 Dutch Empire/Dutch Kings and Queens 0 157365 4672914 4008677 2026-09-29T12:04:08Z ~2026-52278-81 3627161 o 4672914 wikitext text/x-wiki Here are the Kings and Queens of the Netherlands, since the modern government was formed in 1815. {| class="wikitable" |- ! &nbsp; ! Name ! Reign ! Notes |- |1 | King William I | 1815–1840 | William I, born Willem Frederik Prins van Oranje-Nassau (The Hague, August 24, 1772 - Berlin, December 12, 1843), was the first King of the Netherlands. He succeeded his father as head of the House of Orange-Nassau in 1805, was named 'Sovereign Prince' of the Netherlands in 1813, proclaimed himself King in 1815, and abdicated in 1840. William I was also the Grand Duke of Luxembourg after 1815 and Duke of Limburg after 1839 until his abdication in 1840. |- | 2 | King William II | 1840–1849 | William II (William Frederick George Louis) (December 6, 1792 – March 17, 1849) was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Duke of Limburg from October 7, 1840 until his death. |- | 3 | King William III | 1849–1890 | William III (Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk van Oranje-Nassau) (February 19, 1817 – November 23, 1890) was from 1849 King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg until his death and the Duke of Limburg until the abolition of the Duchy in 1866. bruh |- | 4 | Queen Wilhelmina | 1890–1948 | Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Marie of Orange-Nassau; August 31, 1880 – November 28, 1962) was queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948. She ruled the Netherlands for fifty-eight years, longer than any other Dutch monarch. Her reign saw many turning points in both Dutch and world history: World War I and World War II, the Great Crisis of 1933, as well as the decline of the Netherlands as a major colonial empire. Outside the Netherlands she is primarily remembered for her role in the Second World War, in which she proved to be a great inspiration to the Dutch resistance, as well as a prominent leader of the Dutch government in exile. |- | 5 | Queen Juliana | 1948–1980 | Juliana (Juliana Emma Louise Marie Wilhelmina van Oranje-Nassau; April 30, 1909 – March 20, 2004) was Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from her mother's abdication in 1948 to her own abdication in 1980. |- | 6 | Queen Beatrix | 1980–2013 | Beatrix (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard); born January 31, 1938) was the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands April 30, 1980 - April 30, 2013, when she abdicated. |- | 7 | King Willem-Alexander | 2013-Incumbent | Willem-Alexander (Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand); born 27 April 1967) is the King of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, including the Netherlands proper (with the Caribbean Netherlands), and the countries of Curaçao, Aruba, and Sint Maarten. He is head of the Dutch royal house and the House of Amsberg. |} <noinclude>{{Dutch Empire}}</noinclude> nfq4j18g35kcv3au3hvrbbc80f8diu1 4672915 4672914 2026-09-29T12:06:49Z TechVindicator 3626296 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4672914|4672914]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52278-81|~2026-52278-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-52278-81|discuss]]) // no thank you 4672915 wikitext text/x-wiki Here are the Kings and Queens of the Netherlands, since the modern government was formed in 1815. {| class="wikitable" |- ! &nbsp; ! Name ! Reign ! Notes |- |1 | King William I | 1815–1840 | William I, born Willem Frederik Prins van Oranje-Nassau (The Hague, August 24, 1772 - Berlin, December 12, 1843), was the first King of the Netherlands. He succeeded his father as head of the House of Orange-Nassau in 1805, was named 'Sovereign Prince' of the Netherlands in 1813, proclaimed himself King in 1815, and abdicated in 1840. William I was also the Grand Duke of Luxembourg after 1815 and Duke of Limburg after 1839 until his abdication in 1840. |- | 2 | King William II | 1840–1849 | William II (William Frederick George Louis) (December 6, 1792 – March 17, 1849) was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Duke of Limburg from October 7, 1840 until his death. |- | 3 | King William III | 1849–1890 | William III (Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk van Oranje-Nassau) (February 19, 1817 – November 23, 1890) was from 1849 King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg until his death and the Duke of Limburg until the abolition of the Duchy in 1866. |- | 4 | Queen Wilhelmina | 1890–1948 | Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Marie of Orange-Nassau; August 31, 1880 – November 28, 1962) was queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948. She ruled the Netherlands for fifty-eight years, longer than any other Dutch monarch. Her reign saw many turning points in both Dutch and world history: World War I and World War II, the Great Crisis of 1933, as well as the decline of the Netherlands as a major colonial empire. Outside the Netherlands she is primarily remembered for her role in the Second World War, in which she proved to be a great inspiration to the Dutch resistance, as well as a prominent leader of the Dutch government in exile. |- | 5 | Queen Juliana | 1948–1980 | Juliana (Juliana Emma Louise Marie Wilhelmina van Oranje-Nassau; April 30, 1909 – March 20, 2004) was Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from her mother's abdication in 1948 to her own abdication in 1980. |- | 6 | Queen Beatrix | 1980–2013 | Beatrix (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard); born January 31, 1938) was the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands April 30, 1980 - April 30, 2013, when she abdicated. |- | 7 | King Willem-Alexander | 2013-Incumbent | Willem-Alexander (Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand); born 27 April 1967) is the King of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, including the Netherlands proper (with the Caribbean Netherlands), and the countries of Curaçao, Aruba, and Sint Maarten. He is head of the Dutch royal house and the House of Amsberg. |} <noinclude>{{Dutch Empire}}</noinclude> c033c1rw7ng8btg6xo0i9loi26a17ow XML - Managing Data Exchange/AJAX 0 158290 4673124 4634562 2026-09-30T11:58:42Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4673124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{XML-MDE|prev=XUL|next=Web Services}} AJAX is nowadays one of the most common used words in the WEB 2.0 era. While the historic remains of it are not really clear (similar logic to manipulate parts of a webpage was already thought of as DHTML, long before the term AJAX existed and suprisingly even using some type of DOM later on) it is now one of the most important technologies used by modern webdesigners. <br>But what does AJAX mean? - In short, AJAX stands for '''''A'''synchronous '''J'''avaScript '''a'''nd '''X'''ML''. It describes a concept of asynchronous data transfer (here: data encapsulated in XML) between the client (usually a webbrowser) and a server to only exchange/ alter a part of the webpage without the need of a full pagereload. That means the browser will issue an XMLHttpRequest in the background and receive only a part of the page - usually tied to one or more html-tags holding uids. The following are the main components of the Ajax programming pattern. <ul><li>JavaScript - The most popular scripting language on the Web and supported by all major browsers. Ajax applications are built in JavaScript. </li> <li>Document Object Model (DOM) - Defines the structure of a web page as a set of programmable objects. In Ajax programming, the DOM allows us to redraw portions of the page.</li> <li>Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) - Provides a way to define the visual appearance of elements on a web page.</li> <li>XMLHttpRequest - Allows a client-side script to perform an HTTP request, effectively eliminating a full-page refresh or postback in Ajax applications.</li> <li>XML - It is sometimes used as the format for transferring data between the server and client, but other text-based formats work as well.</li> </ul> Ajax offers a number of advantages. Some of the most important are listed below. <ul><li>Lower demand of bandwidth: The fact that it is not necessary to re-load a page completely when additional information is requested allows minimizing the data transfer. The demand of bandwidth is also reduced by producing HTML locally within the browser (note: however as we have additional overhead produced by the embedding of the JavaScript this is only true in case of more than one or two pagerequests from the same site).</li> <li>Browser plug-in not necessary: Ajax runs with every browser which supports JavaScript. There is no additional plug-in needed. This is an advantage over technologies like Shockwave or Flash (note: in some cases however it is possible that some browsers behave different; especially IE prior to version 6 is known for odd behaviour).</li> <li>Separation of data and formats: This allows the web application to be more efficient. Programmers can separate the methods and formats for delivering information over the web. So they can use a language they are familiar with (note: the reason for this is CSS and not AJAX).</li> <li>Websites more user-friendly: Because of the minimized data transfer the response to the actions of the user is much faster. Furthermore interfaces built with Ajax can be more user-friendly (note: however, AJAX without fallback to plain-vanilla HTML request-response cycle is infamous for being a big drawback to barrier free web design).</li> </ul> == Classic RequestResponse vs. AJAX Cycle == <!-- Image commented as it was deleted. <center>[[Image:Xml-Ajax.png]]</center><br> --> As you can see in the image, the AJAX cycle embedds an additional JavaScript library into the client side. The JS lib therefor is used to communicate with the server (in case the AJAX is in use) as well as manipulating the HTML page it is embedded on. For a small example well now take a look at a so called AutoComplete (we take a look at basic procesing there and skip the detailed JS-DOM manipulating). The traditional approach on the other hand allways requires a full request-response cycle that sends the whole page from the server to the browser. == A Simple Example: AutoComplete == This example shows a simple AutoComplete textfield from the wicket examples (wicket is a component oriented JavaWebFramework under the hood of the ASF - http://wicket.apache.org/). The example is online [http://wicketstuff.org/wicket13/ajax/autocomplete live here] so you can not only follow the code but rather see it live in action. <br><br> [[Image:Xml-autocomplete.png|center]] <br> The idea behind an AutoComplete textfield is to aid users by showing useful possibilites during the filling of the field. Imagine you are at amazon.com looking for a product "foo" and you fill it into the search bar just to find out that it doesnt exist after submitting it - with an AutoComplete aware field you would already have known that after some letters. To have an easy example we now will look at a single field where you can enter the names of countries like "England", "Germany" or "Austria". The HTML behind it is rather easy (the necessary JavaScript is automatically provided by wicket; similar to what pure JS libs like prototype do; you could of course provide your own implementation, even if this would not really make sense): <pre><nowiki> ... header containing CSS + HTML-head left out... The textfield below will autocomplete country names. It utilizes AutoCompleteTextField in wicket-extensions.<br/><br/> <form wicket:id="form"> Country: <input type="text" wicket:id="ac" size="50"/> </form> ...footer left out... </nowiki></pre> So we currently only got a simple form holding a plain <input />. The "wicket:id" is only for tying it to the Java code and has no impact on AJAX (in fact in production mode it will be stripped out). The Java is also not too complicated: <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> public class AutoCompletePage extends BasePage { /** * Constructor of the AutoCompletePage */ public AutoCompletePage() { Form form = new Form("form"); add(form); final AutoCompleteTextField field = new AutoCompleteTextField("ac", new Model("")) { protected Iterator getChoices(String input) { if (Strings.isEmpty(input)) { return Collections.EMPTY_LIST.iterator(); } List choices = new ArrayList(10); Locale[] locales = Locale.getAvailableLocales(); for (int i = 0; i < locales.length; i++) { final Locale locale = locales[i]; final String country = locale.getDisplayCountry(); if (country.toUpperCase().startsWith(input.toUpperCase())) { choices.add(country); if (choices.size() == 10) { break; } } } return choices.iterator(); } }; form.add(field); ...more Java here, but not needed for this simple example case... } } </syntaxhighlight> So we see here a plain page that gets a Form attached. That Form on the other side holds an ''Ajaxified'' version of a TextField. The ''protected Iterator getChoices(String input)'' is called after hitting a key (entering some value into the field by using your keyboard) by an AJAX call (we see this later) - meaning this function is the representation of the business logic for the AJAX. Here we only check if we already have sth. entered (user may delete sth.) and if it is, then if there are countries existing that start with the already entered letters (e.g.: if you enter ''Aus'' it will find countries like Austria and Australia). The resulting WebPage will be this: <syntaxhighlight lang="html4strict"> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"><!--/*--><![CDATA[/*><!--*/ var clientTimeVariable = new Date().getTime(); /*-->]]>*/</script> ...title + css stripped out... <script type="text/javascript" src="resources/org.apache.wicket.markup.html.WicketEventReference/wicket-event.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="resources/org.apache.wicket.ajax.WicketAjaxReference/wicket-ajax.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="resources/org.apache.wicket.ajax.AbstractDefaultAjaxBehavior/wicket-ajax-debug.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="resources/org.apache.wicket.extensions.ajax.markup.html.autocomplete.AutoCompleteBehavior/wicket-autocomplete.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" ><!--/*--><![CDATA[/*><!--*/ Wicket.Event.add(window, "domready", function() { new Wicket.AutoComplete('i1','?wicket:interface=:1:form:ac::IActivePageBehaviorListener:1:&amp;wicket:ignoreIfNotActive=true',false);;}); /*-->]]>*/</script> </head> <body> ...head stripped out... The textfield below will autocomplete country names. It utilizes AutoCompleteTextField in wicket-extensions.<br/><br/> <form action="?wicket:interface=:1:form::IFormSubmitListener::" method="post" id="i2"><div style="display:none"><input type="hidden" name="i2_hf_0" id="i2_hf_0" /></div> Country: <input value="" autocomplete="off" type="text" size="50" name="ac" onchange="var wcall=wicketSubmitFormById('i2', '?wicket:interface=:1:form:ac::IActivePageBehaviorListener:3:&amp;wicket:ignoreIfNotActive=true', null,null,null, function() {return Wicket.$$(this)&amp;&amp;Wicket.$$('i2')}.bind(this));;" id="i1"/> </form> <script type="text/javascript"><!--/*--><![CDATA[/*><!--*/ window.defaultStatus='Server parsetime: 0.0070s, Client parsetime: ' + (new Date().getTime() - clientTimeVariable)/1000 + 's'; /*-->]]>*/</script> </body> </html> </syntaxhighlight> So we now got our html decorated with a bunch of JS resources (holding the DOM parser, transformer and so on) as well as a JS behaviour to our <input> field using the ''onchange="..."'' JS method. If you now start entering some chars like "au" into the field, the onchange event is triggered and will call the wicketSubmitFormById() method issueing a call to the server and receiving XML: <pre><nowiki> 1 INFO: focus set on i4 2 INFO: 3 INFO: Initiating Ajax GET request on ?wicket:interface=:1:form:ac::IActivePageBehaviorListener:1:&wicket:ignoreIfNotActive=true&q=au&random=0.9530900388300743 4 INFO: Invoking pre-call handler(s)... 5 INFO: Received ajax response (85 characters) 6 INFO: <ul><li textvalue="Austria">Austria</li><li textvalue="Australia">Australia</li></ul> 7 INFO: </nowiki></pre> In line 1 the focus on the field (here with uid i4) was set. After we entered "au" into the field in line 3 an AJAX request to the server is issued. Line 4+5 illustrate the pre-call handlers and the receiving of the AJAX response. Line 6 displays the already decoded content of the response, holding a <nowiki><ul></nowiki> with the 2 expected countries that are starting with "au" and that are now placed by the JS header libs at the appropriate place on the page. You now have seen a small, simple example in the big world of AJAX. To really understand it you should [http://wicketstuff.org/wicket13/ajax/autocomplete watch and use it live] (dont forget to hit the "wicket AJAX debug" link on the right lower corner, so you can see the communication). Under http://wicketstuff.org/wicket13/ajax/ you'll find plenty more running examples all with code. {{BookCat}} ihdy704kjjcd3c3x6ra09a3y45jn43c Radiation Oncology/Liver/HCC/Protons 0 161481 4673114 1212855 2026-09-30T11:13:56Z Jcb 90773 4673114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''Proton Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma'''</big> *'''Loma Linda; 2004''' {{PMID|15508084}} -- "High-dose proton beam radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results of a phase II trial." (Bush DA, Gastroenterology. 2004 Nov;127(5 Suppl 1):S189-93.) **Phase II. 34 patients, unresectable HCC, T1-4N0M0. Child-Pugh score <=10. Average tumor size 5.7 cm. PT 63 CGE/15 over 3 weeks. Median F/U 1.7 **Outcome: 2-year LC 75%, OS 55%. Declining AFP 85%. 6 liver transplant, 2 no residual HCC **Toxicity: small decrease in albumin and increase in bilirubin, 3 duodenal/colonic bleeding **Conclusion: Majority responded to treatment, and it was well tolerated. a543aml4m5usvblcgybuvajgi6v0omb Radiation Oncology/Histiocytosis 0 167953 4673031 4100671 2026-09-30T05:56:05Z Jcb 90773 4673031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis (LCH)'''</big> == Overview == * Uncontrolled clonal proliferation of Langerhans' cells; arguments appear ongoing on whether this is a reactive or neoplastic process * Incidence in US is ~1200 new cases/year * Older name as Histiocytosis X; histocytic disorders are now divided into 3 groups: (1) dendritic cell histiocytosis, (2) erythrophagocytic macrophage disorders, and (3) malignant histiocytosis. LCH belongs to Group (1) * Majority occur in children <15 years old, although adult cases are well documented * Disease extent: ** Clinical spectrum ranges from solitary, indolent lesions of bone (sometimes called eosinophilic granulomas) to an acute, fulminant disseminated disease (also called Letterrer-Siwe disease) ** "Single-system disease" - involves one organ (e.g. bones, soft tissue, lymph nodes, etc.). Either single location (unifocal) or multiple sites may be affected ** "Multi-system disease" - involves multiple organ systems * Lytic bony involvement is common (~60%), either as single system disease or as part of multi-system disease process * In children, the pituitary stalk is often involved (~50%), sometimes leading to diabetes insipidus (the triad of diabetes insipidus, proptosis, and lytic bone lesions is known as Hand-Schuller-Christian triad) * Most patients with single-system disease never develop other LCH manifestations * Conversely, patients with multi-system disease tend to have worse prognosis, with disease course driven by extra-osseous manifestations * Unifocal bony lesions may resolve spontaneously, but early surgical or RT intervention is favored. Steroids can also lead to a local remission * The role of RT is not well defined; typical indications include potential threat in case of disease progression (i.e. spinal cord compression), painful lesions not well controlled with surgery, sites where surgery would result in significant morbidity, or local relapse. * There is a wide range of RT doses reported, both single dose (0.5 - 6 Gy) and fractionated (5 - 50 Gy). {{PMID|16447013}} recommends total dose for bony disease in children 6/3 - 10/5 Gy and in adults 20/10 Gy * For osseous lesions, a meta-analysis reports high local control (>90%) * Multi-system disease may require chemotherapy * Treatment guidelines for adults and children are available from Euro Histio Net http://www.eurohistio.net/e1623/e1554/index_eng.html * '''Essen; 2006''' (Germany) {{PMID|16447013}} -- "Radiotherapy for bony manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Review and proposal for an international registry." (Olschwski T, Strahlenther Onkol. 2006 Feb;182(2):72-9.) ** Literature review. 65 studies, 698 patients with osseous single-system disease and 348 patients with bony involvement of multi-system disease treated by RT ** Outcome: single-system LC 96%, CR 93%; multi-system LC 92%, CR 76% ** Conclusion: RT can be successful as a single treatment or in combination, with high remission and local control rates == Other links == * [http://www.lch-register.de/ German LCH Registry Website] and [http://www.lch-register.de/wp-content/uploads/rt_radiotherapie_en.pdf Registry RT Questionnaire] 6zwas75yt0khmovdbodn2jj7bkf9shl Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/EORTC 0 177252 4673039 3824948 2026-09-30T06:06:52Z Jcb 90773 4673039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''EORTC Hodgkin's Disease Trials'''</big> ==H1 (1964-71)== <div id="H1"> <!-- div id allows target links to "H1" instead of "H1 (1964-71)", e.g. [[Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/EORTC#H1]] --> *Purpose: can Velban improve on RT alone? *288 pts (mostly supradiaphragmatic, but a few infradiaphragmatic). Stage I-II. No laparotomy. All pts received mantle field (if supradiaph.) or inverted Y (if infra). **Randomized to 1) no further treatment, or 2) weekly Velban x 2 years *Results: **''Preliminary'': {{PMID|5074778}}, 1972 (No abstract) &mdash; "A randomized study of irradiation and vinblastine in stages I and II of Hodgkin's disease. Preliminary results." Eur J Cancer. 1972 Jun;8(3):353-62. **{{PMID|116855}}, 1979 (No abstract) &mdash; "Long-term results of the E.O.R.T.C. randomized study of irradiation and vinblastine in clinical stages I and II of Hodgkin's disease." Tubiana M et al. Eur J Cancer. 1979 May;15(5):645-57. **{{PMID|2462943}}, 1989 &mdash; "Toward comprehensive management tailored to prognostic factors of patients with clinical stages I and II in Hodgkin's disease. The EORTC Lymphoma Group controlled clinical trials: 1964-1987." Tubiana M et al. Blood. 1989 Jan;73(1):47-56. ***At 15 yrs, DFS 60% (RT+VLB) vs 38% (RT alone). OS 65% vs 58%, N.S. *Comments: Suggests that salvage treatment was more efficient in the RT alone group. High incidence of relapse in the para-aortic region suggests a need to explore or treat this area. </div> ==H2 (1972-76)== <div id="H2"> *Purpose: compare splenectomy and spleen irradiation *300 pts. Stage I-II (supradiaphragmatic). Based on prelim. results of H1. **Randomized to 1) staging laparotomy + splenectomy, followed by mantle field RT and para-aortic RT, 2) mantle + PA + spleen (i.e. subtotal nodal irradiation). **Pts with MC or LD histologies randomized to 1) Velban alone, or 2) Velban + procarbazine for 2 yrs. *Results: **{{PMID|7021162}}, 1981 (No abstract) &mdash; "Five-year results of the E.O.R.T.C. randomized study of splenectomy and spleen irradiation in clinical stages I and II of Hodgkin's disease." Tubiana M et al. Eur J Cancer. 1981 Mar;17(3):355-63. **{{PMID|2462943}}, 1989 &mdash; "Toward comprehensive management tailored to prognostic factors of patients with clinical stages I and II in Hodgkin's disease. The EORTC Lymphoma Group controlled clinical trials: 1964-1987." Tubiana M et al. Blood. 1989 Jan;73(1):47-56. ***At 12 yrs, DFS 68% (STNI) vs 76% (lap-STNI). OS 77% vs 79%. With positive staging lap, DFS 56% vs 83% for negative lap. However, no difference in OS according to staging lap, 80% vs 76%. Pts with MC and LD histology who received chemo had DFS 85% vs 65%, but OS not different, 75% vs 80%. *Comments: Effective salvage treatment makes survival equivalent. Showed that laparotomy had no therapeutic benefit. </div> ==H5 (1977-82)== <div id="H3"> *Purpose: Risk-adapted therapy. Based on prior studies (H1 + H2) it was known that pts with favorable risk factors could receive RT alone. Staging lap was used to confirm this favorable risk group who would receive RT alone. It was not known if mantle alone or mantle + PA should be given. Pts with unfavorable risk factors, despite a negative staging lap, were at high risk for relapse, and would be randomized between RT alone and combination therapy. *CS I-II supradiaphragmatic. 494 total pts. Divided into two groups based on prognostic indicators (based on analysis of H1 and H2 trials). Favorable group included all of the following: age <= 40, ESR <= 70, LP or NS histology, CS II (without mediastinal involvement) or CS I. **Favorable group, '''H5F''' (n=237): Underwent staging laparatomy. If negative lap (n=198;84%) received RT alone, randomized to mantle vs mantle+PA, 40 Gy each. If Lap+ (n=39) randomized similarly as H5U. **Unfavorable group, '''H5U''' (n=257+39): No staging lap. Randomized to total/subtotal nodal irradiation (TNI/STNI) vs. mantle + chemo sandwich therapy: MOPPx3 -> mantle RT 35 Gy -> MOPP x 3. *'''H5-Favorable''' -- Mantle 40 Gy vs Mantle + PA 40 Gy **Randomized. 198 patients, favorable (age <=40, ESR <=70, LP/NS, Stage I or Stage II without mediastinal involvement), negative staging laparotomy. Arm 1) Mantle RT 40 Gy vs Arm 2) Mantle RT + PA RT (T11-L4) 40 Gy **'''1988''' {{PMID|2578012}} -- "Clinical stages I and II Hodgkin's disease: a specifically tailored therapy according to prognostic factors." (Carde P, J Clin Oncol. 1988 Feb;6(2):239-52.) Median F/U 5.3 years ***Outcome: 6-year RFS mantle 74% vs mantle+PA 72% (NS); 6-year OS 96% vs 89% (NS) ***Conclusion: In surgically staged patients, more limited RT (mantle alone) is sufficient *'''H5-Unfavorable''' -- TNI/STNI 40 Gy vs MOPP-Mantle RT 35 Gy-MOPP **Randomized. Two subsets of patients. H5F lap+: 39 patients, favorable, but positive staging laparotomy. H5U: 257, unfavorable profile (at least one unfavorable characteristic age >40, ESR >70, LP/NS, STage II bulky), but no staging laparotomy. Arm 1) Total Nodal Irradiation 40 Gy with 2-3 week rest; STNI allowed in female <40 vs Arm 2) MOPP x3 -> mantle RT 35 Gy -> MOPP x3 **'''1988''' {{PMID|2578012}} -- "Clinical stages I and II Hodgkin's disease: a specifically tailored therapy according to prognostic factors." (Carde P, J Clin Oncol. 1988 Feb;6(2):239-52.) Median F/U 5.3 years ***Outcome (H5F lap+): 6-year RFS TNI/STNI 53% vs chemo-RT 100% (SS); 6-year OS 95% vs 88% (NS) ***Outcome (H5U): 6-year OS TNI/STNI 82% vs chemo-RT 89% (SS) ***Conclusion: Improved outcome with combined chemo-RT over comprehensive RT alone </div> ==H6 (1982-88)== <div id="H6"> *Purpose: Is laparotomy necessary? Compare ABVD vs MOPP for unfavorable. *'''EORTC H6-Favorable''' (1982-1988) -- staging laparoscopy + Mantle RT vs clinical staging + STNI **Randomized. 262 patients, favorable prognosis (1-2 nodal areas, no bulky disease, no B symptoms and ESR <50, B symptoms and ESR <30). Arm 1) No staging laparotomy, Mantle + PA RT 40 Gy vs Arm 2) Staging laparotomy (-), Mantle RT 40 Gy **'''1993''' {{PMID|7693881}} -- ""Clinical staging versus laparotomy and combined modality with MOPP versus ABVD in early-stage Hodgkin's disease: the H6 twin randomized trials from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Cooperative Group." (Carde P, J Clin Oncol. 1993 Nov;11(11):2258-72.) Median F/U 5.3 years ***Outcome: In patients undergoing lap, 33% found lap (+). 6-year FFP laparoscopy + Mantle 83% vs Mantle + PA 78% (NS); 6-year OS 89% vs 93% (NS) ***Conclusion: No difference between surgical staging + mantle vs clinical staging + STNI *'''EORTC H6-Unfavorable''' (1982-1988) -- MOPP x6 + Mantle RT vs ABVD x6 + Mantle RT **Randomized. 316 patients, unfavorable prognosis (at least one of: >2 nodal areas, bulky, B-symptoms, elevated ESR). No surgical staging. Arm 1) MOPP x6 + Mantle RT vs Arm 2) ABVD x6 + Mantle RT **'''1993''' {{PMID|7693881}} -- ""Clinical staging versus laparotomy and combined modality with MOPP versus ABVD in early-stage Hodgkin's disease: the H6 twin randomized trials from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Cooperative Group." (Carde P, J Clin Oncol. 1993 Nov;11(11):2258-72.) Median F/U 5.3 years ***Outcome: 6-year FFP MOPP 76% vs ABVD 88% (SS); 6-year OS 85% vs 91% (NS) ***Toxicity: Less fertility problems for ABVD (in both men and women). ***Conclusion: In combination with mantle RT, ABVD superior to MOPP </div> ==H7 (1988-93)== <div id="H7"> *Purpose: can involved field radiotherapy + chemo give equivalent results to STNI + chemo? Goal of reducing treatment toxicity *Two randomized trials: favorable disease (prognostic score 1-5) and unfavorable disease (prognostic score >=9). Please see [[Radiation_Oncology/Hodgkin/Overview|Overview]] for further information *'''EORTC H7-Favorable''' -- STNI vs EBVP x6 + IFRT **Randomized. 333 patients with Stage I supradiaphragmatic HL, favorable (prognostic score 1-5). No staging laparotomy. Arm 1) STNI alone (36 Gy uninvoled, 40 Gy involved fields) vs. Arm 2) EBVP x6 cycles + IFRT (36-40 Gy) **'''2006''' {{PMID|16754934}} &mdash; "Combined-modality therapy for clinical stage I or II Hodgkin's lymphoma: long-term results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer H7 randomized controlled trials." (Noordijk EM, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 1;24(19):3128-35.) Median F/U 8.7 years ***Outcome: 10-yr EFS STNI 78% vs. EBVP+IF 88% (SS). OS similar at 92%. ***Conclusion: Combined chemo + IFRT is superior STNI alone **'''1997''' <u>ASTRO Abstract</u> -- "Combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is advisable in all patients with clinical stage I-II Hodgkin's disease. Six-year results of the EORTC-GPMC controlled clinical trials 'H7-VF', 'H7-F' and 'H7-U'." (Noordijk EM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 39(2):S173 ***Very favorable group (female, age <40, stage IA, NS/LP histology, ESR <50) treated with Mantle only, without PA field ***Outcome: 6-year RFS 73%, OS 96% ***Conclusion: Relapse rate unacceptably high in these clinically staged patients; arm closed *'''EORTC H7-Unfavorable''' -- EBVP x6 + IFRT vs MOPP/ABV + IFRT **Randomized. ''Stopped early due to worse outcome in EBVP arm.'' 389 patients with Stage I supradiaphragmatic HL, unfavorable (prognostic score >=9). No staging laparotomy. Arm 1) EBVP x6 + IFRT 36-40 Gy vs. Arm 2) MOPP/ABV x6 + IFRT 36-40 Gy **'''2006''' {{PMID|16754934}} &mdash; "Combined-modality therapy for clinical stage I or II Hodgkin's lymphoma: long-term results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer H7 randomized controlled trials." (Noordijk EM, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 1;24(19):3128-35.) Median F/U 8.7 years ***Outcome: 10-yr EFS EBVP 68% vs. MOPP/ABV 88% (SS). OS 79% vs 87% (SS). Low control rate in irradiated areas ***Conclusion: EBVP is inferior to MOPP/ABV, IFRT with poor chemo not sufficient in these patients with high tumor burden *Comment ({{PMID|17989384}}): Three major conclusion: 1) clinical staging is sufficient for stratifying early stage disease, 2) chemotherapy followed by IFRT should be standard treatment, and 3) duration of chemotherapy should be adapted to severity of the disease </div> ==H8 (1993-1999)== <div id="H8"> *Two randomized trials: favorable disease (risk score 1-5) and unfavorable disease (risk score >=9) *'''EORTC H8-Favorable''' -- MOPP-ABV x3 + IFRT vs STNI **Randomized. 542 patients, Stage I-II supradiaphragmatic HD, favorable (Prognostic score using EORTC H7 criteria 1-5). Arm 1) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|MOPP-ABV]] x3 cycles + IFRT vs. Arm 2) STNI alone **'''2007''' {{PMID|17989384}} -- "Chemotherapy plus involved-field radiation in early-stage Hodgkin's disease." (Ferme C, N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 8;357(19):1916-27.). Median F/U 7.7 years ***H8-F Outcome: 5-year EFS MOPP-ABV + IFRT 98% vs. STNI 74% (SS); 10-year OS 97% vs. 92% (SS) ***Conclusion: For favorable disease, MOPP-ABV x3 cycles + IFRT is superior to STNI *'''EORTC H8-Unfavorable''' -- MOPP-ABV x6 + IFRT vs MOPP-ABV x4 + IFRT vs MOPP-ABV x4 + STNI **Randomized, 3 arms. 996 patients, Stage I-II supradiaphragmatic HD, unfavorable (Prognostic score using EORTC H7 criteria >=9). Arm 1) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|MOPP-ABV]] x6 cycles + IFRT vs. Arm 2) MOPP-ABV x4 cycles + IFRT vs. Arm 3) MOPP-ABV x4 cycles + STNI. RT dose CR 36 Gy, PR 40 Gy **'''2007''' {{PMID|17989384}} -- "Chemotherapy plus involved-field radiation in early-stage Hodgkin's disease." (Ferme C, N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 8;357(19):1916-27.). Median F/U 7.7 years ***Outcome: 5-year EFS 84% vs. 88% vs. 87% (NS); 10-year OS 88% vs. 85% vs. 84% (NS) ***Conclusion: Best strategy for unfavorable disease is MOPP-ABV x4 cycles + IFRT </div> ==H9 (1998-2004)== <div id="H9"> *Two randomized trials: favorable disease and unfavorable disease *'''EORTC H9-Favorable''' (1998-2004) -- IFRT 36 Gy vs IFRT 20 Gy vs No RT **Randomized. ''Arm 3 stopped early due to >20% of failure.'' 783 favorable Stage I-II patients enrolled, 619 achieved CR(u) on EBVP x6 and were randomized. Arm 1) 36 Gy IF-RT Arm vs. 2) 20 Gy IF-RT vs. 3) no RT. Arm 3 stopped early due to high recurrence (>20%). **'''2005''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=34&abstractID=30245 ASCO abstract] -- "First results of the EORTC-GELA H9 randomized trials: the H9-F trial (comparing 3 radiation dose levels) and H9-U trial (comparing 3 chemotherapy schemes) in patients with favorable or unfavorable early stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL)." (Noordijk, EM ASCO 2005). Median F/U 2.7 years ***Outcome: 4-year EFS 36 Gy 87% vs 20 Gy 84% vs. no RT 70% (SS). 4 yr OS 98% in all arms. ***Conclusion: In favorable patients in CR after 6 cycles of EBVP, omission of IFRT leads to unacceptable failure rate; 20 Gy provides comparable control as 36 Gy *'''EORTC H9-Unfavorable''' (1998-2002) -- ABVD x6 vs ABVD x4 vs BEACOPP x4 **Randomized. 808 patients, unfavorable Stage I-II. Arm 1) ABVD x 6 vs. 2)ABVD x 4 vs. 3) BEACOPP x 4 followed by 30 Gy IF-RT in all arms. **'''2005''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=34&abstractID=30245 ASCO abstract] -- "First results of the EORTC-GELA H9 randomized trials: the H9-F trial (comparing 3 radiation dose levels) and H9-U trial (comparing 3 chemotherapy schemes) in patients with favorable or unfavorable early stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL)." (Noordijk, EM ASCO 2005). Median F/U 2.7 years ***Outcome: 4-year EFS ABVD x6 94% vs ABVD x4 89% vs BEACOPP x4 91% (NS); 4-year OS 96% vs 95% vs 93% (NS). ***Toxicity: Higher with BEACOPP ***Conclusion: Similar early EFS with reduction of ABVD cycles to 4; BEACOPP similar but more toxic </div> ==H10 (ongoing)== <div id="H10"> [http://www.hematologiegroningen.nl/protocollen/download/?id=917 H10 Protocol] - "The H10 EORTC/GELA randomized Intergroup trial on early FDG-PET scan guided treatment adaptation versus standard combined modality treatment in patients with supradiaphragmatic stage I/II Hodgkin's lymphoma." *Favorable: randomized to: **Standard arm: ABVD x 3 + INRT 30 Gy (+6 Gy boost for residual lesions). PET after 2 cycles. **Experimental: ABVD x 2, then PET. If PET negative, then ABVD x 2 additional cycles (total 4) without RT. If PET positive, switch to escalated BEACOPP x 2 + INRT 30 Gy (+6 Gy boost for residual) *Unfavorable: randomized to: **Standard arm: ABVD x 4 + INRT 30 Gy (w/wo 6 Gy boost). PET after 2 cycles. **Experimental: ABVD x 2, then PET. If PET negative, then ABVD x 4 additional (total 6) without RT. If PET positive, BEACOPP x 2 + INRT 30 Gy (w/wo 6 Gy boost) *'''Interim results; 2014''' {{PMID|24637998}} -- "Omitting Radiotherapy in Early Positron Emission Tomography-Negative Stage I/II Hodgkin Lymphoma Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Early Relapse: Clinical Results of the Preplanned Interim Analysis of the Randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 Trial." (Raemaekers JM, J Clin Oncol. 2014 Mar 17. [Epub ahead of print]) **[http://www.ascopost.com/ViewNews.aspx?nid=15057 ASCO Post] **1137 pts. Favorable pts (441): 85.8% had negative early PET. 9 events (Experimental group) vs 1 event (Standard). 1-yr PFS 94.9% vs 100% (SS). **Unfavorable pts (683): 74.8% had negative early PET. 16 events vs 9. 1-yr PFS 94.7% vs 97.3% (SS). **"Concluded it was unlikely that we would show noninferiority in the final results for the experimental arm and advised stopping random assignment for early PET–negative patients." **Conclusion: "On the basis of this analysis, combined-modality treatment resulted in fewer early progressions in clinical stage I/II HL, although early outcome was excellent in both arms. The final analysis will reveal whether this finding is maintained over time." </div> ==References== *'''1992''' {{PMID|1389523}} - "The EORTC trials for limited stage Hodgkin's disease." 6ng6ev7y5c83a2kn6q93u9ymlaxr6s0 Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/German 0 177253 4673040 3200759 2026-09-30T06:08:27Z Jcb 90773 4673040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''German Hodgkin's Disease Trials'''</big> *'''HD4''' (1988-1994) -- All IFRT 40 Gy, EFRT 40 Gy vs EFRT 30 Gy **Randomized. 376 patients, Stage I-II, no risk factors (large mediastinal mass, extranodal lesions, massive splenic disease, elevated ESR, 3+ involved areas). Involved field RT 40 Gy. Arm 1) EFRT 40 Gy vs Arm 2) EFRT 30 Gy. No chemotherapy **'''2001''' {{PMID|11387364}} -- "Low-dose radiation is sufficient for the noninvolved extended-field treatment in favorable early-stage Hodgkin's disease: long-term results of a randomized trial of radiotherapy alone." (Duhmke E, J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jun 1;19(11):2905-14.) Median F/U 7.2 years ***Outcome: 7-year RFP 40 Gy 78% vs 30 Gy 83% (NS); 7-year OS 91% vs 96% (NS). Worse outcome (RFS 72% vs 84%) with protocol violations ***Conclusion: 30 Gy dose adequate for clinically noninvolved areas *'''HD7''' (1993-1998) **Randomized. 650 patients, Stage IA-IIB without risk factors. Treated with 1) RT alone vs. 2) ABVD x 2 cycles + RT RT same in both arms, given as EFRT 30 Gy + IFRT 10 Gy **'''2007''' {{PMID|17606976}} -- "Two cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine plus extended-field radiotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in early favorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final results of the GHSG HD7 trial." (Engert A, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 10;25(23):3495-502.). Median F/U 7.2 years ***7-year outcome: no difference in survival (92% vs. 94%, NS), but significant difference in DFS RT alone 67% vs. CRT 88% (SS). Treatment relapse more successful for RT only arm ***Second malignancies: no difference, 0.8% per year, highest in older patients & B-symptoms ***Conclusion: Combined modality more effective than EF-RT alone *'''HD8''' (1993-98) -- COPP/ABVD x2 cycles plus EFRT vs IFRT **Randomized. 1064 patients, with early stage unfavorable HD. Clinical stages I-II with 1 or more risk factors, as well as stage IIIA without risk factors. Risk factors were large mediastinal mass, extranodal, massive splenic involvement, elevated ESR, or more than 2 lymph node groups. IIB may have only elevated ESR or more than 2 lymph node groups but no other risk factors. Treated with COPP / ABVD x 2 cycles, then randomized to Arm 1) EFRT 30 Gy vs. Arm 2) IFRT 30 Gy. A 10 Gy boost to bulky disease. Supradiaphragmatic EF RT was a mantle + PA + splenic hilum / spleen. Subdiaphragmatic EF RT was an inverted Y plus mini-mantle. **'''2012''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22767583 {{PMID|22767583}}] - "Comparing long-term toxicity and efficacy of combined modality treatment including extended- or involved-field radiotherapy in early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma." ***At 10 years, no arm differences were revealed with respect to freedom from treatment failure (FFTF) (79.8% versus 79.7%), progression-free survival (79.8% versus 80.0%), and overall survival (86.4% versus 87.3%). ***Non-inferiority of IF-RT was demonstrated for the primary end point FFTF (95% confidence interval for hazard ratio 0.72-1.25). ***''Conclusion: "''Radiotherapy intensity reduction to IF-RT does not result in poorer long-term outcome but is associated with less acute toxicity and might be associated with less secondary malignancies." **'''2003''' {{PMID|12913100}} &mdash; "Involved-field radiotherapy is equally effective and less toxic compared with extended-field radiotherapy after four cycles of chemotherapy in patients with early-stage unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: results of the HD8 trial of the German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group." (Engert A, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Oct 1;21(19):3601-8.) Median F/U 4.5 years ***Outcome: 5-year FFTF EFRT 86% vs. IFRT 84% (NS), 5-year OS EFRT 91% vs. 92% (NS). No difference in CR, PFS, relapse rate, death, and second neoplasm ***Toxicity: Nause/vomiting, pharyngitis, GI toxicity, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia worse in EFRT arms ***Conclusion: RT volume reduction from EFRT to IFRT produces similar results and less toxicity **'''Elderly; 2007''' {{PMID|17071932}} -- "Poorer outcome of elderly patients treated with extended-field radiotherapy compared with involved-field radiotherapy after chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma: an analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group." (Klimm B, Ann Oncol. 2007 Feb;18(2):357-63. Epub 2006 Oct 27.) ***Subset analysis. 89 patients age >60. Poorer risk profile ***Outcome: 5-year FFTF EFRT 58% vs. IFRT 70% (SS), OS 59% vs. 81% (SS) ***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 EFRT 26% vs. IFRT 9% ***Conclusion: Treatment with EFRT of elderly patients after chemo has negative impact on survival *'''HD9''' (1993-1998) -- COPP/ABVD vs baseline BEACOPP vs escalated BEACOPP **Randomized. ''COPP/ABVD arm stopped prematurely after being significantly inferior.'' 1282 patients, advanced stage HL (IIB-IIIA with high risk features, IIIB-IV). Arm 1) COPP/ABVD x8 cycles vs Arm 2) baseline BEACOPP x8 cycles vs Arm 3) escalated BEACOPP x8 cycles **'''2009''' {{PMID|19704068}} -- "Escalated-dose BEACOPP in the treatment of patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: 10 years of follow-up of the GHSG HD9 study." (Engert A, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 20;27(27):4548-54. Epub 2009 Aug 24.) Median F/U 9.2 years ***Outcome: 10-year FFTF COPP/ABVD 64% vs BEACOPP 70% vs escalated BEACOPP 82% (SS); 10-year OS 75% vs 80% vs 86% (SS) ***Toxicity: Secondary malignancy 5.7% vs 6.6% vs 6.0% ***Conclusion: Significant improvement for escalated BEACOPP. Results challenge ABVD as a standard of care *'''HD10''' (1998-2002) -- 2x2: ABVD x2 vs ABVD x4; IFRT 30 Gy vs 20 Gy **Randomized, 2x2. 1131 patients. Stage I-II without risk factors. Randomization #1) ABVD x4 cycles vs ABVD x2 cycles, and randomization #2) IFRT 30 Gy vs IFRT 20 Gy **'''2010''' {{PMID|20818855}} -- "Reduced Treatment Intensity in Patients with Early-Stage Hodgkin's Lymphoma." (Engert A, N Engl J Med 2010 Aug 12; 363:640-652). ***Non-inferiority. ABVD x4 = ABVD x2 (FFTF5 93% v 91%; p=0.39; also p=ns: OS5, PFS5). IFRT 30 Gy = 20 Gy (FFTF5 93.4% v 92.9%) ***Toxicity = G3/4 acute toxicity: ABVD x4 > ABVD x2 (≥1 event: 51.7% v 33.2%); 30 Gy > 20 Gy (8.7% v 2.9%; p<0.001) ***Caveat = "Although the 5-year estimate for the group difference between the most intensive treatment and the least intensive treatment in this study was only 1.6 percentage points, a potential difference of 6.3 percentage points in favor of the more intensive treatment cannot be excluded." **'''2009; 5-years''' ASH Abstract #716 [http://ash.confex.com/ash/2009/webprogram/Paper21388.html Abstract] - "Two Cycles of ABVD Followed by Involved Field Radiotherapy with 20 Gray (Gy) Is the New Standard of Care in the Treatment of Patients with Early-Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma: Final Analysis of the Randomized German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) HD10." (Engert A; Dec 2009) Median F/U 6.6 years ***ABVD Outcome: No significant difference in 5-year OS, FFTF, or PFS between ABVD x 4 and ABVD x 2 (OS 97% vs 97%; FFTF 93% vs 91%; PFS 93% vs 91%). ***IFRT Outcome: No significant difference between IFRT 30 Gy vs 20 Gy (OS 98% vs 97%, FFTF 93% vs 93%, PFS 94% vs 93%). No difference when all 4 arms compared. ***Conclusion: 2 cycles of ABVD followed by 20 Gy IFRT is the new standard for GHSG for early favorable HD *'''HD11''' (1998-2003) **Randomized. 1395 pts. Unfavorable disease (CS I or IIA with at least one of the risk factors: (a) large mediastinal mass, (b) extranodal disease, (c) elevated ESR, or (d) ≥ 3 nodal areas; or IIB with risk factors c and/or d.) BEACOPP x4 cycles vs. ABVD x4 cycles. IFRT 30 Gy or 20 Gy. **'''2010''' {{PMID|20713848}} -- Intensified Chemotherapy and Dose-Reduced Involved-Field Radiotherapy in Patients With Early Unfavorable Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Final Analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 Trial. (Eich HT; J Clin Oncol. 2010 Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print]). ***ABVD x4 + 30 Gy IFRT (FFTF5 85%, OS5 94%, PFS5 87%) = BEACOPP x4 + either 30 (FFTF5 87%, OS5 ~95%, PFS5 ~88%) or 20 Gy IFRT (FFTF5 ~87%, OS5 ~95%, PFS5 87%). ***ABVD x4 + 20 Gy IFRT was inferior (FFTF5 81%, OS5 ~94%, PFS5 ~82%). ***More severe toxicity: BEACOPP > ABVD (WHO 3/4 = 73.8% v 51.5%; P<.001). More severe toxicity: 30 Gy v 20 Gy (CTC 3/4 = 12.0% v 5.7%; P<.001). **'''2009''' ASH Abstract #717 [http://ash.confex.com/ash/2009/webprogram/Paper21230.html Abstract] - "Combined Modality Treatment with Intensified Chemotherapy and Dose-Reduced Involved Field Radiotherapy in Patients with Early Unfavourable Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL): Final Analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) HD11 Trial" (Borchmann P, Dec 2009) ***CR was obtained in 94%, did not differ between arms. 5-yr FFTF estimate 85%. BEACOPP more effective than ABVD if followed by 20 Gy RT (difference in 5-yr FFTF 5.7%). No difference seen between BEACOPP and ABVD when 30 Gy used (1.6%). After BEACOPP, 20 Gy not inferior to 30 Gy; after ABVD, inferiority of 20 Gy could not be excluded (4.0%). ***Conclusion: "A reduction of RT dose from 30Gy to 20Gy IF-RT seems to be justified only in combination with Bbas [BEACOPP], but not with a less effective chemotherapy such as 4xABVD. Patients will benefit from an intensified CT such as Bbas only in combination with 20Gy IF-RT but not with 30Gy IF-RT." *'''HD13''' **Randomized to 2 cycles of ABVD, ABV, AVD, or AV. All followed by 30 Gy IF-RT. **'''2015''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539730 {{PMID|25539730}}]: Omission of dacarbazine or bleomycin, or both, from the ABVD regimen in treatment of early-stage favourable Hodgkin's lymphoma (GHSG HD13): an open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. ***Of 1502 qualified patients, 566, 198, 571, and 167 were randomly assigned to receive ABVD, ABV, AVD, or AV, respectively. ***Due to a high event rate, randomization to the dacarbazine deleted arms was closed early. ***5 year FFTF was 93.1%, 81.4%, 89.2%, and 77.1% with ABVD, ABV, AVD, and AV, respectively. ***inferiority of the dacarbazine-deleted variants was detected with 5 year differences of -11.5% (95% CI -18.3 to -4.7; HR 2.06 [1.21 to 3.52]) for ABV and -15.2% (-23.0 to -7.4; HR 2.57 [1.51 to 4.40]) for AV. Non-inferiority of AVD compared with ABVD could also not be detected (5 year difference -3.9%, -7.7 to -0·1; HR 1.50, 1.00 to 2.26). ***''Conclusion:'' Neither dacarbazine nor bleomycin can be safely omitted from the ABVD regimen for patients with Early Stage, favourable prognosis Hodgkin's lymphoma. *'''HD14''' (closed - terminated early) **Randomized. Early Unfavorable disease, IA-IIB with at least 1 risk factor. Randomized to: 1) BEACOPP x2 cycles + ABVD x2 cycles ("2 + 2") + IFRT 30 Gy vs. 2) ABVD x4 cycles + IFRT 30 Gy **[http://www.vumc.nl/afdelingen/hematologie/behandelaars/studiesstand/hodgkinlymf/hd14/2458589/ Protocol (PDF)] **Study terminated early at 3rd interim analysis because of better outcomes seen in the 2+2 arm. **'''2011''' {{PMID|22271480}} (pending) -- "Dose-Intensification in Early Unfavorable Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Final Analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD14 Trial." (von Tresckow B, J Clin Oncol -- online before print Jan 23, 2012) ***1525 pts. 5-yr FFTF superior for the 2+2 regimen vs ABVD : difference of 7.2% (HR 0.44), S.S. 5-yr PFS 6.2%. More acute toxicity with 2+2 regimen, but no overall difference in treatment-related mortality or second malignancies. ***Conclusion: BEACOPP x 2 cycles followed by ABVD significantly improves tumor control in patients with early unfavorable HD. 2f2fzc4e9lu1pqsp2lxiz523md70a4y Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. Bxf7 0 180579 4673108 4672845 2026-09-30T11:00:51Z JCrue 2226064 ?? seems correct for a move that loses a piece, and the evaluation drops from +0.3 to -2.8. Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4672845|4672845]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52240-90|~2026-52240-90]] ([[User talk:~2026-52240-90|discuss]]) 4673108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Jerome gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|c50]] |parent=[[../../|Italian game]] → [[../|Giuoco piano]] }} == 4. Bxf7+?? · Jerome gambit == 4. Bxf7+?? is the unhinged Jerome gambit. Though a Bxf7+ sacrifice works in many lines in the Italian, this is far too early and it is objectively woeful for White. However, it is sharp enough that White has some success at the club level. The idea is [[/4...Kxf7|'''4...Kxf7''']] 5. Nxe5+ Nxe5 6. Qh5+, and White hopes that between Black's exposed king and the skewering of Black's pieces on the fifth rank they will swindle compensation. e.g. 6. Qh5+ g6 7. Qxe5 d6?? (better is Qe7{{chess/not|--}}) 8. Qxh8{{chess/not|++}}. After 4...Kxf7 5. Nxe5+ Nxe5 6. Qh5+ there are several winning approaches for Black. The engine line involves marching their king out to into the middle of the board to guard the bishop: 6...Ke6 7. Qf5+ Kd6 8. f4 Kc6 9. Qxe5 Nf6{{chess/not|---}} etc, and despite the weakness of their enemy's king, White's queen alone can't sustain an attack. The simplest approach is to just return the bishop, 6...Ng6 7. Qxc6{{Chess/not|--}}. White has only captured two pawns in exchange for their knight, and the only piece they have developed is their queen. Black can come out swinging. === History === So named for Alonzo Wheeler Jerome, who wheeled it out against William Shinkman in 1874.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1487237 Jerome v Shinkman, 1874 - Chessgames.com]</ref> [[W:Joseph Henry Blackburne|Joseph Blackburne]] referred to it as the "Kentucky opening".<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1029000 NN v Blackburne, 1884 - Chessgames.com]</ref> ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. Bxf7''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">4</th> <th align="left">5</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Jerome Gambit</th> <td><br>[[/4...Kxf7|Kxf7]]</td> <td>Nxe5+<br>Nxe5</td> <td>=+</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also=== {{wikipedia|Jerome Gambit}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} qvu09t65ycdezhkiqoddt1vckmyhg29 Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6/3. d3 0 190662 4673106 4537562 2026-09-30T10:53:51Z JCrue 2226064 updated analysis, pruned external links that were not about this position anyway 4673106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Berlin defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C24]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4|Bishop's opening]] → [[../|Berlin defence]] }} == 3. d3 == Responding to Black's threat, White defends the e4-pawn, and opens a line for the queen's bishop to develop. The most original approach to the position is [[/3...c6|'''3...c6''']], the '''Paulsen defence'''. As Black has not been needed to play ...Nc6, they can instead play ...c6 to prepare ...d5. The main line continues 4. Nf3 d5 5. Bb3 Bd6. This is the most testing approach. Alternatively, '''3...Nc6''' or '''3...Bc5''', which increase control over the d5 square, invite transpositions into Italian or Vienna game positions. For example '''3...Nc6''' 4. Nf3 Bc5 or '''3...Bc5''' 4. Nf3 Nc6 transpose into the guioco pianissimo. 3...Bc5 4. Nc3 reaches the Spielmann attack otherwise seen in Vienna game move order 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. d3. == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} '''1. e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nf6 3. d3''' <table class="wikitable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">3</th> <th align="left">4</th> <th align="left">5</th> <th align="left">6</th> <th align="left">7</th> <th align="left">8</th> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/3...c6/|c6]]</td> <td>Nf3<br>d6</td> <td>O-O<br>Be7</td> <td>c3<br>O-O</td> <td>Bb3<br>Nbd7</td> <td>Re1</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>Nbd2<br>Nbd7</td> <td>a4</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>Re1<br>O-O</td> <td>a4</td> <td></td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Two Knights Defence 4. d3 </th> <td>...<br>Nc6</td> <td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d3|Nf3]]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Giuoco Pianissimo</th> <td>...<br>[[/3...Bc5/|Bc5]]</td> <td>Nf3<br>d6</td> <td>c3<br>O-O</td> <td>O-O<br>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d3|Nc6]]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>=</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Bishop's Opening}} {{Chess_Opening_Theory/Footer}} j4mvr2u7v8a13vgl5ralmhua7sp9wg2 Vietnamese/Lesson 2 0 191663 4672936 3569228 2026-09-29T13:41:58Z Iplaychess123 3627168 4672936 wikitext text/x-wiki Conversation between two friends. A : Chào bạn. Bạn đang đi đâu đấy? (嘲伴。伴當𠫾兜低？)<br /> B : À, chào bạn. Mình đang định đến thư viện. (啊，嘲伴。𠵴當定𦤾書院。)<br /> A : Thế à. Mình cũng đến thư viện đấy. Chúng mình cùng đi nhé. (勢啊。𠵴拱𦤾書院帝。眾𠵴共𠫾𠰚。)<br /> B : Ừ, cũng được. (唹，拱得。)<br /> A ; À , Mình vẫn chưa biết '''bố bạn làm nghề gì.''' (啊，𠵴吻渚別 '''布伴爫藝夷。''')<br /> B : '''Bố mình là kĩ sư.''' ('''布𠵴羅技師''')<br /> : Thế, '''bố mẹ bạn làm nghề gì''' ? (勢，'''布媄伴爫藝夷''' ？)<br /> A : B'''ố mình là bác sĩ,''' '''còn mẹ mình là giáo viên.''' ('''布𠵴羅博士，''' '''群媄𠵴羅教員。''')<br /> B : Thế à. Còn '''mẹ mình đã nghỉ hưu''' rồi. (勢啊。群 '''媄𠵴㐌𠉝休''' 耒。)<br /> A :Thế à. (勢啊。)<br /> (đến thư viện) (𦤾書院)<br /> A : Tôi chúng mình học bài nhé. (崔眾𠵴學講𠰚。)<br /> B : Ừ. (唹。)<br /> -------------------------------- New words :<br /> Thư viện (書院) : library<br /> Bố bạn (布伴) : your father<br /> Bố mình (布𠵴) : my father<br /> Kĩ sư (技師) : engineer<br /> Bác sĩ (博士) : doctor<br /> Giáo viên (教員) : teacher<br /> Nghỉ hưu (𠉝休) : retire<br /> ------------------------------- NOTES :<br /> Bạn (伴) = you (for friend , usually in 20 year age range)<br /> Mình (𠵴) = I <br /> -------------------------------- Translation : A : Hi, where are you going ?<br /> B : Hi, I'm going yo the library<br /> A : Ok, I'm going to the library, too. Why don't we go together .<br /> B : It is ok. <br /> A : Ah, I don't know what is your father's job.<br /> B : He is an engineer.<br /> : How about your parents?<br /> A : My father is doctor and my mother is teacher.<br /> B : My mother retired.<br /> A : Really!<br /> (in the library)<br /> A : Now, let's study, ok ?<br /> B : Ok.<br /> {{BookCat}} b5vlhj0ni7dljq2unwo8pw5cjlawufr 4672937 4672936 2026-09-29T13:43:16Z Iplaychess123 3627168 4672937 wikitext text/x-wiki Conversation between two friends. A : Chào bạn. Bạn đang đi đâu đấy? (嘲伴。伴當𠫾兜低？)<br /> B : À, chào bạn. Mình đang định đến thư viện. (啊，嘲伴。𠵴當定𦤾書院。)<br /> A : Thế à. Mình cũng đến thư viện đấy. Chúng mình cùng đi nhé. (勢啊。𠵴拱𦤾書院帝。眾𠵴共𠫾𠰚。)<br /> B : Ừ, cũng được. (唹，拱得。)<br /> A ; À , Mình vẫn chưa biết '''bố bạn làm nghề gì.''' (啊，𠵴吻渚別 '''布伴爫藝夷。''')<br /> B : '''Bố mình là kĩ sư.''' ('''布𠵴羅技師''')<br /> : Thế, '''bố mẹ bạn làm nghề gì''' ? (勢，'''布媄伴爫藝夷''' ？)<br /> A : '''Bố mình là bác sĩ,''' '''còn mẹ mình là giáo viên.''' ('''布𠵴羅博士，''' '''群媄𠵴羅教員。''')<br /> B : Thế à. Còn '''mẹ mình đã nghỉ hưu''' rồi. (勢啊。群 '''媄𠵴㐌𠉝休''' 耒。)<br /> A :Thế à. (勢啊。)<br /> (đến thư viện) (𦤾書院)<br /> A : Tôi chúng mình học bài nhé. (崔眾𠵴學講𠰚。)<br /> B : Ừ. (唹。)<br /> -------------------------------- New words :<br /> Thư viện (書院) : library<br /> Bố bạn (布伴) : your father<br /> Bố mình (布𠵴) : my father<br /> Kĩ sư (技師) : engineer<br /> Bác sĩ (博士) : doctor<br /> Giáo viên (教員) : teacher<br /> Nghỉ hưu (𠉝休) : retire<br /> ------------------------------- NOTES :<br /> Bạn (伴) = you (for friend , usually in 20 year age range)<br /> Mình (𠵴) = I <br /> -------------------------------- Translation : A : Hi, where are you going ?<br /> B : Hi, I'm going yo the library<br /> A : Ok, I'm going to the library, too. Why don't we go together .<br /> B : It is ok. <br /> A : Ah, I don't know what is your father's job.<br /> B : He is an engineer.<br /> : How about your parents?<br /> A : My father is doctor and my mother is teacher.<br /> B : My mother retired.<br /> A : Really!<br /> (in the library)<br /> A : Now, let's study, ok ?<br /> B : Ok.<br /> {{BookCat}} 9i95d09nh0plcuo12g0svpx590khnzk Aros/Platforms/AROS USB support 0 202147 4672943 4672762 2026-09-29T14:17:25Z Jeff1138 301139 4672943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Host Adapter Protocol USB1 OHCI UHCI USB2 EHCI USB3.0 USB3.1 xHCI == Please let us know any mistakes or any information to be added, use Prefs/Trident to confirm Vendor and Product IDs Please chat at [https://www.arosworld.org/index.php AROS World] *1996 USB1.0 *1998 USB1.1 *2000 USB2.0 *2008 USB3.0 *2013 USB3.1 *2017 USB3.2 AROS has these USB transfers *Control - *Bulk - Midi 1.0 ( 'send my data when you can' ) *Interrupt - Midi 2.0 *Isochronous - USBAudio, Webcams, etc Isochronous is the starting point of modern types of multimedia creativity. IsoChronous isoc code is already in place in poseidon.library and '''scheduled''' transfers are queued to be later rerouted in the host driver code (needs to be written for each host protocol e.g. OCHI, UCHI, EHCI and [https://cdrdv2-public.intel.com/625472/625472_xHCI_Rev1_2b.pdf#:~:text=Page%203.%20Document%20Number:%20625472%2C%20Revision:%201.2b.%203. XHCI rev1.2], [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/content-details/868296/extensible-host-controller-interface-for-universal-serial-bus-xhci-requirements-specification-r2-0.html rev2], etc). There seems to be 2 types of isoc transfers, one is just the normal isoc transfer and the other is realtime implementation of isoc transfer. For isoc transfer there needs to be a scheduler that makes sure no isoc transfers are dropped (in or out) and that they happen at the right time. It all gets difficult as the device making use of the isoc transfer may be at any point on the device tree. One needs to calculate the USB bandwidth for the packet based periodic transfers that are initiated by the host which have fixed but guaranteed bandwidth. Host controllers guarantee this bandwidth by planning a schedule of transfers ahead of time to ensure there is enough time reserved on the bus. [https://www.intel.co.uk/content/www/uk/en/products/docs/io/universal-serial-bus/ehci-specification.html EHCI] [https://www.thegoodpenguin.co.uk/blog/understanding-why-usb-isochronous-bandwidth-errors-occur/ bus-bandwidth] vs payload-bandwidth and the algorithm of the EHCI scheduler. The bandwidth of the endpoint in terms of payload data (stuff we put in a packet) and the protocol overhead, signalling imposed bit stuffing, host delays etc. Poseidon controls the driver and device tree and it provides an API to communicate with the USB devices. Poseidon really doesn't care much about what sort of transfer pipe is opened or used, it only provides the means to do so and forwards the iorequests to the correct driver. Poseidon code is the higher level code for USB communication and drivers are of course the lower level one. [[File:Psd.svg|220px|right]] ; Best Hardware - NEC Chipset (OHCI + EHCI), Intel Chipset (UHCI + EHCI), XHCI USB3.0, USB3.1 & gen 2 Type-A Type-B Type-C ; Next Best Set - General OHCI, SIS (OHCI + EHCI), ; Buggy Chipset - [ Early AMD OHCI], ALi OHCI, VIA UHCI, Nvidia OHCI & EHCI, === USB1.1 === OHCI USB 1.1 - USB-IF sanctioned standard but hardware physical form removed with USB2.0 and replaced with virtual emulation of USB1 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | ALi Agere M5273 A1 M5237 Lucent USS-312 | | | | <!--Boots-->{{Maybe}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | StarTech PCI425USB, CompUSA Iogear GIC220U-b, Nvidia 220 mobo, USBA2041P, ALi SU2A-PS, |- | AMD 756 Chipset (onboard motherboard) | 0x1022 | 0x740c | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | no [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=31308#forumpost31308 usb devices detected] Geode GX1, |- | CMD DU-A2 Silicon Image 0670 (pci AMD chipset) | 0x1095 | 0x0670 | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Silicon Image 0673 (pci AMD chipset) | 0x1095 | 0x0673 | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Nvidia Nforce2 USB | 0x10de | | | <!--Boots-->{{Maybe|Bios options vary but does with Plop Boot}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Tested with 20th Aug 2012 improvement |- | NEC µPD720100AGM | 0x1033 | 0x0035 | 0x | <!--Boots-->{{Unk}} | <!--Detects-->{{Unk}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | untested - Amiga Spider card with possible bottleneck issues at higher speeds |- | NEC µPD720101AGM 720101GJ | 0x1033 | 0x0035 | 0x43 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Mac mini, Belkin F5U219vea (2+1 ports), Belkin F5U220vea1 (4+1 ports), Adaptec 3100LP, BAFO BF-460, GWC UC-160, IOGear GIC250U, Keyspan U2PCI-5, O'toLink U2-C2B U2-C2A U2-P20N U2-P50, Ratoc PCIU5, USBWholesale UII-PCIP |- | NEC µPD720102 | 0x1033 | 0x00 | 0x | <!--Boots-->{{Unk|untested }} | <!--Detects-->{{Unk|untested }} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Opti 82C861 2-port | 0x1045 | 0xc861 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | no USB devices detected - Belkin F5U005, |- | SIS 7001 OCHI | 0x1039 | 0x7001 | 0x0f | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | 20th Aug 2012 - not booting stalls on GRUB word with Plop Boot |- |} UHCI USB 1.1 - Intel standard but since 2009 no hardware support as USB2 introduced virtual emulation of USB1 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | Intel | 0x8086 | 0x | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{No|not in bios use AROS floppy disc boot}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Intel 82371AB EB MB PIIX4 | 0x8086 | 0x7112 | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{No|none in bios use other booting options}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|Detects most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led not on and does not work}} | |- | Intel 82801DB/DBL/DBM (onboard i830 mbd) | 0x8086 | 0x24c4 | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes|but not from bios but floppy options}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes|}} | <!--Works-->{{Yes|}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on and although device has software failure and recoverable error IT STILL WORKS. Fresh start sometimes needs Network Prefs Saved to work. |- | VIA MVP4 (onboard mbd) | 0x1106 | 0x30 | 0x40 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless options}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 detected but blue led not on and does not work |- | VIA VT82xx (onboard mbd) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | 0x40 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless usb}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on but does not work |- | VIA VT6202 (VIA VT83C572) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | A-Best USB-200, Cables N Mor USBPCI, CompUSA, D-Link DSB500, Digital/Research DRUSBCARD, Kouwell IOFlex 580, StarMount USB VIA, |- | VIA VT6112 | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6212 (pci card) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | 0x61 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | 2011 seems to have issues with other identical via based USB controller(s) present |- | VIA VT6214L | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- |} === USB 2.0 EHCI === The USB-IF insisted on only one implementation of EHCI but it creates 4 virtual hcd to cover USB1.1 support. The virtual HCD on Intel and VIA EHCI controllers are UHCI. All other vendors use virtual OHCI controllers. Hardware EHCI USB2.0 ended in most chipsets in 2014/5 and is now virtual through most newer USB3.0 chipsets {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | ALi Agere M5273 A1 Lucent USS-344 | | | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | {{N/A|untested}} belkin F5U006, |- | Nvidia Nforce2 USB | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Intel 82801DB/DBM (onboard mbd) | 0x8086 | 0x24cd | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | NEC µPD720100AGM | 0x1033 | 0x00E0 | 0x | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | {{N/A|untested - Amiga Spider card}} |- | NEC 72101 GJ | 0x1033 | 0x00e0 | 0x04 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Belkin F5U219 VEA1 (pci), |- | SIS ECHI | 0x1039 | 0x7002 | 0x00 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|issues about which port is used if it works at all}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6202 | 0x1106 | 0x3104 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6212 (pci card) | 0x1106 | 0x3104 | 0x62 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes|detects}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- |} === USB 3.x SuperSpeed SS (Speed 5Gbit/s 3.1 gen 1) aka xHCI eXtensible === USB Attached SCSI (UAS or UASP) is a protocol used for high-speed data transfer between computers and external storage devices like SSDs, HDDs, and some flash drives. It provides up to 70% faster read/write speeds than traditional Bulk-Only Transport (BOT) by allowing multiple commands to run in parallel, rather than waiting in a queue {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1000 FL 1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B73 | <!--Product ID-->0x1000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->link power management (LPM, USB 3.0 power saving) cannot be disabled so random connection issues |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1009-200 FL 1009 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1009 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->Orico PFU3-2P |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1100-100 FL 1100SX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1100 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->LPM cannot be disabled so issues with disconnecting WD drives etc - CalDigit, ORICO PFU3-2P, FASTA-6GU3 Pro, inatech KTU3FR-2P 2 port USB 3.0, and Inateck KT4004 (KTU3FR-4PA rev B2) for storage and hubs, etc |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1400 FL 1400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1400 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720200 uPD720200a chip | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1d6b | <!--Product ID-->0x0194 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|no USB3 but seems to works like USB2}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported for USB3 but works like USB2 - ORICO PRU3-4P 4 Port USB, early Dell Wyse zx0 thin client, |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720201 uPD720201 chip | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x114 0x0115 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720202 uPD720202 chip | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1912 | <!--Product ID-->0x0015 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.ti.com/product/tusb7340 TI] tusb7340 TUSB732 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x8241 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported Koutech IO-PEU436 but only one with open docs |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported - integrated since Ivybridge |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL800 xHCI 0.96 support in VL800, VIA VL811 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x3432 0x3438 0x3515 and 0x9201 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} 2.0 backwards support | <!--Opinion-->Anker 68UPPCIE-2S20PU 2 port, Plugable 4-Port, GA-z77x-ud5h rev. 1.1 mobo, |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL811+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL812 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->xHCI 1.0 support in VL805 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} USB 3.1 (power up to 100W and data 10Gbit/s USB 3.2 gen 2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1142 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->Connector: USB Type C and USB Type A x 1 - Ugreen USB C PCI Card 2 Port USB 3.1 Type C |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[ Intel] Revision 1.8 1.9 Updated | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion-->AUKEY 4 Ports USB C , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion-->Startech - PEXUSB312C - 2-port Usb 3.1 10Gbit/s |- |} USB 3.2 (power up to 100W and data 20Gbit/s gen 2x2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[ Intel] Revision 2.6 Update | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} === USB 4 (40Gbps thunderbolt, pcie 3.0 tunnelling, ) === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->AMD Ryzen7 6800U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->Intel Goshen Ridge JHL8440 Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- |} == hid.class (Human Interface Device) == === Keyboard === Some multi-finger touchpad support works but not on all touchpads {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Retro N C64 edition Keyboard, the super button accessory and optional N30 mouse | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 87 keys Kailh white}} |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo 108 Retro Mechanical Keyboard (white kailh) and two superbuttons (green) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Apple Pro Keyboard | 0x05ac | 0x0205 | 0x0122 | {{yes|works (its two hub ports) but mouse scroll wheel issues}} |- | Apple Pro Keyboard | 0x05AC | 0x020B | | {{yes|works (two onboard ports also)}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Aigo K68 60% red switches, A68 A87 wireless 2G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=49&products_id=973 AmigaOne Keyboard] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko TAC87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 80% TKL }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko MonsGeek FUN60 PRO&MAX HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 60% hall effect }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 hall effect, good but expensive and software poor}} |- | <!--Description-->Akko | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Arteck HW197 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 keyboard and touchpad combo, aluminum frame, aa battery }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Azio Cascade | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Chilkey ND75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% expensive}} |- | <!--Description-->Chilkey ND104 (Wuque Studios) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 premium clicky (WS Blue) or silent (WS White) key options with Ansi and ISO formats also numpad and calculator, aluminum machined, tri mode, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2026 untested magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K65 Mech MX no numeric keypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair CH-9000045 K70 Blue MX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K95 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cherry G80 G80-3000L[x]C[yy]-[z] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cooler Master CM Storm Quickfire Rapid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K100 Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 okay low profile but expensive |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Dell SK-8135 Dell USB Keyboard for Internet and Multimedia rev H for Dimension 4500, Dimension 8250, OptiPlex GX260n, OptiPlex GX60n, Precision 350 (R42232) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x413C | <!--Product ID-->0x2010 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes| usb1.1 keyboard hub 0x413C 0x1003 works as well - multimedia keys not mapped }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Deepcool KG722 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 65% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Ducky Channel Zero DK2108 Mech Mechanical Cherry MX Red | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ducky Shine 3 Brown or Blue (DK9087) MX keys | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Das Keyboard Model S Ultimate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Cidoo V75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker rt100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 plastic build and no screws, numpad with small 0, mostly quiet seasalt switches, gimmick usb-c 1in screen}} |- | <!--Description-->EPOMAKER TH99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} USB-C full numpad keyboard |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker P75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker p87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Leobog Hi75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Feker Galaxy80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Galaxy100 gmk/via | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 96% }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker Aula F75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 budget version good 75% choice of 4 leobog switches}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker Tide75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% and not too expensive}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK992 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 109 key }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK820 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK35I V3 MAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 104 keys - two models: wired and tri-mode connection - }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker Aula F108 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pricy but okay 100% but only leobog graywood switches but hotswap available afterwards}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker Ajazz AK980 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 97 keys }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker G87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker RT82 RT85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker RT100 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 96% }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Galaxy100 lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 good 96% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ATTACK SHARK X98 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 98% maybe silent linear feel with Two-color PBT keycap}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker ATTACK SHARK X68HE and X65HE 65% Wired Gaming Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID-->0x502D | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|2025 tested on Aros running on Raspberry Pi wired usb-c with magnetic hall effect keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Filco Ninja Majestouch-2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Focus FK-760 Wireless Keyboard & Trackball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} but quality build issues raised |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->GMMK Tenkeyless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested default Gateron Brown switches for Kailh Box Jades default Gateron Brown switches for Kailh Box Jades}} |- | <!--Description-->GK61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->GMK67 GMK87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested budget good option}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Hengchangtong HCT Limeme gk103s Entry Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0xC0F4 | <!--Product ID-->0x0009 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|half Keyboard left side only}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Hexgears M2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested hotswap kaihl green switches}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hexgears | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Iqunix mq80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 good 75% low profile keys |- | <!--Description-->Iqunix Magi65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested good 65% low profile keys }} |- | <!--Description-->iqunix ez60 ez80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 untested specific hall effect switches - actuation point, rapid trigger, etc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Jomaa YiChip Wireless 50% key with touchpad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID-->0x3000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|dongle detected, keys and pad not working - 2 AAA NM}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 untested numpad only}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q1 v1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 untested okay}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Q6 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested 75% with numeric numpad, barebones so choose switches and keycaps to suit }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q1 MAX V1 MAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Lemokey P1 QMK | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested best option to customise switches and keycaps}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron LemoKey X1 X3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested keycap swap only not switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K2HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested okay}} wireless hall effect analogue on all keys |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K4HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 untested hall effect but software }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K5 K17 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 untested okay low profile but }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Q5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K10 HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kiiboom Breeze 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 good 75% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Meletrix Boog 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 magnetic hall effect, good but expensive and software poor}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Melgeek O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 low profile 75% but not repairable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->MOSART 2.4G Wireless 60% Keyboard Trackball | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062a | <!--Product ID-->0x4105 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|dongle recognised HID, keys worked, roller worked, scroll wheel works and shoulders works but buttons around left, top and right hand side (RHS) do not work and plastic and 2 AA MN1500}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Mucai SiGma Micro MKA610 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1c4f | <!--Product ID-->0x0084 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| unknown red keys - rgb backlighting - }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://hjldemo.clsc.cn/ Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Ltd] Perixx Periboard 505 Plus with Trackball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|okay dome keyboard - poor trackball}} |- | <!--Description-->Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Co., Ltd Perixx Periboard 706 Plus with Trackball Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|generally okay dome with good sized keys but piano black surround fingerprint magnet, occasional brief trackball freezes after no use, takes some time to get used to the trackball size}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard-716 Wireless (Chicony) | <!--Vendor ID-->04f2:1013 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|okay dome keyboard and trackpad}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard- | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard- | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Lenovo SK-8825 41A5327 SIL12-W07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->works manufactured for |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Lite-On USB NetVista Full Width Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04b3 | <!--Product ID-->0x3025 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->works |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K320 Wireless Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|The Logitech USB Unifying, Bolt, Lightspeed, or Nano receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K340 Wireless Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.logitech.com/en-us/product/wireless-touch-keyboard-k400r Logitech Wireless Touch Keyboard k400] | <!--Vendor ID--> 0x046D | <!--Product ID--> 0xC52B | <!--Revision--> 1201 | <!--Opinion--> {{yes|All (including multimedia) keys work. Some keys requires remapping with Trident. Touchpad works and acts as normal mouse. Presents itself in Trident as USB Receiver from Logitech with 3 HID bindings}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K400 Plus K400+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech TK820 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech TK830 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G915 TKL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard TKL means no number pad}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lofree Lite84 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Lofree Flow Lite100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 silent switches and low profile keys}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->MACHENIKE K500 Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 94 keys untested Hot Swappable 94 Keys 90% Layout }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MechLands Vibe99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 100 keys untested Gasket-mounted Wired/Bluetooth/2.4GHz Wireless Mechanical Keyboard}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Comfortable Curve 2000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| recognized but not supported}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|recognized but not supported}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Wireless Media Desktop 1000 (1356) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x00f9 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|working but not mouse part}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Niz Micro84 Duo82 X87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 electro capacitive }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy gem80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy kick 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 low profile 75% }} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy Air75 V3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 75% }} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy node 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 96% layout, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-50 MK-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Chroma | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0203 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://openrazer.github.io/ Razer] Lycosa | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow 2013 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razr Blackwidow Ultimate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Cynosa Lite V2 | <!--Vendor ID-->1532 | <!--Product ID-->0x023f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer DeathStalker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer HuntsMan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Ornata | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Orbweaver Chroma Keypad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0207 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Tartarus Keypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested not hall effect and very expensive}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Redragon K668 RGB Gaming Keyboard Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested 108 Keys Mechanical Keyboard w/Extra 4 Hotkeys Upgraded Hot-swappable Socket，Red Switch}} |- | <!--Description-->Redragon K689 PRO Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested Gasket RGB Gaming Keyboard, 108 Keys Mechanical Keyboard w/Extra 4 Hotkeys, Upgraded Hot-swappable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Rii K22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 keyboard trackpad combo, non replaceable lithium battery, very compact}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Risophy 60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 75% mechanical, hotswap so okay for price untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Risophy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Royal Kludge RK65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested cream switches }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->SINO WEALTH Gaming KB SkyLion K68 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x258a | <!--Product ID-->0x003a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| blue stalks with rgb lighting}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->SKYLOONG GK104 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested gateron }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->SteelSeries | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet x300 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MosART | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062A | <!--Product ID-->0x4101 | <!--Revision-->0312 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|1 AAA for each and works well - mouse slightly better built than keyboard rubberised membrane}} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet X331 HDE 2.4G Keyboard wireless RCMCU | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0C45 | <!--Product ID-->0x7000 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|wireless can be glitchy but few extra keys are mapped }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet X500 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MOSArt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062A | <!--Product ID-->0x2901 | <!--Revision-->0112 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|works well especially large touchpad - usual rubber domed membraned keyboard mechanism }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tecware Specter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested good 75%}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Unicomp Model M USB 104 key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} IBM's and later Lexmark buckling spring switches |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo Minilo Bluebell (prestige silent) and Eculapytus (violet tactile) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 75% plastic build no screws not great to mod}} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo Sword 68 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo 98 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 expensive but good and Kailh silent}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Weikav Velocifire Choice65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Weikav Velocifire Lucky65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Rainy 75 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID-->0x5055 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% but not as expensive CNC Aluminum HMX/JWK/Cocoa Switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Crush 80 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID-->0x5588 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Crush80 Reboot Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 very good but expensive Aluminum Hotswap Wireless RGB}} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Rainy 75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wooting HE60 HE80 HE90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 hall effect but expensive with good software}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Womier WK61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2021 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk71 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk75 TMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 hall effect }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xenta White Wireless HK6718B+HM3302--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|works with Raspberry Pi untested on AROS native}} |- | <!--Description-->Xinmeng X87 MAGIC_REFINER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 untested keycap swap but not hotswapable switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL66 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| milk switches, cherry PBT, }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzi B75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 budget good with cocoa cream switches }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|good budget option with swappable switches, }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 switches }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzi C75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 budget good with switches }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} <pre> linear - creamy tactile - thocky clicky - clacky </pre> <pre > Cherry MX Black are linear switches (no feedback); good for gaming. Cherry MX Red are linear (less noise no click) but more squishy; Cherry MX Brown are in between Blue and Red in style and tactile; Cherry MX Clear switches have soft tactile feedback (with no click). Cherry MX Blue have tactile feedback with a click (noisy); good for typing. Gateron Yellows KS-3, KS-3x47 or better Pros have a milky top and black bottom and linear TTC Silent Frozen v2. Linear and dead silent Mouse the huano brown with yellow dot for silent mouse clicks Kailh red dust proof encoder for smooth and close to silent scrolling Boba U4 Silent Tactile switches Husky linears HMX </pre > === Mouse === if the USB mouse is non-functional put a USB pendrive in before or add the following to user-startup in '''s''' drawer/folder/directory sys:prefs/trident NOGUI > NIL: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Brand ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" | Model ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 3Dconnexion | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->[http://www.3dconnexion.com/products/spacenavigator.html SpaceNavigator] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->SpacePilot Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | Mouse | <!--Model-->SpaceExplorer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | Wireless Mouse | <!--Model-->SpaceMouse | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->3D Optical | <!--Description-->Wired | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0000:3825 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin | Combo mouse | | 0x05FE | 0x0011 | Low 0100 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Cytec | <!--Description-->Wired Mouse Gaming | <!--Model-->R.A.T 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dell | Mouse | MO56UC | 0x413C | 0x3200 | | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->equatech / clone logitech | <!--Description-->wireless mouse | <!--Model-->49779 / M185 | <!--Vendor ID--> 3151:2020 later 3151:3020 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{Yes|detected and works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hama | RF Optical Mouse | AM-6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->M3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->M5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keycron | <!--Description-->Optical Wireless | <!--Model-->M6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1k polling and 16k dpi }} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical Wireless | <!--Model-->M7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested barebones 1k polling and 16k dpi, great for small hands, loud clicks}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->LogiCAD 3D | <!--Description-->3D Mouse | <!--Model-->Magellan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Logitech | Cordless Desktop Navigator | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | Logitech Inc. | First/Pilot Wheel Mouse | N48/M-BB48 M-BE58 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | Logitech | Wireless mouse | [http://www.logitech.com/en-roeu/mice_pointers/mice/devices/5484 M305] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} |- | Logitech | Wireless RF Mouse | MK710 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitach | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->G304 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 very clicky}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless Mouse | <!--Model-->MX Master Anywhere 2S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|untested}} micro USB charge port on front |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model-->M220 silent touch MR0085 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2018 needs usb dongle - quiet clicking }} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech Logi | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->MX Master 3S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|2021 untested usb-c bluetooth, inbuilt battery but muted clicks}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitach | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->G502 X Plus | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 very clicky}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model-->M240 silent touch MR0105 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2022 no dongle as bluetooth enabled but could work with Logi Bolt USB Receiver - 1 aa battery - quiet clicking}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->MX Master 4 MXM | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Bluetooth usb-c dongle, inbuilt lithium battery}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Description | Model | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion--> |- | <!--Brand-->Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8566 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8518 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->OrzerHome Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8514 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1 aa with no on/off switch }} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Wheel Mouse optical | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Sidewinder Mouse | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | IntelliMouse Explorer USB optical | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Wireless Optical Mouse 2000 | | 0x045E | 0x00F9 | | {{no|not working see keyboard Media Desktop 2000 above}} |- | <!--Brand-->Microsoft | <!--Description--> | <!--Model-->1461 1447 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|usb dongle matched to one mouse only no others}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Orochi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Mamba | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Naga | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} 17 buttons |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB Optical | <!--Model-->Naga Hex V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} MOBA Gaming Mouse, Professional Grade 16,000 DPI Sensor - RGB lighting |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->DeathAdder | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Viper | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Basilisk V3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1k polling, 35k dpi, }} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Trust | Slimline Lasermouse | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | SteelSeries | Tobii EyeX EyeMobile PCEye | Eye Tracking Control | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} gaze interaction track technology for augment augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->The Eye Tribe Tracker | <!--Description-->Eye | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description-->USB Optical Mouse | <!--Model-->MV3000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x192f | <!--Product ID-->0x0916 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |} === Trackball === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->3Dconnexion SpaceBall 5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} Labtec designed and rolled into new company 3dconnexion 2001 by owners Logitech |- | <!--Description-->ACCO Kensington Orbit optical F1233A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kensington Turbo Mouse 64210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Clearly Superior Technologies. Model:CST 1000-RC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Trackman Marble Mouse Wired USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Cordless Trackman Wheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Optical Trackman T-RB22 - Cordless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech M570 wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Trackball Mouse Optical 1.0 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft X05-87473 Trackball USB Optical | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === KVM === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->NanoKVM | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === Gamepad === Controllers have mostly decided that the left analog joystick is keyboard equivalent of WASD and right joystick is your mouse. You also have 2 bumpers above the triggers. Shoot could be right trigger (so it doesn't involve taking your thumb off the right joystick). Face buttons for reloading or jump or other non-critical functions. Crank up the sensitivity and practice. Testing can be done with the TRIDENT Prefs, [https://devicetests.com/controller-tester html5], [https://greggman.github.io/html5-gamepad-test/ html5], or [https://gamepad-tester.com/ Tester] ==== Dinput Poseidon Default Plugin - Playstation(TM) style ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Betop Betong Bat D2E BTP-BD2E XD4D2E | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gravis Eliminator Gamepad Pro USB | <!--Vendor ID-->047d | <!--Product ID-->4005 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 2d only |- | Hama Black Force USB Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 psx clone look |- | <!--Description-->Jess Tech Game Elements Philips GGE909 PC Recoil Pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCbAmIhj6P4 Logitech Wingman Precision USB] G-UC3B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A| }} | 2002 no 3D but good for 2D retro games like Turrican II |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Wingman Action Pad G-UB3A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 1 blue lucid translucent - thin analog stick N64 type - |- | Logitech Wingman RumblePad UB05B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | 0xc20a | 1.12 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untesed }} | 2000 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded blue piece - vibration feedback - single shoulder buttons with throttle control below right one |- | Logitech Wingman Cordless RumblePad G-RA4A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | 0xc211 | 1.12 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untested }} | 2001 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded black piece - vibration feedback - dual shoulder buttons L1 L2 R1 R2 with blue throttle control below right one - 4 aa mn1500 batteries; life not great - C-UD10A usb dongle - overall big and bulky |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Precision Wired G-UG15 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 psx styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Cordless Precision G-X2E14A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 ps2 styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G-X5C11A Cordless Precision Wireless Controllers | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 psx styling black outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/logitech-dual-actiontm-gamepad/ Logitech Dual Action] * G-UD8 has no mode (2D only?) button and no rumble * G-UF13A later | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | 0xc2 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&forum=12 G-UF13A tested only]}} | 2003 New body shape psx style - dual analog 3D sticks - 4 small travel shoulder triggers no 5,6,7,8 |- | Logitech RumblePad 2 G-UF13 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | 0xc218 | 1.00 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes| }} | 2006 light blue top/black base - twin analogues 3D along with dual short travel shoulder buttons - rumble present - |- | <!--Description-->[Logitech RumblePad 2 Cordless] * G-RC?? OLD version that take FOUR batteries and RED Logitech logo * G-RC14 uses TWO batteries has an ORANGE logo - dongle C-UE10 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc219 | <!--Revision-->0x0200 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|mostly}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 may have to remove 1 battery - G-RC?? 5 + 7 buttons - G-RC14 use buttons 6 + 8 to reset sticks - replace battery and push large button on receiver - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech F310 Wired Dual Action G-U0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc21 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|D mode switch}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 dual analog 3D with pc-xbox/psx switch on back (only D works) - both rear shoulder RT LT buttons have excess travel - no rumble vibration - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech F510 Wired G-UG0002 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc21 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 dual analog with dual xbox pc/psx X/D switched compatibility modes - |- | Logitech F710 Wireless / Cordless RumblePad 2 G-R0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | 0xc219 | 3.05 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | When switch on top set to D and nano receiver for each controller to pair - 2 aa mn1500 batteries required - rumble support sometimes - rear back shoulder buttons excessive travel needed |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Megaworld 'TIME' USB pad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0735 | <!--Product ID-->0x9902 | <!--Revision-->Low 0100 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No |}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 Poor quality |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft * SideWinder Precision Pro USB (1997) * SideWinder Precision 2 (1998) * Game Pad Pro (1999) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Game Pad USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{yes| }}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{yes| }} | <!--Opinion-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&rowstart=140&pid=5934#post_5931 must setup first] |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Gamepad X04 Freestyle | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A }} | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 1998 might need USB adapter |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder X05 63895 92626 Flight stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|2000 [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=929.msg11309#new tested]}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Flight Stick X08-58736 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Plug & Play Game Pad (2000) SideWinder Joystick (2000) Game Pad 2.0 (2001) SideWinder Force Feedback 2 (2002) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2002 long-standing static buildup problem and Force Feedback 2 was the removal of the power brick |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | Saitek [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps1000/ PS1000 Cyborg V.1], [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps2700-rumble-pad/ PS2700] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 no rumble function |- | Saitek [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG0v-hf6ZPA P2600] [http://compactiongames.about.com/od/hardware/tp/gamepads.htm P3600], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 no rumble function |- | Saitek P2900 wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{N/A|untested but runs on 1 AA battery}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Sony Batoh PS3 mini USB Wired hookup [http://ps3.jim.sh/sixaxis/usb/ SIXAXIS] *PCB Ribbon Notes *Protos ALPS MSU Rev3 M3 and the later CBEH-1019 *? SA1Q135A for sixaxis *PP4 *V2 *V25 *VX SA1Q146A first dualshock 3 model *VX SA1Q147A CECHZC2U (USA) *VX35 SA1Q159A *VX3 SA1Q160A *VX? SA1Q188A *VX4 SA1Q189A shipped with a CECH-2504 datecode 0C *VX5 SA1Q194A changed design ALPS, PS button changes *VX6 SA1Q195A red case, *VX7 SA1Q222A superslims 2 ribbons *VX8 SA1Q224A superslims 2 ribbons | <!--Vendor ID-->0x054c | <!--Product ID-->0x0268 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No|}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|}} | <!--Opinion-->Sometimes detected but no support - no sixaxis features detected - mini usb lead will have varying results - |- | <!--Description-->Sony PS4 *JDM JDS 001 010 011 *JDM 030 040 055 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sony PS5 Dual Sense | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Speed Link Strike 2 FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Firestorm Dual Power 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&forum=12 only 1 axis joystick only]}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator GM-1500 GM-1520 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 M series Aluminum Metal Joystick Hitbox Controller Arcade Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 T series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 G series Gamefinger G12 G13 G16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> plastic - |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 S series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> thinner and lighter than G series |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mad Catz sf2 fightstick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Datel Paewang Arcade Pro Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash F300 Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash F500 Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Pico Flatbox GP2040-CE Hot Swappable Mini Hitbox Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> default it is configured for PS4 but before plugging usbc cable in, X for Dinput, B Xinput, RT HID - plastic build case - Rev4 based on RP2040 chip and firmware is based on GP2040-CE (Community Edition) - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Shenzhen Onebitdo Tech 8bitdo Fighting stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Venom 8 button | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ==== Xinput Xbox Style Plugin ==== 2018 extension added originally called AROSx but later redacted. Latest [https://github.com/medusalix/xone linux driver] might be useful. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate C Wired 82CB (Shenzhen ONEBITDO TECH - GWOWO) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2dc8 | <!--Product ID-->0x3106 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 - 4 t6 torx screws - non hall effect so drifting issues - triggers go faulty often - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 2C Wired Controller 82CD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2dc8 | <!--Product ID-->0x310A | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - HID keyboard assigned - 4 t6 torx screws - hall effect analogs and triggers - 1000Hz polling - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 2C wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - 400mw battery - hall effect 3d nubs and triggers - micro switch shoulder buttons - d-pad poor for retro games - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo ULtimate Mini Wired Controller for Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 2 *Wired Controller *Wireless *Bluetooth | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect - playstation style layout for pc - slide button for S-A-D-X switch, android, dinput or xinput - |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 tmr hall effect analogs, hall effect triggers and some microswitches - button swap - ps2 style layout - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2026 - mw battery - hall effect 3d nubs and triggers - micro switch shoulder buttons - d-pad for retro games - |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2026 hall effect analogs, hall effect triggers and some microswitches - button swap - ps2 style layout - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Ace Aurora | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect joysticks with no deadzone mode, gyro, linear rumble, trigger stops, back paddles, button swap, macro, turbo, RGB LED effects - tri-mode connection - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Betop Beitong Spartan BTP-2270U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hall effect |- | <!--Description-->Betop Betong Asura 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hall effect - noble linear trigger potentiometer and alps shoulder LB/RB micro switch |- | <!--Description-->BEITONG ASURA 2 Pro+ Game Controller Wireless Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beitong Zeus 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BebonCool Dinofire Model Number: Q218 / TP28 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 - triggers aren't progressive but ON/OFF - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X05 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect analog and triggers - tri mode connection - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX Wireless Controller PC PS3, 9013pro ESM-9013PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 linear hall effect but device sometimes will not connect tried multiple attempts with the dongle |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 ABXY MICRO SWITCH - Bumpers Tactile switch Hall Effect analog |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect analog and triggers - membrane buttons - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX S10 Wireless Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 TMR Hall effect and compatible with Switch 2/PC/Phone/TV/Steam, NFC, Gyro, HD Rumble - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->202 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fantech World EOS Pro WGP15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect trigger and sticks,2 back paddles, motion controlling |- | <!--Description-->Fantech EOS PRO II S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 controller with TMR hall effect analogues, mechanical face buttons and D-pad, 63 input macro, back paddles, turbo - analog triggers with trigger stops - tri mode bt wifi and wired - slide switch on back for switch, macos/android and xinput - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Apex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 luxury model |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader Pro 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 the Pro(Hall Effects) and Non-Pro (No Hall) |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Direwolf 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 hall effect sticks and triggers - poor wifi connection - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Apex 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 luxury model |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader 4 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - hall effect, DInput mode (o+A hold) - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Direwolf 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect analog and triggers but membrane buttons with gold contacts - 800mhA battery - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Dunefox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 basic model hall effect analog and triggers but membrane buttons - 500mha battery - no gyros - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader 5 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 - hall effect stick with tension control, linear triggers, DInput mode (o+A hold) - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir T4K Keleid, T4C Cyclone wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 poor to ok switch |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir Nova | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no|| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - switch type layout |- | <!--Description-->Guangzhou Chicken Run Network Tech Nova Lite GameSir-T4n LITE - Zikway HID gamepad *[https://www.reddit.com/r/Gamesir/comments/1c185ve/psa_keep_gamesir_nova_lite_t4n_lite_firmware_at/ fw 4200 seems to be xbox so B then Home for Xinput (green LED), A then Home for HID BT Android (green/yellow LED), Y then Home for Switch Pro (Red LED)] or X then Home for Wifi and start and select to alternatively swap modes * and if on [https://www.reddit.com/r/Gamesir/comments/1c185ve/psa_keep_gamesir_nova_lite_t4n_lite_firmware_at/ fw 5700 ds4 so Home + B (blue LED), ] * firmware 6900 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3537 | <!--Product ID-->0x1040 0x1041 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - hall effect 3d nubs - no usb-c cable - rubber membrane analog trigger travel and bumpers shoulder buttons - wifi 2.4G and bluetooth - xbox layout so ab and xy might need to be swapped via m and a buttons for switch type [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=po-nNuC5fps fixes video] - 250Hz polling - 600mah battery - rigid carry case - poor d-pad esp diagonals - gamesir settings software only on android 6+ or ios based only - |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir Nova 2 Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G7 SE Wired Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir TEGENARIA T3 Lite Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 playstation aesthetic hall effect analog and membrane buttons - X+Home button connects as an Xbox controller |- | <!--Description-->GameSir Cyclone 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 TMR Joysticks with anti-friction rings and metal anti-friction rings around the stems, gyro, rumble, macro, turbo, 2 back paddles, hall analog triggers with micro-switch trigger - tri mode bluetooth, 2.4GHz wifi and wired, 1000hz polling rate - gamesir connect software - |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G7 Pro for Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 TMR hall effect - hall effect triggers, tri mode connection - gamesir nexus software - |- | <!--Description-->GameSir Super Nova Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2026 hall effect sticks and triggers, 1000Hz polling, tri mode connectivity, |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong 2 NS08 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->Electromagnetic Stick hall effect - hall linear triggers - Mechanical face buttons - wired and wireless - Built-in rechargeable lithium battery |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong 2 PRO NS09 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->hall efect - wired and wireless - Mechanical face buttons - Built-in rechargeable lithium battery |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong MAX 3 KK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->hall effect - wired and wireless - lithium battery - |- | <!--Description-->Gulikit KK3 Max USB-c Bluetooth Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 Hall Joysticks and Triggers, Maglev/Rotor/HD Vibration, 1000Hz Polling Rate, 4 Back Buttons, |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KK3 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 smaller version of KK3 MAX - hall effect analog and triggers, face buttons , maglev rumble, gyro, 4 back paddles - rigid case - 950mAh up to 8 hrs - |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Hyperkin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Hori EX2 Turbo UHX3-45 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Machenike G1 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 Wireless Gaming Controller with 1K Polling Rate Hall Effect Trigger Joystick For Nintendo Switch PC iOS Android |- | <!--Description-->Machenike G5 Pro Wireless Gaming Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 ABXY Switch Membrane, Bumpers Tactile switch and hall effect analog |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->microsoft sidewinder precision pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller] | 0x045e | 0x028e | 0x | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|needs specific driver and has poor 2D control pad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Microsoft (R) [https://blog.tkjelectronics.dk/2012/12/xbox-360-receiver-added-to-the-usb-host-library/ Xbox 360] (TM) Wireless Receiver for Windows(R) Model 1086 and Controller | 0x045e | 0x0719, 0x or 0x0291 | 0x0100 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->{{No|separate standalone usb dongle detected and shows as 8 vendor interfaces but no class associated and so not working - may need new class from code from xpad or xboxdrv to work the controllor}} |- | <!--Description-->Xbox 360 Kinect [http://hackaday.com/2010/11/10/kinect-open-source-driver-demo-and-hacking/ Video] [http://git.marcansoft.com/?p=libfreenect.git;a=commit;h=7655fcf7239ba4907654089dba535a196685dbe5 GIT] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 proprietary 2.4GHz RF protocol, |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One Wired Controller | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One wireless controller newer model with the 3.5mm headphone jack 1537 1697 and microsoft adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02d1 or 0x02dd | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Elite Series 1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02e3 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 ok - |- | <!--Description-->Xbox later models 1708+ Xbox One and Series use 5GHz and use Bluetooth, | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02e0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One S | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02ea 0x02fd | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Elite Series 2 Core | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02ff | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 ok - no hall - 125Hz polling - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Minisform MGP01 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MOBAPAD N1HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 has liquid silicone face buttons, hall effect analog, D-Pad swap, two back paddles, USB-A dongle, HD Rumble - |- | <!--Description-->Mobapad Huben 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 |- | <!--Description-->Mobapad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON Gale 墨将 mòjiāng | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON Blitz PRO 2 TMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON now MOJHON AETHER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect joysticks, hall effect triggers, mechanical bumpers, 1000hz polling rate, mechanical D-pad, membrane face buttons, mechanical back paddles, rumble, deadzone issues - tri mode |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MSI FORCE GC20 GC30 V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 not hall effect |- | <!--Description-->MSI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mytrix Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NACON GC-100XF Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 average |- | <!--Description-->PXN P5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect joysticks & triggers, limited trigger stops, 1000hz polling rate on wired, 4 back paddles, 32 macro record, anti-deadzone mode, RAW mode, gyro, turbo, tri-mode connection - |- | <!--Description-->PXN P50L | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->PowerA | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD Stellar T5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD Junior E5 Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Razer Wolverine V3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RetroFlag | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Speedlink XEOX Pro Analog Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->enclosed lithium battery? - xbox layout - switchable on back of controller to directinput (dinput) or xinput - USB dongle switchable to pc and ps3 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SCUF Instinct Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 good |- | <!--Description-->SCUF Envision Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Steel Series Stratus Duo XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->usb adapter needed |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://inputlabs.io/Inputlabs InputLabs Alpakka Open Source and build yourself] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->DIY it with 3d printer, pcb and components - pi pico needed - 2 gyros for better accuracy - |- | <!--Description-->[https://inputlabs.io/kapybara Inputlabs kapybara] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->DIY one handed version wip |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Vilcorn Z03 BT Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - other Bluetooth modes (green, red, blue, purple, etc.) Select + M1 (or M2) - 400mAh - not great latency wired - 800mhz polling - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->zd ultimate legend | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->zd 0+ elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description-->zd 0+excellent | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} <pre> #ifndef AROSX_LIBRARY_H #define AROSX_LIBRARY_H #include <exec/types.h> #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_UNKNOWN 0x00 #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_GAMEPAD 0x01 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_UP 0x0001 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_DOWN 0x0002 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_LEFT 0x0004 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_RIGHT 0x0008 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_START 0x0010 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_BACK 0x0020 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB 0x0040 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB 0x0080 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_SHOULDER 0x0100 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_SHOULDER 0x0200 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_A 0x1000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_B 0x2000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_X 0x4000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_Y 0x8000 struct AROSX_GAMEPAD { ULONG Timestamp; UWORD Buttons; UBYTE LeftTrigger; UBYTE RightTrigger; WORD ThumbLX; WORD ThumbLY; WORD ThumbRX; WORD ThumbRY; }; #define AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT 0x00 #define AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT 0x01 #define AROSX_EHMF_CONNECT (1L<<AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT) #define AROSX_EHMF_DISCONNECT (1L<<AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT) struct AROSX_EventHook { struct Node eh_Node; struct MsgPort *eh_MsgPort; ULONG eh_MsgMask; }; struct AROSX_EventNote { struct Message en_Msg; ULONG en_Event; APTR en_Param1; APTR en_Param2; }; #endif /* AROSX_LIBRARY_H */ </pre> === Joystick === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->CH Products CombatStick 568 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Cyborg X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Extreme 3D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | [Logitech Attack 3 Joystick] | 0x0464 | 0xC214 | 0205 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->saitek X-52 x52 pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->saitek aviator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Speedlink Competition Pro USB | | | | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{maybe|works but games not working "out of the box"}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator QZ 501 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator TH 400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator GM-2500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust XK 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} ===[https://github.com/JacKeTUs/linux-steering-wheels Gaming Racing Steering Wheels]=== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="40%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/pid1_01.pdf USB PID standard not supported], |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cammus C5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fanatec CSL Elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS4 and Xbox - belt driven wheel - 30cm wheel swapping |- | <!--Description-->Fanatec Club Sport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> top belt $600 £500 system |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->FFBeast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius TRIO RACER F1 Racing Wheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Cheap and cheerful but not great - may need calibrating |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hama PC Racing Wheel Thunder V18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Average |- | <!--Description-->Hori Racing Wheel 3 with pedals | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS3 PC |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Logic3 PXU450 TopDrive GT450 Steering Wheel for PS3, PS4, XBox One and PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech MOMO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Very good |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Driving Force GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Drive Force Pro DFP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> wheel 900 degree - weighs in at 15&nbsp;lbs |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Formula Force EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->200 degrees turn for the EX model is arcade-like driving - adds PS3 compatibility via the PSx/2 adaptor - weighs in at 9&nbsp;lbs |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G27 PC/PS3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> comes with gear shifter - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G29 PC PS3/PS4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G920 PC XboxOne | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G923 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft(R) SideWinder Precision Racing Wheel (1999) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R5 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R9 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R12 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/Ultrawipf/OpenFFBoard OpenFFBoard], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V12 Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simagic M10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> base direct drive $900 £800 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simplicity Simwheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> direct |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simxperience Accuforce V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SPEEDLINK Drift O.Z. Racing Wheel with Pedals and Gear Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SteelSeries Simraceway SRW-S1 Steering Wheel (PC) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Nascar Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Ferrari Challenge Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> Poor |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Ferrari FGT Rumble GT Experience 3-in-1 (PC/PS3) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID-->b658 | <!--Revision-->0102 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Wheel and all buttons detected}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Opinion-->Not great - gear driven 240deg wheel rotation - no psu needed - 2 peddle - flappy gear change - rumble untested - red switch for PC PS3 selection |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster F430 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T500 RS Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> belt driven wheel/rumble for GT5 |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T60 Challenge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T150 Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> gear / belt combo wheel / rumble - 2 peddle |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster TMX Pro PC/XboxOne | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> direct drive rumble - no manual gear shift included |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T80 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Base level and OK - PS4 - 270deg rumble - 2 peddle |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T300 RS GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS3 PS4 - belt driven - 900deg rotation and modular 28cm wheel out - 2 peddles but 3 available |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster TX Leather | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->TX Xbox version - 900deg rotation |- | <!--Description-->Thrustermaster TS PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PC only belt wheel |- | <!--Description--> TS XW Racer PC Xbox1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> top belt system |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T-GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS4 $700 £600 with T-DFB |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Tracer Zonda Racing Steering Wheel PC PS3 Vibration Feedback Pedals Gearbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ===Gamepad Joypad Adapters=== * Most adapters will work in most OS's without installing a driver. Special functions needing drivers will be noted. * Some adapters do not work with some [http://www.stepmania.com/wiki/Dance_Pads dance pads] because of voltage issues. Other adapters map the dancemat arrows as axes and not as buttons, causing problems. * If using an adapters should be compatible with '''original''' PlayStation PS/Xbox Xbox/GameCube GC /Dreamcast DC/Sega Saturn SS gamepads. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.maplin.co.uk/psx-usb-bridge-34887?tabid=3&worldid=&doy=21m9&faqitem=playstation%20controller%20to%20pc%20adaptor Maplin] [http://www.rockfire.com.tw/ Padix Co. Ltd. Rockfire] PX-205 PSX/USB Bridge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0583 | <!--Product ID-->0x2050 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes}} but buttons mapped different from others | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|poor}} | <!--Opinion-->Ok with dpads, but very poor support with analogue hack |- | Boom PS Joy Converter adaptor | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | discontinued (2004/5). Hold Up, Start, and Select for three seconds. Very good [http://www.stepmania.com stepmania] recommendation. |- | [http://www.hkems.com/m_main.htm EMS] [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/ps2-usb2.htm USB2] grey plastic box with 2 PSX ports, one on either side - UP and Select pressed for 3 seconds at the same time or the dance code (start+select+up) | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows the PS port works in digital mode on d-pad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | Set in PC switch mode. Does not work when using 2 pads at the same time, likely higher power requirements. FPSE emu DualShock untested, Mat and Guitar untested but known lag involved |- | Joytech (play.com) (EMS USB2 bad clone) Black box twin PSX | 0x0b43 | 0x0003 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|buggy hardware}} | but poor on dance ddr mat and guitar hero as the left and right keys do not like being pressed together, Dual shock untested |- | [ EMS Trio Linker ] 1 PSone connection at bottom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX discontinued 2005 |- | [http://psxemulator.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=support&action=display&thread=421 EMS Trio Linker Plus] (blue box) 1 PSx at bottom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX discontinued |- | Gamtec [http://www.gamestone.co.uk/gradius/guides_usb_smartjoy_guide.php SmartJoy Plus] Lik Sang PS->USB converter Red 2005 | 0x0925 | 0x0005 | Low 0110 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe|detected and digital dpad works with [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4138&forum=2&post_id=35952#forumpost35952 joystick and testjoystick tests] but the second analog control is not mapping correctly in digital mode}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|Analogue Hack - hardware buggy not useable}} | Dual shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested. Nothing picked up upon plugging it in. Quite common, these items have grounding issues or feed voltage back into the USB host and freeze the host controller, preventing any plugins or removals being detected. |- | Gamtec SmartJoy Plus Dual PS->USB converter Red | 0x0925 | 0x00 | Low | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|buggy hardware}} | |- | [http://uk.gear.ign.com/articles/700/700334p1.html Lik-Sang Super SmartJoy PSX] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX |- | Soyo Kiki Kiky | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | eXcel PSX adaptor shaped a little like a stealth bomber with USB pass through | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | Venom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | Dragon Plus (Radio Shack) Pantherlord GreenAsia USB to PS2/PS3 converter single black cable | 0x0e8f | 0x03 | 1.07 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes| }} | |- | Deal Extreme 2 PSX black cables from 1 USB port | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HDE 2014 Personal Communication Systems Inc | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0810 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision-->0106 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Same as single cable above but with black block midway along cable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC001 Super Joy Box 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC016 Super Joy Box arrowhead triangle twin PSX] Original was lack with RED Leds. Clones Dilong pu203, Blue HDE Neewer ShineData SD-APS2USB, Red Octane and Black PC Power Box (NS3454) '''embossed circle''' on top | 0x0810 | 0x0001 | 1.06 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows one PS port does not work with analog control at all but the other port does and maps correctly in digital mode}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|Analogue hack works }} | Still available 2013, poor construction though, falls to pieces easily. Dual Shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd [http://www.mayflash.com/pc/pc038/pc038-1.htm Mayflash PC038 Super Joy Box Pro triangle twin PSX] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PC006 long V-shaped 4 port PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PRO PC039 PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | Boom PSX+N64 USB converter (purple or blue see through box) (2003/4) - red led for psx and green led for n64 | 0x6666 | 0x0667 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|not detected by Tests/joystick}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|Analogue hack }} | Rumble Pak untested |- | [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/TrioLinkerPlus2.htm EMS Trio Linker Plus II] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4753&forum=24&post_id=43102#forumpost43102 ] | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1DC 1GC 1PSX but not for ddr mat games |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC043 clone HuiJia Black twin N64 converter for PC USB | 0x0e8f | 0x3013 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|detected by Tests/joystick though two digital pads have their settings wrong}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|Analogue hack works well with middle handle/grip little joystick}} | Rumble Pack untested |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC MagicBox SuperBox 3 | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | untested 1SS 1DC 1PSX } |- | <!--Description-->Lik Sang SmartJoy X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x0285 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SmartJoy X2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x0289 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC018 Super Joy Box 9 Xbox (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x060 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | does not work. Hub(s) 0x0288 detected but 0x0289 xbox1 joypads are not detected as hid let alone as [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62940.html xpad] or [http://pingus.seul.org/~grumbel/xboxdrv/ linux xboxdrv driver] |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC019 Super Joy Box 10 Xbox Twin ports (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x060 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | does not work with the big Fatty Duke or smaller S Akebono controller(s) |- | TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC020 Super Joy Box 11 Xbox Quad ports (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x0604 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC035 3 in 1 Magic Joy box PS GC Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB to NES [http://wiki.nesdev.com/w/index.php/Standard_controller SPI like protocol] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo Classic USB Pad SNES like | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash PC044 USB to SNES | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB to MEGADRIVE GENESIS Joypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.retrousb.com/product_info.php?cPath=21&products_id=70 USB to 9 pin ATARI RETROPORT style JOYSTICK PORT] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Atari RetroLink 9pin to SB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SLS Sega Saturn USB pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash PC050 Dual Saturn ports | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Guitar Hero for PC/Mac | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1430 | <!--Product ID-->0x474C | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cronus Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BrookX One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Gamecube to USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Magic NS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> WiiU |- | <!--Description-->Brook Converter WiiU P3 P4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CooV Xbox One Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} * [http://www.bemanistyle.com/forum/f6/best-metal-pad-19066/ Metal dance pads with LEDs] - My My Box Blue Shark (Nexen), Cobalt Flux (CF) (Let's Groove), Red Octane Afterburner, TX-2000, Logic3 (Dance Dance Dance), Gamerose (Stay Cool), * Hard foam mat - [http://www.mayflash.eu/3in1-deluxe-dansmat-ignition-foam-ps2xboxpc-p-5.html Mayflash] FutureMax Deluxe 3 in 1 Ignition, [http://www.gamerose.com/ Gamerose] (Stay Cool), TrinPad orange, * Soft foam mat - Logic3 (PS420N), [http://www.positivegaming.com/index.php?id=36 Positive Gaming Impact], Gamerose Miss Daisys Naki (Stay Cool), Pelican, MadCatz *PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4 flex ribbon big source of button/trigger issues with all controllers *PS2 Phat KSA1Q40A (Board), SA1Q33A (Membrane) SCHP-10010 H *PS2 SA1Q42A SCHP-10010 A *PS2 SA1Q43-A SCHP-10010 H The primary axes are either the Control Pad or the left stick. Buttons come in a rough order: face buttons, then shoulder buttons, then Select and Start, then buttons under sticks, and finally Control Pad directions if not assigned to a hat. But the order and number of buttons within a category are unpredictable, as is which button the user expects to use for each action. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Joypad ! width="5%" | HATS ! width="5%" | Button 01 ! width="5%" | Button 02 ! width="5%" | Button 03 ! width="5%" | Button 04 ! width="5%" | Button 05 ! width="5%" | Button 06 ! width="5%" | Button 07 ! width="5%" | Button 08 ! width="5%" | Button 09 ! width="5%" | Button 10 ! width="5%" | Button 11 ! width="5%" | Button 12 ! width="5%" | Button 13 ! width="5%" | Button 14 ! width="5%" | Axes 1 ! width="5%" | Axes 2 ! width="5%" | Axes 3 ! width="5%" | Axes 4 ! width="5%" | Axes 5 ! width="5%" | Axes 6 ! width="10%" | Comment |- | [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller] | | A (down-green) | B (right-red) | X (left-blue) | Y (up-yellow) | LB (white) | RB (black) | Back | Start | Guide | L3 | R3 | | | | Left X | Left Y | LT | Right X | Right Y | RT | Poor 2D, Good 3D |- | <!--Description-->Gravis GamePad / Original PlayStation Controller | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Red (Sqleft) | Yellow X (X down) | Green O (O right) | Blue (Tri up) | L1 | R1 | L2 | R2 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | | | | | <!--Axes 1-->Stick X | Stick Y | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> PlayStation 2 Older Adapters | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Blue X (down) | Red O (right) | Pink Sq (left) | Green Tri (up) | L1 | R1 | L2 | R2 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | Stick 1 | Stick 2 | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> PlayStation 2 Newer Adapters | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Up | Right | Down | Left | L2 | R2 | L1 | R1 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | Stick 1 (analogue Hack) | Stick 2 | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> Wish Technologies N64 Adaptoid | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> A | C Down | C Right | B | C Left | C Up | L | R | Start | <!--Button 10-->Z | Pad Up | Pad Down | Pad Left | Pad Right | <!--Axes 1-->Stick X | Stick Y | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> | | | | | | | | | <!--Button 10--> | | | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> | | | | | | | | | <!--Button 10--> | | | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- |} Just plug in your digital/analogue joystick or gamepad into USB port. The device will be handled by Poseidon USB stack. Poseidon is the USB stack with Trident adding a GUI (graphical user interface) prefs. the context sensitive page would come up right on pressing the help key inside the relevant window. The manual is in this archive, just in case it isn't in SYS:Locale/Help *How to change joystick mode to analogue? By default a connected USB joystick emulates Amiga digital joystick. To change this behaviour so that the joystick is presented as analogue you need to use Trident preferences application (System:Prefs/Trident). Open Trident and go to Devices on the left hand side (mouse click once on it). Select your controller from the list to the right and then click on Settings button below. This will open a new window. On the "General" tab find the "Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation" section near the bottom. Find ports which are set to "Merge with USB" or "Override with USB" and change them to "Analogue Hack". Please note that analogue joystick support is an extension of original Amiga functionality, thus an Amiga application must be explicitly written to use it. AROS SDL library uses this functionality, thus all SDL applications that use joystick, can use the analogue joystick feature. The HID class has several options how to handle the input data: * Don't touch: The movement and button data for is not modified by the hid class. This is the default for the ports 0, 2, and 3. * Overwrite with USB: This will kill the original data that might had come from the internal ports and overwrites it with the joypad data for this USB interface. Note well: If you have multiple joypads connected, take care which setting you have selected for each port, because only the last interface with this option will actually send the joypad data to the game. * Merge with USB: This option merges the input data of the lowlevel.library with the USB stream. This only works, if the connected device on the original Amiga ports is NOT a mouse (because then the streams are incompatible). Merging should be the preferred method, because it leaves the original joysticks working. * Disable: Turns off the port for the application. * Analogue Hack: Tells Poseidon to force reporting of analogue data at the port. Please note that this only works with programs that understand the analogue data, because it's an extension to the original lowlevel.library standard made by Commodore. If you want to incorporate this feature in your software, just contact me and I will send you the necessary information. * Rumble Port: As addition to the analogue data, the HID class supports applications and games that want to utilize a rumble pack or force feedback motors in the gamepads. This field selects to which lowlevel port the hid device responds, when attempting to use the rumble pack. Normally, this corresponds to the port that has been set in the actions for the joypad. *How to change joystick port assignment? The low level library supports up to four ports. Port 0 is usually used by the mouse, port 1 is the standard port for joysticks/joypads. By default a connected USB joystick is present in Port 1. To change its location to Port 0 you need to use Trident preferences. Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. On the "General" tab find the "Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation" section. Port 1 should be set as either "Merge with USB" or "Override with USB". Change this setting to "Don't touch". Change Port 0 setting to "Merge with USB". Go to "Actions" tab. In the "Reports and collection" select first entry named "Joystick". in the "Usage items" select "X axis". Go to "Performed actions" area. On the left there will be a list of triggers. Each of them should have (port1) in their params. Click on the first trigger and using buttons to the right of the list change port1 into port 0. Repeat this for all triggers and for all items on "Usage items" list. *How to make joystick simulate keyboard keys? With Poseidon it is possible to make the joystick simulate the keyboard pressings. This might enable using joystick for playing games which only have keyboard support. This feature is configured in Trident preferences. Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. Go to "Actions" tab. On the right top window select X axis. On the left bottom list select an entry "Digital Joystick, Push left(port 1)". On the panel to the right change "Digital joystick" into "Raw Key". A list of keys will be displayed. Select key you wish to send. Repeat the same procedure for "Digital Joystick, Release left (port 1)" option but this time check "Send key up even instead of key down". Open shell and move your joystick to the left - your selected letter should appear in the shell. *Analogue in Trident Prefs * Open the Trident USB Prefs -> Devices -> Select your joypad -> Settings button -> Action TAB * See some "axis" listed under "Usage items" in the top right of the window. They are your analog stick(s) * Check [x] Track Incoming Events which is half way down the window on the left And you should see some axis activity in "Usage items" when you move the analog stick *Actions HID class item -> Settings -> HID Class Window -> Action Tab -> Action handling area Reports and collections -> Usage Items -> Performed actions Qualifier keys are *special*. You don't only need to create the actual keypress but also modify the qualifiers. Go to the keyboard panel and find the windows menu key by enabling key tracking and pressing the windows menu key. Then assign the right amiga key to it. Go to the actions panel and find the right amiga key (it's called "Keyboard right GUI"). Remember the actions stored there, best write them down in exact order. Then delete them. Find the windows menu item and add the missing qualifier action. Be sure the parameters are exactly the same and the order is right. Set them to Raw, then assign an up and down button for each character, etc. when you change the settings to RAW so you can assign keyboard strokes. it will always say, KEYDOWN or what ever on the left, it never provides and option for key release. The problem still remains though that if I try to assign the Directional Pad (Hat) to Arrow Keys, that things will get screwed up and you either can not move with the directional PAD (HAT), or movements are assigned to the Left Analog, and do not work as they should, it's as if the right and down arrow keys are ALWAYS On, regardless of the fact that I did indeed assign a Key release command to each input. check that by pressing analog directions and see the current values, and the thresholds configured in poseidon to bind them to left/right/up/down. misconfigured too much stuff in the HID settings, you can always go in poseidon->config list entry and delete the config item related to your device (or the HID class setting itself), back to basics. *Rumble in Trident Prefs Open Trident Prefs and click on the Devices option in the left hand window. Click with the mouse once on your gamepad choice on the right hand side and again on the Settings button below. In the new window, select the '''General''' TAB and half way down on the right there is an "Open Now" button in the section "HID output control window". Clicking on that button opens another window (HID Control) with sliders for the two rumble engines inside the controllers and you can test if they work. '''Sometimes clicking that button does nothing, other times it will open the window and say nothing is detected.''' The leftmost two sliders do nothing, the third one has a large rumble effect, and the fourth one has a small rumble effect. ===Graphic Drawing Tablet=== There is a standard in HID for tablets possibly mouse type. If the tablet is HID conforming in that sense, it should work. Aiptek does a fairly good job at this. The other competitor, Wacom, didn't pay too much attention to this and simply adapted their legacy serial protocol into HID in a very awkward way. Older Wacom tablets have worked with the special support in the HID class, but not the more recent ones. to use graphic tablets fully, applications need to be written that make use of the AmigaOS NewTablet events (which AROS has) * Entry level - A6 (6x4) work area * Medium A5 (6x8) A4 (10x7) size (recommended but only a few ie years 2000 to 2003 models supported) * Semi Pro A3 (12x9) * Pro Cintiq * 2005/6 Some support added for Wacom tablets * 2008 Wacom's patent on battery free pens expires {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Micrograf Tabby (late 1980s and early 1990s) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->podscat pt 3030 graphics tablet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Summagraphics | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom IV compatible (Graphire, ArtPad, A3, A4, A5 and PenPartner CT-0405-P - Wacom intuos GD-0405-R) Waycom Digitiser II UD-0608-R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Artpad II (KT-0405-R) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AceCad boards | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AipTek HyperPen 6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Calcomp | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AipTek HyperPen 8000 - Aldi/Medion MD 9310 and Aldi/Tevion LT 9310 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Tablet PC penabled | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based like x61t X60t NC4200 NC4400 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom PenPartner * PenPartner 2 * PenStation 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056a | <!--Product ID-->0x0000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Graphire - Wacom Tablet ET-0405-U UV1.1-1 (Slate Blue) ET-0405UL (lime) (orange) (red) (purple) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0X0010 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|late 90s with A6 size - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205 Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511 under Trident prefs. Air pen mouse type movements }} |- | <!--Description--> * Grapphire 2 4x5 ET-0405A-U UV2.0-3 (Steel Blue) * Graphire 2 5x7 ET-0507A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0011 and 0x0012 | <!--Revision-->0110 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 and A5 versions - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205 Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air pen mouse type movements - mouse EC-120-0K tested}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Graphire 3 * cte-430/w 4x5 pearl sapphire * cte 630 6x8 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0013 and 0x0014 | <!--Revision-->0314 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 and A5 size - [Wacom Support] Xaxis 0-10207 yaxis 0-7423 tip pressure 0-511 and the erase end appears to respond but avoid bluetooth BT versions }} |- | Wacom Graphire 4 * cte-440/B Blue cte 440/s Silver 4x5 * cte-640 6x8 cte 640 u 0403 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0015 and 0x0016 | <!--Revision-->403 | {{Yes|A6 and A5 work area detected [Wacom Support] x-axis 0000-10207 Y axis 0000-7423 Tip Pressure 000-511 and delete rub out end of the pencil seems detected but avoid bluetooth BT versions }} |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom Intuos 4x5 GD-0405 * Intuos 6x8 GD-0608 * Intuos 9x12 GD-0912 * Intuos 12x12 GD-1212-U * Intuos 12x18 GD-1218 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0020 0x0021 0x0022 0x0023 0x0024 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected and responses delivered back - x axis up to 30479 and y axis 31679, tip pressure up to 1023 and x and y tilt up to 127 - Wacom intuos GD-0912-A for Apple Macs NOT SUPPORTED}} |- | <!--Description--> * Intuos 2 4x5 A6 - XD-0405-U * Intuos 2 6x8 A5 - xd 0608u uoc * Intuos 2 9x12 XD-0912-U * Intuos 2 12x12 XD-1212-U * Intuos 2 12x18 XD-1218-U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056a | <!--Product ID-->0x0041 0x0042 0x0043 0x0044 0x0045 | <!--Revision-->0126 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|various sizes and recognised as [Wacom Support] but not working. x-axis 00000-20319 y-axis 00000-16239 tip presure 0000-1023 x-tilt y-tilt 000-127. HID mouse xc-100-03 works but never could use it as a real tablet with pressure with TVPaint 3.6 }} |- | <!--Description--> * Intuos 3 4x5 (PTZ-430) * Intuos 3 4x6 (PTZ-431W ) * Intuos 3 6x8 (PTZ-630 PTZ630) * Intuos 3 6x11 (PTZ-631W A3 wide) * Intuos 3 9x12 (A4 PTZ-930 PTZ930) * Intuos 3 | <!--Vendor ID-->056a | <!--Product ID-->0x00b0 0x00b1 0x00b2 0x00b3 0x00b4 0x00b5 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No}} Actions in HID setup window definitively locks the Pointer (mouse) reports settings and even after a clear and save, nothing changes, the configuration returns to default values. "[Wacom]" reports don't see any events from the tablet, even with "Pointer" reports cleared and save, so is locked a in "mouse" state - but can send a special command to the tablet in order to put it into a special vendor mode. This mode enables Wacom specificities like pressure, tilt, absolute position, buttons, etc... you should send an HID report feature with ReportID=2 and data=2, the current HID class driver doesn't give a way to change that, even using the "initial startup actions" item in the extra collection. No listed features work |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Wacom Volito - Promethean FT-0405-U06 UV1.4-1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0060 | <!--Revision-->0141 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - appears to be the budget option with some but limited features}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Volito 2 * CTF-??? 2x3 * CTF-420G CTF-420 V2.0-0 4x5 * Serif Penabled 6742 rebadge of CTF 420/020-B CTF-420/02 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0062 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - no erase function on the end of the pen - nylon nibs value option}} |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom PL-400 LCD * PL-500 * PL-510 * PL-550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0030 0x0031 0x0032 0x0034 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> * PL-600 * PL-600 SX * PL-700 * PL-710 * PL-800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0033 0x0035 0x0036 0x0037 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Cintiq 21 UX and Cintiq Partner DTF-720 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Wacom PenTablet Bamboo (MTE), Bamboo Craft (CTH), Bamboo Fun (CTE), Bamboo Pen (CTL) and Bamboo Pen & Touch (CTH) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Wacom Bamboo Fun Medium CTE-650 | | 0x0018 | | {{Maybe|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum]}} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Fun Small CTE-450 white | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0017 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo One CTF-430 V2.0-0 CTF 430/S | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0069 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A5 wired air pen and acts like a mouse only}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos 4 * Small PTK-440 PTK-540 * Medium - PTK-640 - PTK 540WL Wireless - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Intuos4 surface sheet was revised in October 2010 to reduce nib wear}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos 5 Touch * * Medium - PTH-650 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0027 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested work, however wireless may glitch or drag }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pro Medium - PTH-651 - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Small Pen Tablet - MTE 450 MTE-450A (MTE-450/k) - | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0065 | <!--Revision-->0116 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A6 work area - mouse movement but no pen detection except x-axis 2 to -2 and y-axis 2 to -2 - mini usb lead - 4 blue led lit buttons not detected as well as circular touch button?? }} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Pen CTL 460 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested all Bamboo versions were criticized for the drawing surface's roughness (which got smoother over time), which caused the small pressure-sensitive 'nib' to wear down, and become slanted or scratchy in the same way as pencil lead, albeit more slowly}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo Fun CTH-461/S wired | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x00D2 | <!--Revision-->0106 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A6 size - Pen tracking not working but finger touch works }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo Connect Pen Tablet CTL-470 CTL-470K 470-DE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->CTH 470K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom CTH 480/S wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} lithium battery for pad - |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pen Small CTL-480/S CTL 480 K wired | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x030E | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|A5 detected as Intuos PS but not working although the RHS blue led responds to pen on tablet }} |- | <!--Description-->CTH 490 PK S Photo - CTH-490CK-S Comic - CTH-490AK-S Art | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested lower hovering height pen nibs wear fast and input lag/responsiveness}} |- | <!--Description-->Intuos Pen & Touch Medium - CTH-680 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit work | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pro (PTH-660 and PTH-860) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 10.6" Genius G-Pen M609 Genius G-Pen M609X iVista Media Tablet 10.6 Aiptek MediaTablet 10000u | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0501 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Slim Tablet 12.1" | <!--Vendor ID-->0x172F | <!--Product ID-->0x0034 | <!--Revision-->0x1105 | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 12 by 9" Aiptek HyperPen 12000u T-12000U Tablet Series Nisis T-12000u USB Tablet Series Version 1.05 (aiptek rebadged) Trust item #1535 ADESSO Cyber Tablet 12000 Graphic design tablet iVista Media Tablet 12 PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2003 Genius G-Pen M712 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0500, 0x08ca | <!--Product ID-->0x0010 | <!--Revision-->0105 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet, untested with others - Puck (mouse) x axis 0000 to 6000 y axis 0000 to 6000 - stylus (pen) x axis 00000 to 12000 y axis 00000 to 12000 tip pressure 0000 to 1023 - 16 function keys - AAA battery needed for pen and another for the mouse}} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 14.1" v5.1e Genius G-Pen M714X Aiptek MediaTablet 14000u WMK-H141 Trust item #15358 Adesso CyberTablet 14000 M14 iVista Media Tablet 14.1 PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2004 | <!--Vendor ID-->0X172f | <!--Product ID-->0X0500 | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet - Stylus (Pen) X 16838 Y 16838 Tip Pressure 1023 }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop PID 0038 Genius G-Pen F509 Manhattan 177405 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0038 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop PID 0052 Yiynova MSP19 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0052 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Q Pad Aiptek HyperPen Mini NGS Flexi Style VisTablet PenPad iVistaTablet Q Flex Pad Bravod Q-PD65-S Trust Flex Design Tablet (#16937) | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0037 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Sirius Battery Free Tablet VisTablet Muse PENTAGRAM Designer P 2700 Princeton PTB-S1BK | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0502 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Slim Tablet 12.1" Genius G-Pen F610 Trust Slimline Widescreen Tablet (#16529) VisTablet Original 12" Adesso CyberTablet Z12 Adesso CT-Z12A PenPower Tooya Pro Aiptek Slim 12.1 Inch Aiptek SlimTablet 600u Premium II NGS Slim Proguess iVistaTablet Slim 12.1 PENTAGRAM ThinType P 2006 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0034 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Slim Tablet 5.8" Genius G-Pen F350 Trust item #16485 VisTablet Mini iVistaTablet Slim 5.8 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0032 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Venus S Tablet Trust eBrush Widescreen Tablet (#17939) | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0503 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Aiptek GmBH MediaTablet Ultimate II - 16:10 Professional Graphic Tablet Model 1400U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon Beijing HanWang HW Micro Drawing Tablet ET0504U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b57 | <!--Product ID-->0x8030 | <!--Revision-->01111 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|does not work - recognised as an HID mouse - no tablet extensions detected}} |- | <!--Description-->KYE EasyPen 340, Genius EasyPen 340 | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5014 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | Aiptek Hyper Pen 6000u PC Tablet APT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|detected but does not work - win98 era cordless 6in by 4.5in - }} |- | <!--Description-->nisis T-8000U APT-2 Aiptek rebadge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08CA | <!--Product ID-->0x0021 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|A5 detected but no responses }} |- | <!--Description-->Acecad Flair II GT-504 Init Fkt Fkt 0x5ab450c0 AIPTEK HyperPen 10000 U Aiptek HyperPen 10000U, AIPTEK Slim Tablet U600 Premium II | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0460 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ace Cad Enterprise Co., Ltd Tablet - 5x3.75 drawing area | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0460 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bosto's | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} UCLogic Digitizer |- | <!--Description-->Adesso CyberTablet Z7, Adesso CyberTablet 12000, Adesso CT-12000A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic / Lapazz WP8060, UC-Logic / Lapazz PF1209, UC-Logic / Lapazz Artistic Tablet 5540, Manhattan 8"x6", Manhattan 3"x4", Manhattan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested but suspect not working}} |- | <!--Description-->DigiPro 5.5×4” Graphics Tablet Digital Ink Pad (A4 format) DigiPro WP8060, DigiPro WP5540, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius G-pen G-Pen 4500 Genius Wizardpen Genius Mousepen Genius Easypen i405 M610 Genius PenSketch 9x12, Genius MousePen i608, Genius MousePen 8x6, Genius MousePen / WizardPen 5x4, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius G-Pen F610 Genius G-Pen M610 Genius G-Pen 340 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP4030U) Genius G-Pen 450 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius UC-LOGIC iBall Tablet PF8060 iBall Iball Pen Tablet 8060U, Iball Pen Tablet 5540U, Iball Pen Tablet 4030U, Iball Design Tablet PF1209, NGS CADBOY (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U) Pentagram QWare | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Trust TB-3100 Trust TB-5300 Trust 15356 Trust TB-6300 Trust 15357 WP8060U Slimline but bulky with metal backing A5 size Trust 16486, Trust 16447, Sketch Design Tablet, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|clashes with usb and crashes AROS }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet WP1062 Aiptek HyperPen 10000U Monoprice 10X6.25 Inches Graphic Drawing Tablet Pickle 10x6.25 Inch Graphic Drawing tabletguess | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0064 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | [ VTech KidiPhoto Art Studio] | | | | {{yes|works}} |- |} Tablet has a squared lines of wires which induce a current into the pen which is then detected by the metal grid in the tablet pad. Tablets report pressure (and tilt on expensive models) and are absolute pointing devices (put the pen at the top left and the mouse pointer will go to the top left of the screen). Graphic drawing area, what keys, report rate, resolution lpi lpmm, accuracy, pressure levels (may come from the app), origin position, Wacom tablets use electromagnetic resonance technology. Since the tablet provides power to the pen through resonant inductive coupling, no power is required for the pointing device. As a result, no batteries are inside the pen (or the accompanying puck), making them lighter and slimmer. Under the tablet's surface (or LCD in the case of the Cintiq) is a printed circuit board with a grid of multiple send/receive coils and a magnetic reflector attached behind the grid. In send mode, the tablet generates a close-coupled electromagnetic field (also known as a B-field) at a frequency of 531&nbsp;kHz. This close-coupled field stimulates oscillation in the pen's coil/capacitor (LC) circuit when brought into range of the B-field. Any excess resonant electromagnetic energy is reflected back to the tablet. In receive mode, the energy of the resonant circuit’s oscillations in the pen is detected by the tablet's grid. This information is analyzed by the computer to determine the pen's position, by interpolation and Fourier analysis of the signal intensity. In addition, the pen communicates information such as pen tip pressure, side-switch status, tip vs. eraser orientation and ID number (to differentiate between different pens, mice, etc.). For example, applying more or less pressure to the tip of the pen changes the value of the pen's timing circuit capacitor. This signal change can be communicated in an analog or digital method. An analog implementation modulates the phase angle of the resonant frequency, while a digital method is communicated to a modulator that distributes the information digitally. The tablet forwards this and other relevant tool information in packets, up to 200 times per second, to the computer. If you disable (delete all of them except for one that needs to be set to "no action", so that it will not be regenerated as default) the Extra Startup actions, the tablet should remain in relative mouse mode—you will not get pressure information in that mode though. [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/highway_usb/message/2394]}} === Handheld Barcode Scanner Readers === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Farsun 9100 barcode scanner 0-12" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola Symbol LS2203 CMOS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Tysso | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Simple}} Code 11, Code 39, Code 93, Code 128, Coda Bar, UPC-A, UPC-E, EAN-8, EAN-13, MSI/Plessey, Telepen, Interleaved 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Matrix 2 of 5 |- | <!--Description-->Unitech MS320 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wasp WCS3905 CCD 1" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Code 93, Matrix 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Code 39, UCC/EAN-128, ISBN, Code 32, EAN/JAN-8 , EAN/JAN-13 , UPC-A, UPC-E, Codabar, Code 128, Code 11, Interleaved 2 of 5, MSI-Plessey, China Post, IATA 2 of 5, ISSN, UK-Plessey |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Datalogic Touch 90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Intermec | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell Metrologic MK9540-32A38 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola LS2208 Laser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wasp WWS800 Laser 1D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Datalogic GD4130-BK-C066 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell 1202G-1USB-5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola / Symbol DS6707-DC20007ZZR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->DataMan 8000 2D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell Voyager 9520/40 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Metrologic MS1690 USB 2D Barcode Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} QR Code GS1 Databar PDF417 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Syscan GM800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} [http://www.scandit.com/2011/11/04/types-of-barcodes-choosing-the-right-barcode-type-ean-upc-code128-itf-14-or-code39/ Types of Barcode] <pre> UPC-A Grocery most common Code 128 EAN-13 Library Books ISBN & ISSN, Code 39 Codabar blood bank, 2D barcodes such as Data Matrix PDF417e Maxicode Aztec QR Code old Nokia handsets, MicroPDF417 </pre> ===TouchScreens=== Projected capacitive (PCAP) touch screen product, amongst many options the widely used are I2C and USB *USB host–device structure which dominates consumer and industrial electronics devices where higher bandwidth needed and user-friendly (multiswipes) *I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit simple serial standard for LCD display in embedded systems because of cost and low power *SPI arduino and rpi single boards We cover the USB here {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | eGalax Touch 4a | 0eef | 0001 | 0001 | {{yes|2009 works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lilliput HDMI Monitors 669GL-70NP/C/T (7 inch) 869GL-80NP/C/T (8 inch) FA1011-NP/C/T (10 inch) FA1046-NP/C/T (10 inch) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Iilyama Prolite Monitors PROLITE T1513SR-1 (15 inch) PROLITE T1730 (17 inch) PROLITE T1713SR-1 (17 inch) PROLITE T1913SR-1 (19 inch) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Smart Display Company (SDC) Touchscreens TFT Monitors TOUCH-TFT-TS07 (7 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS08 (8 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS10 (10 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS12 (12 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS15 (15 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS17 (17 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS19W (19 inch wide) TOUCH-TFT-TS22W (22 inch wide) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->XENARC Monitors 7 inch models 700TSH 700TSU 700TSV 702TSV 705TSV 706TSA 700IDT MDT-X7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->XENARC 8 inch models: 800TSV 805TSV 10 inch models: 1020TSV 1026TSA 1040TS 12 inch models: 1200TS 1200TR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Asus VT229H 21.5" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->CUQI 7" Monitor Touchscreen 1024x600 IPS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Espresso 15" Portable Touchscreen Display Monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hannspree HT225HPB 21.5 inch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->WaveShare 13.3inch HDMI LCD (H) (with case) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ===GPS tracking, running, cycling, biking, walking, hiking, ORIENTEERING, boaters and mapping=== Support for OpenStreetMap but not for Ordnance Survey, Map Pilot or National Geographic's Topo maps data gdb, Data output supported nmea 0183 V1.5 APA, V1.5 XTE and V2.1 GSA formats, gpx, kml/kmz, tracks from tcx files, geo: URIs, NMEA0183(which is RS232, voltages range from -15 volts to 15 volts, 4800 baud), or need NMEA sentences connected to your computer other method that some units support is a special serial cable that actually emits raw RS232 NMEA. These usually take 10->30 volts input, can run the unit, and have full voltage I/O for RS232 (not like spanner mode, which effectively turns the unit into a USB->Serial adapter inside the case). Equivalent apps - merkator, mapsource, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Garmin gpsmap 180 GPS/chart plotter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->1992 GARMIN GPS 55 AVD Portable System | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - waas pinpoint within 3 metres - nmea - 4AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS 12 12XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Legend C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eMap | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|possibly through usbmodem rs232 connection nmea 0183 protocol}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} rs232 these older units supported it and would provide the stream in either the standard NMEA 0183 format or a proprietary Garmin format. |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS 75 AVD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS Map 7000 model 45006 (1994) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS Tracker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Pioneer Satellite Navigator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS 300 315 320 Mentor Receiver (2003) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Not for dedicated sat nav units like the Nuvi, TomTom, etc | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->NaviLock NL-402U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested u-blox 5 SuperSense® chipset with receivers for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->GM1-86UB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| U-BLOX UB-6010 GGA,GSA,GSV, RMC and support VTG, GLL, TXT ublox binary and NMEA Command Dynamic Condition }} |- | <!--Description-->NAVILOCK GPS NL-602U USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|works via usbmodem.device - ublox ag 6 chipset - 50 channel}} |- | <!--Description-->TOPGNSS ton Receiver & Antenna GM702 u-blox 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|UBLOX7020 chip design bloc u-blox}} |- | <!--Description-->VK-162 G-MOUSE u blox 7 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1546 | <!--Product ID-->0x01a7 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|UBX G70xx with RMC VTG GSV TXT GLL GGA GSA}} |- | <!--Description-->VK-172 u-blox 7 G7020-KT gps gnss white pen stick receiver - over 1 inch long | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1546 | <!--Product ID-->0x01a7 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| detected as cdc controlled plug in device - 18x18x2mm patch antenna but can be slow to update - nmea 0183 and ublox binary protocol}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GlobalSat BU-353 WaterProof USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested SiRF Star III}} |- | <!--Description-->Haicom HI-206 USB GPS receiver with RS-232 interfaces, RJ11 and PS/II connector EB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|usb-serial prolific pl2303 detected but GSP3F SiRF Star IV technology not detected or bound}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->BT760Y, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 5 GPS chipset}} |- | <!--Description-->GM-65 USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 6 GPS chipset - 65 channel}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 7 GPS chipset}} |- | <!--Description-->GM-65 USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 8 GPS chipset - 167 channels}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Colorado 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Geko 101 201 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} limited waas enabled only - waypoints - aaa battery |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Edge 200 bike mount | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin ForeRunner 10 15 watch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Montana 600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Dakota 10 20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Map76s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Oregon 450T | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB nmea 0183 |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex 10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - no nmea0183 sentences data stream output - configuration an option to set it to "Garmin" mode, or "Mass Storage" mode. Since the mass storage mode seems to be required for waypoint/track/etc data exchange, the 'Garmin' mode would be for this data stream. Yet putting it in that mode doesnt seem to produce anything.}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Oregon 650T | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPSMAP 64S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GPSMap 78S or GPSMap 76CSX which has a NMEA port for talking to Nav equipment | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex Vista Cx GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - 2AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPSmap 276c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan 2000 XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan 3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Triton 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} SiRFstarIII™, Antenna Type Multidirectional Patch with WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS support |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Triton 400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ==massstorage.class (MSC/UMS - most cameras and mp3 players)== === USB Card Readers === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="15%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Installing ! width="15%" |Booting ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | A-Tec Model CR-362 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://www.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Merchant_Id=&Section_Id=200406&pcount=&Product_Id=179164 Belkin 15 in 1 Card Reader] | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Conrad CP440 60 in 1 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works on a1k forum}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Genesys Gtech Logic 19 in 1 | 0x05E3 | 0x0710 | High 0200 | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Hama 19 in 1 Card Reader | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | Hama 35 in 1 Card Reader | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Integral Single Slot SD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kingston USB 3.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Lexar microsd adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} but wider than Sandisk version - could block other slot if below |- | Pretec CardDriver | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sandisk MicroMate | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate SD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate Micro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} has satisfying 'click' when microsd inserted |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate Duo MicroSD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} no 'click' insertion uses pressure so future wear and tear issues |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Serena metal cased microsd only | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality |- | <!--Description-->Serena "Sandisk MobileMate" look-alike | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality |- | SilverCrest 16in1 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend P5 8 in 1 TSRDP5K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend P8 15 in 1 TSRDP8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Zyxel integralmemory 8 in 1 | 0x0aec | 0x3260 | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{no|not detected}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB Hard Drives === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Datel MaxDrive | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Inateck 2.5 Inch USB 3.0 Hard Drive Disk Enclosure/ Case (FE2001) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Full USB 3.0 port but plastic teeth keeping drive in place can snap |- | <!--Description-->Inateck case (FE2002) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} full USB 3.0 port - updated design |- | <!--Description-->Inateck case (FE3001) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} wider USB 3.0 port and no on/off switch Jmicron JMS578 chipset |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Iomega Desktop Hard Drive 500GB, 3,5“, USB2.0 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung T3 SSD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 1 space grey / black metal/ plastic |- | Samsung T5 SSD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 2 256GB 512GB alluring blue 1Tb 2Tb black unibody metal |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Seagate | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Seagate | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Toshiba Canvio 1TB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|partition fat32 or sfs to 100GB max - ntfs partitions not detected out of the box - select usb drive in trident prefs and press disable to shutdown}} |- | Verbatim 160GB Smartdisk | | | | {{yes|works }} |- | Western Digital USB | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->WD Essential | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->WD Passport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB DVD CD ROM Drives === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->12.5mm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->12.5mm enclosure mini-sata dvd-rw | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested needs sole usb3 port to power it}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->9.5mm enclosure ECD829 mini-sata dvd-rw with Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13fd | <!--Product ID-->0x0840 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested but probably needs sole usb3 port to power it}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |} === USB to NGFF NVMe SDD HDD DVD CD ROM Drives === The older Jmicron JMS539B seems to result in massive filesystem corruption given the amount of corrupted content. Prehaps always avoided Jmicron and opted for Asmedia even if it costed a bit more. Realtek seems to be working okay for me generally speaking and newer Jmicron chipsets are less buggy – but evidently not perfect. From [https://goughlui.com/2025/08/17/psa-validate-your-storage-jmicron-jms583-kioxia-bg4-series-ssd-issue/ thread] Here is a [https://forums.anandtech.com/threads/stable-nvme-usb-adapter.2572973/ very long thread] that discusses data corruption and stability issues with these bridges. The majority of the posts are complaining of dropouts, hangs and the like, which usually down to either a poor USB 3.x implementation (SuperSpeed connections are very picky as to cables, ports and trace routing) or problematic compatibility. Regardless, the [https://www.legitreviews.com/jmicron-jms583-controller-version-matters-for-portable-usb-drives_219422 JMS583 is known to have several versions] noting that the last revision (C) in that article is a 2021 release which should fix earlier stability and cable quality compatibility issues. JMS583-STD-Release-v00.02.01.04-Bus Power.bin is the latest JMS583 firmware as of August 2025. Early firmware RTL9210 seems to have issues as well * RTL9210B * JMS583 rev1 with firmware A2 or A3 * RTL9210A * JMS583 firmware 2.0.9 * Asmedia ASM2362 * RTL9201A The reference Hardware ID for the JMS583 chipset from JMicron is: VID_152D&PID_0583&REV_0209 where "VID_152D" identifies a JMicron product; "PID_0583" is the generation chipset; "REV_0209" is the firmware version installed. In the same way, the reference Hardware ID for the RTL9210 from Realtek is: VID_0BDA&PID_9210&REV_3100 "VID_0BDA" is for a Realtek product, "PID_9210" is referred to the chipset and "REV_3100" to the firmware. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->ASM1153E / ASM1153 with firmware 140509_A1_82_40 or 141126_A1_EE_82. Both supports UASP and TRIM on USB 3.1 Gen.1 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with sabrent ec-uasp}} |- | <!--Description-->ASM235CM Ugreen aluminum bridging the USB3.2 Gen2x1 to Serial ATA host interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->TI 9261 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->ASM225 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->JMicron JMS578 issues USB 3.1 Gen.1 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0578 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|needs fixing on pi4 storage quirks}} |- | <!--Description-->JMicron JMS576 issues USB 3 to usb-c adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0576 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|orico}} |- | <!--Description-->JMS562 JMicron Technology Corp | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0562 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->JMS561U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x152d | <!--Product ID-->0x1561 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with sabrent ec-uasp}} |- | <!--Description-->VL716Q4 Orico black meshed aluminum usb c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1053E | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->ASmedia ASM1051E | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1053 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174C | <!--Product ID-->0x1536 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM104x | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID-->0x1042 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Unknown Chinese version | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0bc2 | <!--Product ID-->0x2312 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works}} |- | <!--Description-->JMicron N5321 gr | <!--Vendor ID-->0x152d | <!--Product ID-->0xa583 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Initio Corp INIC-1618L mini slimline sata 6 + 7 pins to usb2 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13FD | <!--Product ID-->0x0840 | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works mini sata to usb2 detects 201x laptop DVD as MassStorage(CD/DVD) but may need powered USB hub}} |- | <!--Description-->Unknown mini sata to usb3 adaptor | <!--Vendor ID-->0x01F75 | <!--Product ID-->0x0621 | <!--Revision-->0036 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works mini sata to usb3 detects 201x notebook DVD drive as MassStorage(SCSI) but 5V 1.5Amp needs powered hub to burn }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |} === External Floppy === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://techtravels.org/amiga/amigablog/ Amiga Floppy Project] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=842 Catweasel Mk4] | 0xE159 | 0x0001 | 0x00 | {{yes|[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage works]}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://hxc2001.free.fr/floppy_drive_emulator/ HxC Floppy Emulator] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.softpres.org/glossary:kryoflux KyroFlux] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung SFD-321U/EP USB Floppy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.cbmstuff.com/proddetail.php?prod=SCP SuperCard Pro] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/tebl/Amiga-DrawBridge Amiga-DrawBridge][https://www.facebook.com/groups/greaseweazle Greaseweazle STM hardware], [https://cowlark.com/fluxengine/index.html Greaseweasel support], [https://github.com/keirf/Greaseweazle/wiki software], [https://amigakit.amiga.store/greaseweazle-p-91279.html buy], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FL-2501 USB Portable Diskette Drive | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2009 usb - [https://amiga.robsmithdev.co.uk/ Drawbridge] [https://github.com/RobSmithDev/ArduinoFloppyDiskReader software] ribbon cable compat with p/n 19308801-19 and s/n U356244 - model ASM P/N 27l4226 and FRU P/N 05k9283 - |- | <!--Description-->Dell Floppy Drive Module USB External 3.5" - Teac FD-05PUB 1.44mb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2004 usb 1.1 |- | <!--Description-->USB FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (USB External Floppy Disk) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/SukkoPera/OpenFlops OpenFlops] with [https://github.com/keirf/flashfloppy FlashFloppy] Gotech clone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/hmerrett/HenryFlops HenryFlops reworked OpenFlops] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} ==ptp.class (PTP and MTP - other cameras and mp3 players)== === Cameras === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 20D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 350D (also known as the Digital Rebel XT/Kiss Digital N) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 DIGIC II processor 8-megapixel }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot A430 A560 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 400D (XTi) digital SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1000D also known as Rebel XS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10.2mp 720p }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 450D aka Rebel Xsi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 12.2mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot S90 S95 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 2010 720p video - 10Mpixel }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot SD960 IS Digtal ELPH | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 Still Image: Exif 2.2 (JPEG), Movie: MOV (Image: H.264; Audio: Linear PCM) Lithium-ion Battery Pack NB-4L }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 500D aka Rebel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 1080p 15.1MP Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 550D 600D aka Rebel T2i T3i DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010-2011 1080p 18MP Lithium LP-E8 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot S100 S110 S120 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011-2013 720p-1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1100D DSLR Camera aka Rebel T3 SLR, EOS Kiss X50 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p 10Mpixels Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 650D 700D aka Rebel T4i T5i T6i SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2013 1080p 18Mpixels Lithium LP-E8 articulating flip out twistable screen }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon ELPH 300 HS (IXUS 220 HS) 230 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 blogging camera }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 12.1 MP CMOS, DIGIC 5 Wifi Lithium Battery Pack NB-9L }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot G7 X, G7X-II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014-2016 1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1300D DSLR Camera aka Rebel T6 SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 1080p 16Mpixels Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot G7x G5X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| G7X flip up and G5X flip out - same batteries - no external microphone input - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS M3 M5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| flip out - same batteries - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 60D 70D 80D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 6D 7D 8D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 5D Mark II III IV DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji FinePix A850 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->FujiFilm Finepix F100fd | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji FinePix F810 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xf1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| pocketable exr cmos 12mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xt1 x-t1 x10 x-t10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Fujifilm x100 x100s x100t | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xPro1 xPro2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xt2 / x-t2 x-t20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4K video }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GoPro HERO 3 HERO4 HERO 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D100, D60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 Compact flash storage - non interchangeable lenses up to 12.3MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D50, D50x | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 storage - 6.1MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D70, D80, D90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 Compact flash storage - 10MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D40, D40x | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 storage - 10MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D300, D700 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 storage - 12.3MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D2Xs, D2Hs, D3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006-2008 storage - sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 720p video unlike D3000 }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 16mpixel}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 16.2mp 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon L26 L27 L28 L29 L31 Coolpix compact cameras | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p video - 2 AA - pocket sized }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p video 14.2mp}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5100 DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 16.2mp 720p}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon L810 L820 L830 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2014 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 storage - sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7100 D7200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2014 up to 24.2mp 1080p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 1080p 24MPixel}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5200 D5300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 24.1MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D800 D600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 1080p video sd card storage - dust/oil issue at start}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3300 DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24.2MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D500, a high-performance DX-format (APS-C) DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 24.2MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5500 D5600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016-2018 24.1MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D810 D610 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 1080p video sd card storage }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4K UHD video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D900 D850 D820 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4k 46MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus C-370 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 3.2mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Camedia C-725 Ultrazoom | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 3mp aa batteries, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 8mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-410 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-510 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 10MP Live MOS sensor with TruePic III processor, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-420 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10mp, compactflash and xD cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-520 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10mp, compactflash and xD cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-620 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 12.3mp, compactflash, xD and microdrive cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-450 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 10mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax * ist DS DSLR camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 6.1mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K10D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 10.2mp APS-C CCD no video and older manual Pentax K-mount lenses}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K20D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2008 14.6MP APS-C but no video recording mode }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K30 K-5 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2012 16MP full HD (1080p) recording at 24/25/30 fps}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 24MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 25.7MP BSI CMOS sensor }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix LZ10 LZ20 DMC-LZ30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic TZ1 TZ5 TZ9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix GH1 GH2 like the DMC-GH2HEB-K - GH3 DMC-GH3HEB-K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Four Thirds (GH2) MFT Micro Four Thirds (GH3) limited to 29mins recording }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic AF series AF100 AF101 AF102 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2 DMC-G3 G5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic TZ60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic DMC LX7 10 LX15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GF7 GX8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic G80 G85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| micro 4/3 }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GH4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| micro 4/3 - shooting in MOV or MP4 formats recording limited to sd card size but split files because the FAT32 file system only supports files up 4GB in size, which amounts to around 5 minutes of 4K (100mbps) footage - GH4 appears to create 4GB files as a rule, regardless of whether the memory card’s file system supports larger files or not - }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GH5 gx80 gx85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Effective: 20.3 Megapixel 5184 x 3888 - 2 sd card slots compatible with high-speed, high capacity UHS-II - sd card v rating like the v90 should record at 60MB/s to be compatible with the GH5 in the All-I format - possible file corruption with .mdt files - new firmware 2.0 update, the Panasonic GH5 becomes the first 5K - }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic FZ2000 FZ2500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung WB100 WB1100 WB150 WB2200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 16MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung NX11 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung NX200, NX20, NX1000 and NX210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 20.3Mp APS-C sized CMOS image sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo Xacti CG65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 6.1MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cyber-shot DSC camera models W110 W220 H300 H400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A230 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 10.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A290 DSLR Camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 14.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cybershot HX20V HX30V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 18mp 720p - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cybershot HX50V HX60V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 20.2MP 1080p - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A77 A99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony WX100 WX150 wx220 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 2014 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony NEX-6 Sony NEX-7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 16 to 24MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony NEX-3N Sony NEX-5N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 16MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α58 Sony α68 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 20.1 MP 2014 24mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony rx100 mk III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 20.1MP 1.0-type back-illuminated Exmor R CMOS sensor, often after boot-up, the motor starts running for no reason for first versions' - }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α5000 a5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 20.1 Megapixel APS-C Exmor APS HD CMOS 1080p Sony E-mount [https://github.com/ma1co/Sony-PMCA-RE hack] using [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M4hR9HiOzM this] }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α6000 a6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24MP APS-C sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 A7S a7r a7c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 mirror less - more compact }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α77 II, α99 II, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 24.3 MP, 2016 42.4mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony rx100 mk IV V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 2016 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RX0 RX zero, RX0 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 2017 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α6500 a6500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 24.2MP APS-C sensor 4K }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 Alpha 7 II E-mount interchangeable lens mirrorless camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 24.2mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 A7Sii a7r a7c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 mirror less - more compact }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony a7 III α77 ILCE7M3/B Full-Frame Mirrorless Interchangeable-Lens Camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 24.2mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ZV-1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 24mm optical zoom, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ZV-1F | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 entry-level vlogging, 1-inch 20.1MP, ultra-wide 20mm f/2 prime lens}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} <pre > Lens Mounts Canon EF EF-S Nikon F Panasonic Olympus OM Pentax DA, FA, F, A, M, and K series Fujifilm X mount </pre > <pre > Sensors APS-C S35 Full Frame 43 Four Thirds M43 MFT Micro four thirds </pre > === Digital Voice Recorder Dictaphone Dictation Machine Handheld === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2011 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested 2012 no usb }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2012 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2013 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus WS-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7700 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-8600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-711PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-712PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-731PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus WS-811 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested slide out usb-a - aaa battery - ok recordings }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-540PC Olympus VN-541PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Philips DVT1250 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX470 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX560 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX570 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} === USB eBooks Readers drm free EPUB version 2.0.1 (2007), 3.0 (2011), 3.1 (2015) or [https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-33/ 3.3 (2024)] [https://github.com/thansen0/sample-epub-minimal epub examples] formats access === EPUB file format is an open standard based on XHTML for content and XML for metadata, contained in a zip file archive PDF v2.0 in 2017, 2009 takeover by ISO Org, 1.7 in 2006 , 1.6 in 2005, 1.4 in 2001, 1.3 in 1999, 1.0 in 1993 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Access ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Barnes and Noble Nook Simple Touch NST BNRV300 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2080 | <!--Product ID-->0x0003 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->when finding the right micro usb cable that works, internal nook memory not accessible but sd card fat32 readable and writable outside | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2011 6in 600x800 e-ink 16 grayscale .jpg}} battery remove sd card and Torx T5 back top for Cameron Sino CS-BNR003SL - USA 1.2.2 md5sum 351e26527e80156183e74be2da2ce89f *nook_1_2_update.zip - 1.2.1 UK fdba3981f7f221cc5143db6329645bc2 *nook_1_2_update.zip - skip registration, Turn on the device, but do NOT start setting it up. Hold down the top right button on the front of the device and slide your finger from left to right across the top of the E Ink screen. A ‘Factory’ button should appear in the top left corner of the screen. Press it. Once in the Factory menu, hold down the top right button on the front of the device and tap the bottom right corner of the screen should now see a ‘Skip Oobe’ button. Tap that and the Nook should finally load the home screen. Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description-->Barnes and Noble Nook Simple Touch with Glowlight *2012 Nook Simple Touch with GlowLight BNRV350 *2013 Nook GlowLight BNRV500 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2080 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 0x0007 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2012 untested }} perform a hard reset: Turn off the nook completely, turn it on, as soon as you see the screen flash begin holding the bottom page turn buttons until the screen flashes with a message asking reset, press the 'n' key twice to start the reset - Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description-->Nook Glowlight 4 Plus 7.8-inch screen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> *NOOK 1st Edition (2009-2018) BNRZ100 *NOOK Color (2010-2024) BNRV200 *NOOK Tablet (8GB/16GB) (2011-2024) BNTV250A / BNTV250 *NOOK HD (2012-2024) BNTV400 *NOOK HD+ (2012-2024) BNTV600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Elonex 511EB | <!--Vendor ID-->045e:ffff | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2009 untested Preferences->advanced->debug device detection}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://jaforeck.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/ready-to-meet-viktor-navorski-gained-access-to-elonex-621ebs-terminal-52/ Elonex 621EB] eBook | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1f85 | <!--Product ID-->0x1688 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->unlocked ootb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2010 untested usb mini charging 6" diagonal eInk Screen - 800 x 600 pixels, 8 Level 166dpi Paperlike screen, Embedded 1GB Flash NAND, full SD Card Slot up to 16GB - WAV, MP3, JPG, PNG, BMP, GIF support and ePub and PDF(with reflow) (TXT, HTML) support}} |- | <!--Description-->Elonex 700eb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2011 untested adjust screen blanking by menu then settings then device standby, you can then turn it off}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->iRiver Story HD eBook | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} freescale imx.508 arm mcimx508cvkbb cpu with 2gb samsung nand, m13892aj charging chip, eb07_main_mp1_110321 mobo, mini usb, atheros ar61026 wifi - |- | <!--Description-->iRiver Story | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Rakuten Touch A/B kobo3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Touch C, Kobo Mini, Kobo Glo N613, Kobo Aura HD N514 N204 kobo4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura, Kobo Aura H2O, kobo5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2013 6in untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura H2O Edition 2 v1, Kobo Glo HD, Kobo Touch 2.0, Kobo Aura ONE N709, Kobo Aura ONE Limited Edition, Kobo Aura Edition 2 v1 N236, kobo6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura H2O Edition 2 v2, Kobo Aura Edition 2 v2, Kobo Nia, Kobo Clara HD, Kobo Forma, Kobo Libra H2O kobo7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Elipsa, Kobo Sage kobo8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> *Kobo Libra 2 kobo9, Kobo Clara 2E kobo10, Kobo Elipsa 2E kobo11 *Kobo Libra Colour kobo13, Kobo Clara BW, Kobo Clara Colour kobo12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pandigital Personal eReader aka? Papyre 6.2 very similar to BQ Avant Firmware | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS 350 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2009 epub bbeb cbz untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS-650 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle K1 D00111 - Main Menu=: Settings: Menu=: Device Info shows S/N | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0002 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->256mb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2007 untested Marvell Xscale PXA255}} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle K2, D00511 170-1012-00, D00701 D00801 S11S01B * k2 means K2 US * k2i means K2 GW * dx means KDX US * dxi means KDX GW * dxg means KDX Graphite | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0003 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb unless jb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2010 untested Freescale i.MX31 }} the Kindle is a small computer running Linux 2.6 on an ARM processor |- | <!--Description-->AMAZON Kindle D00901 3rd Gen with keyboard - Menu, Settings for S/N and then Menu again to choose Update * S/N starts B006 means k3g aka K3 3G US * S/N starts B008 means k3w aka K3 WiFi * S/N starts B00A means k3gb aka K3 3G UK EU - debug mode with ;debugON and ~help | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->{{yes|4Gb internal no access until jailbroken JB}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 with mobi and azw3 formats only - micro usb 5v 0.85a - freescale i.mx35 ARM soc with 12bit parallel interface with epson e-ink cpu, 256MB synchronous dynamic RAM, 4GB eMMC internal memory only but no sd slot, MC13892 PMIC - atheros wifi 54mbit pci-e a e keyed wifi - ?? later models wm96103 audio codec - display has 2Mbit serial memory ic on ribbon cable with 4bpp inverse grayscale display not touchscreen - 3g module - screen replacement really annoying - 4 test points near T07 = TX RX GND ? - as of 2025, JB v0.13.N, MKK2014, MKK2025, KUAL, KoReader Legacy2025, and maybe later SS v0.47.N, Python 0.14.N, Fonts v5.16.N, USBNet v0.57.N - USB-downloader mode when Vol+ is pressed during startup - Shift + Alt + M for Minesweeper - |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle 4th Generation k4 D01100 two buttons, square movement and two buttons at bottom *B00E plastic back clipped in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV1dyNkjjro many places] and strongly taped down to battery cover | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0005 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb unless jb with USB MS, USBMS aka also known as USB MSC or UMS | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 once back off use Torx T5 to remove battery cover screws - battery glued down S2011-001-A 515-1058-01 DR-A015 MC-265360 - Freescale i.MX508 SOC, 2Gb eMMC storage, 256MiB of LPDDR1, MC13892 PMIC - vendor modified u-boot imximage based on u-boot v2009.08 - USB-downloader mode press the fiveway down button during startup resetmykindle - as of 2025 upgrade firmware from 4.1.x and to 4.1.4, sign into account and copy jb.1.8 bits, mkk-2014, mkk-2025, kual and then uninstall kual, koreader2025 - }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Touch WiFi (Kindle 5th Gen) D01200 K5, KT *Once signed into an Amazon Account get S/N under Settings -> Device Options *B00F Kindle Touch 3G + WiFi (Kindle 5) (U.S. and Canada) [Mostly] *B011 Kindle Touch WiFi (Kindle 5) *B010 Kindle Touch 3G + WiFi (Kindle 5) (Europe) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0006 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->4gb unless jb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 touchscreen i.MX508 SOC, 256MiB of LPDDR1 and USB-downloader mode by the SOC microcode when a specific key is pressed during startup: the home button on model D01200 - update firmware 5.3.2 to 5.3.7.3, access account, }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] PW <pre> B024 Kindle PaperWhite WiFi B01B Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] B020 Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Brazil) B01C Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Canada) B01D Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Europe) B01F Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Japan) </pre> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0007 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 Freescale i.MX508 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0008 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 2 (2013) PW2 *B0D4, 90D4 WiFi (U.S., Intl.) *B05A, 905A WiFi (Japan) *B0D5, 90D5 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] *B0D6, 90D6 3G + WiFi (Canada] *B0D7, 90D7 3G + WiFi (Europe) *B0D8, 90D8 3G + WiFi (Russia) *B0F2, 90F2 3G + WiFi (Japan) *B017, 9017 WiFi (4GB) (U.S., Intl.) *B060, 9060 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Europe) *B062, 9062 3G + WiFi (4GB) (U.S.) [Mostly] *B05F, 905F 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Canada) *B061, 9061 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Brazil) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0009 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb or 4gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| PW2 uses Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 3 PW3 i.e. Kindle 7th gen *G090G1 (2015) WiFi *G090G2 (2015) 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] *G090G4 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Mexico) *G090G5 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Europe, Australia) *G090G6 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Canada) *G090G7 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Japan) *G090KB (2015) WiFi *G090KC (2015) 3G + WiFi (Japan) *G090KE (2016) 3G + WiFi (International) White *G090KF (2016) 3G + WiFi (International) White *G090LK (2016) WiFi, 32GB (Japan) *G090LL (2016) WiFi, 32GB (Japan) White | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x000A | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->4gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ease up glued down front bezel rim panel gently, remove 11 screws underneath and lift screen up from bottom end - battery underneath - }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 4 (2018) PW4 *G000PP, G8S0PP WiFi, 8GB *G000T6, G8S0T6 WiFi, 32GB *G000T1 WiFi+4G, 32GB *G000T2 WiFi+4G, 32GB (Europe) *G00102 WiFi, 8GB (India) *G000T3 WiFi+4G, 32GB (Japan) *G0016T, G8S16T WiFi, 8GB Twilight Blue *G0016Q, G8S16Q WiFi, 32GB Twilight Blue *G0016U WiFi, 8GB Plum *G0016V, G8S16V WiFi, 8GB Sage *G00103 WiFi, 32GB (India) *G0016R WiFi, 32GB Plum *G0016S WiFi, 32GB Sage | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x000B | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->8gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Oasis 2 and 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| NXP i.MX7D }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 16gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| MediaTek MT8110 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle 11 Scribe | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 16gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| MediaTek MT8113 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->16gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite Gen 11 and 12 - Signature | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->16Gb or 32Gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 account not blocked, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/Modos-Labs Modos Labs] open source e-ink 60Hz 75Hz caster controller and glider monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xteink X3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.xteink.com Xteink X4] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 4.3in 220ppi no touchscreen so [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7RuokaVauo buttons navigation] - 650mAh battery - micro-sd slot up to 512Gb covering epub, txt, and jpg in directories with [https://github.com/crosspoint-reader crosspoint reader] esp32 cpu custom rom firmware using [https://xteink.dve.al/ Flash website] on usb-c but no ecosystem store |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="15%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Access ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Amazon D01400 Kindle Fire (1st Generation) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2010 too old }} android 2.3 and touchscreen digitizer fails often, battery SWE P/N 1002000004742 Model KC1 (EU) QP01 (US) 16.28whr, ti 257epl9l omap 4430 with elpida 88164b3pf-10-f88164b3pf or hynix, mobo ??,, DAOKC1MB8F0 Rev F, ti aic3110 audio codec, |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Fire 7in X43260 X43Z60 2nd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 untested FireOS Android 4 omap 4460 and PowerVR SGX540}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle Fire HD (3rd Gen) P48WVB4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon *Amazon Fire HD10 (2015) *Amazon Fire HD8 (2015) *Amazon Fire HD7 (2015) (5th Generation) 7 inch 8GB SV98LN *Amazon Fire HD7 (2014) *Amazon Fire HD6 (2014) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested android 5.1 max}} |- | <!--Description--> *Amazon Fire 10 (2017) *Amazon Fire 8 (2017) 7th Gen 8 inch SX034OT *Amazon Fire 7 (2017) (7th Generation) 7 inch 16GB (SR043KL) *Amazon Kindle Fire 7 (7th Generation) 7 inch 8GB WIFI Tablet (SR043KL) *Amazon Fire HD8 (2016) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Android 5.1 max 7in screen resolution of 1024 x 600, }} |- | <!--Description--> *Amazon Fire 10/10+ (2021) *Amazon Fire 8/8+ (2020) *Amazon Fire 10 (2019) *Amazon Fire 7 (2019) *Amazon Kindle Fire 7 9th Gen 16GB M8S26G *Amazon Fire 8 (2018) 8th Gen 8 inch 32GB L5S83A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| android 9 max}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon *Amazon Fire HD 10 (2023) *Amazon Fire Max 11 (2023) *Amazon Fire 8 (2022) *Amazon Fire 7 (2022) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| android 11 max}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle Scribe | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Minimal Phone, Mudita Kompakt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| eink }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B751C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 android untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B7 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android based color eink small - 300dpi b/w 150ppi color -}} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| e-ink }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme Hibreak Pro, Hisense A9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| e-ink}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->iFlyTech AINote | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->iFlyTech AINote 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Meebook | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Page Palma | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 android untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Leaf3C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go Color 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 untested 7in e-ink e-reader android tablet }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx BooxTab Ultra X C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Note Max Air4 C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Leaf5C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Poke6S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go 10.3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox MC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| color e-ink 13.3in }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go 10.3 (Gen 2) Lumi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 b/w eink with front light, no EMR annd capacitance pen, }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Moaan Pantone 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2021 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable Paper Pro Move | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 untested but subscriptions needed for some features}} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote A5 X2 Manta | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote A6 X2 Nomad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tolino Vision 2 3 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tolino Epos2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viwoods AI Paper and AI Paper Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==printer.class== As the only printer driver that AROS supports natively is Postscript, our focus is on applications that generally output postscript formatted data for printing purposes. There has been an attempt at recent AirPrint support *Inkjet *Laser Start simple and then test every higher level... * can if you ping your printer (the IP addy is good)? * set up LPR/IPP to talk to that known good IP address. * see if you can copy a few words of plain ASCII text to the IPP/LPR device (do you have a connection)? * see if you can find a simple postscript file and then copy it to the IPP/LPR device. * see if you can set up to print directly to the IPP/LPR device (set "Output file" to PRT: or LPR:). * see if you can set up a PS printer config to the IPP/LPR device. * go back and try the tests with the other driver (LPR or IPP). See [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_drive7.htm here] for compatibility with TP7 (TurboPrint 7) Last update 2004. Not tested under emulation. Janus-UAE, Emumiga, Amiberry etc usbparallel.device untested with USB->Centronics - The printer.class is rather 'clever'. It remembers to which unit the printers were connected (until you reboot). So if you first plug in Printer1, it gets unit 0, and Printer2 gets unit 1. If you now remove both printers and replug Printer2, it still will get unit 1 and not 0. This is used not to confuse the programs using the different units (moreover, if some program uses the usbparallel.device unit of an USB printer, and the printer is unplugged, the device unit cannot be freed immediately as the application still keeps it open). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Beige cream D shape centronics end (Prolific chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U002v1 centronics end (chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U002VEA v2 centronics end (Prolific PL2305L chipset) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | DYNAMODE USB-C-PP-1284 USB to 36pin (Prolific 2305 chipset) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 0x02 | {{N/A|untested but similar to BAFO below}} |- | IOGear GUC1284B | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | My-Link (raised ellipse on centronics plastic end) (unknown chipset) | | | | {{N/A|untested but more expensive }} |- | NEWLink (Prolific chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Targus PA096E centronics end (chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | TRENDnet ware TU-P1284 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | True PnP (Prolific chipset 2305) cheap 36pin Centronics (series of ridges along both short sides) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 2.00 | {{N/A|untested on BAFO BF-1284 but reports of poor quality and lack of support on other OSs }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | Transparent See Through Blue | | | | {{N/A|untested but possible poor quality build }} |- | Dynamode USB-PARALLEL 25pin female (prolific) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 0x02 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FDL USB to 25pin | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | PlusKom USB to 25pin female connector for printer (IEEE 1284) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | QinHeng Electronics (CH340S chipset) | 0x1a86 | 0x7584 | | {{N/A|untested curvy sides - flat top }} |- | StarTech | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syba SD-USB-DB25 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} Postscript interpreters (eg ghostscript) have been developed as a cheaper option which sit in between postscript data streams and non postscript printers. Ghostscript has internal printer drivers gs -h and with something like gs -sDEVICE=stcolor -r300 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile gs813:examples/tiger.ps copytopar ram:tempfile It checks if in RAM: exists a outputfile (Cinnamon can export to PS postscript) then it sends this via copytopar to the printer. There was only support for parport (parallel) but Terminillis added support for USB and ethernet. A big issue with using ghostscript for drivers is that data has to originate as postscript (.PS) file. gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=ljet4 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile RAM:file.pdf the ljet4 output device generates PCL also the pxlmono driver, which generates more generic PXL (PCL 6) gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER testpage-a4.ps > test.pdf gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pxlmono -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER test.pdf > test.pxl Printers supported by ghostscript...Explanation [http://freebooks.by.ru/view/RedHatLinux6Unleashed/rhl6u151.htm here] or [http://www.gnu.org/software/ghostscript/devices.html here] and [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/printer.htm here] <pre> bit cljet5 ljet4d pjxl300 pxlcolor bitcmyk cljet5c ljetplus pkm pxlmono bitrgb deskjet nullpage pkmraw stp bj10e djet500 pbm pksm tiff12nc bj200 epswrite pbmraw pksmraw tiff24nc bjc600 faxg3 pcx16 png16 tiffcrle bjc800 faxg32d pcx24b png16m tiffg3 bmp16 faxg4 pcx256 png256 tiffg32d bmp16m ijs pcxcmyk pnggray tiffg4 bmp256 jpeg pcxgray pngmono tifflzw bmp32b jpeggray pcxmono pnm tiffpack bmpgray laserjet pdfwrite pnmraw uniprint bmpmono lj5gray pgm ppm x11 bmpsep1 lj5mono pgmraw ppmraw x11alpha bmpsep8 ljet2p pgnm psgray x11cmyk cdeskjet ljet3 pgnmraw psmono x11gray2 cdj550 ljet3d pj psrgb x11gray4 cdjcolor ljet4 pjxl pswrite x11mono cdjmono </pre> ==rawwrap.class - some old flatbed scanners supported== Scandal is the MUI frontend to [http://www.ppa.pl/bugtracker/ Betascan Bugtracker] and [http://aminet.net/search?query=betascan Search for Betascan scanner drivers] derived from [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html sane backends] [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-EPSON2 Epson2] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Expression 1600 1640XL 1680 10000XL | 0x04b8 | 0x0107 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Prefection 1200U, 1200 Photo, | 0x04b8 | 0x0104 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 1240U | 0x04b8 | 0x010b | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{[https://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=45760&forum=25 works]|Needs 24V 0.8A psu but in Trident, click on "Classes", then on "rawwrap.class", then on "Configure". There, under "Global", activate the Option "Bind to Vendor/Unknown Interfaces". Now go to the second tab "Default Interface" and select/enter these values: Default usbraw.device Unit: 0 Exclusive access: Yes Out NAK Timeout: 20000ms In NAK Timeout: 20000ms In Buffer Mode: No buffering Buffer Size: 36 KB Short Reads Terminate: Yes Now click on "Use as Default" and select "Devices" on the left. There, click on your scanner and click on "Class Scan". Now close Trident by clicking on "Save". }} |- | Perfection 1640SU Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x010a | 0x0104 | {{yes|works, even the transparency unit}} |- | Perfection 1650 Photo, 1660 Photo, 3200 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x011c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 2400 Photo, 2450 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x011b | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 4870 Photo, 4990 Photo, | 0x04b8 | 0x0128 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection V700 V750 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x012c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Stylus CX2800 2900 3200 3500 3600 3650 3700 3800 3900 Stylus CX4100 4200 3500 4600 4700 4800 4900 500 5100 5200 5300 5400 5900 | 0x04b8 | 0x0802 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Stylus Office BX300F USB | 0x04b8 | 0x0848 | | {{yes| works with good scan quality}} |- |} [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx] scanners based on the Grandtech GT-6801 and GT-6816 "System-On-Chip" scanner chipsets {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Artec Ultima 2000 and e+, Trust Flat Scan USB 19200 (ePlus2k.usb / Gt680xfw.usb) | 0x05d8 | 0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Genius Colorpage Vivid3x 4x 1200x | 0x0458 | 0x2011 to 0x201f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (ccd548.fw)}} |- | <!--Description-->Lexmark X70 also X73 [http://subfusion.net/drivers/oslo3071b2.usb OSLO3071b2.usb] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x043d | <!--Product ID-->0x002d | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Medion/Lifetec/Tevion/Cytron MD/LT 9375 and Artec Ultima 2000, MD LT 9385 Gt680xfw.usb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05d8 | <!--Product ID-->0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | BearPaw 2448 CS and TA Plus [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A2Nfw.usb A2Nfw.usb] | 0x055f | 0x021a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | Mustek BearPaw 1200 CS | 0x055f | 0x021e | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A1fw.usb A1fw.usb])}} |- | <!--Description-->Mustek 1200 CU Plus Scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend PS1Dfw.usb / SBSfw.usb] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2000 }} |- | Mustek ScanExpress 1200 UB plus, Trust Compact Scan USB 19200, ScanMagic 1200 UB Plus | 0x05d8 | 0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/sbfw.usb sbfw.usb])}} |- | Mustek ScanExpress 1248 UB aka PC-World PC Line PCL-3000 | 0x055f | 0x021f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/SBSfw.usb SBSfw.usb])}} |- | Mustek BearPaw 2400CS TA aka Goodmans GSC 12/24 | 0x055f | 0x0218 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Transparency adapter untested) }} |- | BearPaw 2400 CS aka TA Plus | 0x055f | 0x0219 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Transparency adapter) }} |- | Packard Bell Diamond 1200 Plus | 0x055f | 0x021c or 0x021b | 0x0 | {{yes|works - [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ firmware required] but slow usb 1.1 speed with poor quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}} |- | Packard Bell Diamond 2400 Plus aka BearPaw 2400 CU Plus [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ PS2Dfw2.usb firmware rename to PS2Dfw.usb] | 0x055f | 0x021d | 1.00 | {{yes|works slow usb 1.1 speed with ok quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}} |- | Plustek OpticPro 1248U | 0x07B3 | 0x0400 0x0401 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (ccd548.fw)}} |- | Plustek OpticSlim 2400 | 0x07b3 | 0x0422 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (cis3R5B1.fw)}} |- | Visioneer OneTouch 7300 | 0x04a7 | 0x0444 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Cis3r5b1.fw)}} |- | <!--Description-->Mustek ScanEpress 1200 UB (Plus) clone [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/ use mustek_usb backend] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x055f | <!--Product ID-->0x0006 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Lexmark - needs testing {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Lexmark X1110 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1140 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1150 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1170 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1180 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1185 | 0x043d | 0x007c | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Lexmark X12xx | | | | {{N/A|untested in USB1.1, not fully tested in USB2.0}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Dell A920 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} HP - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | HP ScanJet 4100C | 0x03f0 | 0x0101 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 5200C | 0x03f0 | 0x0401 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 62X0C | 0x03f0 | 0x0201 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 63X0C | 0x03f0 | 0x0601 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x0102, 0x0105, 0x0205, 0x0305, 0x0405 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x0705, 0x0805, 0x0901, 0x0a01 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x1205, 0x1305, 0x2005, 0x2205 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Plustek [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-PLUSTEK LM983x] - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Plustek OticPro U12 UT12 UT16 U24 UT24 | 0x07B3 | 0x0010 to 0x0017 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | KYE/Genius Colorpage HR6-V2 HR6A HR7 HR7LE HR6X | 0x0458 | 0x2008 to 0x2016 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Hewlett-Packard ScanJet 2100C and 2200C | 0x03F0 | 0x0505 and 0x0605 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Mustek BearPaw 1200 and 2400 | 0x0400 | 0x1000 and 0x1001 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | UMAX 3400/3450 and 5400 | 0x1606 | 0x0050, 0x0060 and 0x0160 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 1250 and 1260 | 0x04B8 | 0x010f and 0x011d | | {{no|no driver}} |- | CANON CanoScan N650/656U N1220U D660U N670/676U N1240U LIDE20 LIDE25 LIDE30 | 0x04A9 | 0x2206 to 0x2220 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} [http://snapscan.sourceforge.net/ SnapScan] - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Acer Benq 310U, 320U, 340U | 0x4a5 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Acer Benq 620U, 620UT, 640U, 640UT | 0x4a5 | 0x20 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Acer Benq 1240 3300 4300 | 0x4a5 | 0x020 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Agfa SnapScan e10 e20 e25 e26 e40 e42 e50 e52 | 0x06bd | 0x20 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 660 | 0x04b8 | 0x0114 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 1270 1670 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 2480 2580 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 3490 3590 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Mitsubishi | 0x0 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ==hub.class (self-powered and external ac powered hubs)== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Dynamode USB-H41 4 ports | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Belkin 4 Port | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | Conrad | | | | {{yes|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum] }} |- | DLink DUB-H4 AC Adapter | 0x05e3 | 0x0608 | High 0200 | {{maybe|WARNING Genesys Logic Hub Broken - Will cause failures with USB}} |- | [http://service.targa.co.uk/faq.php?lang_id=2&baseid=178&artdesc=SilverCrest+USB+Hub+2040&artid=760&artpic=silvercrestHUB2040.jpg SilverCrest 4-port slim USB 2.0 HUB - HUB2040 (40775) - Targa GmbH] | 0x05e3 | 0x0608 | 0901 | {{yes|works Genesys Logic, Inc., [http://service.targa.co.uk/dokumente/USB_HUB_2040_0109_manual_EN.pdf Manual]}} |- | Skymaster | 0x05e3 | 0x0605 | 060B | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | No Name active 4-port | 0x1a40 | 0x0101 | 0111 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thinkpad USB 3.0 Dock DU9019D1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17e9 | <!--Product ID-->0x4302 | <!--Revision-->0014 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|works a bit}} classed as dfu.class with two further USB 2.0 hubs - USB 3.0 ports detected and work (2.0 backwards compatibility) - DisplayLink DL-3900 with VIA VL811 chipset - usb ethernet not working - two dvi not working - 20V psu 2a (40w) with a 5.5 - 2.5mm tip (no bus power) - data through a-b printer/scanner usb lead - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ==Internet== ===rndis.class USB Tethering === The rndis class provides support for Ethernet access over Remote NDIS. Most USB based devices should be supported including smartfones. Before opening Network Prefs, activate USB Tethering on the Smartfon, on Network prefs, type in usbrndis.device and tick "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed. When restart AROS my Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again, have to reactivate it before starting the browser. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alcatel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | Huawei U8800 | 0x12d1 | 0x1039 | | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Huawei | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | HTC (Android phone) | 0x0bb4 | 0x0ffe | | {{Yes|any android phone with usb tethering option}} |- | <!--Description-->Nokia | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Oppo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung Galaxy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- |- | <!--Description-->iPhone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft winPhone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ===USB &rarr; ethernet lan adaptor=== *2002 playstation 2 usb1.1 era - a little support but very old and slow *2006 wii asix era - a little support but very much miss than hit *2026 usb0: or eth0: of CDC Ethernet protocol (cdcether) with Ethernet Control Model (ECM) and [https://www.usb.org/document-library/class-definitions-communication-devices-12 others like Wireless Mobile Communication Devices WMC] and later CDC EEM (Ethernet Emulation Model) and NCM (Network Control Model) are USB Communication Device Class (CDC) protocols packing more Ethernet traffic over every USB bundle. For CDC Ethernet - NCM is better than EEM is better than ECM * USB1.1 Up to 010 meg broadband (1.25MBytes/s) - ADM8511, DM9601 poor speeds * USB2.0 Up to 400 meg broadband (60MBytes/s) - MCS7830, AX88772 a little especially the 2010 apple version but buy many as very very poor odds of working one * USB3.0 Over 400 meg broadband (60+MBytes/s) - not supported at the moment SANA (Standard Amiga Network Architecture) to usb ADMtek Infineon ADM8511 Pegasus II (USB 1.1 and 10Mbit/s - Sony PlayStation 2 network adapter) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 3Com 3c460b | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | Abocom UFE1000 / Abocom DSB650TX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Accton USB320-EC / Accton SpeedStream Ethernet | 0x083a | 0x0320 | <!--Revision--> | {{unk|2002 }} |- | AEI USB Fast Ethernet / Allied Telesyn AT-USB100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2002 }} |- | ATEN UC-110T | 0x0557 | 0x4000 | | {{unk|2001 }} |- | BAFO USB To Ethernet Adapter BF-310 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | Belkin F5D5050 v1 1101 | 0x050D | | <!--Revision--> | {{maybe|2002 sometimes works from old amiga.org post which is now removed}} |- | Belkin F5D5050 v2 2101 | 0x050D | 0x0121 | <!--Revision--> | {{no|2006 does not works}} |- | Belkin F5U122-PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Billionton USB-100 / Billionton USBLP-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Billionton USBEL-100 / Billionton USBE-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Compex LinkPort/UE202A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DSB-H3ETX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DSB-650 / D-Link DSB-650TX / D-Link DSB-650TX-PNA | 0x2001 | 0x4000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DU-E10 / D-Link DU-E100 | 0x2001 | | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Edimax USB Ethernet Adapter EU-4201 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Elsa AG MicroLink USB2 Lan Ethernet adapter | 0x05cc | 0x3000 | <!--Revision-->1.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | GetNet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | GIGABYTE GN-BR402W Wireless Router | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Goodway Fellowes USB UE-120 REV:V1 UE120 ADMTek 1011594 HO2419741 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07a6 | <!--Product ID-->0x0986 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2001 USB Specification 1.1 compliant}} |- | GWC Tech USB Ethernet Adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Hawking UF100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | HP HN210E / I/O DATA USB ETTX / Kingston KNU101TX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Jinco USB Ethernet Adapter 10/100 Base-T UE-110 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Kouwell USB to Ethernet 588A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Linksys USB10T / TA / TX | 0x066b | 0x2202 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested - possible peg1/peg2}} |- | Linksys (Cisco) USB100TX / H1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitec LAN-TX/U1 H2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | [http://www.mayflash.com/psps2/ps2024/ps2024.htm Mayflash PS2024] Playstation2 compatible clone of Proxim/Farallon NetLine? | 0x07a6 | 0x8511 | <!--Revision-->1.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with DHCP router option on old 32bit distros but not on newer 64bit, best to go asixeth apple 2010 but buy many of them as poor success rate i.e. a lottery}} |- | Netgear FA101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Philips CPWUE01/00 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Planet UE-9500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | PlayStation 2 SCPH-10000 50000 models | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Proxim (formerly Farallon) NetLine USB PN796-650 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Siemens SpeedStream USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | SOHOware NUB100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | SMC EZNET-USB 2202USB/ETH / SMC 2206USB/ETH | 0x0707 | 0x0100 0x0200 0x0201 | <!--Revision--> | {{unk|untested but should work very well }} |- | Surecom EP-1427X 100/10M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Target USB to 10/100M Fast Ethernet Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Trendnet TU-ET100C | 0x07a6 | 0x8511 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | {{yes| sometimes works well, very stable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Digitus USB NIC DN-3016-A | 0x07a6 | 0x8513 | 1.01 | {{unk|untested new chipset }} |- | Digitus lanusb ADM8515 | 0x07a6 | 0x8515 | 1.01 | {{unk|untested because new chipset }} |- | VE285 usblan ADMtek 8515 | 0x07a6 | 0x8515 | 1.01 | {{no|not working as new chipset }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Davicom DM9601 eth (USB 1.1 and up to 10Mbit/s) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Davicom USB-100 see clone below | 0x0a46 | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | [http://wiki.maemo.org/USB_to_ethernet_networking chinese translucent transparent crystal blue] but variants are also found in clear, white and black. Just over 6&nbsp;cm long. | 0x0a46 | 0x9601 | 0x0 | {{yes|2002 success can be sporadic so technically okay, but lacking in reliability. Out of 4 tested by me, only 2 worked. One case cracked open. }} |- | Corega FEther USB-TXC | 0x07aa | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Dynamode USB-NIC-1427-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Hirose USB-100 | 0x0a47 | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | KY-RS9600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585358&postcount=12 works] }} |- | ShanTou ST268 USB NIC | 0x0a46 | 0x0268 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | ZT6688 USB NIC | 0x0a46 | 0x6688 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ICS Advent DM9601 USB 2.0 10/100M Ethenet Adaptor JP1081B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FE6 | <!--Product ID-->0x9700 | <!--Revision-->0101 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|not working 32bit and 64bit - USB 1.1 10M ethernet}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} MosChip MCS7830 (USB 2) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Digitus DN-10050 | 0x9710 | 0x7830 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 }} |- | Edimax [http://www.edimax.co.uk/images/Image/datasheet/USB/EU-4206/EU-4206.pdf EU-4206] | | | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 }} |- | Speed Dragon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | STLabs | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | StarTech Compact USB2105S [http://www.kustompcs.co.uk/acatalog/info_6790.html USB2106S] | 0x9710 | 0x7830 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | Sunrich Technologies [http://www.st-lab.com/admin/upfile/UploadFile/manual/manual(u-250).zip U-250] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 }} |- | Syba | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->MCS 7832 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2008 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} * USB2 [https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet Asix Ethernet] AX88178A, AX88772C, AX88772B, AX88772A (wii), AX88172A * USB3 AX88179A, AX88179 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AirLink101 AGIGAUSB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 AX88172}} |- | ATEN UC210T | 0x0557 | 0x2009 | 0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88172}} |- | <!--Description-->Billionton Systems USB2AR | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08dd | <!--Product ID-->0x90ff | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo LUA-U2-KTX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0411 | <!--Product ID-->0x003d | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->corega FEther USB2-TX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07aa | <!--Product ID-->0x0017 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| }} |- | D-Link DUB-E100 up to rev A4 | 0x2001 | 0x1a00 | | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->D-Link DUB-E100 rev B1 onwards | 0x07d1 or 0x2001 | 0x3c05 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|AX88172 works on Deneb with [http://amigax.com/2010/02/21/usb-ethernet-speed-test-amigaos-4-0-classic/ Amiga OS4 Classic] and [http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 on a1k] }} |- | <!--Description-->goodway corp USB gwusb2e | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1631 | <!--Product ID-->0x6200 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hawking UF200 | 0x07b8 | 0x420a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[Linksys USB200M] | 0x077b | 0x2226 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585601&postcount=20 works] }} |- | <!--Description-->Netgear FA120 | 0x0846 | 0x1040 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2002 10/100 Rev.B1" is silkscreened on the board of the device populating this entry (S/N: FA12254CB100409, date code 0508). This device may be manuf. by [http://www.cameo.com.tw/ Cameo] "AX88172 L", "F05040157", and "ED3" Chip1 ASIX AX88172 Chip2 Realtek RTL8201BL}} |- | <!--Description-->Intellinet | 0x0b95 | 0x1720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->JVC MP-PRX1 Port Replicator | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04f1 | <!--Product ID-->0x3008 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ST Lab USB Ethernet | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sitecom LN-029 "USB 2.0 10/100 Ethernet adapter" | <!--Vendor ID-->0x6189 | <!--Product ID-->0x182d | <!--Revision-->0 | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->Surecom EP-1427X-2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1189 | <!--Product ID-->0x0893 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v2 | 0x07b8 | 0x420a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|version 2}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->A-LINK NA1GU | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 88772}} |- | <!--Description-->AirLink101 ASOHOUSB Wii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AirLive EtherWe-1000U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->APPLE AX88772 Model No. A1277 MC704LL/A P/N 825-7098-A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1402 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2008 usb2, }} |- | <!--Description-->APPLE Model No. A1277 (MB442Z/A 0885909217434) MC704ZM/A PN 825-7579-A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1402 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|2010 model, usb2 and controller AX88772 where prehaps 1in3 units working with owb - really poor odds i.e. a lottery, could be situation where various ethernet phy chipsets are used - press Use in network prefs after Save initial setup typing in usbasixeth.device, }} |- | <!--Description-->ASIX AX88772 bulbous casing | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2008 works on 32bit and 64bit though setup can take a few attempts but may have issues with phy ethernet chip changing, }} |- | <!--Description-->Datel Wii Lan Adapter DUS0204 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->EdiMax EU-4207 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->Goodway HE2230 Maplin ASIX 88772 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->Intec LAN G5626 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->LevelOne USB-0202 | 0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->LevelOne USB-0301 | 0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | <!--Description-->Linksys USB200M Rev 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13b1 | <!--Product ID-->0x0018 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2008 sparsely randomly working AX88772 or with "Sana-II Meter Tool 37.11" network monitoring program, showing continuous "Bad Packet" errors which could means "CRC" errors}} |- | <!--Description-->Linksys USB300M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2009 AX88772 }} |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash W001 or clones Lupo/PEGA S-Wii-0680 light gray rectangular with third of one top 45 degree angled slope | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| may have randomly changed phy ethernet chips, }} |- | <!--Description-->Max Value MVF00446 ASIN B006EG568A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Trident prefs recognises as AX88772 sometimes works on 32bit and 64bit}} |- | <!--Description-->NEWLink N14050 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->NEWLink Wii-ETH USB2.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nintendo Wii LAN Adaptor 2110566 and clones | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Poseidon recognises as AX88772 with usbasixeth.device sometimes works seems different ethernet phy chips can be matched affecting compatibility}} |- | <!--Description-->Nyko Wii Net Connect 87024 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585624&postcount=22 works] }} |- | <!--Description-->0Q0 cable ethernet | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1557 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB2-E100 (2009/2010) Bulbous housing | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Trident prefs recognises it as ax88772A and typing in usbasixeth.device sometimes works}} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent KINAMAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SpeedLink SL-3401-SGY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->UGreen 20254 USB2 to 10/100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88772}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Afunta Apple-style White USB2.0 I/O Crest SY-ADA24005 ASIX Electronics Corp. AX88772A Fast Ethernet Adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{no|usbasixeth.device accepted by network prefs but does not work}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Basics USB 2.0 AX88772A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Digitus DN-10050-1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Edimax EU-4230 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent KINAMAX NT-USB20 AX88772A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88772B USB 2.0 to 10/100M | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EdiMax EU-4208 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772b | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Detected but not working}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB2100 ASIX AX88772C | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet/High-Speed_USB_Ethernet/AX88772D AX88772D] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet/High-Speed_USB_Ethernet/AX88772E AX88772E] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->AX88178 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2004 }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB2-E1000 i.e. USB 2.0 to Gigabit Ethernet 10/100/1000 LAN | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 ASIX AX88178 Controller and Realtek RTL8211CL PHY}} |- | <!--Description-->AX88178A USB 2.0 to 10/100/1000M Gigabit Ethernet controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2005 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AmazonBasics USB3.0 adapter [https://github.com/nothingstopsme/AX88179_178A_Linux_Driver AX88179] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cable Matters SuperSpeed USB 3.0 RJ45 adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hori Nintendo Switch 1 USB3 ethernet AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 AX88179 not binding to asixeth.class }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB3-E1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2020 ASIX AX88179 not binding to class, USB 3.2 Gen1 to Gigabit Ethernet controller with integrated 10/100/1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet PHY}} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable AX88179 = [https://plugable.com/products/usb3-e1000-deal USB3-E1000] before mid-2023 or USB3-E1000; AX88179A = USBC-E1000 after mid-2023 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 controller is AX88179 phy is ??, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000SPTW ax88179 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| AX88179 not binding to asixeth.class, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000NDS AX88179 USB-A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech US1GC301AU AX88179 USB-c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech US1GC30B2 AX88179A USB-c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB32000SPT AX88179A USB-c Rev 1 (AX88179) Rev 2 (AX88179A) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->USB32000SPT the Lot code sticker will have a bar code accompanied by a 10 digit number. The 5th and 6th digits of this lot code number would signify the revision. (Ex. xxxx02xxxx which would indicate rev. 2) |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SYBA SY-ADA24029 Gigabit AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} may depend on the PHY chip connected to the controller chipset |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TP-Link UE306 AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet® Orico UL677G 10/100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet® UL688G USB 3.0 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet port | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->AX88179 178A |- | <!--Description-->Tecknet UL699G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v6 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07b8 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|no support }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->uGreen 50922 USB3-A to 100/1000 dark grey rounded barrels | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| ax88179 not binding to asixeth.class, }} |- | <!--Description-->UGreen USB3-C to 100/1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->uGreen CR111 20256 usb3 a black plastic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88179}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88179A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB3-E1000 USBC-E1000 after mid-2023 i.e. AX88179A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000SPTB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88179A USB-A, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88179B | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==USB &rarr; SerialPort Converter== *2002 some support for early revisions of PL2303 *2005 Prolific PL2303H PL-2303X and Pl-2303HX (same usb ids as pl2303) no support *2025 FTDI 232R [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1135&highlight=232r&rowstart=20 work in progress] *2026 CDC-ACM i.e. Serial port over USB standard serialpl2303.class make sure you specify serialpl2303.device or Echo "Test" >SER1: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | ATEN UC-232A | 0x0557 | 0x2008 | Full 0x0300 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | IOGear GUC232A | 0x0557 | 0x2008 | Full 0x0110 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Alcatel | 0x11f7 | 0x02df | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BAFO BF-810 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U103 | 0x | 0x | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Davibe SP611 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dcu10 | 0x0731 | 0x0528 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Elcom | 0x056e | 0x5003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | IOData | 0x04bb | 0x0a03 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Itegno | 0x0eba | 0x1080 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia CA42 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Radioshack | 0x1453 | 0x4026 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Ratoc | 0x0584 | 0xb000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung | 0x04e8 | 0x8001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Siemens DCA-510 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sitecom CN104 | 0x6189 | 0x2068 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sitecom CN116 | 0x6189 | 0x2068 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Some Cut Ma620 | 0x0df7 | 0x0620 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Speed Dragon Multimedia MS3303H | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syntech | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Tripp | 0x2478 | 0x2008 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Airlink101 AC-USBS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Belkin F5U103v | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{no|no driver }} |- | Dynamode U232-P9 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 300 | {{no| no driver [http://koti.mbnet.fi/lonnberg/pl2303x.html linux patch] and using lsusb -v -d 067b:2303 gave bMaxPacketSize as 64 - pl2303x }} |- | Konig CABLE-146/2 USB to RS232 | 0x067b | 0x2303 | 400 | {{no|no driver }} |- | MANHATTAN 205146 USB to Serial Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | Sabrent SBT-USC1M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Trendnet TU-59 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Unbranded black case and lead USB 232 Converter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x067B | <!--Product ID-->0x2303 | <!--Revision-->0300 | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- |} [http://www.ftdichip.com/index.html Future Technology Devices International Ltd FTDI]-FT232R.class [https://ftdichip.com/software-examples/code-examples/c-builder/ FTProg src], [http://rtr.ca/ft232r/ ft232r src], [https://ftdichip.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DS_FT232R.pdf FT232R datasheet], [], {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID-->0x6001 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GE-gKgHxZI beware of cheap clones fake with s/n A50285BI SN] |- | <!--Description-->Lynx Astro FTDI | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232R |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent CB-FTDI | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver TTL-232R cables use FTDI's [http://n1mm.hamdocs.com/tiki-index.php?page=USB+Interface+Devices FT232RQ ic device] }} |- | <!--Description-->Startech.com 1 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 DB9M Adapter Cable with COM Retention ICUSB2321F | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232RL Chipset |- | <!--Description-->StarTech.com 2 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 Adapter Cable ICUSB2322F | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FTDI FT2232D Chipset |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232RL is the SSOP-28 and the FT232RQ is the QFN-32 package option |} [https://www.onetransistor.eu/2017/08/ch341a-mini-programmer-schematic.html ch341a.class] *I2C EEPROMS (3.3V and 5V) compatible and also SPI FLASH memories (3.3V devices) making sure 1.8V is covered *each having their own [https://winraid.level1techs.com/t/guide-how-to-use-a-ch341a-spi-programmer-flasher-with-pictures/33041 4x2 connection blocks] using [https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom flashrom] sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi -r backup.bin sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi -w <new bios name> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Jiangsu QinHeng Ltd CH341A emulate UART communication, standard parallel port, memory parallel port and synchronous serial (I2C, SPI) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x5512 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->QinHeng USB2.0-Serial HL-340 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x7523 | <!--Revision-->0252 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |} ==simplemidi.class and CAMD== Currently support includes * simplemidi.class SimpleMidi maps some keyboard keys to corresponding computer keys as used by music trackers to emulate a musical keyboard * camdusbmidi.class follows the rules of the m68k implementation of Commodore's CAMD midi specification and usb class compliant for * usb host like a computer, pi, etc * usb device controllers - keyboards, drum machines, djay turntables, grooveboxes, etc * interfaces - cables or boxes which convert usb to 5pin DIN plug midi What is needed is a fully class-compliant '''brand name''' USB MIDI keyboard, especially manufactured in the last 15 years are best *Arturia *Novation *M-Audio *Akai Plugging this in one of your USB ports, the camd.library will make the keyboard's MIDI IN/OUT ports available in the system. Then select the keyboard's MIDI IN port (known as a "cluster" in CAMD) for input, and the software instrument's cluster as output ShowCluster (shows midi ports available in and out) MidiWatch (usually port usbmidi.in.0 less often usbmidi.out.0) (Ctrl-C to end output stream) usbmidi.in.0 Message on channel 01, NoteOn 90 39 08 00 usbmidi.in.0 Message on channel 01, NoteOff 80 39 00 00 MidiThru (forwards messages from one port to another) run >nil: c:midithru usbmidi.out.0 usbmidi.out.2 MidiSendC (sends a middle C to a specific port) Midi Controller + Sound Module (together aka as a synth) -> Audio Output The difference between midi and midi over USB is that in old school Midi the transmitter transmits whenever it wants and the receiver always has to be prepared to receive data. Easy to do at the rate of a 1990's modem speed these days. USB over midi.. turns midi into a polled protocol.. So the USB host (typically the computer) has to ask "do you have anything for me" before the remote will send. If the USB host gets busy doing other things or there is a lot of things on the USB bus to get polled, you can get delays. For its age midi is still a great protocol for music * [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/midi10.pdf USBIF's "USB Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices" document, version 1.0 from Nov 1, 1999] * [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/USB%20MIDI%20v2_0.pdf MIDI v2.0 from 2020 which AROS still needs, adds support for MIDI 2.0, MIDI-CI, and Universal MIDI Packet] Nearly all synthesizers now use the 16 MIDI channels available on a MIDI bus in one instrument alone, requiring multiple MIDI busses in a typical setup with more than one MIDI instrument. In addition, by handling multiple "virtual" cables, USB offers a solution to go beyond MIDI's 16-channel limit. MIDI data is transferred over USB using 32-bit USB-MIDI Event Packets. These packets provide an efficient method to transfer multiple MIDI streams with fixed length messages. The 32-bit USB-MIDI Event Packet allows multiple "virtual MIDI cables" routed over the same USB endpoint. This approach minimizes the number of required endpoints. It also makes parsing MIDI events easier by packetizing the separate bytes of a MIDI event into one parsed USB-MIDI event. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Computer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|which acts as USB midi host to get all usb devices talking together}} |- | <!--Description-->Hobbytronics usb host standalone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->bomebox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://neuma.studio/rpi-as-midi-host/ raspberry pi] with several midi interface(s) and linux scripting | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kenton MIDI USB Host mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acorn Instruments Masterkey 49 device | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 untested usb powered 5V regulated - similar keybed to keystation 49es but unplug then re-plug the USB cable while it is powered the device might reconnect |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Akai SynthStation 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 - sticky rubber keys - usb |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini Laptop Production Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x09e8 | <!--Product ID-->0x007c | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected and camd usb to use, not tested with apps}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 25 mini key self powered by mini USB lead - sustain port - no top left corner joystick - tested icaros 2.3 - |- | <!--Description-->Akai LPK25 LPK37 LPK49 Laptop Production Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested velocity sensitive mini keys with synth action - weak mini USB port - latency issues - |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional APC Key 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested 49 key 49-key full-sized, semi-weighted keyboard with aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->AKAI Max25 MAX49 control keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional MPK249 MPK261 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB2 USB-b - full keys semi-weighted aftertouch - midi in out - sustain and peddle port |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional Advance 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini MKII MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested USB2 USB-b midi connection only - 4 way thumb joystick top left - 25 tiny keys - velocity drum pads - plastic build quality - |- | <!--Description-->AKAI Professional APC Key 25 MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini Play | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 untested USB2 USB-b midi connection only - synth basic samples - class compliant? - small led display top centre - 25 mini keys - press and hold the "Prog Select" button then use the "Program" knob to assign a MIDI channel - |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini 3 MKIII MK3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x09E8 | <!--Product ID-->0x1049 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - - midi in out untested - }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 USB2 USB-b midi controller connection no 5pin legacy - small led display top centre - 25 mini keys goofy uneven feel of the akai keyboards - press and hold the "Prog Select" button and press pad 1 to 8 to assign a MIDI channel - tested on AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->Akai Force / MPC One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Akai Pro MPK Mini Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested 37 mini keys - class compliant device - usb-b bus powered only with 5pin midi in and out - Shift and Global for Midi Ch - |- | <!--Description-->Akai Pro Ableton Push Mk 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional MPC Key 37 49 61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested USB2 usb-b |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Photon PH-25 X25 Midi & USB keyboard/synth | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Q88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 untested |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Coda Pro Portable 88-Key Digital Piano USB MIDI Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V25 V49 V61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Alesis VI49 VI61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Alesis VX49 VX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 1 5-pin MIDI input, 1 5-pin MIDI output, 1 USB port, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Mk2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Recital 88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V25 V49 V61 MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Qmini portable 32-key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->audiothingies MicroMonsta | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested synth - |- | <!--Description-->audiothingies MicroMonsta 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 synth - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Analog Experience “The Player” USB MIDI Master Keyboard Model APE25 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb-b bus powered - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab MkII Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Keystep 32 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested 32 mini keys usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed - reset Press and hold Oct + and Oct – buttons then insert the USB cable - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab mkII | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID-->0x2209 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - - midi in out untested - }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 USB2 usb-b bus power - metal base heavier than most - Shift and press a key to select the MIDI Channel - To reset to original factory, unplug the USB cable, hold down the Oct- and Oct + buttons, plug the USB cable back in and continue to hold the buttons until the pads turn white - need software to change parameters like velocity sensitive assistance - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab MK2 MKII 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MicroFreak | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 hybrid digital/analog synthesis, |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeYIAfn3UMs Arturia Minilab 3] [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/chj1WgMupGw ] [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/FMVdfhzg1Dw ] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 untested usb-c bus powered - 25 mini keys semi - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Keystep Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab 3 Mk3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFreak | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2022 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab Essential 49 61 88 mk3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested usb-c and 1 midi out - lack of aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia AstroLab | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab MK3 MKIII 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Control UMX490 UMX610 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Control | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Swing 32-Key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MOTOR 49 - 49-Key USB/MIDI Master Controller Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Creative EMU Xboard 25 E-MU X-Board 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CME M-Key Mkey 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 stops sending MIDI on a regular basis. The simplest "fix" is to flip it off and on via the power switch at the back |- | <!--Description-->CME Ukey U-Key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2009 |- | <!--Description-->CME Xkey | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 low-profile aluminium full size pressure sensitive with polyphonic aftertouch but keys make too much noise and that they can be too sensitive to velocity - low power draw 25ma |- | <!--Description-->CME M-Key 49 V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 simplified version of the U-key Mobiltone |- | <!--Description-->CME XKEY AIR 37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->cme xkey 37 le | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Donner Spaceline DMK-25 Donnerdeal Rantion | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Donner DMK25 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> 25 mini velocity keys with limited aftertouch - usb-c powered - 8 drum pads - 3.5mm "midi out" socket - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Digitakt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 expensive later midi usb class compliant with since 1.5 Update |- | <!--Description-->Elecktron Digitone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Digitone Keys 37-key Digital FM Synthesizer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2018 expensive |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Analog Four MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Octatrak MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 49+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 25xt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2702 | <!--Product ID-->0x2702 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected and usb driver working}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 bus powered or 12v 0.5a dc in - metal base so heavy - midi out 5pin - sustain pedal port - modulation slider - rubber coated knobs becomes sticky - |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 49xt 61xt 88xt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2702 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 12v 0.5a center pin +ve external psu required - USB i/o and 1 legacy 5pin out - full sized keys - heavy aluminium case keyboard metal base - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Evolution MK-125 MK-149 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2000 9v |- | <!--Description-->Evolution MK-225C MK-249C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 9v |- | <!--Description-->Evolution USB/Midi Controller MK-425C MK-449C MK-461C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|25, 49, 61 keys - }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 9V or 12V - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 37 full keys |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys Pro Mobile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 25 or 37 mini keys |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 mini velocity keys no aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys 2 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 full velocity keys no aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Kawai VPC 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> weighted keys - heavy build - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Keith McMillen Instruments K-Board | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> omni class compliant to all channels? each keypad makes them velocity, pressure, and location sensitive but not really suited for piano playing |- | <!--Description-->Keith McMillen BopPad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> omni class compliant to all channels? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg NanoKontrol 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->mini usb |- | <!--Description-->Korg Prophecy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->KORG microKONTROL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Korg microKEY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 velocity-sensitive Natural Touch keys but joystick is an alternative to the common pitch/modulation wheel design - power draw - |- | <!--Description-->Korg nanoKey nanoPad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 |- | <!--Description-->Korg Taktile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg microKEY2 25 37 49 61 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|2015 untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB powered - semi weighted - |- | <!--Description-->Korg MiniList | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg MinKey nanoPad nanoPad 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Nautilus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC3 7 series - Artis 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->fatar TP-8 semi-weighted action |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC3 A8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Mobile keys 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 POD Studio KB37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Tone Port KB37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Midiman (later M-Audio) Oxygen8 Ozone Ozonic 25 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|not class compliant - untested 5pin legacy }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 2004 - 25 full keys - slider/fader to left of lcd display - |- | <!--Description-->m-audio oxygen keystation (61 key) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio eKeys 37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom 25, 49, 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 bus powered and 12v psu - if sliders/faders are on right - legacy midi 5pin - chunky unit - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 8v2, 49, 61 (silver) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 full size velocity sensitive 12v psu - sending random pitchbend info - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 37e 49e, 61e MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 - ok key action - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 37es 49se 61es, 88es MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25/49/61/88 (blue) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 [https://m-audio.com/products/view/oxygen-25-legacy advised Class-compliant and GM/GM2/XG SysEx messages] with full size velocity sensitive 12v psu - sending random pitchbend info - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom 25, 49, 61 (2nd Gen) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 semi-weighted mini keys - bus powered and 9v psu for 25/49 and 12v for 61 - if sliders/faders are on left - legacy midi 5pin - chunky unit - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom Pro 25, 49, 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 poor construction |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Axiom AIR 25 M-Audio Axiom Air Mini 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25 III (3rd Gen) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested - usb only - rubber keys sticky - |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Keyrig 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation Mini 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 - mini usb - plays a few notes and then stops responding randomly - try plugging it into port 1 or 2 on your pc - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 49 MK2 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 USB port and class compliant |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 61 MK3 MKIII MIDI keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 usb compliant untested |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25 IV | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 choice |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio CTRL-49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio ProKeys 88, 88sx | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation Mini 32 MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 mini usb - some power or incompatibility issue with the native USB ports of the laptop, plugged in a passive USB 2.0 HUB (not USB 3.0, not powered) |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3328SvuJsLw M-Audio Oxygen25 MKV] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0763 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision-->0023 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - midi in out untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 25 full size semi keys - USB2 usb-b but no 5pin classic plugs - channel select SHIFT button and CHANNEL on keybed - plastic build - holding down both the Octave + and - for factory reset - more limited in what you can do with it than IV 4th one - tested on AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen Pro 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 untested semi full keys |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen Pro Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested - 32 smaller keys - not endless encoders - usb only - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Hammer 88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Moog | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Moog Minitaur | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-VAVE SMK-25mini 25key MIDI Control Keyboard Y6I0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments NI Primus A25 JamMate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not compliant uses snd-usb-caiaq module, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol S88 S61 S49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 - weighted keys - |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine Micro Mikro MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe? |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Kontrol S49 S61 S88 MkII MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 all MK2 MK3 power up the keyboard using USB, it will set the keyboards MIDI port to computer MIDI only without any option to set it to use the MIDI DIN, meaning you cannot connect the keyboard to hardware and power from USB, you MUST power with the power adapter and physically unplug from any USB connection - |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol A25 A49 A61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/sikorak666/maschine-mikro-mk3-driver Native Instruments Maschine Micro Mikro Plus MK3 MKIII] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol M32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 untested 32 smaller keys - no drum pads - USB only - |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Kontrol S49 S61 S88 MkIII MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description-->NI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Neusonik iBoard 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Impact LX25+ LX49+ LX61+ LX88+ SE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 budget full-size velocity-sensitive synth-action keyboard - |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Impact GX49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> USB port - |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama P4 P6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> USB & USB Micro B, 5-pin MIDI out, 2 x TRS inputs with 49 semi-weighted, velocity sensitive with aftertouch |- | <!--Description-->Nektar SE25 SE49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> mini keys - micro usb bus powered - velocity and sustain button |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama P6 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama T6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nord Stage 3 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> sysex |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMote 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 lhs XY touchpad and the joystick - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 88 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not USB class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Novation 49 61 SL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMote 25SL 49SL 61SL soft label | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 - two long top liquid-crystal display LCD strips - XY touchpad and the joystick - |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMOTE 25LE | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected, usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->2007 USB-b powered, 9v center pin positive or 6 MN1500 AA batteries - X/Y touchpad and the combined pitch and modulation joystick - no aftertouch but can use both the legacy MIDI OUT and USB port simultaneously |- | <!--Description-->Novation Nocturn 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 untested sending random pitchbend info |- | <!--Description-->Novation 49 61 SL MkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed |- | <!--Description-->Novation MiniNova | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2013 |- | <!--Description-->Novation Impulse 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 velocity aftertouch‑sensitive semi-weighted keyboards and eight backlit pads - USB, 5-pin MIDI out - |- | <!--Description-->Novation Circuit Tracks / Rhythm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 untested |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 88 MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB class compliant - full keys - |- | <!--Description-->Novation Launchpad Mini MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested 8x8 buttons with 16 backlit |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey Mini MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 untested - 25 soft mini keys - 2 rotary wheels lhs - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 37 49 61 88 MK3 MKIII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 USB class compliant choice - full keys - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey Mini MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested - 25 soft mini keys - 2 sliders lhs - |- | <!--Description-->Novation 61SL Mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Nymphes Dreadbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> 6 voice analog synth |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Oberheim MC 2000 EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 88 keys fully weighted - very heavy - |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus ATOM SQ Hybrid MIDI Keyboard/Pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://polyend.com/tracker/ Polyend Tracker] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland ED PC-300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 USB MIDI keyboard controller 49-key |- | <!--Description-->Roland EDIROL PCR-M30 PCR-M50 PCR-M80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol PCR-30 PCR-50 PCR-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 untested 32 key - |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-50 PC-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- | <!--Description-->Roland PCR-500 PCR-800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 61 velocity-sensitive keys with aftertouch |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-88 a-49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 USB port - weighted keys velocity no aftertouch - class compliant with press FUNCTION so it is lit. Press the key labelled "ADV.", Press the "+" button so it is lit - |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-200 mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 some had fatar keys |- | <!--Description-->Roland MC-707 Groovebox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 |- | <!--Description-->Roland MC-101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 untested |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-500 A500Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-300 A300Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Roland JUNO DS, FA, Fantom, JUPITER X / Xm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 (be sure that USB driver is set to "Generic" - requires device rebooting) |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-88 a-49 MKii MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 expensive with USB-c port - hammer-action keyboard weighted keys - Class-compliant if USB-C enables bus power - MIDI 2.0 later - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ROLI Seaboard RISE 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Samson Graphite 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Samson Carbon 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sequential TAKE 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic VMK-161 and VMK-161 Plus Organ version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed - usb midi in out - 9v psu - |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL990XP midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic VMK176 Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->USB and midi connectivity |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL880 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL73 SL88 Studio midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> hammer-action Fatar TP semi-weighted keys |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic Numa Organ 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> 73 key TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed used in nearly all clonewheels |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic Numacompact 2/2x, Numa X Piano | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero CommandKey49 CommandKey25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero SZ-MiniCommand Mini-Command USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero SPC61 MIDI Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> bus powered - 5 octave |- | <!--Description-->SubZero ControlKey49S 49 Key Slim MIDI Controller Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Synido TempoKey K25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 25 mini keys - usb-c powered |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Winterbloom Sol | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Worlde Panda | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha KX8 KX49 KX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha CMC-PD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha P45B P-45 Digital Piano | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha P-115 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested weighted keys - USB midi port |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha MX49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 should compliant untested |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Montage, CP73/88, YC, MODX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha PSR-E353, PSR-E443 PSR-S670, PSR-S770, PSR-S970, PSR-A3000, TYROS-5 NP-12, NP-32 DGX-650, DGX-660 P-105, P-115, P-255 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha MX49 II V2 Black Blue | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->DJM V10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> dj |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Kontrol DJ Pro midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> detected but untested |- | <!--Description-->Numark Mixtrack Pro II USB DJ Controller Djay | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->older generation pioneer DDJ-SX2 dj | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum AL-22 AL22c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum AL-88 Schneidersladen AL88c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum U3-88c Midi Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> no CopperLan support Midi network using a UTP Ethernet patch cable) |- | <!--Description-->Behringer BCF2000 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.behringer.com/EN/home.aspx Behringer] BCR2000 1in 2out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer B-CONTROL DEEJAY BCD3000 DJ Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMD404 UMD202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Creative EMU 0404/USB midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->DigiDesign / Focusrite Command 8 Control Surface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 supports MIDI continuous controller (CC) and note data. SysEx dumping and loading is also supported |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Digi 002 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 firewire only |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Digi 003 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire only |- | <!--Description-->emagic m4 2x4 AMT8 Unitor 8 Mk2 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x00d0 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0x010 0x0103 | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2000 offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) - 12v 2a psu centre pos - usb mini with rs232 and rs422 serial ports - 16 channels (8-in / 8-out), this rack-mountable unit - |- | <!--Description-->Evolution U-Control UC-16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| detected}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Saffire 6 USB 1.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Guillemot Maxi Studio ISIS Vintage Sound Card MIDI Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->1998 |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.ucapps.de/mbhp_usb.html MidiBox] Hardware Platform USB Module | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Control Universal Pro XT with One Two Extenders | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Audiophile USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport UNO old version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio MidiMan 1x1 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 [http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-hotplug/ firmware update] |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 2x2 yellowy green blue, green or silver chassis plastic box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|MIDISPORT 2x2 or 4x4 interfaces from previous production series (blue, green or silver chassis) are not class-compliant}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Audiosport Quattro USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant as [http://usb-midi-fw.sourceforge.net/ firmware required and that is buggy], |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio UC-33 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 1x1 2x2 4x4 Anniversary Edition, black box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Mooer Steep II Multi-Platform USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=52920 Mark of the Unicorn Motu Fastlane] 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=560852&postcount=8 not working on OS4]}} | <!--Opinion--> not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Motu Micro Lite 1x1 and MOTU microlite 5x5 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion--> good unit but poor just plug in support and not class compliant - USB2 usb-b - |- | <!--Description-->Motu MIDI Express 128 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->poor support serial port only - offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) A serial port based MIDI interface or a USB interface without MTS will have a MIDI slop of up to 2ms on record and playback. MTS provides accuracy for record and playback to around .3ms - five times more accurate than serial or non-MTS." |- | <!--Description-->MOTU.com MIDI Express XT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 for many USB should have octocoupled connection to reduce groundloop humm, usually the timing is off |- | <!--Description-->MOTU MIDI Timepiece AV | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion--> not class compliant is one of the best multi-port MIDI interfaces ever made as USB model connects to the computer as an 8x16 interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments GmbH Audio 8 DJ, 4 DJ, 2 DJ | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|needs dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not class compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Qcon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|did not match to camdusbmidi.class USB audio midi with onboard DSP}} | <!--Opinion-->1998 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Corp Edirol UM-2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0005 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{no|is not bound via camdusbmidi.class }} | <!--Opinion-->1999 not bound to any midi class - 2x2 - tested Aros One USb 2.4 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-100G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->1999 USB audio midi with onboard DSP |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-880 8x8 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 under poseidon but could work with run >nil: c:midithru out.0 "EDIROL UM-880.out.2" |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1 blue plastic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Unk| bound??? via camdusbmidi.class - untested midi in out}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 UM-1 - 1-in/1-out (16 channels) |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 1-in/1-out (16 channels) |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-2E | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1X midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|do not have the Advanced Driver Switch on them}} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1SX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0052 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{No|do not have the Advanced Driver Switch on them}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2C - 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-1G 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2G 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/spotify/linux/blob/master/sound/usb/usbquirks.h Roland Edirol UA20 UA-20] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->Roland UM-1EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-2EX 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 adds a second MIDI OUT |- | <!--Description-->Roland Cakewalk UM-3G - 3x3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Cakewalk ua-25excw 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not class compliant mode |- | <!--Description-->[https://alsa.opensrc.org/Edirol_UA-25EX Roland Edirol UA55 UA-55 Cakewalk UA25 EX] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Sonuus B2M Bass MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Sonuus G2M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg CMC Series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Subzero SZ-MB44 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Swisssonic MIDI1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 AmigaOS there is no output at midichannel one and two but if play a midi file there is only output on some channels and if pressed stop the prog freezes or the whole system crashes |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-428 US-422 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2000 not compatible |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam [http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tascam.com/Products/US-224.html US-224] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1604 | <!--Product ID-->0x8004 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2002 does not bind to any class |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-1x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-122 MKII midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID-->0x8021 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not detected / binding to camdusbmidi.class on AROS 2.4 usb }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 detected but not working 2-in/2-out USB two XLR microphone preamps with phantom power for condenser microphones |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-200 US-400 US-600 US-800 US-1200 US-1800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 may not be totally usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha UX-16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE and Pro version midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 dc 6v power - 3 USB hubs, midi in out , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alesis I/O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 powered USB hub required, not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Alesis IO2 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Alesis IO4 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XTouch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> psu needed |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X-Touch Compact | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X-Touch Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant?, usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Phoria UMD404HD UMD202HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe class compliant - volume low, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CME U2 MIDI Pro 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> current model |- | Creative EMU XMIDI 1X1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 early versions with sysex checksum errors |- | <!--Description-->Creative E-MU Xmidi 1x1 Tab (V3) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 tab version class compliant but report that when transferring 'System Exclusive' messages (SysEx) the unit could not handle the highest data rate leading to data corruption |- | Creative EMU XMIDI 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 sysex errors |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini now Avid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 USB powered but not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Mbox II Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 USB powered but not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Engl Z7 MIDI Interface (E660/E610/E360/E930) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> guitar? |- | <!--Description-->Elektron TurboMidi TM-1 1in 1out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M4U 4x4 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered - |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M8U 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M4U XL 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> ploytec chipset |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M8U XL 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hardware routing e.g. x on input 5 to synth y on output 7 - ploytec chipset |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate II 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI ROM I/O | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 romio version |- | <!--Description-->ESI M4U XT | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2573 | <!--Product ID-->0x0002 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|is bound via camdusbmidi.class AROS One 2.4 - untested midi in out}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 - |- | <!--Description-->ESI M8U XT 8in 8out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 discontinued 2018 |- | <!--Description-->ESI M8UEX USB3.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 current model |- | <!--Description-->ESI M4U eX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 current model |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate eX midi interface 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 curent model, well liked and might class compliant?? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->icon midiport 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->iCON CubeMi 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant? |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity mio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 class compliant but reported issues with sending System Exclusive (SysEx) MIDI messages and MIDI signals getting cut off |- | <!--Description--> iConnectMidi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->iCM2 iCM4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity iConnectMIDI4+ L | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 class compliant?? |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity MioXL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig MIDI 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant |- | <!--Description-->iRig Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton Electronics pro solo mk2 midi to cv converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton Midi Thru-25 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Keytech MT18E 8 Way Midi Thru box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> 9 to 12v psu required |- | <!--Description-->MidiPlus Midi 2x2 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->MidiPlus Midi 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered |- | <!--Description-->MidiTech MIT-00151 Midiface 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->MidiTech Midiface 4x4 8x8 16x16 thru merge | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Miditech Midilink mini 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport UNO only if box is labeled Class Compliant and latest MIDISPORT 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track Ultra (6 in 6 out) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not usb compliant, - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midiman Midisport 2x2 Anniversary Edition [https://gearspace.com/board/electronic-music-instruments-and-electronic-music-production/1133862-why-there-hardly-any-midi-interfaces.html not stable enough] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 USB2 usb-b - does not need firmware and supposedly plug and play - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 4x4 Anniversary Edition | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> rumored does not need firmware - supposedly plug and play - issues with its firmware for some and lacks configurable routing |- | <!--Description-->Maudio Fast Track Ultra 8R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant but bus powered, |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Midiflex 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 class compliant and usb-b powered - used as a 1 in / 3 out, 2 in / 2 out or 4 out 5pin sockets - |- | <!--Description-->Neusonik IM-One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Peavey Xport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> guitars only |- | <!--Description-->Roland UM-ONE UM-1 mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 USB class compliant if switch to TAB for class compliant mode rather than the COMPUTER mode |- | <!--Description-->Squarp Hermid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg Midex 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant? supporting MIDI Time Stamping protocol |- | <!--Description-->Swissonic MidiConnect 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Tapco LiNK.midi USB 4x4 (Loud technologies) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-2x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2014 5v dc power, midi out in, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-4x4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-16x08 US-20x20 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom U-24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi to 5pin interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi to 5pin interface |- | <!--Description-->Unbranded cable | 0x552d | 0x4348 | F110 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected but no usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->detected but not working the USB-MIDI conversion functionality of the cheapo USB MIDI "cable" interface is simply lacking, possibly being incapable of handling MIDI strings longer than 3 bytes long SysEx strings (e.g. SysEx dumps) - tested in Icaros 2.3 - |- | <!--Description-->USB2.0-MIDI Unbranded cable with clear braided underneath leads | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x752D | <!--Revision-->0254 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected binding to camdusbmidi.class but untested midi in / out}} | <!--Opinion-->untested but better to get a branded version - tested AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->LogiLink USB to Midi In-Out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->untested cheap cable version but issues with latency on other systems |- | <!--Description--> gm5 USB midi chip DIY option only | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Doremidi LEKATO MIDI USB C Interface 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Thomann Midi USB 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> Prodipe made |- | <!--Description-->Prodipe MIDI 1i/1o | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |} Classic 5pin DIN controllers for above interfaces {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai s5000 s6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi digital samplers |- | <!--Description-->Akai AX80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Casio CZ-5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Casio CZ-3000 CZ-1000 CZ-101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cheetah MS6 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 multi-timbral, six-voice (twelve-oscillator), analogue synthesiser module is loaded with CEM 3396s |- | <!--Description-->Ensoniq ESQ1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Integra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Wavestation Ex A/D SR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1986 ex has piano and drum sounds |- | <!--Description-->Korg DW-8000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg DW-6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Poly 800 MK1 Poly-800ii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> all plastic and can run on batteries - 49 keys non-velocity dco synt analogue filter |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland D-50 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|1987 untested greater concern would be moisture and wear}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland A50 (76) A80 (88) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|1989 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->ROLAND JUNO-D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland Juno 106 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->80s kx73 or kx88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland ED PC-160A PC-180A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} legacy DIN5 MIDI port only - 6 AA batteries or 9v psu - One regular source of failure for me were emty batteries (even with red control light still active). Another source was a bad MIDI cable - unplug then re-plug the USB cable while it is powered the device might reconnect |- | <!--Description-->Roland M1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland S-550 S-760 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> digital samplers kontakt replaced these? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha DX7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1983 12bit |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha DX7S DX72IID DX7IIFD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1987 16bit versions |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} The MIDI standard was published in August 1983. The inventors, Kakehashi and Smith finally received a Technical Grammy Award in 2013 for their work. The MIDI files that contained just the note data, velocity and timing meant you could transfer an entire studio session from one place to another on one floppy disk and it could control all the synths and drum samplers. Pass-thru meant that one computer could run an entire bands worth of instruments. It's bulletproof too. MIDI never goes wrong, it's always a bug in software that causes any issue - you can absolutely rely on it to go gigging with, take your synths, controllers and computers and not crash an entire gig at your 100,000 person venue. The MIDI hardware specification is very simple (voltage, polarity, screening, protection and a fast enough opto-isolator), it assumes that the data it sends and receives between MIDI devices is to the MIDI data standard and just passes it on. The microprocessor in the hardware does all the work. The minimum for a computer/MIDI interface is that it meets the MIDI hardware specification. It is attached to the computer bus and handles the electrical conversions required. To meet the MIDI hardware specification, to be class compliant as a USB device all it has to do is report itself properly when plugged in. The other half of the equation is the MIDI data standard, and for a computer MIDI interface the main issue is the speed of data transmission. The bus speed of the computer is faster than the speed of the MIDI standard so it can generate and send MIDI data faster than a MIDI device can receive it. The MIDI standards have nothing to say on that bottleneck at all. MIDI was designed to be very simple and very open, it just defines a standard for the messages and leaves it up to manufacturers to implement them in the way they want. That's what makes it so powerful a tool, and also what makes it so confusing and frustrating at times. For midi, the hardware/software combination at various connection points handles the translation to/from midi (or other protocols). Drivers would be needed for midi, including clock and SysEx signal (actually claiming to handle ALL midi quirks transparently All the important MIDI data types can be sent (CC, NRPN, RPN, MMC, Note On/Off, program change) There is no official way to solve the data bottleneck. Early software sequencers and librarians tried to solve it by having an option to buffer SYSEX data in software and transmit it at the MIDI data rate. The downside is that hogs the bus and can hit computer performance. Interface manufacturers would add a hardware buffer which would take all the MIDI data from the PC bus and feed it into the MIDI at the slower data rate, but that added cost and created timing issues. Things have moved on since then, but the principles remain the same. You can buffer in the hardware or in software, whether that is in the application or the interface driver. SYSEX will work perfectly well with that budget cable if your software handles the buffering. And while the cables with hardware buffers make SYSEX easier, they still have potential problems because of the limitations of the MIDI data rate. Your MIDI clock doesn't like being interrupted with a big program dump The serial / parallel ports were a direct connection, so faster. Now, everything in the computer is virtual and the only thing connected to the hardware is the kernel, hence everything is by default bottlenecked and jittery, regardless of which connection. So by the time the interface gets the information it's already too late. Ethernet network cable to transport MIDI over large distances, connect 2 MIDI In and 2 MIDI Out ports to patch, remap, filter and merge MIDI flows on a fine channel basis for tight MIDI throughput, latency and jitter Possibilities for DAWs of the future including a kind of sync reference for timing reference which an interface could sync to, hence all the timings then would be locked between the grid on the DAW screen and the MIDI info. Preemptible, low latency and accuracy are essential for good communication. One of the first things you need to do, is make sure your MIDI software sets the interface to the same MIDI channel as your keyboard (usually 1) Do you want to send just your master keyboard to other synths or to be able to use any keyboard with any synth? 1st option is relatively simple. Just need to send midi from your master keyboard into a midi splitter that redistributes the signal onto your synths. Each synth will be set up to receive midi on a specific channel so the only challenge is to find a way to select to which channel you are sending midi. Some master keyboards can do that although not many that have a dedicated knob or switch on the panel and most require a bit of menu diving. Could use a midi box that offers channel selection but usually this is not very workflow friendly. The software route would require using the mouse. 2nd option is a bit more complex but superior workflow by sending midi messages into a merge box, from there into a hardware sequencer that allows to select midi channel, then on to a midi interface that distributes the signal to the synths. Master keyboard MIDI-in to computer. External hardware sampler MIDI-out from computer. Audio-out from sampler to audio-in on computer/device. Blue Ribbon Soundworks Bars & Pipes Professional (1993/4) GM (1984), GS (1987), XG level 1-3 (1994-1997), GM level 2 (1999) GM GM1 imposes several requirements beyond the MIDI 1.0 specification. While MIDI 1.0 by itself provides a communication protocol which ensures that different instruments can interoperate at a fundamental level e.g sound modules. GM goes further in two ways. First, GM requires that all compliant MIDI instruments meet a certain minimal set of features, such as being able to play at least 24 notes simultaneously (polyphony). Second, GM attaches specific interpretations to many parameters and control messages which were left unspecified in the MIDI 1.0 specification. A minimum of 128 MIDI Program Numbers (conforming to the GM 1 Instrument Patch Map) and 47 percussion sounds (conforming to the GM 1 Percussion Key Map). Support for controller number 1, 7, 10, 11, 64, 100, 101, 121 and 123; support for channel pressure and pitch bend controllers. General MIDI Level 2 or GM2 is a specification for synthesizers which defines several requirements beyond the MIDI standard and is based on General MIDI (GM) and Roland GS extensions. It was adopted in 1999 by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA). * Number of Notes: 32 simultaneous notes * MIDI Channels: 16 * Simultaneous Melodic Instruments – up to 16 (all Channels) * Simultaneous Percussion Kits – up to 2 (Channel 10/11) Program and bank change events General MIDI 2 compatible synthesizers access all of the 256 instruments by setting cc#0 (Bank Select MSB) to 121 and using cc#32 (Bank Select LSB) to select the variation bank before a Program Change. Variation bank 0 contains the full GM (General MIDI 1) sound set. Variations using other bank numbers are new to General MIDI 2, and correspond to variation sounds introduced in Roland GS. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CluuHrr7HG4 Major WWHWWWH, Minor WHWWHWW scale], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjm7Ti-iwz0 Chords], ==usb audio== USB audio has recently made available for Aros, there are many standards introduced over the years. Much is still untested. *Introduced 2000 and from 2014 USB Audio 1 UAC1 16bit 44.1kHz *Introduced 2006 and from 2014 USB Audio 2 [https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-device-class-definition-audio-devices-release-20-errata-and-ecn-through-april UAC2] 24bit 192kHz *Introduced 2016 and from 2024 USB Audio 3 [https://www.usb.org/documents UAC3] 32bit 384kHz USB group decided to rewrite the audio standard, so [https://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/usbaudio2.lha UAC2] and [https://archive.fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/linux_and_usb_audio_class_3/attachments/slides/3345/export/events/attachments/linux_and_usb_audio_class_3/slides/3345/Linux_and_USB_Audio_Class_3___FOSDEM_2019.pdf UAC3]. They added clock selection and control, timing domains and others. Part of the changes included changing many of the descriptors that an audio device uses to describe itself to the machine. PsdErrorlog/PsdDevlister? The AHI driver generated only supports mono/stereo at any bit rates between 8 and 32 bit per sample, but not multichannel modes and only rates up to 65KHz (because AHI uses a 16-bit word for frequencies). If the soundcard does not offer such a PCM 8-32 bit mode at frequencies lower than 65 KHz, there's nothing much that can be done about it on the computer side other than revising and expanding the AHI standard. Most cheap USB soundcards do though. AHI does not support six channel playback. It only supports mono, stereo and multichannel (8 channels). Due to the multichannel mode not being used by any application so far, the usbaudio.class does not support multichannel playback, especially not "upchannelling" stereo to six or more channels. If this USB device does not support a two channel mode, you can't use it under AHI. Untested but most likely to work, at least 2 mic inputs (low impedance) & instruments (high impedance) and made in the last 10 years *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMuA-2FbJxE Entry level <100Euro] BOMGE U202, Behringer UMC, Presonus Studio, *[ Next tier <200Euro] Audient iD, Solid SSL2 and SSL2+, Lewitt, Focusrite Scarlett, Arturia MiniFuse, *[ Prosumer <300Euro] Focusrite Clarett+, *[ Professional <500Euro] RME Babyface, *[ Studio >500Euros] Bands should need 4 or more mic inputs [http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?p=38364030 XDA Forum thread], <pre> <- Computer <- Mobile Phone / Tablet (OTG) <- Digital Cameras <- Video <- Webcams Base Computer <-> OBS like <- Audio Mixer <- Microphone(s) -> Internet -> Youtube & Chat </pre> USB AUDIO CARDS - UAC Compliant {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" |Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Playback ! width="10%" |Records ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Antelope Galaxy 64 Synergy Core | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> not compliant so does not wotk with Aros and a high-end 64-channel AD/DA converter HDX, Dante connectivity and a Thunderbolt Audio interface |- | <!--Description-->Antelope Galaxy 32 Synergy Core | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> not be compliant so does not wotk with Aros as Antelope Audio does not provide official drivers, control software, or an Antelope Launcher |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Mini Fuse 1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, okay pre amp 1 combi input, cirrus logic cs4272 ad converter, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFuse 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant usb-c with usb2.0, okay pre amps with good dynamic range 110dB, cirrus logic cs4272 ad converter, two combi inputs for mic, line or guitar, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFuse 4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, okay 110dB dynamic range, -129dB EIN, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia AudioFuse 16Rig | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD44 mk1 mki | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Audient evo4 EVO8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD4 mk2 mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Audient id14 mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant and usb-c bus powered, good, , 0-in/14-out audio interface with ADAT expandability, balanced inserts |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD44 Mk2 Mkii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC22 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC202HD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps ein -129 dBu, 24bit ADC, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC404HD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps, 24bit adc, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC204HD 192 Empower Tribe | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID-->0x0508 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMC1820 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2016, bus complaint?, okay midas pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UM2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, poor zenyx pre-amps with high noise floor, plastic build no rf shielding, latency issues, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Saffire 6 USB 1.1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, , , midi, strictly NEC USB 2.0, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 8i6 Gen 1 MOSC0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, but |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 1 MOSC0003 *TP1 - 3.3V, tested ok *TP2 - U4 control signal, 3.3V present at all time. *TP4 - Ground *TP6 - 48V, tested ok *TP7 - Ground *TP8 - Ground | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 usually avoid early Gen 1, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2021/08/75-focusrite-scarlett-2i4-1st-gen.html Focusrite Scarlet 2i4 Gen 1 (slide toggles) MOSC0004] *TP1 - 3.3V, tested 3.22v *TP2 - U4 control signal, 3.3V present *TP4 - Ground *TP6 - measure 47.72v * AKM 4384ET (VDD 5v) * Cirrus Logic CS4272-CZZ (VA 4.94v/ VD 3.2v/ VL 3.2v) * all four HC4066 (VCC 4.96v) * XMOS XS1-L01A-TQ128-C5 (all VDD 1.08v/ all VVDIO 3.23v/ PPLAVDD 0.99v/ PCU-VDDIO 3.23v) 2i4S *TP1 seems to be 0V *TP2 should be 5V *TP3 should be *TP6 should be 48V *TP8 should be 3.3V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, pre amps JRC NJM2122 and NJM4565, [https://statics.cirrus.com/pubs/proDatasheet/CS4272_F1.pdf CS4272 adc], [https://pdf.datasheet.live/e5e5fd1c/akm.com/AK4384.pdf AK4384 output pair], Xmos XS1-L8A-64-TQ128 processor and firmware in Winbond 25X40CL 4Mbit, an SMSC Microchip USB3343 interface and a Microchip PL611 clock generator - two Intersil / Renesas ISL97519A for the phantom power rail, two OnSemi NCP1521B for the 3.3V (digital) and 1V (Xmos core) rails - |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite iTrack Solo USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 1st Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, , Cirrus CS4272, |- | <!--Description-->[http://wiki.linuxaudio.org/wiki/current_audio_gear Focusrite ] Scarlett 4i4 Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, , Cirrus CS4272, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Gen1 MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, , , 12v psu, the headphone outs mirror the outs on the back panel, so that's six independent outs. 4 independent analog output paths, plus two over spdif, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2019/03/38-focusrite-scarlett-18i8-gen1-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 1st Gen MOSC0008] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, JRC NJM4565 provide most of the opamps, pair of JRC NJM2122's for inputs 1 and 2, [http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/76/cs4272_f1-43250.pdf Cirrus CS4272], 12v 1a +central psu to a pair of National Semiconductor LM2672 for 3.3V rail and the +6.9V rail, Xmos XS1–L16A–128 dual-row QFN package, firmware a Winbond 25X40C 4Mbit SPI Flash and an SMSC USB3343 interface chip, the two headphone outs are completely independent so 6 independent analog output paths, plus two over spdif, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Clarett+ 8Pre | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 great, expensive, maybe usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 2 (slide toggles) MOSC0006 *TP6 should be 48V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8202 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, USB-b bus powered, good preamps ein equivalent input noise -128 dBu, 24-bit 192kHz CS4272 as well as an additional AKM AK4384ET for the second stereo output pair, 4 screws under bottom rubber, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2021/07/focusrite-scarlett-2i4-2nd-gen-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 2i4 Gen 2 (slide toggles) MOSC0014] *TP6 should be 48V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, USB-b bus powered, good preamps NJM2122's, NJM4565's and CMOS switches (HEF4053 and HEF4066), CS4272 and a AKM AK4384ET, Xmos XU208-256-TQ64-C10 with firmware stored in a Macronix MX25L8006E 8Mbit flash memory, clocking by a Cirrus Logic CS2100, an MP1542 boost converter creates +6V and -6V rails, powering the opamps and the rest of the analog circuitry, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Gen2 MOSC0016 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 2nd Gen MOSC0019 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2024/03/focusrite-scarlett-18i8-gen2-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 2nd Gen MOSC00] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Red 16Line | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 may not be compliant as Focusrite provides no drivers - 64-in/64-out Pro Tools - dual Thunderbolt 3 audio interface with ultra-low latency A-D/D-A conversion - Red Evolution mic preamps |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 3rd Gen MOSC0024 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant usb-c but usb2, preamps, ad/dc 24bit 192kHz, most Focusrite gen3 interfaces have encrypted processors, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i6 Gen3 MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, USB2 class compliant device, but with custom mixer interface |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 3 (push in switches) MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8210 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, USB-c bus powered, good preamps ein equivalent input noise -128 dBu, 24-bit 192kHz Cirrus Logic xfr002c and cs4272 chips, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 3rd gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 3rd Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8214 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, , , no screws under the rubber pads on the bottom, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo Studio Mk3 USB Audio Interface MOSC0030 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 4i4 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Studio 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 4th Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 4th Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FractalAudio FM9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Fractal Audio AM4 platform | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 not working |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Lewitt Connect 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Lewitt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mooer Steep II Multi-Platform USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Motu UltraLite AVB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb not compliant? |- | <!--Description-->MOTU M2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant?, usb-c, good pre amps, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->MOTU M4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description-->MOTU U2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, good but latest had hardware revision |- | <!--Description-->MOTU UltraLite-mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description-->MOTU UltraLite-mk5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nuemann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb audio compliant, great pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Neumann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->neuralDSP Quad Cortex QC platform | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 cc compliant but plugins not working |- | <!--Description-->NeuralDSP QC Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 cc complaint |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Neve Genesys Black G16 G32 G64 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> not compliant - very good very expensive |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Presonus AudioBox USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe not usb compliant, usb1.1 usb-b bus powered, okay pre-amps, 24bit ADC 48Khz max, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus Audiobox 1818VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus AudioBox 44VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 may not be usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus AudioBox 22VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 2|4 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, usb-b, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 2|6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 6|8 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe compliant, needs ext psu, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus Studio 24c 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, good, adc, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus Studio 26c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus® Studio 68c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus AudioBox USB 96 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, high preamp noise, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus Quantum ES2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prism | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prism Lyra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Platane UP1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant usb- UAC2 asynchronous protocol, 64dB Low-noise Mic amplifier, 32Bit High End ADC and DAC, 16dBu High-power ti headphone amplifier |- | <!--Description-->Platane UP2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Platane | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RME Babyface/UC/UFX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->RME Fireface UCX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 might be able to put into class compliant cc although a firewire device, pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->RME Babyface Pro FS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe not usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->RME Fireface UCX II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 might be class compliant usb-b, pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL2 SSL2+ Mk1 1st Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, good, adc, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL12 SSL18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, bus powered, good pre-amps, up to 32-bit 192kHz AD/DA converters, 12-in 8-out, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL2 SSL2+ MkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, good pre amps ein -130 dBu, ad/dc, okay latency, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Topping E1x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->Topping Pro E2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->UAD UA Apollo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->UA apollo 2nd Gen twin X (Duo/Quad), X4, X6, X8, X8P, and X16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 bus compliant?, usb- |- | <!--Description-->UA apollo twin x quad 3rd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 bus compliant?, usb- |- | <!--Description-->Universal Audio Volt 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->|Universal Audio Volt 276 2|76 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Universal Audio Volt 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE Pro AI01 Electromusic Interface Expander - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, 4-in/4-out USB 2.0 audio interface with a built-in USB hub and MIDI I/O, up to 24-bit/96kHz |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE Pro AI02 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->|Alesis io2 io|2, io14 io|14, io26 io|26 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 bus powered but not usb compliant, okay pre-amps, 2, 4 or 8 mics respectively, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis iO2 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Core 1 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe cc, mini usb, poor latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire only, not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel two‑in, two‑out, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Ensemble | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire, not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 1st Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant micro-usb for basic features, , , single‑channel up to 48kHz |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 2nd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant usb- and maybe aa batteries, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c with most features, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 3rd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Ensemble Thunderbolt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Boom | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c with most features, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ART PRO Audio Usb Mix | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant bus powered, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 1 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID-->01000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 mbox original was usb1 and not a usb class compliant device, and had the much hated "focusrite designed" mic preamps, light blue front plate and the sticky out feet |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 midi not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Pro USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Micro USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->AVID MBox 3rd gen Mini or Standard but Pro is Firewire | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->behringer u-control uca202 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x8bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2902 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, draws a lot of power - dac ti burr-brown - no microphone pre-amp - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-CONTROL UCA 222 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 maybe usb compliant, - no microphone pre-amp - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Black Lion Audio 2x2 evolution | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant but , okay with 109dB range - poor noise floor, 24-bit 192kHz Cirrus Logic CS4272, average latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Bomge 11s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 |- | <!--Description-->Bomge 22s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 |- | <!--Description-->Bomge BMG22 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb-c, 24bit 192kHz but only use much lower, may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge U202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-c, 32bit 192kHz but only use much lower, may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge U204 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-c, 32bit 192kHz but only use much lower , may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->TI Burr-Brown PCM2702E PCM2704 PCM2704C Muse Audio Mini USB DAC board | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2704 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, no mic input - goodish quality |- | <!--Description-->TI Burr-Brown PCM2900 PCM2902 PCM2906 USB DAC board | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2900 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, no mic input - goodish quality |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng MD22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-b powered, 24bit 192kHz though is 96kHz, |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 usb-b powered, 24bit 192kHz though is 96kHz, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 2|6 em2|6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2002 not uac |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 6|2m | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 not uac |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 6|2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 not uac |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Ego Systems, Inc. in Korea (ESI) joining with RIDI GmbH | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2006 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->esi Mixvibes U46 Mk II USB audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 not usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->ESI ESU22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->esi U24XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 24 bits, 2 analogue inputs and outputs with 6.3 mm jack connection, Output L can be used as a headphone output, S / PDIF digital input - |- | <!--Description-->esi U46XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->ESI Originals, Inc ESIO MAYA22USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI MAYA44USB+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI Originals, Inc ESIO MARA22XTU | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI U22XT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb class compliant |- | <!--Description-->ESI Gigaport Ex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 usb compliant?, usb-c usb3.1, , , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity iConnectAUDIO2+ icaudio-02 USB audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->LexiconPro - Omega 8x4x2 (USB-1.1) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not usb complaint |- | <!--Description-->Lexicon Alpha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Lexicon Lambda | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 may not be compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Toneport UX1 and Tone Port UX2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 TonePort UX8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 maybe not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 POD Studio UX1 UX2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Lokchonk UX22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljSiNmudMm0 Lokchonk UX44HD] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 usb-b , , , 2in 2out only, average latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Artist 1·2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 maybe not usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Producer 2X2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b midi |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Blackjack | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 USB powered but maybe not usb compliant, Two Onyx Preamps, 2-in, 2-out which are combo Neutrik-type connectors to handle XLR, instrument or line level |- | <!--Description-->Mackie | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, , , |- | <!--Description-->Media Assistance USB-One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not uac cc comliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 maybe not usb compliant, - guitar |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track Ultra (6 in 6 out) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb cc providing 24-bit/96kHz audio capabilities but requires manual configuration of the mixer settings |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 usb compliant?, okay - guitar and vocal mainly |- | <!--Description-->[https://htyp.org/M-Audio/Fast_Track_Ultra/Linux M-Audio FastTrack Ultra] and Ultra 8R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe usb compliant, low round-trip latency, okay octane pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track 2x2M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb compliant? usb-c - okay pre-amps, , |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track (MkII) 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb compliant? usb-c - okay pre amps, , |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track Solo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb compliant? - okay but issues, MJN4580C opamps (lower gain 55 dB at volume 9-10), ti PCM2900C ADC 16bit means there is a hard noise floor at -96 dB, plastic build no rf shielding, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track DUO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb compliant? - okay but issues, MJN4580C opamps (lower gain 55 dB at volume 9-10), ti PCM2900C ADC 16bit means there is a hard noise floor at -96 dB, plastic build no rf sheild, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, okay |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NI AK1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.pogo.org.uk/~mark/linuxdj/ Native Instruments Traktor Audio 8 DJ], [ Traktor Audio 4 DJ], [ Traktor Audio 2 DJ], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17cc | <!--Product ID-->0x1978, 0x0839, 0x041C | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not usb compliant uses snd-usb-caiaq module, [https://mixxx.discourse.group/t/problems-with-native-instruments-audio-8-dj-on-linux/14719/2 Audio 8 device has 4 subunits which are not recognized correctly], Cirrus Logic DACs spec'd at 24-bit/96KHz over a USB2, |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Audio 6 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, pre amps, 24bit 96kHz adc, ocassional dropouts, plastic build top with metal around 3/4, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments NI Komplete Audio 1 and 2 USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, good pre amp ein -129.5 dBu, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->[https://support.native-instruments.com/hc/en-us/articles/360014683497-Apple-Silicon-Compatibility-News Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 Mk2] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, pre amps, 24bit 192kHz adc, black aluminum glass build, |- | <!--Description-->[ Native Instruments Traktor Pro] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17cc | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Novation AudioHub 2x4 NOVHUB01 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, no xlr, focusrite sounds inside, |- | <!--Description-->Novation AudioHub | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prodipe Studio 22 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Schiit HEL 1 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Schiit HEL 2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 gaming headsets mostly |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-3 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1998 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-30 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->1999 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA1A UA-1D Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-5 Audio Capture (Roland) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-1000 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-1EX, Cakewalk UA-1G | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not usb compliant driver also supports ASIO (Steinberg Audio Stream I/O Interface), noisy |- | <!--Description-->Roland Duo Capture UA-11 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland QUAD-CAPTURE Analog 2x2 Digital 2x2 USB 2.0 4in/4out | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not usb compliant, usb-b powered |- | <!--Description-->[https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Manuals/Rosegarden/Setup Roland Edirol UA-101 and UA-1000 (Clemens Ladisch driver)] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/mmueller-kaffeeschluerfercom/UA-25-Firmware-Modification Roland Edirol ua-25] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 maybe usb compliant 16bit 44.1kHz sampling without MIDI but not USB class complient when in Advanced mode for 24bit or midi |- | <!--Description-->Edirol by Roland USB AudioCapture UA-25EX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x00e6, 0x00e7 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant if ADVANCED DRIVER switched to OFF might play and record at 44.1kHz and 16-bit samples |- | <!--Description-->Roland Audio Interface V-Studio 20 VS-20 Cakewalk | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA55 UA-55 Quad Cakewalk | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x012f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not USB class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland DUO-CAPTURE EX UA-22 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0159 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant but not be used with a USB 3.0 port that is not compatible with USB 2.0 specification, vs pre amps, adc, three AA batteries in base, or an AC adapter psb-1u 9V 2A - |- | <!--Description-->Roland Rubix series Roland Rubix22 USB 2.0 Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Rubix series Roland Rubix24 USB 2.0 Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg MI2, Steinberg MI4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg (2004 Yamaha buys) MIDI interface hardware including the CC like CC121 CC-121 and CI1 CI2 series. | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR12 UR22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR44 usb audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR242 audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 maybe usb compliant, usb powered or 5v psu, okay pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR22mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, okay pre-amps ein -123 dBu, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR-RT 2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, usb2.0 usb-b, pre-amps, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR44C (USB3) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg URX22C UR22C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, preamps okay but little noisy, ad/dc. |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR22 MkIII UR series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant usb-c, okay pre-amps, adc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Tapco LiNK.USB 2x2 (Loud technologies WA, USA) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 maybe not compliant, usb-b, poor pre-amps hum, latency issues, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://git.alsa-project.org/?p=alsa-tools.git;a=blob;f=usx2yloader/README;hb=3843634ef0310a952b256bcb6a4ddd0ad4ebe396 Teac Tascam US-422 US-428 US2XYloader] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-122 US-224 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not usb compliant, needing firmware usx2yloader/us122fw.ihx for audio sound card - Tascam US-122 and US-122L are not the same - |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-122L | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID-->0x800e | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, obsolete needs tascam_loader.ihx and us122fw.ihx firmware loaded each time unless automated |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US122 US-122 Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 UHCI, tascam units suffer from high round-trip latency as do most typical USB units |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US144 US-144 Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 maybe usb compliant although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 UHCI, tascam units suffer from high round-trip latency as do most typical USB units |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-200 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac US-366 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-600 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-800 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 may not be totally usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam iU2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-2x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 usb compliant?, 5v dc power, midi out in, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-4x4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb compliant?, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-16x08 US-20x20 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->teyun q12 Q-12, q22 Q-22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant - unknown pre amp, unknown ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Teyun q26 Q-26, q24 Q-24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant - unknown pre amp, unknown ad/dc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha UW500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Audiogram 3 USB Digital Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe usb compliant, okay pre amp, 16bit 44kHz adc no advanced features without dedicated asio driver, 1 xlr, 1 instrument, |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Audiogram 6 USB Digital Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, okay, 2 xlr, 2 instrument, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom UAC-232 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description-->Zoom UAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.arcam.co.uk/products,rseries,usb-dacs,rPAC.htm Arcam rPac] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audioquest Dragonfly | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audioengine D1 Premium 24-bit DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beresford TC-7520 (Burr Brown PCM 1716) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beresford TC-7520 + Burson Buffer + MK3 JKSPDIF | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://epiphany-acoustics.co.uk/products-page/dacs/e-dac-24bit-miniature-usb-dac/ Epiphany E-DAC 24bit] ES9023 DAC chip | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Firestone Audio FUBAR II Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Firestone Audio iLoveTW 24Bit USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO D5 ta2020 chip amp | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO E07K Andes | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO E17 Alpen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Magnum | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Martini-U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Vulcan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Halide Design DAC HD (Wolfson WM8716) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->HRT Steamer II USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->John Kenny JKDAC uses a 24-bit/192&nbsp;kHz Sabre ES9022 DAC or better JKDAC32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> iBasso D12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Leckerton UHA-6S MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MyST 1866 PortaDAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Objective DAC ODAC+O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Rega DAC (Wolfson WM8742) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.henryaudio.com/open-source.php Henry Audio USB DAC 128 also known as QNKTC AB-1.2 open source DAC] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Henry Audio mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->AKM4430 DAC chip comes from Asahi Kasai |- | <!--Description-->DevilSound USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom U series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->KingRex UD-01 SE (Burr-Brown PCM 2702E) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SuperPro 24/192 USB DAC (24bit 192&nbsp;kHz, CS-4398 D/A chip) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | CMedia CM108 7.1ch emulation I2S in and out | 0x1926 | 0x0003 | 0x0100 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | [http://www.lindy.co.uk/usb-2-audio-adapter/42961.html Lindy USB 2.0] (Chipset CM108) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Speed-Link SL-8850-SBK Vigo ([http://mightyohm.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1036#p1030 CMedia CM108]) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Dynamode USB SOUNDCARD 2.0 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0003 | <!--Product ID-->0x1130 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Dynamode Virtual 7.1 USB-SOUND7 (C-Media ) | 0x0d8c | 0x000c 0x000e | 1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Generic White box with very little red led and white USB lead (CMedia ) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID--> 0c000e | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | CM109 CiT SC-U119 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | CMedia CM1197.1ch I2C MCU port Penguin | 0x0D8C | 0x0000 | 0x010 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Sweex 7.1 Startech External USB, WMA Blue metal box SYBA SD-AUD20040, Sabrent USB-SND8, Sewell Vantec NBA-200U (C-Media CM6206 CM106 like) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x0102 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->50/50 if the item is detected but does not work |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative Labs SoundBlaster X-fi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative X-Fi Go | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative X-Fi 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative Sound Blaster Play! USB sound adapter (SB1140) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> working with [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=646431&postcount=15 Deneb on OS3] |- | <!--Description-->Asus Xonar U1 (ASUS UA100 USB Audio Chip) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Asus Xonar U3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Griffin iMic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Transit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Icemat Siberia (steel series) (Cmedia chipset) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->JMTek HY554, ZyXEL NSA-220, Logilink (Tenx Technology TP6911 and SSS-1623 headphone set) | 0x0C76 0x1130 | 0x1605 0x1607 0xf211 | 0x | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> reports on other OS not good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Plantronics "DSP Adapter-01" (or "USB Adapter-02") | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Rocksmith Real Tone Cable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RSA Intruder Predator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->StarTech ICUSBAUDIO7 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x000c | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Stoner Acoustics UD100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Teac UDH01-B | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->TerraTec Electronic GmbH Aureon Dual USB | 0x0ccd | 0x0077 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Phase26 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trust 510 EX 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logitech A-5572A USB 2.0 to 3.5mm jacks Virtual 7.1 Surround Sound Adapter or accessory of Logitech Clearchat pro USB or Logitech USB Headset H530 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0003 | <!--Product ID-->0x046D | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trumix TM-10 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe cc |- | <!--Description-->Trumix TM-12 USB-C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe cc usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Turtle Beach Audio Advantage Amigo Micro II USB Sound Card & Headset Adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x10F5 | <!--Product ID-->0x0211 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Vantec NBA-100U 7.1 Channel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |} Companies including Access, Alesis, Allen&Heath, American Audio, CME, ESI, Infrasonic, Lexicon, Numark, Presonus, Reloop, SIMS, Sound Devices, Steinberg, Swissonic, Tascam, Terrasoniq, Terratec, Yamaha and Yellowtec decided to license and bundle this driver. So fully functional custom drivers are available for Access Virus TI, Access Virus TI snow, Alesis Multimix 8 USB2.0, Alesis Multimix 16 USB2.0, Allen&Heath XONE:2D, Allen&Heath XONE:3D, Allen&Heath XONE:4D, Allen&Heath XONE:DX, Allen&Heath XONE:DB4, American Audio Versa Port, CME XCORPIO, ESI ESU1808, ESI Gigaport AG / DG, ESI Maya 44 USB, Infrasonic Amon, Lexicon I-ONIX U22, Lexicon I-ONIX U42S, Lexicon I-ONIX U82S, Mindprint DI-MOD USB, Numark DJ IO, Numark NS6, Numark NS7, Numark Omni Control, Numark V7, Presonus Audiobox USB, Reloop Digital Jockey, SIMS Primus, Sound Devices USB pre, Steinberg MI2, Steinberg MI4, Swissonic Easy USB, Tascam M-164UF, Tascam US-122L, Tascam US-144, Tascam US-Tascam US-144mkII 122mkII, Tascam US-200, Tascam US-600, Tascam US-1641, Tascam US-1800, Tascam US-2000, Terratec Area 61, Terrasoniq Phase X64, Terratec Phase 26 USB, Yamaha UW10, Yamaha UW500, Yellowtec PUC2 and many others. Well, those companies are using the same driver framework because all of those interfaces use the same microprocessor/firmware architecture to communicate with the USB bus. Just like almost all FireWire audio interfaces use the same TC Dice or BridgeCo chipsets. Usually it does not make sense for companies to develop their own USB1.1/USB2/FW framework for a product they are going to sell for <$500. However, that isn't the end of the story. The companies who develop audio interfaces implement different features into their devices and must update the driver and firmware to accommodate those features. That is where things can go wrong. Sometimes there is miss-communication about how things are coded, sometimes the developer who started a project leaves without transferring his knowledge to his successor, etc. You have to keep in mind that there are no "big" computer audio companies. Even the companies that seem big in the scale of the market, probably have fewer employees than you'd think. A very well made interface that is designed from scratch from the ground up would be a very expensive device, regardless of whether it's USB, FW, PCIe or whatever. Round-trip latency is the sum of the following: <pre> ASIO input buffer ASIO output buffer A/D D/A converter latency The driver's hidden safety buffer </pre> At a 64-sample ASIO buffer size/44.1k, Tascam units yield ~18ms total round-trip latency. Typical USB audio interfaces use a large hidden safety buffer. This helps ensure glitch-free playback... even under less than ideal circumstances. But... this comes at the expense of much higher round-trip latency. Short of doubling the sample-rate, there's no means of mitigating the higher round-trip latency. If you have no plans of ever monitoring in realtime thru software based EFX/processing (ie: playing/monitoring DI bass thru an AmpSim plugin as you're playing), then this may not matter to you. If you want the ability this play/monitor in realtime thru software based EFX/processing, make sure to get an audio interface that yields low round-trip latency. As a point of reference the best PCI/e audio interfaces yield about 5ms total round-trip latency at a 64-sample ASIO buffer size/44.1k The best Firewire and USB units yield 5.5-5.6ms total round-trip latency at those same settings. Typical USB and Firewire units (that use a large hidden safety buffer) yield 12-18ms total round-trip latency at those same settings. Anything above ~6ms starts to feel sluggish. Anything above ~10ms feels like playing thru molasses. USB Microphones {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->C-Media Electronics, Inc. CM108 Audio Controller Mic | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x013c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato WaveMic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Wave:1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Wave:3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 no driver lightweight }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->hyperx solocast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->hyperx quadcast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sennheiser CC510 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alesis USB-Mic microphone podcasting kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio-Technica AT2020 (AT202) AT4040 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio-Technica AT2035 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer B1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Snowball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Snowball iCE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| cardioid only }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Yeti | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Yeti Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MXL 2001A/600 Studio Microphone Pack / MXL 2003A Studio Condenser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeChat LX-3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Namtai SingStar(TM) PS2 SCEH-0001 USBMIC | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1415 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| mono microphones }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Neumann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Seiren X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Seiren Mini USB Condenser Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rockband USB Mic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rode NT1A VideoMic Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rode Podcaster 2 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| RODECaster Pro usb audio compatible}} |- | <!--Description-->Rode NT1A NT2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| NT2 better }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Roland R-07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Go Mic - Portable USB Microphone for Recording | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| mini usb r.h.s. and clip on the bottom left hand side}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Go Mic Clip On USB Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| switch to choose between Cardiod, Omni and -10&nbsp;dB modes, a 3.5mm headphone socket and a USB socket}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson C01U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| cardoid only}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson C03U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shure MV7 USB Podcast Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shure MV7+ XLR & USB-C dynamic microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->SONY PCM-D50 handy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb 5V, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PCM-M10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out 5V, }} |- | <!--Description-->SONY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->SONY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->TASCAM DR-1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008, one mini usb out, lithium battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009, one mini usb out, aa battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR05 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011, one mini usb port for file transfer and charging the AA batteries }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 mini usb aa battery }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 , one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-05X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb 3 aa battery }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-05XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-100mkIII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| , usb , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| , usb , }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID-->0x0095 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 no driver, mini usb 5V audio i/f USB Card and USB Audio; press the Record button when USB Audio is displayed. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4n | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID-->0x0120 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 no driver, mini usb 5V and display will alternate between USB Card and USB Audio; press the Record button when USB Audio is displayed. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H2n | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 no driver, mini usb 5V audio i/f press the Record. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4n PRO | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H6 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 untested, 2xlr, 5v mini usb, }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H5 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 no driver, 5v mini usb, 2 xlr, }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H1n-vp handy | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H6studio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 untested usb a cord, no hdmi, 480p}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q3HD Handy Video Recorder | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 untested, built in usb-a cord, mini hdmi, 1 hour on 2 AA batteries, H.264 movies 480p }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q2HD Handy | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 untested, up 720p but no stablisation, mini usb cord, 1 hour on 2 AA batteries}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 untested, li-ion battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q4N | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 untested, li-ion battery}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio Technica ATR4697-USB Boundary Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->CAD Audio CAD USB Condenser Boundary Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MXL AC-44 Boundary Conferencing Mic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Audio SAUB1 Boundary Microphone (USB) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} USB Speakers {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Focal XS 2.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} USB Headset Wired/Wireless {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Logitech Vantage Wired (came free with PS2 Socom3) | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech G330 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech Premium USB Stereo Headset 350 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Plantronics DSP-300 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Plantronics GameCom 777 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech G-930 Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/set-usb-wireless-earphones/ Plantronics Audio 995 Wireless RF] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Sennheiser Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be1e0QPIPK0 Mixers] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->ALESIS MULTIMIX 4 CHANNEL USB MIXER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis - MultiMix 8 USB FX (USB 1.0) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb compliant?, up to 16-bit/48kHz, 18v 500mA - |- | <!--Description-->Alesis - MultiMix 8 USB 2.0 FX (USB 2.0) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2012 usb compliant?, up to 16-bit/48kHz, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Allen&Heath MixWiz16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Allen and Heath ZED Power 1000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 8 xlr, usb-b out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Allen & Heath ZEDi-10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XENYX 302USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 5-Input Mixer/Audio Interface - 1 xlr - }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx Q502USB Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|no driver}} Behringer 2*18.5V 250ma psu - 1 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx Q802USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} Behringer 2*18.5V 250ma psu - 2 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->BEHRINGER XENYX 1204USB 8-Channel 2-Bus Mixer USB/Audio Interface Studio/Live | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} iec kettle psu lead - can develop constant background hiss over time |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XENYX X1222USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver - 12-Channel Analog Mixer with USB Interface and Effects}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng HT-7 HT7USB 7 Channel Audio Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2023 cheap no driver, USB MP3 player to work, format your USB stick Fat32 as a Logical drive - not primary}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng XT7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2025 cheap no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng DT8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2025 cheap no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Spirit soundcraft Folio FX8 with Lexicon Effects Processor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} unusual power connector - [https://github.com/lack/soundcraft-utils usb routing] - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic Professional F7 7-Channel 2-Bus Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2022 no driver, cheap mixer with 3pin ac input (introduces noise) and 1 usb-a port}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic Professional F7-Pro 7-Channel 2-Bus Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2022 no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic A80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2024 no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} Mixer no hardware usb {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->ALTO Lynx MIX82FX Audio Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Alto L16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MXUL5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MX602A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB502 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 17.5V 3pin psu needed}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB802 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 2 xlr,}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1002 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 2 xlr,}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 4 xlr, }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1602 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer RX1602 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer 802 XENYX 8-Input 2-Bus Mixer Small Format Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} Behringer 18.5V ???ma psu - 2 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx 502 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->IMG stage Line MMX-122 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, 4 xlr, iec cable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie 802VLZ4 Mackie 802-VLZ4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb , psu}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie 1202-VLZ Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, mains iec}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Mix5 Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} 18v 300mA psu - 5 Channel - |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Mix8 Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} 9v x2 600mA psu - |- | <!--Description-->Mackie MIX12FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, 4 xlr, 9v 500mA x2 psu, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.soundcraft.com/en/product_documents/en/owners_manual Soundcraft] Spirit Folio F1 Fader 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} 16 Channel Mixer - |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Harman Soundcraft EPM 12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} iec kettle power lead - |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM 16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad 8FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad UI12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> connect via wifi |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad UI16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> connect via wifi |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad 124FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection, 14.8V x2 3 pin psu}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->t.mix xmix 1402fx mp usb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection, mains iec, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- |} ==Webcameras== A USB camera has two dedicated chips: a controller or bridge and an image sensor. There was no Commodore support for video interfaces. The only commercial, now discontinued application that defined some sort of standard was VHI Studio by iospirit. ===OLD standards=== See [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_supported_e.html support pages] and [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_faq_e.html here] and some [http://webcam-osx.sourceforge.net/cameras/index.php?orderBy=status further compatibility] Pencam STV680 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AIPTEK stv680 | 0x0553 | 0x0202 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Konica e-mini | 0x04c8 | 0x0722 | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | DigitalDream l'espion XS | 0x1183 | 0x0001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://reviews.cnet.com/webcams/creative-webcam-go/1707-6502_7-1446174.html Creative WebCam Go mini] | 0x041e | 0x4007 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} SonixcamTool (Sonix webcams and derivates) '''Note [http://amigadev.free.fr/sonix/ some] Sonix Webcams with a Sonix SN9C1xx controller ''and'' a pas106b or tas5110c1b sensor support bulk mode which works even with pciusb.device!''' {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Macally IceCam II | 0x0c45 | 0x05d8 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sweex MiniCam 100K | 0x0c45 | 0x6005 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110c1b}} |- | Macally IceCam Portable | 0x0c45 | 0x6007 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110d}} |- | Sweex 100K | 0x0c45 | 0x6009 | 0x0101 | {{yes|bulk works - sensor pas106b}} |- | [http://www.epinions.com/pr-Chicony_TwinkleCam_Webcam/display_~full_specs Chicony Twinkle DC-2110A] | 0x0c45 | 0x600d | | {{no|no}} |- | Unknown | 0x0c45 | 0x601e | | {{no|no}} |- | USB PC Camera (SN9C102) | 0x0c45 | 0x6028 | | {{no|no - sn9c10x + pas202b}} |- | Trust SpaceC@m 120 and 150 | 0x0c45 | 0x6029 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor pas106a}} |- | HiRes Webcam Live | 0x0c45 | 0x602c | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | [http://www.sweex.com/en/assortiment/sound-vision/webcams/JA000020 Sweex USB Webcam 300K] | 0x0c45 | 0x608f | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | Speedlink Sphere Webcam SL-6820, 350K | 0x0c45 | 0x613c | 0x0101 | {{N/A|untested - sensor HV7131R}} |- | WB-3250P | 0x0c45 | 0x613e | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | Unknown | 0x0c45 | 0x6207 | | {{no|no}} |} <pre> micromaxx USB Camera STM 1363 514 works --- USB Tower Lego 1684 1 works need NCQ Trust Spycam 100plus STM 1363 514 works </pre> ov51x.class - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | D-Link VGA Webcam (640x480) | 0x05a9 | 0x8519 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sony PS2 EyeToy Logitech/Logicool Black (ov519) SCEH-0004 | 0x054c | 0x0154 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sony PS2 EyeToy Namtai Silver (ov519) SLEH-00031 SLEH-00030 | 0x054c | 0x0155 | | {{no|no driver}} |- |} ===UVC.class - [https://www.usb.org/document-library/video-class-v15-document-set USB Device Class Definition for Video Devices or USB Video Class]=== AROS still needs an uvc.class which might create a virtual UVC.VHI type device driver for use by AROS apps since 2019 the market is filled with UVC Compliant USB HDMI Capture {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K60 HD VS009 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|4k 60hz ok for chat streams}} |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K60 HDMI HDR Game Live Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| for chat streams }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AJA U-tap HDMI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->ASUS TUF CU4K30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ATEN CAMLIVE HDMI to USB-C UVC Video Capture adapter UC3020 HDMI (F) TO USB-C M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 possibly UVC and UAC standard support allows up to 1080P @ 60}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia Live Streamer Cap 4K - BU113 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 uvc usb3}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia GC515 video capturing device | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1)}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra GC553 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 usb3 powered by Type C USB cable and 4K HDMI cable}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra S GC553PROW 302AGC553DL2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1553 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 powered by good quality type C USB3 cable and 4K HDMI 2.0 cable}} |- | <!--Description-->AVermedia Live Gamer Mini GC311 302AGC311DG9 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1311 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 uvc compliant up to 1080p 60fps capture and supports internal hardware H.264 encoding - if flashing blue light try another '''quality''' micro usb cable - }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Ez Recorder 330 (ER330) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 designed to work independently and is generally not compatible as a plug-and-play UVC capture card }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer extreme3 GC551G2 (LGX3) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x3551 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc compliant for intensive gaming streams, some vrr but no hdr with maximum recording resolution of 4K30/1080p60 from fully wired usb3 compatible cable - passing through 4K60/1080p120 Game Capture video capturing device HDMI}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra Pro GC553Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 usb3 }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra 2.1 GC553G2 61GC553G20BV video capturing device | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1)}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia GC575 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 usb3 powered by Type C USB cable and 4K HDMI cable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AVMatrix | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ClonerAlliance Flint 4KP Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->DIGITNOW U600 video capture card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc uac }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Epiphan AV.io HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Epiphan AV.io 4K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Cam Link 4K | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/elgatosf/capture-device-support Elgato HD60 S+] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID-->0x006C, 0x006E | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 4K 30FPS capture, 1080p 60FPS uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato HD60 X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Cam Link 4K HDMI video capture card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 uvc compliant but can have usb disconnects}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.0 device with 1080/60 capture and 4K/60 passthrough}} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 lite USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 USB 3.0 device }} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 Pro USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.0 device with 1080/60 capture and 4K/60 passthrough}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EZcap Game Link Raw - ezcap321 usb3.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 2160p30, 1080p120 and 1440p60 HDMI input and pass-through. - 1080p120, 2160p30 and 1440p60 recording. - Latency less than 50ms uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->EZCap GameDock Ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 record at 4K30, 1440p60, and 1080p120}} |- | <!--Description-->EZcap 360 Game Capture Extreme | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 USB 3.0, 4K 60FPS passthru and 1080p 240FPS}} |- | <!--Description-->EZCAP 364 GameDock Extreme 2.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Genki ShadowCast 1 & 2, the Pro version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HAUPPAUGE HD PVR Pro 60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 4K in/Out 1080P 60fps Capture and Streaming PC Connected and Stand Alone }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->INOGENI 4K2USB3 2830 3826 HDMI 4K to USB 3.0 UHD 1080p Video Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2997 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 uvc compliant made in Canada - usb3-b socket and 1 hdmi 1080p from 23.98 up to 60p, 4K@30 fps maybe - }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kondor Blue | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nanjing Magewell Electronics Co ltd USB 3.0 XI100DUSB-HDMI Pro Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB3.0 Silver HDMI Full HD Video Capture Device 1080p 32011 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 usb audio extract HDMI embedded audio output via headphones}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB capture HDMI PLUS 2K 32040 320400000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 captures video up to 1920×1200, 1920×1080 or 2048×1080 at 60 fps over an HDMI capture from devices such as game consoles in up to DCI 4Kp60 4:2:0 input resolution, and it automatically upscales/downscales the signal to 2K for recording or streaming}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB capture HDMI Gen2 32060 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 1080p gets hot, 165M HDMI receiver, max input 2048x1080 60fps 4:4:4, RGB/YUV 4:4:4 8/10/12-bit, YUY 4:2:2 12-bit, up to 8-channel 24-bit HDMI-embedded audio at 192kHz, HDMI 1.4a, output from 480p to 1080p, YUY2/UYVY/RGB24/RGB32 support video cropping, up/down scaling, de-interlacing, aspect ratio conversion, color format conversion, frame rate conversion, flip and mirror, up to 2-channel IEC60958 audio streams, 5V 0.5A 2.5W, }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Capture 4K Plus 32090 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 limited by the bandwidth of USB 3.0, the maximum frame rate can only reach 30 fps when capturing}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Capture 4K PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell Pro Convert IP to USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Captures one network eth NDI® High Bandwidth, NDI® HX2, NDI® HX3 sources or H.264/H.265 video source into software at resolutions up to 1080p60}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Fusion | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|versatile USB video capture device that allows users to switch between two HDMI inputs and one USB webcam input for live presentations}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ROLAND UVC-01 USB Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sunplus Innovation Technology Inc. MiraBox HSV321 ARX321 Video Capture device | <!--Vendor ID-->ox1bcf | <!--Product ID-->0x2c99 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc uac }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->UGREEN CM716 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| uvc uac but disable HDCP on your source device (PS4/PS5, Xbox) }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->VisionTek UVC HD60 Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acer Aspire Crystal Eye AOA110 AOA150 0.3M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2008 webcam }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Streamer CAM 313 (PW313) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2019 uvc 1080p/30 webcam}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Streamer DUO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2021 uvc 1080p/60 webcam}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/webcams/creative-live-cam-optia-af-review-49294183/ Creative Live Cam Optia AF] 2.0M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->DSLR macro extensions + a cheap 50mm E-Series lens + some PVC tubing and a negative holder | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes| if uvc camera chosen}} |- | <!--Description-->DSLR scanning using a macro lens, for the adapter, for a 3d printed negative holder) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes| if uvc camera used }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C270 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x0825 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|720p }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C910 C920 HD Pro 5Megapixels 720p | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Output mjpg 1080p}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C920s c922 HD Pro 5Megapixels 1080p | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Output mjpg 1080p}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Brio 100 300 500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} 1080p |- | <!--Description-->Logitech MX Brio 4k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|4k}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft's LifeCam HD-3000 HD-5000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID--> 0x0779 | <!--Revision-->1.06 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeCam Cinema | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeCam Studio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} sony imx179 1080p |- | <!--Description-->Pi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} 1/2.8” Sony IMX291 image sensor, it's a 2MP, UVC-compliant, ultra-wide-angle, low light, high-speed USB 2.0 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} OV5648 |- | <!--Description-->razer kiyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} 4 megapixel sensor 1080p 30fps 720p 60fps - 12 led ring light adjustable |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet C068 1.3mpixel HTD USB2.0 Camera Vimicro Z-Star Corp | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0AC8 | <!--Product ID--> 0x3420 | <!--Revision-->0x01FA | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->YEALINK(XIAMEN) NETWORK UVC50 is compatible with the UVC 1.1 protocol CP960-UVC50 and CP960-UVC80 kits PTZ, CP960-UVC30 Kit is UVC 1.5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Amcrest ProHD 1080P WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera - 1080P (1920TVL), [https://www.ispyconnect.com/man.aspx%3Fn%3DAmcrest IP2M-841] nvr | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} h264/rtsp, motion detection, features Sony image sensor and Ambarella processor - rtsp://[username]:[password]@[IPaddress]:[port]/cam/realmonitor?channel=[channel]&subtype=[stream] - [username] - username to login to the DVR or NVR, [password] - password, [IPaddress] - IP address of the device. If you are not on the same local network, this should be the external IP address of the device's network, [port] - port number, [channel] - channel number of the stream, [stream] - view the Main or Sub stream. (main stream is 0, sub stream is 1) , eg. rtsp://admin:admin@192.108.1.108:80/cam/realmonitor?channel=1&subtype=1 - utilizing RTSP ( rtsp://user:pass@ipcam1 ) |- | <!--Description-->Axis all modern ones | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg or MJPEG over HTTP |- | <!--Description-->PTZ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->DLink DCS-5222 5222L network camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} camera streams H.264 over RTP controlled by RTSP |- | <!--Description-->Dlink DCS900 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Wansview 1080p [http://marc.merlins.org/perso/linuxha/post_2013-11-10_Reviewing-IP-Webcams-for-Linux-and-Zoneminder_Dlink-DCS900_-Ubnt-Aircam_-Foscam-FI8904W-FI8910W_-FFI9820W_-FI9821W_-Wansview-NCB541W_-and-Zavio-F3210.html#NCM625GA NCM625GA] IP Camera WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera , Full HD Plug n Play Home Surveillance / Baby Monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg - play its HD stream without problem with vlc rtsp://ip/live/ch0 and getting jpegs http://ipaddr/mjpeg/snap.cgi?chn=0 - methods involve transcoding h.264 video from the camera into jpeg's, which is cpu intensive - able to pull images manually, using http://username:password@ip/mjpeg/snap.cgi - |- | <!--Description-->Wansview NCB541W | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia Game Capture HD C281 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2011 standalone h.264 recording of up to component cable not hdmi but not uvc}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia GL310 Live Gamer Portable (LGP Lite) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 not working usb2 and USB Lite no uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia AVerMedia Live Gamer Portable ([https://github.com/Trouffman/octv_gears_lgp Model C875]) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 usb2 no uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia LGX Live Gamer extreme GC550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2015 but [https://github.com/ChrisAJS/lgx2userspace driver]}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia LGX2 Live Gamer extreme2 gc550 plus gc551 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 but [https://github.com/ChrisAJS/lgx2userspace driver]}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia ExtremeCap UVC - BU110 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 maybe not uvc and uac}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Portable 2 Plus GC513 Micro-USB Capture Box LGP2 Plus | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1513 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 powered by a standard Micro-USB cable, video capture output up to 1080p60 capture to hdmi in, standalone sd card recording on exFAT or FAT32 of .MOV, 2160p pass-through hdmi out to tv - no vrr - [https://www.avermedia.com/uk/support/download#ans_part firmware latest 2.1.7.13, 2.1.7.14], SN74AVC8T245 8bit, DRV604 stereo, iTE IT6663FN hdmi 2.0 splitter, TLV320DAC3101 DAC, CS42L73 audio codec, CDCE913 PLL clock, W29N01HVSINA nand bios, I-Catch V35MA SOC CPU 32bit MIPS24K, ADV7480 hdmi mhl, }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer 4K LG4K GC573 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2018 not uvc but [https://github.com/derrod/lg4k-linux drivers here], }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Blackmagic intensity Extreme Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2011 not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->BlackMagic Intensity Pro 4k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2015 }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Video Capture (1VC108601000) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc, mini usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture HD60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc, }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture HD GCHD 2GC309901000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc https://github.com/tolga9009/elgato-gchd needs firmware mb86h57_h58_idle.bin and mb86h57_h58_enc_h.bin - mini usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato HD60S Elgato Game Capture 4K60 S+ Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|non uvc, }} |- | <!--Description-->August EZCap.tv model 116 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} poor audio recording |- | <!--Description-->E-SDS Diamond Maplin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1212 HD PVR | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} analog and component only - PlayStation (.m2ts), AVCHD (ts), or XBox(.mp4) recording formats - switched the component output from the default YPbPr to RGB. |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1431 1445 HD PVR Gaming Edition HDMI Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 not working, can get warm}} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge HD Rocket | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge HD-PVR2 (model 145210 Rev E4) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xE502 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1480 1482 HD PVR 2 GE Gaming Edition HDMI Capture green LED - 1498 1503 1504 Plus version with Mac support | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe514 0xe524 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| can get warm - [https://ez.analog.com/video/w/documents/581/adv7482-design-support-files ADV7482] [https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/9201075/ video chip] with Magnum DXT H.264 encoder blob, IDR keyframe generation poor - best for model 157210 and not 157221 and Game Edition Plus (model 157320) 2040:E505 E505-00-00AF1234 [http://www.hauppauge.com/site/support/linux.html#tabs-3 ]}} * HDMI: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480i, 720x576i, 640x480p60. * Component: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60*, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480p60, 720x480i, 720x576i. * Composite: 720x480i and 720x576i * Audio Inputs : HDMI PCM and RCA support with Adjustable Bitrate Quality 2 Channel AAC/AC3 audio codec |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1512 HD PVR 2 PC blue LED with optical in input on the back | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe525 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} can get quite warm - IR Blaster added - |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge Colossus2 E585-00-00AF4321 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe585 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Ion SLIDES2PC 35mm Portable Slide & Film Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Ion Pics 2 PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->ION PowerScan USB film and slide scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2011 not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Koolertron Sunny | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->FilmScan35 35mm Film Negative Scanner 1304 marks spencer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->U3 HD Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/openrazer/openrazer Razer Ripsaw HD] Game Capture (RZ20-01780100) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2017 not uvc put in usb2 slot and use video BGR3 (Emulated) and OpenRazer drivers }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Ripsaw HD USB HDMI Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0x0d01 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2018 not uvc compliant}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Silvercrest 35mm Photo Slide Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc but not great quality}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Z-Star Microelectronics Corp. Traveler TV 6500 SF Dia-scanner | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0ac8 | <!--Product ID-->0x3370 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2010 not uvc and poor scans}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- |} === WebAR + WebVR = WebXR Headset === AROS needs realtime isochronous transfers in EHCI and XHCI, then an usb based uvc.class to vhi type driver for virtual display and webXr for controllers The primary engineering challenge of VR is motion sickness caused by a mismatch of visual and inner ear information, which is extremely well established as causing people to throw up in a wide range of contexts outside of VR. The experiences that make some people sick are low framerate. Foveated rendering doesn't solve vergence accommodation. Your eye will still be focused at infinity regardless of where you are looking, you'll just have the illusion that the foreground or background are out of focus. Eye tracking plus dynamic lenses (perhaps liquid lenses) or real light fields are necessary. First start with apps that have simple static features at first, then advance to dioramasa and teleportation options for 10, 20 minutes and then gradually upgrade over a timespan of four weeks to train your brain. Avoid smooth motion stuff like rollercoaster or mountain heights until much later. Even with this preparation, VR makes 40% of people seasick nausea. If so, you may be able to use VR glasses just to watch videos and some slow moving apps [https://www.emuvr.net/ emuVR] instead. *2014-2019 1st Gen, low resolution, *2020-2025 2nd Gen, higher resolution, *2026- Most hardware typically has a 1-3 year retail lifespan with 1-3 years of updates after. Really need "right" tethered PCVR rather than wireless. The advantage to being tethered to a PC is processing power. Any standalone headset is going to be running purely off of batteries. VR and AR are known as XR Technology will get immersed enough so not making people sick. Higher resolution, faster frame rates, and [https://github.com/opentrack/opentrack better tracking]. Eventually, hyper reality brings VR, AR and MR digital layers together as a less chaotic, optic tracking with no delay, agents understanding, experiences with objects 3Dgs 4Dgs gassian splats bullet time slice photo snaps .ply for WebXR [https://lvra.gitlab.io/docs/hardware/ ], {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Big Screen Beyond 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 pcvr 2560 x 2560, fixed IPD, }} |- | <!--Description-->bigscreen Beyond 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pcvr oled 5120 x 2560 @75Hz 2688x2688 @90Hz over pancake lenses, 116 FOV, virtual screens, custom facial plate from iphone app, streamvr 2.0 basestations and controllers not included, no passthrough, 107g-196g, }} |- | <!--Description-->bigscreen Beyond 2e | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 pcvr oled 5120 x 2560 total up to 90Hz pancake lens 116 FOV adjustable IPD app needed for adjustment, eye tracking, custom face mask cushion, streamvr 2.0 basestations and controllers not included, seperate head strap and speaker modules extra costs, 110g-300g }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Dpvr P1 Pro 4k Ultra Vr Headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 wireless snapdragon, }} |- | <!--Description-->DPVR P2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Play for Dream MR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android modular 3840x3552 uoled per eye 90Hz or qled mura issues, Arm snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2, eye tracking and 11 cameras 7 sensors 22 ir leds 14ms latency and foveated rendering, 1.5hrs battery, }} |- | <!--Description-->Play for Dream GravityXR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 ultralight head gear gx100 3w }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://lvra.gitlab.io/docs/community/ Valve Index HMD] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 tethered PC VR headset 1440 x 1600 120Hz, 108° and 104° FOV, fresnel lenses, SteamVR2 compatible tracking ir basestations, controllers aka Knuckles, dp 1.2 and usb3 cable proprietary cable end, no battery, }} |- | <!--Description-->Valve Steam Frame (Valve Deckard / Valve’s Index 2) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 - 2160 x 2160 up to 144Hz pancake lens, 108° and 96° FOV, wifi 6 fovelated streaming, Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 with [https://github.com/FEX-Emu/FEX fex] arm-to-x86 x64 translation layer, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PSVR2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 PCVR with adapter, two, one for each eye, 2000 x 2040 resolution OLED panels from 90Hz 120Hz refresh rates, fresnel lenses, 116° and 102° FOV, sony proprietary headset cable end, needs additional comfort options, }} |- | <!--Description-->VisionPro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Goertek glasses | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive ? | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| 2016 2x 1080x1200 needs external power supply, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Original | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 108° and 96° FOV}} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 , uvc, at least 2 powered steamvr basestations so 3 to 5 wall warts in total, proprietary cable end, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 dual 1440x1600 oled displays, 116° and 100° FOV - steamvr 2.0 basestation 2 for 5m2 area 4 for 10m2 - steamvr 2.0 joypads - low latency wireless later - type USB-c headphone adapter required, [https://github.com/CertainLach/VivePro2-Linux-Driver Rust on Linux] with [https://github.com/santeri3700/vive-pro-2-on-linux Shell], proprietary cable end, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lynx R1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 android Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->Lynx R2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2026 company liquidated, 2 x 2312x2160 110 FOV pancake lenses, LynxOS android Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen, openxr 1.1, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Oculus Rift prototype development kit [https://www.virtual-boy.com/forums/t/the-oculus-rift-dk1-thread/ DK1] with [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_T4DJyy2Bo wired razer hydra controllers] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2013 pcvr LCD 1280 × 800 resolution 640 × 800 per eye up to 110° FOV, and 3DoF rotational tracking via a 1000Hz 9-axis IMU (Accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer), no positional optical tracking either inside-out or outside-in, 380g, nausea issues, , }} |- | <!--Description-->Oculus Rift prototype development kit [https://github.com/facebookarchive/RiftDK2/tree/master DK2], [https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Oculus+Rift+Development+Kit+2+Teardown/27613 ifixit teardown] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 pcvr, 5.7" Super AMOLED display with a resolution of 960 x 1080 per eye 100° field of view, 1 usb Positional Tracker DK2 camera, lots of wires}} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook [https://github.com/thaytan/OpenHMD/tree/rift-kalman-filter Oculus Rift CV1] [https://noraisin.net/diary/?m=202201 some Linux support] [] [https://github.com/OpenHMD/OpenHMD/issues/330 AMD usb issues] [https://github.com/OpenHMD/OpenHMD/wiki/Xorg ] [https://github.com/Doc-Ok/OculusRiftCV1Camera Live Video] [https://www.youtube.com/@thaytan Youtube] [https://github.com/Fredrum/riftOnLinux Pi] [https://github.com/OhioIon/riftDriverPi ], but not quite there with the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSsCN6HFkWc consumer CV1], [https://forum.dcs.world/topic/142259-cv1-not-working-in-dcs/#comment-2878168 orange led could be HDMI Signal is not within HDMI Spec and might be Overclocked or usb3 not getting enough power frustrating], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x3031, 0x2031, 0x0031 and 0x0211 for 3p-a basestations lighthouses, 0x045e 0x02e6 for xbox wireless adapter | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2016 powered run from your PC maybe uvc via wired dual PenTile OLED 2160x1200 (1080x1200 per eye) @ exactly 90Hz but screen door effect (space between pixels), 87 FOV, IPD from 58mm to 72mm, good 3D audio and okay mic, constellation headset 6DOF (3-axis rotational tracking + 3-axis positional tracking) with up to 3 usb infrared basestation (1 in front and 2 behind pointing upwards) on usb3 and usb2 to your PC but the tracking can be fragile so set it up on a weekly basis, wired only HDMI 1.3, USB 3.0 bus powered with proprietary plug in headset, 470g 1lb front heavy, 2 robust 1st Gen touch controllers with external sensors i.e. outside-in - 1 aa alkaline over rechargable battery each , press occulus and B buttons for 2 secs to connect, headset traps air so gets very warm inside and random disconnects due to twisting action on the top of the headset and/or cables, t4 torx screws }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Go 32Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2018 discontinued 2020 android based, 1280x1440 per eye 60Hz LCD, not gaming, no inside-out and limited self tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Oculus Rift S [https://noraisin.net/diary/?m=202201 some Linux support] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x0051 headset (cdc, audio, tracking data), 0x2052 usb hub, | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 PCVR wired dual LCD 1080 by 1200, 88 horizontal FOV, display port (fibre optic strands) and annoying USB3 copper cables (power, audio and other data) but proprietary port in the headset, cameras on the headset ("inside-out") tracking so no base stations, non removeable head band and cushions and ipd hard to set, requires specific fragile Rift S/Quest1 2nd Gen Touch controllers which has a ring of translucent plastic with leds inside - t5 torx to disassemble for sticks drifting}} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Quest 1 *032Gb *064Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x0183 (single adb boot), 0x0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 android standalone wireless, 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, front heavy though, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, low clocked Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 (MSM8998) (4x Kryo 280 Gold cores ARM Cortex-A73) + (4x Kryo 280 Silver A53), 2 to 3 hrs play time, 575g, 2nd Gen touch controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Oculus Quest 2 KW49CM aka Codename Del Mar [https://www.meta.com/en-gb/help/quest/967070027432609/ fragile 3rd Gen Touch controllers] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cgejky8ZeoM internal battery] and selling over 20 million, more than all other quest headsets combined *064Gb *128Gb (110Gb free) *256Gb Setup continuous wifi, create Meta Oculus account, [https://developers.meta.com/horizon/ verify dev account, click on My apps], [ create Organization -> My Organization Groupings], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPInS5xxF-0 finally, meta quest mobile app to switch on adb], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x5010 (), 0x0083 (massstorage), 0x0086 (), 0x0186 (adb and xrsp [https://github.com/shinyquagsire23/xrsp_tests tests]), 0x0090 (composite adb), 0x0081 (), | <!--Revision-->0419 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 android stand alone, lcd 1832x1920 per-eye 90Hz refresh rate, 97 FOV, fresnel lenses, 6DOF (degrees of freedom), 58-63-68 IPD settings, low clocked Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 1 apps with Meta Link cable USB-C usb3.2 pcvr maybe, b/w but no color passthrough, 6 t2 torx and 5 ph00 screws in headset (long bit), discontinued December 31, 2024, feature updates until December 2026, critical bug fixes and security updates until December 2027, 470g, Oculus + B button on right controller (move) and Menu + Y button on left controller (click) for about 3 seconds, 10W 5v 2a, RTL8153 chipset usb support, *V60 unable to *V77 pcvr issues *V79 unable to }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Quest Pro aka Codename Seacliffe | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 android standalone wireless 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, 106° and 96° FOV mini lcd local dimming, pancake lenses, limited eye tracking, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, higher clocked snapdragon xr2 gen 1 arm cpu Arm apps, 1 to 2 hrs play time, new pro controllers with 3 cameras each, battery at rear, wireless charging, color passthrough, 9V 3A or 5V 3A, *v77 capped wifi }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Oculus Quest 3 aka Codename Eureka [ Air Light ALVR] or [ WiVRn] with fragile touch plus q3 controllers *128Gb *512Gb streaming from PC with [https://github.com/alvr-org/Monado-ALVR ALVR], runtime of [https://monado.freedesktop.org/ Monado steamvr alternative openxr openVR], with Envision GUI, | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 standalone, pancake lenses on lcd 2064 x 2208 res panel per eye 1200ppi - 104° and 96° FOV - up to 120Hz, Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 2 apps, foveated rendering, Meta Link cable USB-C 3.2, headstrap clamshell or halo style, speaker arms fragile, color passthrough, 510g, 18W 9v 2A or 15W 5V 3A, *v74 ok }} *v76 pcvr issues }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Quest 3S aka Codename Ventura *128Gb *256Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 2 cpu, lcd 1832 x 1920 fresnel lenses, 97 FOV, headphone arms fragile, better air flow, no promixity sensor inside, Meta Link cable USB-C 3.2, passthrough, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Boba 3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 ultra-wide 180° x 120° FOV, snapdragon XR2 G2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Tiramisu | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 µOLED displays with 90 pixels per degree, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 5K Super Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 8K-X 8KX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Crystal Light | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tethered to PC with 2160 x 2160 4k 120Hz, 115° and 96° FOV, inside-out tracking, no battery, display port cable, variable qc and customer service, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Crystal Super | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tethered to PC with 3640 x 3640 4k 90hz, 116°+ and 100° FOV, eye tracking, inside-out tracking, no battery, display port cable, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Dream Air with Lighthouse(s) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 tethered 3840 by 3552 @90Hz micro oled with pancake lens, 100 HFOV 96 VFOV but FOV IPD changes in app, link box for headset 2 split y cables, removable face gasket, 290g, steamVR2 bases and controllers, eye tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Dream Air SLAM | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) tracking inside-out so no base stations, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://somniumspace.com/ Somnium VR One VR1] [https://portal.vrgineers.com/user-guide/software/ open source] VR headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pcvr 2880 x 2880 per eye @90 @120Hz, 125° horizontal 100° vertical FOV, 2 x SteamVR 2.0 bases, passthrough, 900g }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero VR-1 Headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 psu needed, 2 x Mini LED binocular of 150 nits, 2880x2720 per, 90Hz, FOV 102° horizontal, 73° vertical, 720g with headstrap, 2 x SteamVR 2.0 basestations, no speakers/mic, hdmi and usb3.0}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero XR-3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero XR-4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Camelo La Melaza Music Shield | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2026 no usb only bluetooth , }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->InAir 2 elite suite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar nits 46FOV , , 4h battery life, 80g, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Oakley Vanguard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 3s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 100in 46FOV 650nits, usb-c 79g }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 3S Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 135in virtual display 46FOV 1200nits, usb-c 80g }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 4 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 AR oled vision 4000 processing, HDR10, 47 FOV }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid Max 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 147in 50 FOV 650nits, usb-c back left, 76g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid AI Spatial with Station 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 600nits 147in 50FOV 75g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ar ai smart glass}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 135in 46 FOV 1000nits, magnetic connector, 77g, }} |- | <!--Description-->VITURE XR Luma | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 147in 1200p 50 FOV, }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Luma Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 152in 52 FOV 1000nits 1200p, 3dof, , 79g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Luma Ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 in FOV, 2 cameras, 3dof 6dof, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/wheaney/XRLinuxDriver Viture Luma Pro] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Beast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 1250nits 58FOV 174in, magnetic, 88g, }} |- | <!--Description-->VITURE Beast X Glasses models (Immersive 3D Moonlight) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 based 2D to 3D conversion with support DP Alt Mode (DisplayPort over USB-C), 1200p, 3df tracking, practic lenses 58deg POV, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xreal One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 600nits, 50FOV, 3dof, usb-c 84g, }} |- | <!--Description-->XReal One Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 700nits 57FOV 171in, usb-c, x1 3dof, }} |- | <!--Description-->Nreal now Xreal Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , micro-oled 1080p, audio, virtual uvc ar displays, }} |- | <!--Description-->Nreal now Xreal Real3D 1S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 AI based 2D to 3D conversion 57 FOV, , virtual uvc ar displays not vr, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xiami XR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xtal 8k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Apple Vision Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 tethered AR mixed reality glasses, 3300ppi, 800g, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Google XR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 standalone }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 android with 2 1440 x 1600 75Hz amoled, inside-out, durable motion controllers, Vive port, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro EYE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 dual-OLED displays 2880 x 1600 combined resolution), SteamVR 2.0 tracking, foveated rendering, Tobii, it enables gaze-based menu navigation with avatar eye contact, proprietary cables, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vibe Cosmos | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2018 poor tracking and lifespan on controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vibe Cosmos Elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2020 1440x1700 per eye resolution, 90 Hz refresh rate, 6 DoF tracking, 2880 x 1700 combined pixel resolution, 97° FoV, two controllers and two base stations. Lighthouse tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus Vision Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 per-eye resolution of 2448×2448 at 90 Hz, a 120-degree field of view, Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive XR Elite VR Headset Deluxe Pack | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 snapdragon xr2 gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pico Goblin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 android based, 2.5K 1280x1440 per eye @70Hz, 92° FoV, and 3DoF (three degrees of freedom) tracking (Orientation tracking only—yaw, pitch, roll), single controller, snapdragon 820, ipd adjustment 54-71 mm, 600g, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico G2 4K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 android standalone VR headset, 3840 x 2160 (4K) LCD screen, Snapdragon 835 processor, 3DoF so rotational movement (looking around, pointing) rather than positional movement (walking, leaning), does not support hand or eye tracking, 800g }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico NEO 2 EYE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 6DoF 360g snapdragon 845 display 4k 75Hz tracking inside-out - magnetic field for controllers - pico software on android 8 - eye tracking }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 Snapdragon XR2 Gen, 4K 3664 x 1920 90Hz lcd, battery at rear, displayport, Pico apparently emulates Oculus controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 Link | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 2160x2160 panel per eye 75Hz 90Hz 105 FOV, Arm snapdragon xr gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 4 ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 2160 x 2160 @90 105 FOV, snapdragon XR2 G2, streaming from PC with alvr, wireless streaming from PC with WiVRn, Pico apparently emulates Oculus controllers, not plug and play, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 5 aka Project Swan aka Vision Pro Competitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 micro-oled BOE 3840 x 3840 4000ppi per eye, MLA pancake lenses, custom pico arm cpu, pico os 6 android, eye and hand tracking, 300g, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung Galaxy XR VR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 3552 x 3840 @60-90 109 FOV , Arm snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall MeganeX 8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 android }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://en.shiftall.net/products/meganex8k MeganeX Superlight 8K] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android (3552 x 3840 pixels) into pixel count yields 27.27MP 10-bit HDR-compatible 4K resolution micro OLED panels @90Hz, pancake lenses 94 FOV, SteamVR™ tracking, 180g, 5V 2A, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://en.shiftall.net/products/meganex8kmk2 MeganeX 8K Mk2 MkII] [https://github.com/sboys3/CustomHeadsetOpenVR community] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 pcvr linux, 4K per eye (1.35inch micro OLED 3552x3840 10 bit HDR) 27MP @90Hz 75Hz 72Hz pancake, upto 108 hor 100 vert FOV, usb-c and dp cables to breakout box, 5V 2.1A, 200g}} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 }} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acer Windows(TM) MR AH101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 Dual 2.89” LCD panels 2880 x 1440 combined (1440 x 1440 per eye) Up to 90Hz (HDMI 2.0), or 60Hz (HDMI 1.4), Field of View FOV 95, Tracking Inside-out, lots of light leak, }} |- | <!--Description-->Acer H7001 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 wmr 1440 x 1440 per-eye resolution @90Hz refresh rate, and 100-degree field of view FOV, inside-out tracking with front-mounted cameras so no external sensors, flip-up visor design but has a "screen door effect," subpar foam padding, win10 to win11 24H2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Dell Visor Mixed Reality VRP100 VR118 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 2x 1440x1440 a bit of nose light leak }} |- | <!--Description-->Fujitsu | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 cheap and lots of light leak }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/HadesVR HadesVR] with [https://github.com/ManoloMancelli/Persephone-Classic-Controller Persephone Controller] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFaVjB1uNOM Persephone 3 Pro DiY 6Dof SteamVR Headset], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HP Reverb G1 VR1000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 WMR 2160 x 2160 @90Hz, 115 FOV, , hp proprietary headset cable end, 2 camera tracking but poor and controllers can be unresponsive, 500g front heavy, flight sims rather than gaming, }} |- | <!--Description-->HP 1440p Spatial Computing | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 dim display }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://forums.x-plane.org/forums/topic/294764-vr-in-linux-without-steam/ HP Reverb G2] WMR VR3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 2 2160 x 2160 90Hz, needs Windows10 or Win 11 24H2, 4 camera tracking, controllers can be unresponsive, hp proprietary headset cable end, , }} |- | <!--Description-->HP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Mirage Solo is a Standalone VR headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 Qualcomm Snapdragon 835, 1280x1440 per eye resolution, 75 Hz refresh rate, }} |- | <!--Description-->Lenovo Explorer VR2511N (G0A2) VR windows mixed reality (WMR) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 LCD 2.89" 1440 x 1440 per eye @90Hz, 6 DOF position tracking, 400g, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/relativty/relativty open source relativty] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung MHD Odyssey XE800ZAA WMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 9V 500mA oled screens 2x 1440x1600 with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung MHD Odyssey+ Plus WMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 dual 3.5-inch AMOLED displays 2880 x 1600 total @90Hz, 6DOF inside-out tracking with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required, use only win10 or win11 24H2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PSVR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2016 2x 1080x960 up to 120Hz, lots of cables and computation brick, sony camera needed for tracking, ps4 or move controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->Virtuality | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|1992 , , Amiga 3000 with TI chips, }} |- | <!--Description-->Virtuix Omni | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 VR treadmill changed course to commercial VR and pivotted back again 2020, }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} === HDMI CEC transmitter and receiver === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} === TV Remote Control MCE IR transmitter and receiver === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Compro K100 K300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Elitegroup Computer Systems | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1019 | <!--Product ID-->0x0f38 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GMYLE MCE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|acts as usb-hid with limited keyboard like controls }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge WinTV-PVR kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Harmony 300 i300 600 650 800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft MCE Commander | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2005 need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1039 rev 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2005 home top of square shape direction keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1039 rev 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2006 home under circle spaced direction keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1069 SMK Manufacturing, Inc | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0609 | <!--Product ID-->0x0334 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2007 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Philips RC1974506/00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0471 | <!--Product ID-->0x0815 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE10E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGN-AR21M VGX-XL100 VGN-AR21B/AR21S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE20E PC REMOTE CONTROL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE30E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGN-AW21XY VGX-TP3E VGX-TP3G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE50E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGC-LA2R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->TSDX-IR14 USB MCE Media Center External Infrared IR Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->chipsets support CIR (consumer IR) Winbond W83977F/AF, SMC IrCC 2.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|technical reasons it's not possible to use USB IrDA dongles}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Zotac RC2604323/01G Zbox Media Remote Control with IR USB Receiver OVU710 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Anycubic Cobra 2 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs A1 Mini 3D printer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 EMS proprietary slicer app and cloud use, eSUN}} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs X1 Carbon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs X2D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality K1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality K2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elegoo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lulzbot | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Prusa | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Qidi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Snapmaker U1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tool changer }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sovol SV08 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| open source voron model, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->desktop pick and place machines AFARCO PNP running OpenPnP for Desktop SMT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==ethwrap.class - Host Data Link "Cable Bridge" for data transfer== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Advance USBNET (eTEK design) | 0x0525 | 0x9901 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ALi Uli M5632 (chip) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Aten (Ali Corporation) UN201 | 0x0402 | 0x5632 | | {{maybe|force binding from rawwarp to ethwrap}} |- | Belkin (eTek design see below) | 0x050d | 0x0004 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Digitus DN-3004 - USB Host Link | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | EPSON USB client | 0x0525 | 0x2888 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | eTEK | 0x056c | 0x8100 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | KC-190 | 0x050f | 0x0190 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | GeneSys GL620USB | | | | {{no|no driver the half-duplex GL620USB is NOT supported, products using it include the Inland Pro USB Quick Link}} |- | GeneSys GL620USB-A | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Laplink Gold (uses NetChip 1080) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Prolific 2301/2302 (Jaton USB ConNET) (BAFO DirectLinq) | 0x067b | 0x0000 and 0x0001 | 0x0004 | {{maybe|detected but untested}} |- | Xircom PGUNET (uses AnchorChips 2720) | 0x0547 | 0x2727 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ==cdcacm.class - USB modem== The CDC ACM driver exposes the USB modem as a virtual serial modem or a virtual COM port to the operating system. The driver enables sending both data and AT commands, either through ACM (separating data and AT commands over different channels) or through Serial Emulation (passing the AT commands as is and as part of the data stream). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Alcatel OT-I650 | 0x1bbb | 0x0003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Acatel Dymamode/Dynamite | 0x06b9 | 0xa5a5 | | {{N/A|untested Zyxel Prestige 630-13 - untested PROLiNK Hurricane 8000 external link }} |- | AnyData ADU-100A ADU-E100A ADU-E100D ADU-E100H D10 | 0x16d5 | 0x6501 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-310 | 0x16d5 | 0x650 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-500A ADU-510A ADU-510L ADU-520A | 0x16d5 | 0x6502 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-610 ADU-620 | 0x16d5 | 0x650 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BT On-Air USB MODEM | 0x079b | 0x000f | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant USB MODEM CX93010 | 0x0572 | 0x1321 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant USB MODEM RD02-D400 | 0x0572 | 0x1324 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant Chipset | 0x06ea | 0x0002 | | {{N/A|untested AUS N367 Roadster II 56 USB (Model AM5050R3) - untested }} |- | [http://accessrunner.sourceforge.net/ Conexant AccessRunner] | 0x0586 | 0x330a | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | Creative Modem Blaster USB DE5670 | 0x1690 | 0x0101 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FIREFLY, MediaTek Inc | 0x0e8d | 0x0003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Huawei E122 | 0x12d1 | 0x1446 | | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=49126#forumpost49126] |- | Huawei E160, E160E, E160G | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | |{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=51888#forumpost51888] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6246) |- | Huawei E169 also known as Vodafone K3715 and Huawei K3715 | 0x12d1 | 0x1001 | |{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4941&forum=4&post_id=44683#forumpost44683] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200) |- | Huawei E220 "Vodafone EasyBox II" "T-Mobile wnw Box Micro" also known as Huawei K3565 | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | | {{yes|works, see E169 above (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6280)}} |- | Huawei E1750 | 0x12d1 | 0x1001 | | {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6290)}} |- | Huawei E170, E172, E176 | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | | {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}} |- | Huawei E180 | 0x12d1 | 0x1406 | | {{yes|Works (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}} |- | KYOCERA AH-K3001V | 0x0482 | 0x0203 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | LG CU515 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | MediaTek Inc GPS | 0x0e8d | 0x3329 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Metricom GS Modem | 0x0870 | 0x0001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola MOTOMAGX phones | 0x22b8 | 0x6425 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola Q Phone | 0x22b8 | 0x7000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hummingbird huc56s (Conexant) | 0x0572 | 0x1329 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Netcomm Roadster II 128 ISDN | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia n70 N95 HSDPA | | | | {{yes|works - see [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=4415&viewmode=flat&order=ASC here]}} |- | OGO | 0x045E | 0x0079 | 0090 | {{no|no driver}} |- | Olitec ADSL Modem V2 | 0x08e3 | 0x0100 / 0x0102 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Onda PT502HS | <!--Vendor ID-->0x19D2 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Radicom V92HU-E2 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung i8510 Innov8 Symbian smartphone | 0x04e8 | 0x6651 | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5552&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0] |- | Samsung Tocco Lite (aka GT-S5230) | 0x04e8 | 0x6795 | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5552&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0] |- | Shiro / Aztech USB MODEM UM-3100 | 0x0572 | 0x1328 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM | 0x0ace | 0x1602 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM | 0x0ace | 0x1608 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM - new version | 0x0ace | 0x1611 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Zoom Telephonics Model 3095F USB MODEM | 0x0803 | 0x3095 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Ugobe Pleo | 0x6962 | 0x0100 | 0x0100 | {{Yes|Works}} |} ==Misc== palmpda.class - no [http://aminet.net/package/util/libs/PdaLinkPoseidon pdalink.library and tools] in AROS Palm PDA (discontinued) synchronisation requires a port of pdalink.library and its tools through virtual usbpalm.device. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Palm IIIx (OS3.1) serial rs-232 only | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm IIIc (OS3.5) | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm V | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m100 | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m125 first USB - last with aaa batteries | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m500 (OS4) | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Tungsten T (OS5) first arm cpu | 0x | 0x | 0x | {{no|no }} |- | Zire 31 (OS 5.28) color arm-based | | | | {{no|no }} |- | [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring Visor]] – USB support out of box | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Handspring Treo 600 – last one for [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring]] | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Treo 700w | | | | {{no|no }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} bluetooth.class - needs Bluetooth (Viking King Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson (Old Norse: Haraldr Blátǫnn Gormsson; Danish: Harald Blåtand Gormsen) stack to work (not written due to licensing fees to use the symbol merging the Younger Futhark runes for H (ᚼ) and B (ᛒ), representing Harald's initials) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} ccid.class - Chip/Smart Card Interface Devices (not implemented) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->cyberJack RFID basis | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0C4B | <!--Product ID-->0x9102 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} dfu.class - DFU firmware upgrade {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->iPhone 3, 4, 5, 5c | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1290 0x1292 0x1294 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 32bit use with caution could cause damage}} |- | <!--Description-->iPhone 5s, 6, 7, 8, X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 64bit use with caution could cause damage}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio/Midiman USB audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->iPad 1, iPad 2 A1395 A1430, iPad 3, ipad mini A1432, iPad A1458 4th Gen (MD512LL/A), | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2008-2013 32bit A4, A5 up to Apple A6X, iOS 1 to 10, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->iPad Air (1st generation) A1474, A1475, A1476, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2014-2015 [https://github.com/AsahiLinux 64bit], A7, iOS 11 up to |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2015 64bit A8, A8X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2016 64bit A9, A9X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2017 64bit A10, A10X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2018 64bit A11 |- | <!--Description-->iPad Air 3rd Gen A2153, A2123, A2154, iPad Mini 5th Gen, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2019 64bit A12 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} RocketTool (USB Rocket Launchers - Toy missile launchers) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="3px" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Original Launcher and StrikerII (includes laser) | 0x1130 | 0x0202 | | {{yes|works }} |- | Dream Cheeky USB Missile Launcher or USB Cirus Cannon | 0x1941 | 0x8021 | | {{no|no driver }} |- | Dream Cheeky USB Webcam Missile Launcher | 0x1941 | | | {{no|no driver }} |- | Rocket Baby | 0x0a81 | 0x0701 | | {{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} DRadioTool (FM Radios - USB radio devices D-Link/Gemtek) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | D-Link DSB-R100 USB | 0x04b4 | 0x1002 | 0x0410 | {{yes|works }} |- | [http://www.neoseeker.com/forums/383/t257009-link-usb-dru-r100-radio/ GemTek USB FM Radio 21] | 0x04b4 | 0x1002 | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} UproarTool (Valencia MPX mp3 player and others) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="3px" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Korean D Square Valencia MPX-Player | 0x04e8 | various | | {{N/A|untested }} |- |} {{BookCat}} d02dr78vzm1j3rc8nfvddd93qnvlk7y Nuclear Medicine/Infection 0 206825 4673056 1628406 2026-09-30T06:51:01Z Jcb 90773 4673056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Nuclear_Medicine:TOC}} <big>'''Infection'''</big> ==Popular Imaging Agents== ===99mTc-Medronate (MDP)=== ===Indium labeled WBCs=== ===Gallium-67=== ===99mTc-Sulfur Colloid=== ===99mTc-MDP=== ==Experimental Imaging Agents== ===18F-FTG PET=== ===99mTc-Fanolesomab=== ==Immunocompromised Infection== *(Please add info) ==Fever of Unknown Origin== ==Post Transplant/Operative== ===Cardiac=== *Scintography of post heart transplant infections have not been extensively studied, however, Gallium, Indium-111 WBC, and Tc99m HMPAO have been used. **{{PMID|16485569}} -- "Value of radionuclide studies in cardiac transplantation." (Flotats A, Carrió I. 2005 Ann Nucl Med. 2006 Jan;20(1):13-21.) ==Central Nervous System== *(Please add info) ==Cardiovascular== *Also see above "Post Transplant/Operative" - Cardiac ==Osteomyelitis== ==The Diabetic Patient== ==Appendicitis== **{{note|Lewiecki}}'''SAMPLE''' {{PMID|19426925}} - "2008 Santa Fe Bone Symposium: update on osteoporosis." Lewiecki EM, Baim S, Bilezikian JP, Eastell R, LeBoff MS, Miller PD. (J Clin Densitom. 2009 Apr-Jun;12(2):135-57.) {{BookCat}} ---- '''Acronyms used:''' *MDP - Medronate or *18F-FTG PET - (18)Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography k8n14tiffhek0tgvqjogug7g240h48s Vietnamese/Lesson 1 0 219128 4672934 4496043 2026-09-29T13:38:09Z Iplaychess123 3627168 4672934 wikitext text/x-wiki == Đối thoại (對話) - Conversations== === Chào hỏi (嘲𠳨) - Greetings=== When Vietnamese greet each other, they will use ''Chào'' and the relevant personal pronoun, or the title, or name. Unlike English, they do not distinguish between the times of the day (morning, afternoon, evening). *'''A:''' Chào ông! (嘲翁!) *'''B:''' Chào bà! (嘲婆!) ''Chào'' is a term that can be used to greet someone at any time. ''Ông'' is the term to address elderly men (aged around 50). ''Bà'' is the term to address elderly ladies (aged around 45). *'''A:''' Chào anh! (嘲英！) *'''B:''' Chào chị! (嘲姊！) ''Anh'' is a term to address older men, while ''chị'' is to address older women. * '''A:''' Chào cụ ạ! (嘲俱𠶚！) * '''B:''' Chào em! (嘲俺！) ''Cụ'' is a term to call a very old person. ''em'' is a term to call a child, or a younger person. ''ạ'' at the end of a sentence indicates respect. * '''A:''' Chào William! (嘲 William！) * '''B:''' Vâng, chào Nam! (𠳐，嘲南！) ''Vâng'' means ''yes''. * '''A:''' Xin chào. (吀嘲) * '''B:''' Chào. (嘲) This is a simple, yet not very elegant, greeting formula. * '''A:''' Chào ông Tomita! (嘲翁 Tomita！) * '''B:''' Chào bà Lee! (嘲婆 Lee!) === Hỏi thăm sức khoẻ (𠳨𠽄飾劸) - Inquiring about health === * '''A:''' Ông có khoẻ không? (翁𣎏劸空？) * '''B:''' Cám ơn bà, tôi khoẻ. (感恩婆，碎劸。) ''khoẻ'' stands for ''good'' or ''fine'', ''không'' for ''not''. Adding ''không'' at the end of an affirmative sentence is one of the many ways to form a question. Please refer to the grammar part for more details. ''Cám ơn'' means ''thank you''. * '''A:''' Anh có khoẻ không? (英𣎏劸空？) * '''B:''' Cám ơn ông, tôi rất khoẻ. Còn ông? (感恩翁，碎慄劸。 群翁？) * '''A:''' Tôi cũng rất khoẻ. (碎共慄劸。) ''rất'' means ''very''. ''còn'', in this context, means ''and''. ''cũng'' stands for ''also''. * '''A:''' Bạn có khoẻ không? (伴𣎏劸空？) * '''B:''' Khoẻ, cám ơn. Còn bạn? (劸，感恩。 群伴？) * '''A:''' Mình khoẻ, cám ơn bạn. (𨉟劸，感恩伴。) ''bạn'' means ''friend'' and takes the place of a personal pronoun here. ''mình'' is next to ''tôi'', a personal pronoun meaning ''I'', it also stands for ''body''. * '''A:''' Chị có khoẻ không? (姊𣎏劸空？) * '''B:''' Cám ơn anh, tôi bình thường. Còn anh? (感恩英，碎平常。 群英？) * '''A:''' Tôi vẫn khoẻ. (碎刎劸。) ''bình thường'' means ''normal''. ''vẫn'' means ''still''. === Giới thiệu (介紹) - Introduction === * '''A:''' Chào ông! Tôi là Hoà. (嘲翁！碎羅和。) * '''B:''' Chào chị! Tôi là Jack. Rất vui được gặp chị. (嘲姊！碎羅 Jack。 慄𢝙得﨤姊。) ''là'' means ''to be''. ''vui'' means ''glad'', ''gặp'' stands for ''meet'' and ''được'' for ''can, may''. * '''A:''' Nam, đây là Jack, bạn tôi. (南，低羅 Jack，伴碎。) * '''B:''' Chào anh Jack. Rất vui được gặp anh. (嘲英 Jack。 慄𢝙得﨤英。) ''đây'' means ''this, here''. ''bạn tôi'' means ''my friend''. * '''A:''' Chào, mình tên A. Bạn tên gì? (嘲，𨉟𠸛Ａ。伴𠸛咦？) <Hi, my name is A. What's your name?></p> * '''B:''' Mình tên là B. (𨉟𠸛羅 B。) <My name is B.> * '''A:''' Rất vui được gặp bạn. (慄𢝙得﨤伴。) <Nice to meet you.></p> * '''B:''' Mình cũng vậy. (𨉟共丕。) <Nice to meet you, too>.</p> === Tạm biệt (暫別) - Saying good bye === * '''A:''' Tạm biệt ông. (暫別翁！) * '''B:''' Tạm biệt bà. (暫別婆！) ''Tạm biệt'' is the most common formula for saying good-bye in Vietnamese. * '''A:''' Tạm biệt anh. (暫別英！) * '''B:''' Chào Jack! (嘲Jack！) Also ''chào'' can have this meaning. ==Expressions== ;Chào *Hello (hé lâu) / Hi (hai) - :Chào (嘲) *Good Morning (gút mó-nình) - : Chào buổi sáng (嘲𣇜𤏬) *Good afternoon (gút áp-tơ-nun) - :Chào buổi chiều (嘲𣇜𣊿) *Good evening (gút í-vờ-nình) - :Chào buổi tối (嘲𣇜𣋁) *Good night (gút nai-t) - :Chào tạm biệt buổi tối (嘲暫別𣇜𣋁) ;Hỏi thăm *How are you? (hao á du) - :Anh mạnh giỏi? (英猛𡤟？) *How do you do? (hao đu du đú) - :Anh mạnh giỏi? (英猛𡤟？) *I'm Fine (ai-im phai-nờ) / I'm OK (ai-im âu cây) - ;Tạm biệt :Vẫn mạnh (刎猛) *Good bye (gút bai) / bye bye (bái bai) / bye (bai) - :Tạm biệt (暫別) *So long (xấu long) - :Tạm biệt (暫別) *See you later (si du lấy-tờ) - :Hẹn gặp lại (𠻷﨤吏) *See you again (si du ờ-gen) - :Hẹn gặp lại (𠻷﨤吏) *Take care (thếc ke) - :Bảo trọng (保重) / Cẩn thận nhé ! ==Vocabulary== * ''' ạ ''' - a particle at the end of the sentence to express respect * ''' anh ''' - you, Mr. (to address a young man) * ''' bà ''' - Madam, you, Mrs. (used to address an elderly woman) * ''' bạn ''' - friend, you * ''' bình thường ''' - normal * ''' cám ơn ''' - thank you * ''' chào ''' - Hello (most common greeting formula) * ''' chị ''' - you, Mrs., Miss (used to address a young woman) * ''' còn ''' - and * ''' cụ ''' - you, Sir, Madam, Mr., Mrs. (used to address very old persons) * ''' cũng ''' - also * ''' đây ''' - this, here * ''' được ''' - can, may * ''' gặp ''' - meet * ''' khoẻ ''' - good * ''' không ''' - not * ''' là ''' - to be * ''' mình ''' - body, I * ''' ông ''' - Sir, you, Mr. (to address an elderly man) * ''' rất ''' - very * ''' vẫn ''' - still * ''' vui ''' - glad * ''' xin chào ''' - Hello (simple greeting formula) ==Grammar== === Personal pronouns === In this lesson, we have learned a number of personal pronouns. In Vietnamese, personal pronouns can be used as subjects or objects but, unlike English, they never change their forms. Usage, however, is fundamentally different. There is not simply a word meaning ''you'', but Vietnamese actually use different pronouns depending on the relation between the speaker and his/her audience. This relation takes gender, age, and status into account. Basically, Vietnamese refer to everyone as a family member. Here are the personal pronouns we have encountered so far: * '''tôi''' and '''mình''': I * '''ông''': literally ''grandfather, old man'', a formal way to address a male who is older than the speaker * '''bà''': literally ''grandmother, old lady'', a formal way to address a female who is older than the speaker * '''anh''': literally ''brother'', a formal way to address a male who is older than the speaker * '''chị''': literally ''sister'', a formal way to address a female who is older than the speaker * '''em''': literally ''younger sister'' or '' younger brother'' to address a female/male who is younger than the speaker (such as a child) * '''bạn''': literally ''friend'', an informal, but not casual way to address familiar people. For more, go to the grammar section directly: [[Vietnamese/Personal pronouns|Personal pronouns]]. === Sentence structure === The basic Vietnamese sentence structure consists of a subject and a predicate. {| class="standard" margin:0 0 .5em 1em; |- | align="center" | '''Subject''' | align="center" | '''Predicate''' |- | align="center" | Nam | align="center" | gặp Jack. |- | align="center" | Tôi | align="center" | cũng khoẻ. |- | align="center" | Tôi | align="center" | là Hoà. |} === Yes-no-question === There are several ways to form a question in Vietnamese. The most simple form is to add ''không'' at the end of an affirmative sentence to turn it into a yes-no-question. In some cases, it is better to add ''phải không'' instead of ''không''. Both are still the same in some context. Examples: * Statement: '''Ông khoẻ.''' You are well. * Question: '''Ông khoẻ không?''' Are you well? Or How are you? * Statement: '''Anh là Jack.''' You are Jack. * Question: '''Anh là Jack phải không?''' Are you Jack? ==Practice== ==Exercises== {{BookCat}} esxnz9pezua2zxrmd32a5lbio8da9b0 4672935 4672934 2026-09-29T13:40:07Z Iplaychess123 3627168 4672935 wikitext text/x-wiki == Đối thoại (對話) - Conversations== === Chào hỏi (嘲𠳨) - Greetings=== When Vietnamese greet each other, they will use ''Chào'' and the relevant personal pronoun, or the title, or name. Unlike English, they do not distinguish between the times of the day (morning, afternoon, evening). *'''A:''' Chào ông! (嘲翁!) *'''B:''' Chào bà! (嘲婆!) ''Chào'' is a term that can be used to greet someone at any time. ''Ông'' is the term to address elderly men (aged around 50). ''Bà'' is the term to address elderly ladies (aged around 45). *'''A:''' Chào anh! (嘲英！) *'''B:''' Chào chị! (嘲姊！) ''Anh'' is a term to address older men, while ''chị'' is to address older women. * '''A:''' Chào cụ ạ! (嘲俱𠶚！) * '''B:''' Chào em! (嘲俺！) ''Cụ'' is a term to call a very old person. ''em'' is a term to call a child, or a younger person. ''ạ'' at the end of a sentence indicates respect. * '''A:''' Chào William! (嘲 William！) * '''B:''' Vâng, chào Nam! (𠳐，嘲南！) ''Vâng'' means ''yes''. * '''A:''' Xin chào. (吀嘲) * '''B:''' Chào. (嘲) This is a simple, yet not very elegant, greeting formula. * '''A:''' Chào ông Tomita! (嘲翁 Tomita！) * '''B:''' Chào bà Lee! (嘲婆 Lee!) === Hỏi thăm sức khoẻ (𠳨𠽄劸飾) - Inquiring about health === * '''A:''' Ông có khoẻ không? (翁𣎏劸空？) * '''B:''' Cám ơn bà, tôi khoẻ. (感恩婆，碎劸。) ''khoẻ'' stands for ''good'' or ''fine'', ''không'' for ''not''. Adding ''không'' at the end of an affirmative sentence is one of the many ways to form a question. Please refer to the grammar part for more details. ''Cám ơn'' means ''thank you''. * '''A:''' Anh có khoẻ không? (英𣎏劸空？) * '''B:''' Cám ơn ông, tôi rất khoẻ. Còn ông? (感恩翁，碎慄劸。 群翁？) * '''A:''' Tôi cũng rất khoẻ. (碎共慄劸。) ''rất'' means ''very''. ''còn'', in this context, means ''and''. ''cũng'' stands for ''also''. * '''A:''' Bạn có khoẻ không? (伴𣎏劸空？) * '''B:''' Khoẻ, cám ơn. Còn bạn? (劸，感恩。 群伴？) * '''A:''' Mình khoẻ, cám ơn bạn. (𨉟劸，感恩伴。) ''bạn'' means ''friend'' and takes the place of a personal pronoun here. ''mình'' is next to ''tôi'', a personal pronoun meaning ''I'', it also stands for ''body''. * '''A:''' Chị có khoẻ không? (姊𣎏劸空？) * '''B:''' Cám ơn anh, tôi bình thường. Còn anh? (感恩英，碎平常。 群英？) * '''A:''' Tôi vẫn khoẻ. (碎刎劸。) ''bình thường'' means ''normal''. ''vẫn'' means ''still''. === Giới thiệu (介紹) - Introduction === * '''A:''' Chào ông! Tôi là Hoà. (嘲翁！碎羅和。) * '''B:''' Chào chị! Tôi là Jack. Rất vui được gặp chị. (嘲姊！碎羅 Jack。 慄𢝙得﨤姊。) ''là'' means ''to be''. ''vui'' means ''glad'', ''gặp'' stands for ''meet'' and ''được'' for ''can, may''. * '''A:''' Nam, đây là Jack, bạn tôi. (南，低羅 Jack，伴碎。) * '''B:''' Chào anh Jack. Rất vui được gặp anh. (嘲英 Jack。 慄𢝙得﨤英。) ''đây'' means ''this, here''. ''bạn tôi'' means ''my friend''. * '''A:''' Chào, mình tên A. Bạn tên gì? (嘲，𨉟𠸛Ａ。伴𠸛咦？) <Hi, my name is A. What's your name?></p> * '''B:''' Mình tên là B. (𨉟𠸛羅 B。) <My name is B.> * '''A:''' Rất vui được gặp bạn. (慄𢝙得﨤伴。) <Nice to meet you.></p> * '''B:''' Mình cũng vậy. (𨉟共丕。) <Nice to meet you, too>.</p> === Tạm biệt (暫別) - Saying good bye === * '''A:''' Tạm biệt ông. (暫別翁！) * '''B:''' Tạm biệt bà. (暫別婆！) ''Tạm biệt'' is the most common formula for saying good-bye in Vietnamese. * '''A:''' Tạm biệt anh. (暫別英！) * '''B:''' Chào Jack! (嘲Jack！) Also ''chào'' can have this meaning. ==Expressions== ;Chào *Hello (hé lâu) / Hi (hai) - :Chào (嘲) *Good Morning (gút mó-nình) - : Chào buổi sáng (嘲𣇜𤏬) *Good afternoon (gút áp-tơ-nun) - :Chào buổi chiều (嘲𣇜𣊿) *Good evening (gút í-vờ-nình) - :Chào buổi tối (嘲𣇜𣋁) *Good night (gút nai-t) - :Chào tạm biệt buổi tối (嘲暫別𣇜𣋁) ;Hỏi thăm *How are you? (hao á du) - :Anh mạnh giỏi? (英猛𡤟？) *How do you do? (hao đu du đú) - :Anh mạnh giỏi? (英猛𡤟？) *I'm Fine (ai-im phai-nờ) / I'm OK (ai-im âu cây) - ;Tạm biệt :Vẫn mạnh (刎猛) *Good bye (gút bai) / bye bye (bái bai) / bye (bai) - :Tạm biệt (暫別) *So long (xấu long) - :Tạm biệt (暫別) *See you later (si du lấy-tờ) - :Hẹn gặp lại (𠻷﨤吏) *See you again (si du ờ-gen) - :Hẹn gặp lại (𠻷﨤吏) *Take care (thếc ke) - :Bảo trọng (保重) / Cẩn thận nhé ! ==Vocabulary== * ''' ạ ''' - a particle at the end of the sentence to express respect * ''' anh ''' - you, Mr. (to address a young man) * ''' bà ''' - Madam, you, Mrs. (used to address an elderly woman) * ''' bạn ''' - friend, you * ''' bình thường ''' - normal * ''' cám ơn ''' - thank you * ''' chào ''' - Hello (most common greeting formula) * ''' chị ''' - you, Mrs., Miss (used to address a young woman) * ''' còn ''' - and * ''' cụ ''' - you, Sir, Madam, Mr., Mrs. (used to address very old persons) * ''' cũng ''' - also * ''' đây ''' - this, here * ''' được ''' - can, may * ''' gặp ''' - meet * ''' khoẻ ''' - good * ''' không ''' - not * ''' là ''' - to be * ''' mình ''' - body, I * ''' ông ''' - Sir, you, Mr. (to address an elderly man) * ''' rất ''' - very * ''' vẫn ''' - still * ''' vui ''' - glad * ''' xin chào ''' - Hello (simple greeting formula) ==Grammar== === Personal pronouns === In this lesson, we have learned a number of personal pronouns. In Vietnamese, personal pronouns can be used as subjects or objects but, unlike English, they never change their forms. Usage, however, is fundamentally different. There is not simply a word meaning ''you'', but Vietnamese actually use different pronouns depending on the relation between the speaker and his/her audience. This relation takes gender, age, and status into account. Basically, Vietnamese refer to everyone as a family member. Here are the personal pronouns we have encountered so far: * '''tôi''' and '''mình''': I * '''ông''': literally ''grandfather, old man'', a formal way to address a male who is older than the speaker * '''bà''': literally ''grandmother, old lady'', a formal way to address a female who is older than the speaker * '''anh''': literally ''brother'', a formal way to address a male who is older than the speaker * '''chị''': literally ''sister'', a formal way to address a female who is older than the speaker * '''em''': literally ''younger sister'' or '' younger brother'' to address a female/male who is younger than the speaker (such as a child) * '''bạn''': literally ''friend'', an informal, but not casual way to address familiar people. For more, go to the grammar section directly: [[Vietnamese/Personal pronouns|Personal pronouns]]. === Sentence structure === The basic Vietnamese sentence structure consists of a subject and a predicate. {| class="standard" margin:0 0 .5em 1em; |- | align="center" | '''Subject''' | align="center" | '''Predicate''' |- | align="center" | Nam | align="center" | gặp Jack. |- | align="center" | Tôi | align="center" | cũng khoẻ. |- | align="center" | Tôi | align="center" | là Hoà. |} === Yes-no-question === There are several ways to form a question in Vietnamese. The most simple form is to add ''không'' at the end of an affirmative sentence to turn it into a yes-no-question. In some cases, it is better to add ''phải không'' instead of ''không''. Both are still the same in some context. Examples: * Statement: '''Ông khoẻ.''' You are well. * Question: '''Ông khoẻ không?''' Are you well? Or How are you? * Statement: '''Anh là Jack.''' You are Jack. * Question: '''Anh là Jack phải không?''' Are you Jack? ==Practice== ==Exercises== {{BookCat}} j21im9uaqw1oe9atv5p5wyrb6e7s9bz Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Staging 0 223596 4673045 3176312 2026-09-30T06:39:58Z Jcb 90773 4673045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/TOC}} <big>'''Lymphoma Staging'''</big> ==Staging== *'''Ann Arbor stage''' (1971) **Stage I: Single nodal group; or single extranodal organ in the absence of lymph node involvement (IE) **Stage II: Multiple nodal groups on same side of the diaphragm; involvement of single extranodal organ with regional lymph node involvement (IIE) **Stage III: On both sides of the diaphragm; accompanied by extralymphatic extension (IIIE) **Stage IV: Diffuse involvement of 1 or more extralymphatic organs; isolated extralymphatic organ involvement in the absence of adjacent regional LN involvement, but in conjunction with disease in distant sites. Stage IV includes any involvement of liver, bone marrow, lungs (other than direct extension from another site), or cerebrospinal fluid.<br><br> **Staging suffixes ***A and B classification: ****A: absence of constitutional "B" symptoms ****B: presence of constitutional "B" symptoms (see below) ***E: extralymphatic involvement (i.e. IIE) ***S: splenic involvement (i.e. IIIS) ***X: bulky mediastinal disease (i.e. IX). Defined as a ratio ≥ 1/3 of the maximum width of the mass on a PA chest X-ray and the maximum intrathoracic diameter<br><br> **B-symptoms: unexplained fever >38C / 100.4F, drenching night sweats, unexplained weight loss >10% of baseline weight in the past 6 months. Not included as B symptoms: pruritus, alcohol intolerance, fatigue<br><br> **"Classic" advanced disease: Stage III-B or IV. *'''Cotswolds modification''' of Ann Arbor stage - {{PMID|2809679}} (1989) **Suffix X for bulky disease (nodes > 10cm, or mediastinal mass 1/3 of thoracic diameter or >10 cm) **Subscript to indicate number of anatomic regions involved, e.g. II<sub>3</sub>; Stage III may be subdivided into III<sub>1</sub> and III<sub>2</sub>: III<sub>1</sub> (may involve splenic, hilar, celiac, or portal nodes) III<sub>2</sub> (with para-aortic, iliac, or mesenteric nodes); staging should be identified as being clinical or pathologic **Added categories of response to therapy (such as uncertain/unconfirmed CR, CRu) **CRu - presence of an uncertain radiographic abnormality at the site of treated disease. This term was introduced because it is known that such abnormalities may persist for years without any sign of recurrence. Suspicious lesions should be biopsied *Distinguishing extra-nodal disease from stage IV (guidelines): ** By site of origin: stomach, colon, brain, uterus--most likely extranodal; bone, lung--most likely Stage IV; ** Bone marrow, liver, pleural, or CSF involvement--always stage IV ** Number of lesions: one--extranodal; many or diffuse--stage IV *'''Lugano Modification''' of Ann Arbor stage - {{PMID|25113753}} (2014) **For Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. **A and B suffixes: Removed for NHL. Only used for HL. **BM bx no longer indicated for routine staging of HL and most DLBCL **Extranodal (E) designation is used only for limited extranodal disease in the absence of nodal involvement (IE) or in patients with Stage II disease and direct extension to a non-nodal site (IIE). E is not relevant to pts with advanced stage disease. **X for bulky disease is no longer necessary (instead, a recording of the largest tumor diameter is required). <br><br> **Stage I: 1 node or a group of adjacent nodes **Stage IE: single extranodal lesions without nodal involvement **Stage II: 2 or more nodal groups on the same side of the diaphragm **Stage IIE: Stage I or II by nodal extent with limited contiguous extranodal involvement **Stage II bulky: Stage II as above with bulky disease **Stage III: Nodes on both sides of the diaphragm; nodes above the diaphragm with spleen involvement **Stage IV: Additional noncontiguous extralymphatic involvement <br><br> **Limited: Stage I-II non-bulky. Advanced: Stage III-IV. Stage II bulky disease may be treated as limited or advanced disease depending on histology and a number of prognostic factors. ==Anatomy== [[Image:Lymph_node_regions.jpg|frame|right|Lymph node groups used for lymphoma staging.<br>These are not to be taken as involved field diagrams.]] Lymph node groups for staging: (bilateral counts as two sites) From SEER.cancer.gov: [http://training.seer.cancer.gov/lymphoma/anatomy/ Diagram of nodal areas] [http://training.seer.cancer.gov/lymphoma/anatomy/chains/ Lymphatic chains] *'''Head and neck sites:''' **Waldeyer's ring (includes palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil, adenoids) **cervical (includes supraclavicular, occiptal, preauricular) *'''Chest and upper extremity:''' **Infraclavicular **Axillary (and pectoral) **Mediastinal **Hilar **Epitrochlear *'''Abdomen and lower extremity:''' **Spleen **Paraaortic **Mesenteric **Iliac **Inguinal / femoral **Popliteal Note that the supraclav area (especially the left) is considered contiguous to the para-aortics (via the thoracic duct). fa1hplhrd29x3q2kg6btvg4sv0gmjf3 Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Early stage favorable 0 223598 4673038 4449352 2026-09-30T06:05:13Z Jcb 90773 4673038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/TOC}} <big>'''Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Early Stage Favorable'''</big> ==Guidelines== *'''American College of Radiology; 2008''' {{PMID|18812149}} -- "ACR Appropriateness Criteria on Hodgkin's lymphoma: favorable prognosis stage I and II." (Das P, J Am Coll Radiol. 2008 Oct;5(10):1054-66.) **[http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyhodgkinsWorkGroup/FavorablePrognosisStageIandIIhodgkinsdiseaseUpdateinProgressDoc1.aspx Guideline link] ==Favorable prognostic factors== *<u>NCCN guidelines</u>: no bulky disease, 1-3 involved regions, 1 extranodal site, no B symptoms, ESR <50 *<u>ACR appropriateness criteria</u>: no bulky mediastinal disease, 1-3 involved regions, no B symptoms *<u>EORTC</u>: age <=50, no bulky mediastinal adenopathy, 1-3 involved regions, no B symptoms and ESR <50, B symptoms and ESR <30 ==RT Alone: Field Size== *If patients negative subdiaphragmatic disease by staging laparotomy, Mantle field alone sufficient compared with STNI *If patients clinically negative, Mantle field alone insufficient, however, STNI sufficient without requiring surgical staging *'''EORTC H7-Very Favorable''' -- no staging laparoscopy + Mantle RT **'''1997''' <u>ASTRO Abstract</u> -- "Combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is advisable in all patients with clinical stage I-II Hodgkin's disease. Six-year results of the EORTC-GPMC controlled clinical trials 'H7-VF', 'H7-F' and 'H7-U'." (Noordijk EM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 39(2):S173 ***Very favorable group subset (female, age <40, stage IA, NS/LP histology, ESR <50) treated with Mantle only, without PA field ***Outcome: 6-year RFS 73%, OS 96% ***Conclusion: Relapse rate unacceptably high in these clinically staged patients with Mantle RT only; arm closed *'''EORTC H6-Favorable''' (1982-1988) -- staging laparoscopy + Mantle RT vs clinical staging + STNI **Randomized. 262 patients, favorable prognosis (1-2 nodal areas, no bulky disease, no B symptoms and ESR <50, B symptoms and ESR <30). Arm 1) No staging laparotomy, Mantle + PA RT 40 Gy vs Arm 2) Staging laparotomy (-), Mantle RT 40 Gy **'''1993''' {{PMID|7693881}} -- ""Clinical staging versus laparotomy and combined modality with MOPP versus ABVD in early-stage Hodgkin's disease: the H6 twin randomized trials from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Cooperative Group." (Carde P, J Clin Oncol. 1993 Nov;11(11):2258-72.) Median F/U 5.3 years ***Outcome: In patients undergoing lap, 33% found lap (+). 6-year FFP laparoscopy + Mantle 83% vs Mantle + PA 78% (NS); 6-year OS 89% vs 93% (NS) ***Conclusion: No difference between surgical staging + mantle vs clinical staging + STNI *'''EORTC H5-Favorable''' (1977-82) -- Mantle 40 Gy vs STNI 40 Gy **Randomized. 198 patients, favorable (age <=40, ESR <=70, LP/NS, Stage I or Stage II without mediastinal involvement), negative staging laparotomy. Arm 1) Mantle RT 40 Gy vs Arm 2) Mantle RT + PA RT (T11-L4) 40 Gy **'''1988''' {{PMID|2578012}} -- "Clinical stages I and II Hodgkin's disease: a specifically tailored therapy according to prognostic factors." (Carde P, J Clin Oncol. 1988 Feb;6(2):239-52.) Median F/U 5.3 years ***Outcome: 6-year RFS mantle 74% vs mantle+PA 72% (NS); 6-year OS 96% vs 89% (NS) ***Conclusion: In surgically staged patients, more limited RT (mantle alone) is sufficient ==RT Alone: Dose== *'''German HD4''' (1988-1994) -- All IFRT 40 Gy, EFRT 40 Gy vs EFRT 30 Gy **Randomized. 376 patients, Stage I-II, no risk factors (large mediastinal mass, extranodal lesions, massive splenic disease, elevated ESR, 3+ involved areas). Involved field RT 40 Gy. Arm 1) EFRT 40 Gy vs Arm 2) EFRT 30 Gy. No chemotherapy **'''2001''' {{PMID|11387364}} -- "Low-dose radiation is sufficient for the noninvolved extended-field treatment in favorable early-stage Hodgkin's disease: long-term results of a randomized trial of radiotherapy alone." (Duhmke E, J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jun 1;19(11):2905-14.) Median F/U 7.2 years ***Outcome: 7-year RFP 40 Gy 78% vs 30 Gy 83% (NS); 7-year OS 91% vs 96% (NS). Worse outcome (RFS 72% vs 84%) with protocol violations ***Conclusion: 30 Gy dose adequate for clinically noninvolved areas ==RT vs Chemo-RT== *'''German HD7''' (1993-1998) -- ABVD x2 + EFRT vs EFRT alone **Randomized. 650 patients, Stage IA-IIB without risk factors. Treated with 1) RT alone vs. 2) ABVD x 2 cycles + RT RT same in both arms, given as EFRT 30 Gy + IFRT 10 Gy **'''2007''' {{PMID|17606976}} -- "Two cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine plus extended-field radiotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in early favorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final results of the GHSG HD7 trial." (Engert A, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 10;25(23):3495-502.). Median F/U 7.2 years ***7-year outcome: no difference in survival (92% vs. 94%, NS), but significant difference in DFS RT alone 67% vs. CRT 88% (SS). Treatment relapse more successful for RT only arm ***Second malignancies: no difference, 0.8% per year, highest in older patients & B-symptoms ***Conclusion: Combined modality more effective than EF-RT alone *'''EORTC H8-Favorable''' (1993-1999) -- MOPP-ABV x3 + IFRT vs STNI alone **Randomized. 542 patients, Stage I-II supradiaphragmatic HD, favorable (Prognostic score using [[Radiation_Oncology/Hodgkin/EORTC|EORTC H7]] criteria 1-5). Arm 1) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#MOPP-ABV|MOPP-ABV]] x3 cycles + IFRT (36 Gy if CR, 40-44 Gy if PR) vs. Arm 2) STNI alone (36 Gy + 4 Gy boost to involved fields) **'''2007''' {{PMID|17989384}} -- "Chemotherapy plus involved-field radiation in early-stage Hodgkin's disease." (Ferme C, N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 8;357(19):1916-27.). Median F/U 7.7 years ***H8-F Outcome: 5-year EFS MOPP-ABV + IFRT 98% vs. STNI 74% (SS); 10-year OS 97% vs. 92% (SS) ***Conclusion: For favorable disease, MOPP-ABV x3 cycles + IFRT is superior to STNI *'''EORTC H7-Favorable''' (1988-1993) -- EBVP x6 + IFRT vs STNI alone **Randomized. 333 patients with Stage I supradiaphragmatic HL, favorable (prognostic score 1-5). No staging laparotomy. Arm 1) STNI alone (36 Gy + 4Gy boost to involved fields) vs. Arm 2) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations#EBVP|EBVP]] x6 cycles + IFRT (36-40 Gy) **'''2006''' {{PMID|16754934}} &mdash; "Combined-modality therapy for clinical stage I or II Hodgkin's lymphoma: long-term results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer H7 randomized controlled trials." (Noordijk EM, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 1;24(19):3128-35.) Median F/U 8.7 years ***Outcome: 10-yr EFS STNI 78% vs. EBVP+IF 88% (SS). OS similar at 92%. ***Conclusion: Combined EBVP x6 + IFRT is superior STNI alone ==Chemo-RT: RT Dose== *'''EORTC H9-Favorable''' (1998-2004) -- EBVP x6 followed IFRT 36 Gy vs IFRT 20 Gy vs No RT **Randomized. ''Arm 3 stopped early due to >20% of failure.'' 783 favorable Stage I-II patients enrolled, 619 achieved CR(u) on EBVP x6 and were randomized. Arm 1) 36 Gy IF-RT Arm vs. 2) 20 Gy IF-RT vs. 3) no RT. Arm 3 stopped early due to high recurrence (>20%). **'''2005''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=34&abstractID=30245 ASCO abstract] -- "First results of the EORTC-GELA H9 randomized trials: the H9-F trial (comparing 3 radiation dose levels) and H9-U trial (comparing 3 chemotherapy schemes) in patients with favorable or unfavorable early stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL)." (Noordijk, EM ASCO 2005). Median F/U 2.7 years ***Outcome: 4-year EFS 36 Gy 87% vs 20 Gy 84% vs. no RT 70% (SS). 4 yr OS 98% in all arms. ***Conclusion: In favorable patients in CR after 6 cycles of EBVP, omission of IFRT leads to unacceptable failure rate; 20 Gy provides comparable control as 36 Gy *'''HD10''' (1998-2002) -- 2x2: ABVD x2 vs ABVD x4; IFRT 30 Gy vs 20 Gy **Randomized, 2x2. 1370 pts. Stage IA, IB, IIA, IIB (Note only ~7% of patients had B Symptoms) without risk factors (ie, large mediastinal mass, size >1/3 of the maximum thorax diameter, extranodal disease, 3 or more nodal areas, or elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (> 50 mm/h for stages IA, IIA and > 30 mm/h for stages IB, IIB). Randomization #1) ABVD x4 cycles vs ABVD x2 cycles, and randomization #2) IFRT 30 Gy vs IFRT 20 Gy **'''2009; 5-years''' ASH Abstract #716 [http://ash.confex.com/ash/2009/webprogram/Paper21388.html Abstract] - "Two Cycles of ABVD Followed by Involved Field Radiotherapy with 20 Gray (Gy) Is the New Standard of Care in the Treatment of Patients with Early-Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma: Final Analysis of the Randomized German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) HD10." (Engert A; Dec 2009) Median F/U 6.6 years ***ABVD Outcome: No significant difference in 5-year OS, FFTF, or PFS between ABVD x 4 and ABVD x 2 (OS 97% vs 97%; FFTF 93% vs 91%; PFS 93% vs 91%). ***IFRT Outcome: No significant difference between IFRT 30 Gy vs 20 Gy (OS 98% vs 97%, FFTF 93% vs 93%, PFS 94% vs 93%). No difference when all 4 arms compared. ***Conclusion: 2 cycles of ABVD followed by 20 Gy IFRT is the new standard for GHSG for early favorable HD **'''2010; 5-years''' {{PMID|20818855}} -- "Reduced Treatment Intensity in Patients with Early-Stage Hodgkin's Lymphoma" (Engert A, N Engl J Med 2010 Aug 12;363(7):640-652.) ***For comparison of ABVD 2 cycles vs 4 cycles, no difference in FFTF or OS -- 5-yr FFTF 93.0% (ABVD x 4) vs 91.1% (ABVD x 2). For comparison of RT dose, no differences. Percent of grade 3/4 toxicities higher in group of ABVD x 4 vs ABVD x 2, 55% vs 33 % p=sig and XRT 30 Gy vs 20 Gy, 8.7% vs 2.9% p=sig. 6 treatment related deaths occurred in ABVD x 4 vs 1 death in ABVD x 2. ***Conclusion: ABVD x 2 + 20 Gy IFRT is as effective as ABVD x 4 + 30 Gy. ==Chemo-RT vs Chemo Alone== *'''EORTC H10''' -- PET scan guided early treatment adaptation (omission of RT) **See details at: [[Radiation_Oncology/Hodgkin/EORTC#H10 | H10]] **Conclusion: "combined-modality treatment resulted in fewer early progressions in clinical stage I/II HL" *'''EORTC H9-Favorable''' (1998-2004) -- EBVP x6 followed IFRT 36 Gy vs IFRT 20 Gy vs No RT **Randomized. ''Arm 3 stopped early due to >20% of failure.'' 783 favorable Stage I-II patients enrolled, 619 achieved CR(u) on EBVP x6 and were randomized. Arm 1) 36 Gy IF-RT Arm vs. 2) 20 Gy IF-RT vs. 3) no RT. Arm 3 stopped early due to high recurrence (>20%). **'''2005''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=34&abstractID=30245 ASCO abstract] -- "First results of the EORTC-GELA H9 randomized trials: the H9-F trial (comparing 3 radiation dose levels) and H9-U trial (comparing 3 chemotherapy schemes) in patients with favorable or unfavorable early stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL)." (Noordijk, EM ASCO 2005). Median F/U 2.7 years ***Outcome: 4-year EFS 36 Gy 87% vs 20 Gy 84% vs. no RT 70% (SS). 4 yr OS 98% in all arms. ***Conclusion: In favorable patients in CR after 6 cycles of EBVP, omission of IFRT leads to unacceptable failure rate; 20 Gy provides comparable control as 36 Gy 0h0is6z401b6hcwclwn3vm324py4bfe Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Guidelines 0 223605 4673041 2630276 2026-09-30T06:09:43Z Jcb 90773 4673041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/TOC}} <big>'''Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Official Guidelines'''</big> '''''Staging''''' *'''ACR: Staging Evaluation''' **'''2005''' [http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyHodgkinsWorkGroup/StagingEvaluationHodgkinsDiseaseDoc7.aspx Guideline link] **'''2000''' {{PMID|11037543}} -- "Staging evaluation for patients with Hodgkin's disease. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria." (Wolkov HB, Radiology. 2000 Jun;215 Suppl:1207-23.) '''''Radiotherapy Management:''''' *'''ILROG''' - International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group **'''2013:''' {{PMID|23790512}} -- "Modern Radiation Therapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma: Field and Dose Guidelines From the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group (ILROG)." (Specht L, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Jun 18. [Epub ahead of print]) *'''UK National Cancer Research Institute''' **'''2013:''' {{PMID|22889569}} [http://www.clinicaloncologyonline.net/article/S0936-6555(12)00214-2/fulltext Full text] -- "Recommendations for the use of radiotherapy in nodal lymphoma." (Hoskin PJ, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013 Jan;25(1):49-58.) ***Note: For both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma '''''Early Stage Favorable Prognosis''''' *'''ACR: Favorable Prognosis Stage I and II''' **'''2008''' [http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyhodgkinsWorkGroup/FavorablePrognosisStageIandIIhodgkinsdiseaseUpdateinProgressDoc1.aspx Guideline link] **'''2008''' {{PMID|18812149}} -- "ACR Appropriateness Criteria on Hodgkin's lymphoma: favorable prognosis stage I and II." (Das P, J Am Coll Radiol. 2008 Oct;5(10):1054-66.) '''''Early Stage Unfavorable Prognosis''''' *'''ACR: Unfavorable Clinical Stage I and II''' **'''2006''' [http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyHodgkinsWorkGroup/HodgkinsDisease151UnfavorableClinicalStageIandIIDoc3.aspx Guideline link] '''''Advanced Stage''''' *'''ACR: Stage III and IV''' **'''2007''' [http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyHodgkinsWorkGroup/StageIIIandIVHodgkinsDiseaseUpdateinProgressDoc6.aspx Guideline link] **'''2000''' {{PMID|11037545}} -- "Stage III and IV Hodgkin's disease treatment guidelines. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria." (Prosnitz LR, Radiology. 2000 Jun;215 Suppl:1257-68.) '''''General Hodgkin's Lymphoma''''' *'''ESMO: Clinical Recommendations''' **'''2009''' [http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/suppl_4/iv108.full.pdf+html Guideline link] **'''2009''' {{PMID|19454425}} -- "Hodgkin's lymphoma: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up." (Engert A, Ann Oncol. 2009 May;20 Suppl 4:108-9.) '''''Follow up''''' *'''ACR: Follow-up of Hodgkin's Lymphoma''' **'''2005''' [http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyHodgkinsWorkGroup/FollowUpofHodgkinsDiseaseDoc2.aspx Guideline link] **'''2000''' {{PMID|11037546}} -- "Follow-up of Hodgkin's disease. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria." (Deming RL, Radiology. 2000 Jun;215 Suppl:1269-79.) '''''Pediatric Hodgkin's Lymphoma''''' *'''ACR:Pediatric Hodgkin's Lymphoma''' **'''2005''' [http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/app_criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonRadiationOncologyHodgkinsWorkGroup/PediatricHodgkinsDiseaseDoc4.aspx Guideline link] **'''2000''' {{PMID|11037544}} -- "Pediatric Hodgkin's disease. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria." (Constine LS, Radiology. 2000 Jun;215 Suppl:1225-56. 61mjkt0jrj9b1iamxt5999htjmkm3md Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/Lymphocyte predominant 0 228008 4673042 1810179 2026-09-30T06:11:00Z Jcb 90773 4673042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin/TOC}} <big>'''Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Lymphocyte Predominant'''</big> *Lymphocyte-predominant has a different natural history (especially stages I-II) and response to therapy than classical HL. *Chemo is not indicated in most early stage cases, and standard is IFRT. *LP has best prognosis of HL subtypes, but late recurrences common and long-term followup necessary. ==NCCN Guidelines== *Stage I-IIA: IFRT or regional RT *Stage I-IIB w/ B sx's: chemotherapy followed by IFRT *Stage III-IVA: chemotherapy +/- RT –OR— observation (cat 2B) –OR— local RT (palliation only) or rituximab *Stage III-IVB: chemotherapy +/- RT or rituximab +/- chemo +/- RT ==Studies== *'''Germany, 1999''' {{PMID|10071266}} &mdash; "Clinical presentation, course, and prognostic factors in lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease and lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin's disease: report from the European Task Force on Lymphoma Project on Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin's Disease." Diehl V; J Clin Oncol. 1999 Mar;17(3):776-83. *'''GHSG, 2005''' {{PMID|16093276}} &mdash; "Extended field radiotherapy, combined modality treatment or involved field radiotherapy for patients with stage IA lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG)." Nogova L; Ann Oncol. 2005 Oct;16(10):1683-7. *'''GHSG, 2008''' {{PMID|18086799}} &mdash; "Lymphocyte-predominant and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma: a comprehensive analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group." Nogova L; J Clin Oncol g90cbhhhak4bbv78k7ri3i4aws8kb9r OpenSSH/Cookbook/Load Balancing 0 248421 4672944 4671107 2026-09-29T15:21:26Z Larsnooden 430753 line numbers for all configuration examples, even those with one line 4672944 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{simple chapter navigation|previous=Host-based Authentication|next=Multiplexing}}</noinclude> &nbsp; ==MaxStartups== Random early drop can be enabled by specifying the three colon-separated values ''start'':''rate'':''full''. After the number of unauthenticated connections reaches the value specified by ''start'', [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will begin to refuse new connections at a percentage specified by ''rate''. The proportional rate of refused connections then increases linearly as the limit specified by ''full'' is approached until 100% is reached. At that point all new attempts at connection are refused until the backlog goes down. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> MaxStartups 10:30:100 </syntaxhighlight> For example, if '''MaxStartups 5:30:90''' is given in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)], then starting with 5 new connections pending authentication the server will start to drop 30% of the new connections. By the time the backlog increases to 90 pending unauthenticated connections, 100% will be dropped. In the default settings, the value for ''full'' has been increased to 100 pending connections to make it harder to succumb to a denial of service due to attack or heavy load. So the new default is 10:30:100. Alternately, if the number of incoming connections is not managed at the network level by a packet filter or other tricks like round-robin DNS, it is possible to limit it at the SSH server itself. Setting '''MaxStartups''' to an integer sets a hard limit to the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections to the SSH daemon. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> MaxStartups 10 </syntaxhighlight> Additional connections will be dropped until authentication succeeds or the '''LoginGraceTime''' expires for another connection. The old default was 10. ===Turning Off MaxStartups Or PerSourcePenalties=== In short, you cannot turn off '''MaxStartups''' but it can be set to a higher number. That number should still be as low as possible because it is used to set some one-off allocations<ref name="MaxStartups">{{cite mailing list | last=Miller | first=Damien | date=2026-09-14 | access-date=2026-09-14 | title=How to turn OFF MaxStartups/SourcePenalties ? | url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2026-September/042736.html | archive-url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/ | mailing-list=openssh-unix-dev | publisher=lists.mindrot.org}}</ref>. An alternative to turning off '''PerSourcePenalties''' is to set the penalty period to zero for just the specific penalties which are involved in the problem being observed. For example, clients that fail or never complete authentication can be addressed be zeroing out '''authfail:''' and '''noauth:''' penalties. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> PerSourcePenalties authfail:0 noauth:0 </syntaxhighlight> See [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] for the choices. However, zeroing out the penalties will eventually cause trouble so it would be best to fix the problem(s) with the connecting clients instead. At the very least, leaving the penalties in place serves as useful exploit mitigation which might be critical if there is ever another bad pre-authentication bug again. ==Preventing Timeouts Of A Not So Active Session== There are two connections that can be tracked during an SSH session, the network's TCP connection and the encrypted SSH session traveling on top of it. Some tunnels and VPNs might not be active all the time, so there is the risk that the session times out or even that the TCP session times out at the router or firewall. The network connection can be be tracked with '''TCPKeepAlive''', which is on by default, but it is not an accurate indication of the state of the actual SSH connections. It is, however, a useful indicator of the status of the actual network. Either the client or the server can counter such timeouts by keeping either the encrypted connection active using a heartbeat. On the client side, if the global client configuration is not already set, individuals can use '''ServerAliveInterval''' to choose an interval in seconds for server alive heartbeats and use '''ServerAliveCountMax''' to set the corresponding maximum number of missed client messages allowed before the encrypted SSH session is considered closed. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> ServerAliveInterval 15 ServerAliveCountMax 4 </syntaxhighlight> On the server side, '''ClientAliveInterval''' sets the interval in seconds between client alive heartbeats. '''ClientAliveCountMax''' sets the maximum number of missed client messages allowed before the encrypted SSH session is considered closed. If no other data has been sent or received during that time, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will send a message through the encrypted channel to request a response from the client. If [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] has '''ClientAliveInterval''' set to 15, and '''ClientAliveCountMax''' set to 4, unresponsive SSH clients will be disconnected after approximately 60 (= 15 x 4) seconds. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> ClientAliveInterval 15 ClientAliveCountMax 4 </syntaxhighlight> If a time-based '''RekeyLimit''' is also used but the time limit is shorter than the '''ClientAliveInterval''' heartbeat, then the shorter re-key limit will be used for the heartbeat interval instead. This is more or less the same principle as with the server. Again, that is set in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ~/.ssh/config] and can be applied globally to all connections from that account or selectively to specific connections using a '''Host''' or '''Match''' block. ==Ensuring Timeouts Of An Inactive Interactive Session== If the server is no longer disconnecting idle SSH accounts when they reach the timeout configured by the '''ClientAliveInterval''' option, then the work-around for that is to set the shell's '''TMOUT''' variable to the desire timeout value. When '''TMOUT''' is set, it specifies the number of seconds the shell will wait for a line of input to be entered before closing the shell and thus the SSH session. Note that this means pressing ''Enter'', too, because other typing will not be enough by itself to prevent the timeout and the line must actually be entered for the timer to be reset. On the server, check for the presence of the '''SSH_CONNECTION''' variable, which is usually empty unless currently in an SSH session, to differentiate an SSH session from a local shell. If the account is allowed to make changes to the timeout, then the following can be in the account's own profile, such as '''~/.profile''', <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> if [ "$SSH_CONNECTION" != "" ]; then # 10 minutes TMOUT=600 export TMOUT fi </syntaxhighlight> If the account must not be able to change this setting, then it must be in the global profile and made read-only, such as somewhere under '''/etc/profile.d/''', <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> if [ "$SSH_CONNECTION" != "" ]; then # 10 minutes TMOUT=600 readonly TMOUT export TMOUT fi </syntaxhighlight> Both examples above are for Bourne shells, their derivatives, and maybe some other shells. A few shells might have other options available, such as an actual '''autologout''' variable found in [https://linux.die.net/man/1/tcsh tcsh(1)]. ==TCP Wrappers, Also Called tcpd(8)== As of 6.7, OpenSSH's [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] no longer supports TCP Wrappers, also referred to as [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)]. So this subsection only applies to 6.6 and earlier. Other options that can be used instead of [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] include packet filters like PF <ref name="Hansteen_PF">{{cite web |url=http://home.nuug.no/~peter/pf/ |title=Firewalling with PF |author=Peter N M Hansteen |year=2011}}</ref>, ipf, NFTables, or even old IPTables. In particular, the '''Match''' directive for the OpenSSH server supports filtering by CIDR address. Use these instead and keep in mind the phrase "equivalent security control" which can smooth out hassles caused by security auditors which may still have a "tcpwrappers" checkbox left over from the 1990s on their worksheets. The [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] program was an access control utility for incoming requests to Internet services. It was used for services that have a one-to-one mapping to executables, such as [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)], and which have been compiled to interact with it. It checked first a whitelist ('''/etc/hosts.allow''') and then a blacklist ('''/etc/hosts.deny''') to approve or deny access. The first pattern to match any given connection attempt was used. The default in '''/etc/hosts.deny''' was to block access, if no rules match in '''/etc/hosts.allow''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: ALL </syntaxhighlight> In addition to access control, [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] can be set to run scripts using twist or spawn when a rule is triggered. spawn launches another program as a child process of [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)]. From '''/etc/hosts.allow''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: .example.org : allow sshd: .example.com : spawn \ /bin/date -u +"%%F %%T UTC from %h" >> /var/log/sshd.log : allow </syntaxhighlight> The variable '''%h''' expands to the connecting clients host name or ip number. The manual page for [http://linux.die.net/man/5/hosts_access hosts_access(5)] includes a full description of the variables available. Because the program in the example, date, uses the same symbol for variables, the escape character ('''%''') must be escaped ('''%%''') so it will be ignored by [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] and get passed on to date correctly. '''twist''' replaces the service requested with another program. It is sometimes used for honeypots, but can really be used for anything. From '''/etc/hosts.deny''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: .example.org : deny sshd: ALL : twist /bin/echo "Sorry, fresh out." : deny </syntaxhighlight> With TCP Wrappers the whitelist '''/etc/hosts.allow''' is searched first, then the blacklist '''/etc/hosts.deny'''. The first match is applied. If no applicable rules are found, then access is granted by default. It should not be used any more and the better alternatives used instead. See also the '''Match''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] about CIDR addresses or else the '''AllowUsers''' and '''DenyUsers''' directives. ===Using TCP Wrappers To Allow Connections From Only A Specific Subnet=== It was possible to use TCP Wrappers just set [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] to listen only to the local address and not accept any external connections. That was one way. To use TCP Wrappers for that, put a line in '''/etc/hosts.deny''' blocking everything: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: ALL </syntaxhighlight> And add an exception for the in '''/etc/hosts.allow''' by designating the ip range using CIDR notation or by domain name <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: 192.0.32.0/20 </syntaxhighlight> The same method can be used to limit access to just the localhost (127.0.0.0/8) by adding a line to '''/etc/hosts.allow''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: 127.0.0.0/8 </syntaxhighlight> Again, the best practice is to block from everywhere and then open up exceptions. Keep in mind that if domains are used instead of IP ranges, DNS entries must be in order and DNS itself accessible. However, the above is of historical interest only. The same kind of limitations are better done by setting [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] accordingly and instead of using TCP Wrappers utilize the '''Match''' directive in the OpenSSH server or the packet filter in the operating system itself. ==The Extended Internet Services Daemon (xinetd)== The Extended Internet Services Daemon, [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)], can provide many kinds of access control. That includes but is not limited to name, address or network of remote host, and time of day. It can place limits on the number of services per each service as well as discontinue services if loads exceed a certain limit. The super-server listens for incoming requests and launches [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] on demand, so it is necessary to first stop [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] from running as standalone daemon. This may mean modifying System V init scripts or Upstart configuration files. Then make an [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)] configuration file for the service SSH. It will probably go in '''/etc/xinetd.d/ssh''' The argument '''-i''' is important as it tells [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] that it is being run from [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)]. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> service ssh { socket_type = stream protocol = tcp wait = no user = root server = /usr/sbin/sshd server_args = -i per_source = UNLIMITED log_on_failure = USERID HOST access_times = 08:00-15:25 banner = /etc/banner.inetd.connection.txt banner_success = /etc/banner.inetd.welcome.txt banner_fail = /etc/banner.inetd.takeahike.txt # log_on_success = PID HOST DURATION TRAFFIC EXIT # instances = 10 # nice = 10 # bind = 192.168.0.100 # only_from = 192.168.0.0 # no_access = 192.168.54.0 # no_access += 192.168.33.0 } </syntaxhighlight> Finally, reload the configuration by sending SIGHUP to [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)]. <noinclude> == References == {{reflist}} {{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}} </noinclude> {{BookCat}} {{status|100%}} k2dxgizgin56j6g7pjkkq2tje4hlozm 4672945 4672944 2026-09-29T15:22:34Z Larsnooden 430753 line numbers for all configuration examples, even those with one line 4672945 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{simple chapter navigation|previous=Host-based Authentication|next=Multiplexing}}</noinclude> &nbsp; ==MaxStartups== Random early drop can be enabled by specifying the three colon-separated values ''start'':''rate'':''full''. After the number of unauthenticated connections reaches the value specified by ''start'', [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will begin to refuse new connections at a percentage specified by ''rate''. The proportional rate of refused connections then increases linearly as the limit specified by ''full'' is approached until 100% is reached. At that point all new attempts at connection are refused until the backlog goes down. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> MaxStartups 10:30:100 </syntaxhighlight> For example, if '''MaxStartups 5:30:90''' is given in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)], then starting with 5 new connections pending authentication the server will start to drop 30% of the new connections. By the time the backlog increases to 90 pending unauthenticated connections, 100% will be dropped. In the default settings, the value for ''full'' has been increased to 100 pending connections to make it harder to succumb to a denial of service due to attack or heavy load. So the new default is 10:30:100. Alternately, if the number of incoming connections is not managed at the network level by a packet filter or other tricks like round-robin DNS, it is possible to limit it at the SSH server itself. Setting '''MaxStartups''' to an integer sets a hard limit to the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections to the SSH daemon. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> MaxStartups 10 </syntaxhighlight> Additional connections will be dropped until authentication succeeds or the '''LoginGraceTime''' expires for another connection. The old default was 10. ===Turning Off MaxStartups Or PerSourcePenalties=== In short, you cannot turn off '''MaxStartups''' but it can be set to a higher number. That number should still be as low as possible because it is used to set some one-off allocations<ref name="MaxStartups">{{cite mailing list | last=Miller | first=Damien | date=2026-09-14 | access-date=2026-09-14 | title=How to turn OFF MaxStartups/SourcePenalties ? | url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2026-September/042736.html | archive-url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/ | mailing-list=openssh-unix-dev | publisher=lists.mindrot.org}}</ref>. An alternative to turning off '''PerSourcePenalties''' is to set the penalty period to zero for just the specific penalties which are involved in the problem being observed. For example, clients that fail or never complete authentication can be addressed be zeroing out '''authfail:''' and '''noauth:''' penalties. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> PerSourcePenalties authfail:0 noauth:0 </syntaxhighlight> See [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] for the choices. However, zeroing out the penalties will eventually cause trouble so it would be best to fix the problem(s) with the connecting clients instead. At the very least, leaving the penalties in place serves as useful exploit mitigation which might be critical if there is ever another bad pre-authentication bug again. ==Preventing Timeouts Of A Not So Active Session== There are two connections that can be tracked during an SSH session, the network's TCP connection and the encrypted SSH session traveling on top of it. Some tunnels and VPNs might not be active all the time, so there is the risk that the session times out or even that the TCP session times out at the router or firewall. The network connection can be be tracked with '''TCPKeepAlive''', which is on by default, but it is not an accurate indication of the state of the actual SSH connections. It is, however, a useful indicator of the status of the actual network. Either the client or the server can counter such timeouts by keeping either the encrypted connection active using a heartbeat. On the client side, if the global client configuration is not already set, individuals can use '''ServerAliveInterval''' to choose an interval in seconds for server alive heartbeats and use '''ServerAliveCountMax''' to set the corresponding maximum number of missed client messages allowed before the encrypted SSH session is considered closed. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> ServerAliveInterval 15 ServerAliveCountMax 4 </syntaxhighlight> On the server side, '''ClientAliveInterval''' sets the interval in seconds between client alive heartbeats. '''ClientAliveCountMax''' sets the maximum number of missed client messages allowed before the encrypted SSH session is considered closed. If no other data has been sent or received during that time, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will send a message through the encrypted channel to request a response from the client. If [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] has '''ClientAliveInterval''' set to 15, and '''ClientAliveCountMax''' set to 4, unresponsive SSH clients will be disconnected after approximately 60 (= 15 x 4) seconds. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> ClientAliveInterval 15 ClientAliveCountMax 4 </syntaxhighlight> If a time-based '''RekeyLimit''' is also used but the time limit is shorter than the '''ClientAliveInterval''' heartbeat, then the shorter re-key limit will be used for the heartbeat interval instead. This is more or less the same principle as with the server. Again, that is set in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ~/.ssh/config] and can be applied globally to all connections from that account or selectively to specific connections using a '''Host''' or '''Match''' block. ==Ensuring Timeouts Of An Inactive Interactive Session== If the server is no longer disconnecting idle SSH accounts when they reach the timeout configured by the '''ClientAliveInterval''' option, then the work-around for that is to set the shell's '''TMOUT''' variable to the desire timeout value. When '''TMOUT''' is set, it specifies the number of seconds the shell will wait for a line of input to be entered before closing the shell and thus the SSH session. Note that this means pressing ''Enter'', too, because other typing will not be enough by itself to prevent the timeout and the line must actually be entered for the timer to be reset. On the server, check for the presence of the '''SSH_CONNECTION''' variable, which is usually empty unless currently in an SSH session, to differentiate an SSH session from a local shell. If the account is allowed to make changes to the timeout, then the following can be in the account's own profile, such as '''~/.profile''', <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> if [ "$SSH_CONNECTION" != "" ]; then # 10 minutes TMOUT=600 export TMOUT fi </syntaxhighlight> If the account must not be able to change this setting, then it must be in the global profile and made read-only, such as somewhere under '''/etc/profile.d/''', <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> if [ "$SSH_CONNECTION" != "" ]; then # 10 minutes TMOUT=600 readonly TMOUT export TMOUT fi </syntaxhighlight> Both examples above are for Bourne shells, their derivatives, and maybe some other shells. A few shells might have other options available, such as an actual '''autologout''' variable found in [https://linux.die.net/man/1/tcsh tcsh(1)]. ==TCP Wrappers, Also Called tcpd(8)== As of 6.7, OpenSSH's [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] no longer supports TCP Wrappers, also referred to as [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)]. So this subsection only applies to 6.6 and earlier. Other options that can be used instead of [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] include packet filters like PF <ref name="Hansteen_PF">{{cite web |url=http://home.nuug.no/~peter/pf/ |title=Firewalling with PF |author=Peter N M Hansteen |year=2011}}</ref>, ipf, NFTables, or even old IPTables. In particular, the '''Match''' directive for the OpenSSH server supports filtering by CIDR address. Use these instead and keep in mind the phrase "equivalent security control" which can smooth out hassles caused by security auditors which may still have a "tcpwrappers" checkbox left over from the 1990s on their worksheets. The [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] program was an access control utility for incoming requests to Internet services. It was used for services that have a one-to-one mapping to executables, such as [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)], and which have been compiled to interact with it. It checked first a whitelist ('''/etc/hosts.allow''') and then a blacklist ('''/etc/hosts.deny''') to approve or deny access. The first pattern to match any given connection attempt was used. The default in '''/etc/hosts.deny''' was to block access, if no rules match in '''/etc/hosts.allow''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: ALL </syntaxhighlight> In addition to access control, [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] can be set to run scripts using twist or spawn when a rule is triggered. spawn launches another program as a child process of [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)]. From '''/etc/hosts.allow''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: .example.org : allow sshd: .example.com : spawn \ /bin/date -u +"%%F %%T UTC from %h" >> /var/log/sshd.log : allow </syntaxhighlight> The variable '''%h''' expands to the connecting clients host name or ip number. The manual page for [http://linux.die.net/man/5/hosts_access hosts_access(5)] includes a full description of the variables available. Because the program in the example, date, uses the same symbol for variables, the escape character ('''%''') must be escaped ('''%%''') so it will be ignored by [http://linux.die.net/man/8/tcpd tcpd(8)] and get passed on to date correctly. '''twist''' replaces the service requested with another program. It is sometimes used for honeypots, but can really be used for anything. From '''/etc/hosts.deny''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: .example.org : deny sshd: ALL : twist /bin/echo "Sorry, fresh out." : deny </syntaxhighlight> With TCP Wrappers the whitelist '''/etc/hosts.allow''' is searched first, then the blacklist '''/etc/hosts.deny'''. The first match is applied. If no applicable rules are found, then access is granted by default. It should not be used any more and the better alternatives used instead. See also the '''Match''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] about CIDR addresses or else the '''AllowUsers''' and '''DenyUsers''' directives. ===Using TCP Wrappers To Allow Connections From Only A Specific Subnet=== It was possible to use TCP Wrappers just set [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] to listen only to the local address and not accept any external connections. That was one way. To use TCP Wrappers for that, put a line in '''/etc/hosts.deny''' blocking everything: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: ALL </syntaxhighlight> And add an exception for the in '''/etc/hosts.allow''' by designating the ip range using CIDR notation or by domain name <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: 192.0.32.0/20 </syntaxhighlight> The same method can be used to limit access to just the localhost (127.0.0.0/8) by adding a line to '''/etc/hosts.allow''': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> sshd: 127.0.0.0/8 </syntaxhighlight> Again, the best practice is to block from everywhere and then open up exceptions. Keep in mind that if domains are used instead of IP ranges, DNS entries must be in order and DNS itself accessible. However, the above is of historical interest only. The same kind of limitations are better done by setting [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] accordingly and instead of using TCP Wrappers utilize the '''Match''' directive in the OpenSSH server or the packet filter in the operating system itself. ==The Extended Internet Services Daemon (xinetd)== The Extended Internet Services Daemon, [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)], can provide many kinds of access control. That includes but is not limited to name, address or network of remote host, and time of day. It can place limits on the number of services per each service as well as discontinue services if loads exceed a certain limit. The super-server listens for incoming requests and launches [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] on demand, so it is necessary to first stop [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] from running as standalone daemon. This may mean modifying System V init scripts or Upstart configuration files. Then make an [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)] configuration file for the service SSH. It will probably go in '''/etc/xinetd.d/ssh''' The argument '''-i''' is important as it tells [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] that it is being run from [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)]. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache"> service ssh { socket_type = stream protocol = tcp wait = no user = root server = /usr/sbin/sshd server_args = -i per_source = UNLIMITED log_on_failure = USERID HOST access_times = 08:00-15:25 banner = /etc/banner.inetd.connection.txt banner_success = /etc/banner.inetd.welcome.txt banner_fail = /etc/banner.inetd.takeahike.txt # log_on_success = PID HOST DURATION TRAFFIC EXIT # instances = 10 # nice = 10 # bind = 192.168.0.100 # only_from = 192.168.0.0 # no_access = 192.168.54.0 # no_access += 192.168.33.0 } </syntaxhighlight> Finally, reload the configuration by sending SIGHUP to [http://linux.die.net/man/8/xinetd xinetd(8)]. <noinclude> == References == {{reflist}} {{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}} </noinclude> {{BookCat}} {{status|100%}} g2iceff5igdxpovmr5zmsgt32nzm5zp Principles of Biochemistry/Hormones 0 250262 4673046 2428385 2026-09-30T06:40:27Z Jcb 90773 4673046 wikitext text/x-wiki A hormone (from Greek"impetus") is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. In essence, it is a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another. All multicellular organisms produce hormones; plant hormones are also called phytohormones. Hormones in animals are often transported in the blood. Cells respond to a hormone when they express a specific receptor for that hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor protein, resulting in the activation of a signal transduction mechanism that ultimately leads to cell type-specific responses. Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream, whereas exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct, and, from the duct, they flow either into the bloodstream or from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling. Recently it has been found that a variety of exogenous modern chemical compounds have hormone-like effects on both humans and wildlife. Their interference with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body are responsible of homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavioural changes sameway as the endogenous produced hormones. Hormonal signaling involves the following: Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a particular tissue Storage and secretion of the hormone Transport of the hormone to the target cell(s) Recognition of the hormone by an associated cell membrane or intracellular receptor protein Relay and amplification of the received hormonal signal via a signal transduction process: This then leads to a cellular response. The reaction of the target cells may then be recognized by the original hormone-producing cells, leading to a down-regulation in hormone production. This is an example of a homeostatic negative feedback loop. Degradation of the hormone. Hormone cells are typically of a specialized cell type, residing within a particular endocrine gland, such as thyroid gland, ovaries, and testes. Hormones exit their cell of origin via exocytosis or another means of membrane transport. The hierarchical model is an oversimplification of the hormonal signaling process. Cellular recipients of a particular hormonal signal may be one of several cell types that reside within a number of different tissues, as is the case for insulin, which triggers a diverse range of systemic physiological effects. Different tissue types may also respond differently to the same hormonal signal. Because of this, hormonal signaling is elaborate and hard to dissect.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone</ref> ==Effects of hormones== Hormones have the following effects on the body: stimulation or inhibition of growth mood swings induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death) activation or inhibition of the immune system regulation of metabolism preparation of the body for mating, fighting, fleeing, and other activity preparation of the body for a new phase of life, such as puberty, parenting, and menopause control of the reproductive cycle hunger cravings A hormone may also regulate the production and release of other hormones. Hormone signals control the internal environment of the body through homeostasis. ==Pituitary gland== In vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g (0.02 oz.), in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae). The pituitary is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the infundibular stem (Pituitary Stalk). The pituitary fossa, in which the pituitary gland sits, is situated in the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland secretes nine hormones that regulate homeostasis. There is an analogous structure in the octopus brain. ===Anterior pituitary=== A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary, also called the adenohypophysis, is the glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction. Its regulatory functions are achieved through the secretion of various peptide hormones that act on target organs including the adrenal gland, liver, bone, thyroid gland, and gonads. The anterior pituitary itself is regulated by the hypothalamus and by negative feedback from these target organs. Disorders of the anterior pituitary are generally classified by the presence of over- or underproduction of pituitary hormones. For example, a prolactinoma is a pituitary adenoma that overproduces prolactin. In Sheehan's syndrome of postpartum hypopituitarism, the anterior pituitary uniformly malfunctions and underproduces all hormones. Proper function of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it regulates can often be ascertained via blood tests that measure hormone levels. The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes the following important endocrine hormones: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), release under influence of hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), release under influence of hypothalamic Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH). Growth hormone (also referred to as 'Human Growth Hormone', 'HGH' or 'GH' or somatotropin), release under influence of hypothalamic Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH); inhibited by hypothalamic Somatostatin. Prolactin (PRL), also known as 'Luteotropic' hormone (LTH), release under influence of multiple hypothalamic Prolactin Releasing Factors (PRH). The two 'Gonadotropins'; Luteinizing hormone (also referred to as 'Lutropin' or 'LH', or in males, 'Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone' (ICSH)), and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), both released under influence of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH). and; melanocyte–stimulating hormones (MSH's) or "intermedins" as these are released by the pars intermedia which is "the middle part"; adjacent to the posterior pituitary lobe, pars intermedia is a specific part developed from the anterior pituitary lobe. These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic hormones are secreted to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system, called the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system. The anterior pituitary is divided into anatomical regions known as the pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, and pars distalis. It develops from a depression in the dorsal wall of the pharynx (stomodial part) known as Rathke's pouch<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&oldid=424099073</ref>. ===Posterior pituitary=== The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary consists mainly of neuronal projections (axons) extending from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. These axons release peptide hormones into the capillaries of the hypophyseal circulation. In addition to axons, the posterior pituitary also contains pituicytes, specialized glial cells resembling astrocytes. Classification of the posterior pituitary varies, but most sources include the three regions below<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posterior_pituitary&oldid=421749883</ref>: ''Pars nervosa'' Also called the neural lobe or posterior lobe, this region constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary, and is sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with it. Notable features include Herring bodies and pituicytes. ''Infundibular stalk'' Also known as the infundibulum or pituitary stalk, the infundibular stalk bridges the hypothalamic and hypophyseal systems. ''Median eminence'' This is only occasionally included as part of the posterior pituitary. Other sources specifically exclude it from the pituitary. A few sources include the pars intermedia as part of the posterior lobe, but this is a minority view. It is based upon the gross anatomical separation of the posterior and anterior pituitary along the cystic remnants of Rathke's pouch, causing the pars intermedia to remain attached to the neurohypophysis. Hormones known classically as posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus. They are then stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream. {| class="wikitable" ! Hormone ! Other names ! Symbol(s) ! Target ! Effect ! Source |- | Oxytocin | - | OT | Uterus, mammary glands | Uterine contractions; lactation | supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |- | Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) | Arginine vasopressin, argipressin, antidiuretic hormone | VP, AVP, ADH | Kidneys or Arterioles | Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles, induces male aggression | supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |} ==Peptide hormones== Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. Like other proteins, peptide hormones are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to an mRNA template, which is itself synthesized from a DNA template inside the cell nucleus. Peptide hormone precursors (pre-prohormones) are then processed in several stages, typically in the endoplasmic reticulum, including removal of the N-terminal signal sequence and sometimes glycosylation, resulting in prohormones. The prohormones are then packaged into membrane-bound secretory vesicles, which can be secreted from the cell by exocytosis in response to specific stimuli e.g increase of calcium and cAMP concentration in cytoplasm.. These prohormones often contain superfluous amino acid residues that were needed to direct folding of the hormone molecule into its active configuration but have no function once the hormone folds. Specific endopeptidases in the cell cleave the prohormone just before it is released into the bloodstream, generating the mature hormone form of the molecule. Mature peptide hormones then diffuse through the blood to all of the cells of the body, where they interact with specific receptors on the surface of their target cells. Some peptide/protein hormones (angiotensin II, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, parathyroid hormone-related protein) also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism. Several important peptide hormones are secreted from the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary secretes prolactin, which acts on the mammary gland, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which acts on the adrenal cortex to regulate the secretion of glucocorticoids, and growth hormone, which acts on bone, muscle, and the liver. The posterior pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin, and oxytocin. Peptide hormones are produced by many different organs and tissues, however, including the heart (atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)) and pancreas (insulin and somatostatin), the gastrointestinal tract cholecystokinin, gastrin), and adipose tissue stores (leptin). Some neurotransmitters are secreted and released in a similar fashion to peptide hormones, and some 'neuropeptides' may be used as neurotransmitters in the nervous system in addition to acting as hormones when released into the blood. When a peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of the cell, a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm, which triggers intracellular responses.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_hormone</ref> The following is a list of hormones found in humans. Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. Current North American|North America and international usage is estrogen, gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek diphthong in estrogen and favors the earlier spelling gonadotrophin (from ''trophē'' ‘nourishment, sustenance’ rather than ''tropē'' ‘turning, change’). {| class="wikitable" class="sortable wikitable" | | '''Structure''' || '''Name''' || '''Abbrev- <BR> iation''' || '''Tissue''' || '''Cells''' || '''Mechanism''' || '''Target Tissue''' || '''Effect''' |- | amine - tryptophan || Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) | Image: Melatonin2.svg|thumb|200px || MT || pineal gland || pinealocyte || || || antioxidant and causes drowsiness |- | amine - tryptophan || Serotonin Image: Serotonin-2D-skeletal.png|thumb|200px || 5-HT || central nervous system|CNS, gastrointestinal tract|GI tract || enterochromaffin cell || || || Controls mood, appetite, and sleep |- | amine - tyrosine || ThyroxineImage:(S)-Thyroxine Structural Formulae.png|thumb|200px (or tetraiodothyronine) (a thyroid hormone) || T4 || thyroid gland || thyroid epithelial cell || direct || || less active form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, affect protein synthesis |- | amine - tyrosine || Triiodothyronine (a thyroid hormone) || T3 || thyroid gland || thyroid epithelial cell || direct || || potent form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, affect protein synthesis |- | amine - tyrosine (Catecholamine|cat) || Epinephrine (or adrenaline) image: Epinephrine structure with descriptor.svg|thumb|180px|| EPI || adrenal medulla || chromaffin cell || || || Fight-or-flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver, breakdown of lipids in adipocyte|fat cells. dilate the pupils Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e.g. digestion) Suppress immune system |- | amine - tyrosine (Catecholamine|cat) || Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline) || NRE || adrenal medulla|| chromaffin cell || || || Fight-or-flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in adipocyte|fat cells. Increase skeletal muscle readiness. |- | amine - tyrosine (Catecholamine|cat) || Dopamine (or prolactin inhibiting hormone) || DPM, PIH or DA || kidney, hypothalamus|| Chromaffin cells in kidney <BR>Arcuate nucleus|Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus || || || Increase heart rate and blood pressure <BR> Inhibit release of prolactin and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone|TRH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Antimullerian hormone (or mullerian inhibiting factor or hormone) || AMH || testes || Sertoli cell || || || Inhibit release of prolactin and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone|TRH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Adiponectin || Acrp30 || adipose tissue || || || || |- | peptide || Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corticotropin) || ACTH || anterior pituitary || corticotrope || cAMP || || synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in Adrenal cortex|adrenocortical cells |- | peptide || Angiotensinogen and angiotensin || AGT || liver || || IP3 || || vasoconstriction release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. |- | peptide || Antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin) || ADH || posterior pituitary || Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus|Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus <BR> Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary || varies || || retention of water in kidneys <BR> moderate vasoconstriction <BR> Release Adrenocorticotropic hormone|ACTH in anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Atrial-natriuretic peptide (or atriopeptin) || ANP || heart || || cGMP || || |- | peptide || On-time Hormone || OTH || Epididymis || || || || Regulates tardiness<ref>{{cite web |author = John Davis | title = OnTime-hormone produced in Epididymis |date = 23 Apr 2010 |url = http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=397764}}</ref> || |- | peptide || Calcitonin || CT || thyroid gland || parafollicular cell || cAMP || || Construct bone, reduce blood calcium|Ca<sup>2+</sup> |- | peptide || Cholecystokinin || CCK || duodenum || || || || Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas Release of bile from gallbladder hunger suppressant |- | peptide || Corticotropin-releasing hormone || CRH || hypothalamus || || cAMP || || Release Adrenocorticotropic hormone|ACTH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Erythropoietin || EPO || kidney || Extraglomerular mesangial cells || || || Stimulate erythrocyte production |- | peptide || Follicle-stimulating hormone || FSH || anterior pituitary || gonadotrope || cAMP || || In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary. In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes |- | peptide || Gastrin || GRP || stomach, duodenum || G cell || || || Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells |- | peptide || Ghrelin || || stomach || P/D1 cell || || || Stimulate appetite, secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland |- | peptide || Glucagon || GCG || pancreas || alpha cells || cAMP || || glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver increases blood glucose level |- | peptide || Gonadotropin-releasing hormone || GnRH || hypothalamus || || IP3 || || Release of Follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH and Luteinizing hormone|LH from anterior pituitary. |- | peptide || Growth hormone-releasing hormone || GHRH || hypothalamus || || IP3 || || Release Growth hormone|GH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Human chorionic gonadotropin || hCG || placenta || syncytiotrophoblast cells || cAMP || || promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy Inhibit immune system|immune response, towards the human embryo. |- | peptide || Human placental lactogen || HPL || placenta || || || || increase production of insulin and IGF-1 increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance |- | peptide || Growth hormone || GH or hGH || anterior pituitary || somatotropes || || || stimulates human development (biology)|growth and cell (biology)|cell reproduction Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver |- | peptide || Inhibin || || testes, ovary, fetus || Sertoli cells of testes <BR> granulosa cells of ovary <BR> trophoblasts in fetus || anterior pituitary || Inhibit production of follicle stimulating hormone|FSH |- | peptide || Insulin || INS || pancreas || beta cells || tyrosine kinase || || Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolism|anabolic effects |- | peptide || Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) || IGF || liver || Hepatocytes || tyrosine kinase || || insulin-like effects regulate cell growth and development |- | peptide || Leptin || LEP || adipose tissue || || || || decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism. |- | peptide || Luteinizing hormone || LH || anterior pituitary || gonadotropes || cAMP || || In female: ovulation In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone |- | peptide || Melanocyte stimulating hormone || MSH or α-MSH || anterior pituitary/pars intermedia || Melanotroph || cAMP || || melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair |- | peptide || Orexin || || hypothalamus || || || || wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite |- | peptide || Oxytocin || OXT || posterior pituitary || Magnocellular neurosecretory cells || IP3 || || release breast milk Contraction of cervix and vagina Involved in orgasm, trust between people.<ref>Kosfeld M ''et al.'' (2005) Oxytocin increases trust in humans. ''Nature (journal)|Nature'' 435:673-676. [http://www.iew.unizh.ch/home/kosfeld/papers/ottrust_nature.pdf PDF] {{PMID|15931222</ref> and Circadian#Animal circadian rhythms|circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness) <ref>[http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=C001082B-2B35-221B-641CA6ED64E8BCF3 Scientific American Mind, "Rhythm and Blues"; June/July 2007; Scientific American Mind; by Ulrich Kraft]</ref>. |- | peptide || Parathyroid hormone || PTH || parathyroid gland || parathyroid chief cell || cAMP || || increase blood calcium|Ca<sup>2+</sup>: *indirectly stimulate osteoclasts * Ca<sup>2+</sup> reabsorption in kidney * activate vitamin D (Slightly) decrease blood phosphate: * (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones * activate vitamin D) |- | peptide || Prolactin || PRL || anterior pituitary, uterus || lactotrophs of anterior pituitary <BR> Decidual cells of uterus || || || milk production in mammary glands <BR> orgasm|sexual gratification after Human sexual behavior|sexual acts |- | peptide || Relaxin || RLN || uterus || Decidual cells || || || Unclear in humans |- | peptide || Secretin || SCT || duodenum || S cell || || || Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice |- | peptide || Somatostatin || SRIF || hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal system || delta cells in islets <BR> Neuroendocrince cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus || || || Inhibit release of Growth hormone|GH and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone|TRH from anterior pituitary <BR> Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system <BR> Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine <BR> Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells <BR> Inhibit release of glucagon from alpha cells <BR> Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. |- | peptide || Thrombopoietin || TPO || liver, kidney, striated muscle || Myocytes || || megakaryocytes || produce platelets<ref name=Kaushansky2006>Kaushansky K. Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors. ''N Engl J Med'' 2006;354:2034-45. {{PMID|16687716.</ref> |- | peptide || Thyroid-stimulating hormone (or thyrotropin) || TSH || anterior pituitary || thyrotropes || cAMP || thyroid gland || secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) |- | peptide || Thyrotropin-releasing hormone || TRH || hypothalamus || Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus|Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons || IP3 || anterior pituitary || Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily) <BR> Stimulate prolactin release |- | steroid - glucocorticoid|glu. || Cortisol || || adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells) || || direct || || Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from Wiktionary:extrahepatic|extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive |- | steroid - mineralocorticoid|min. || Aldosterone || || adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) || || direct || || Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily) Potassium and Hydrogen ion|H<sup>+</sup> secretion in kidney. |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Testosterone || || testes || Leydig cells || direct || || libido, Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength, Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair. |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Dehydroepiandrosterone || DHEA || testes, ovary, kidney || Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells of kidney <BR>theca cells of ovary <BR> Leydig cellss of testes || direct || || Virilization, anabolic |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Androstenedione || || adrenal glands, gonads || || direct || || Substrate for estrogen |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Dihydrotestosterone || DHT || multiple || || direct || || |- | steroid - sex (estrogen|est) || Estradiol || E2 || females: ovary, males testes || females: granulosa cells, males: Sertoli cell || direct || || '''Females''': Structural: * promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics * accelerate height growth * accelerate metabolism (burn fat) * reduce muscle mass * stimulate endometrium|endometrial growth * increase uterus|uterine growth * maintenance of blood vessels and skin * reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation Protein synthesis: * increase hepatic production of binding proteins Coagulation: * increase circulating level of coagulation factor|factors factor II|2, factor VII|7, factor IX|9, factor X|10, antithrombin III, plasminogen * increase platelet adhesiveness Increase high density lipoprotein|HDL, triglyceride, height growth Decrease low density lipoprotein|LDL, fat deposition Fluid balance: * salt (sodium) and water retention * increase growth hormone * increase cortisol, SHBG Gastrointestinal tract: * reduce bowel motility * increase cholesterol in bile Melanin: * increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin Cancer: support hormone-sensitive breast cancers <ref>[http://www.breastcancer.org/tre_sys_hrt_idx.html Hormonal Therapy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers. Lung function: *promote lung function by supporting alveoli<ref>{{cite journal | author=Massaro D, Massaro GD | title=Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice | journal=American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology | volume=287 | issue=6 | year=2004 | pages=L1154–9 | pmid=15298854| url=http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/287/6/L1154 | doi=10.1152/ajplung.00228.2004 }}</ref>. '''Males''': Prevent apoptosis of germ cells<ref>Pentikäinen V, Erkkilä K, Suomalainen L, Parvinen M, Dunkel L. Estradiol Acts as a Germ Cell Survival Factor in the Human Testis ''in vitro''. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006;85:2057-67 {{PMID|10843196</ref> |- | steroid - sex (estrogen|est) || Estrone || || ovary || granulosa cells, Adipocytes || direct || || |- | steroid - sex (estriol|est) || Estriol || E3 || placenta || syncytiotrophoblast || direct || || |- | steroid - sex (Progestagen|pro) || Progesterone || || ovary, adrenal glands, placenta (when pregnant) || Granulosa cells Theca interna|theca cells of ovary || direct || || Support pregnancy<ref name="colostate">[http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/endocrine.html Placental Hormones<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>: Convert uterine lining|endometrium to secretory stage Make Cervix#Cervical mucus|cervical mucus permeable to sperm. Inhibit immune system|immune response, e.g. towards the human embryo. Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility<ref name="colostate" /> Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor (childbirth)|labor. Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. Other: Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels Increase core temperature during ovulation Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus) Inflammation|Antiinflammatory Reduce gall-bladder activity<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hould F, Fried G, Fazekas A, Tremblay S, Mersereau W |title=Progesterone receptors regulate gallbladder motility |journal=J Surg Res |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=505–12 |year=1988 |pmid=3184927 | doi = 10.1016/0022-4804(88)90137-0}}</ref> Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell (biology)|cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy. Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts Relsilience in bone, teeth, gingiva|gums, joint, tendon, ligament and skin Healing by regulating collagen Nerve function and healing by regulating myelin Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen. |- | sterol || Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>) || || skin/proximal tubule of kidneys || || direct || || Active form of vitamin D3|vitamin D<sub>3</sub> Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of parathyroid hormone|PTH |- | sterol || Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>) || || skin/proximal tubule of kidneys || || direct || || Inactive form of Vitamin D3|vitamin D<sub>3</sub> |- | eicosanoid || Prostaglandins || PG || seminal vesicle || || || || |- | eicosanoid || Leukotrienes || LT || || white blood cells || || || |- | eicosanoid || Prostacyclin || PGI2 || endothelium || || || || |- | eicosanoid || Thromboxane || TXA2 || || platelets || || || |- | peptide || Prolactin releasing hormone|| PRH || hypothalamus || || || || Release prolactin from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Lipotropin || PRH || anterior pituitary || Corticotropes || || || lipolysis and steroidogenesis, <BR> stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin |- | peptide || Brain natriuretic peptide || BNP || heart || Cardiac muscle|Cardiac myocytes || || || (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by: reducing systemic circulation|systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and blood fats|fats |- | peptide || Neuropeptide Y || NPY || Stomach || || || || increased food intake and decreased physical activity |- | amine - histidine || Histamine || || Stomach || ECL cells || || || stimulate gastric acid secretion |- | || Endothelin || || Stomach || X cells || || || Smooth muscle contraction of stomach <ref>[http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsmr/41/1/41_35/_article Diabetes-related changes in contractile responses of stomach fundus to endothelin-1 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats] Journal of Smooth Muscle Research Vol. 41 (2005) , No. 1 35-47. Kazuki Endo1), Takayuki Matsumoto1), Tsuneo Kobayashi1), Yutaka Kasuya1) and Katsuo Kamata1) </ref> |- | peptide || Pancreatic polypeptide || || Pancreas || PP cells || || || self regulate the pancreas secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine), it also effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. |- | peptide || Renin || || Kidney || Juxtaglomerular cells|| || || Activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen |- | peptide || Enkephalin || || Kidney || Chromaffin cells || || || Regulate pain |- |} ==Insulin== In 1869, Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin, was studying the structure of the pancreas under a microscope when he identified some previously unnoticed tissue clumps scattered throughout the bulk of the pancreas. The function of the "little heaps of cells", later known as the islets of Langerhans, was unknown, but Edouard Laguesse later suggested they might produce secretions that play a regulatory role in digestion. Paul Langerhans' son, Archibald, also helped to understand this regulatory role. The term "insulin" origins from insula, the Latin word for islet/island. In 1889, the Polish-German physician Oscar Minkowski, in collaboration with Joseph von Mering, removed the pancreas from a healthy dog to test its assumed role in digestion. Several days after the dog's pancreas was removed, Minkowski's animal keeper noticed a swarm of flies feeding on the dog's urine. On testing the urine, they found there was sugar in the dog's urine, establishing for the first time a relationship between the pancreas and diabetes. In 1901, another major step was taken by Eugene Opie, when he clearly established the link between the islets of Langerhans and diabetes: "Diabetes mellitus . . . is caused by destruction of the islets of Langerhans and occurs only when these bodies are in part or wholly destroyed." Before his work, the link between the pancreas and diabetes was clear, but not the specific role of the islets. Over the next two decades, several attempts were made to isolate whatever it was the islets produced as a potential treatment. In 1906, George Ludwig Zuelzer was partially successful treating dogs with pancreatic extract, but was unable to continue his work. Between 1911 and 1912, E.L. Scott at the University of Chicago used aqueous pancreatic extracts, and noted "a slight diminution of glycosuria", but was unable to convince his director of his work's value; it was shut down. Israel Kleiner demonstrated similar effects at Rockefeller University in 1915, but his work was interrupted by World War I, and he did not return to it<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref>. In the spring of 1921, Banting traveled to Toronto to explain his idea to J.J.R. Macleod, who was Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto, and asked Macleod if he could use his lab space to test the idea. Macleod was initially skeptical, but eventually agreed to let Banting use his lab space while he was on vacation for the summer. He also supplied Banting with ten dogs on which to experiment, and two medical students, Charles Best and Clark Noble, to use as lab assistants, before leaving for Scotland. Since Banting required only one lab assistant, Best and Noble flipped a coin to see which would assist Banting for the first half of the summer. Best won the coin toss, and took the first shift as Banting's assistant. Loss of the coin toss may have proved unfortunate for Noble, given that Banting decided to keep Best for the entire summer, and eventually shared half his Nobel Prize money and a large part of the credit for the discovery of insulin with the winner of the toss. Had Noble won the toss, his career might have taken a different path. Banting's method was to tie a ligature around the pancreatic duct; when examined several weeks later, the pancreatic digestive cells had died and been absorbed by the immune system, leaving thousands of islets. They then isolated an extract from these islets, producing what they called "isletin" (what we now know as insulin), and tested this extract on the dogs. Banting and Best were then able to keep a pancreatectomized dog named Alpha alive for the rest of the summer by injecting her with the crude extract they had prepared. Removal of the pancreas in test animals essentially mimics diabetes, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Alpha was able to remain alive because the extracts, containing isletin, were able to lower her blood glucose levels. Banting and Best presented their results to Macleod on his return to Toronto in the fall of 1921, but Macleod pointed out flaws with the experimental design, and suggested the experiments be repeated with more dogs and better equipment. He then supplied Banting and Best with a better laboratory, and began paying Banting a salary from his research grants. Several weeks later, the second round of experiments clearly was also a success; and Macleod helped publish their results privately in Toronto that November. However, they needed six weeks to extract the isletin, which forced considerable delays. Banting suggested they try to use fetal calf pancreas, which had not yet developed digestive glands; he was relieved to find this method worked well. With the supply problem solved, the next major effort was to purify the extract. In December 1921, Macleod invited the biochemist James Collip to help with this task, and, within a month, the team felt ready for a clinical test. On January 11, 1922, Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old diabetic who lay dying at the Toronto General Hospital, was given the first injection of insulin. However, the extract was so impure, Thompson suffered a severe allergic reaction, and further injections were canceled. Over the next 12 days, Collip worked day and night to improve the ox-pancreas extract, and a second dose was injected on January 23. This was completely successful, not only in having no obvious side effects, but also in completely eliminating the glycosuria sign of diabetes. The first American patient was Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, the daughter of the governor of New York.The first patient treated in the U.S. was future woodcut artist James D. Havens; Dr. John Ralston Williams imported insulin from Toronto to Rochester, New York, to treat Havens. Children dying from diabetic ketoacidosis were kept in large wards, often with 50 or more patients in a ward, mostly comatose. Grieving family members were often in attendance, awaiting the (until then, inevitable) death. In one of medicine's more dramatic moments, Banting, Best, and Collip went from bed to bed, injecting an entire ward with the new purified extract. Before they had reached the last dying child, the first few were awakening from their coma, to the joyous exclamations of their families. Banting and Best never worked well with Collip, regarding him as something of an interloper, and Collip left the project soon after. Over the spring of 1922, Best managed to improve his techniques to the point where large quantities of insulin could be extracted on demand, but the preparation remained impure. The drug firm Eli Lilly and Company had offered assistance not long after the first publications in 1921, and they took Lilly up on the offer in April. In November, Lilly made a major breakthrough and were able to produce large quantities of highly refined insulin. Insulin was offered for sale shortly thereafter. Purified animal-sourced insulin was the only type of insulin available to diabetics until genetic breakthroughs occurred later with medical research. The amino acid structure of insulin was characterized in the 1950s, and the first synthetic insulin was produced simultaneously in the labs of Panayotis Katsoyannis at the University of Pittsburgh and Helmut Zahn at RWTH Aachen University in the early 1960s<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref>. The first genetically-engineered, synthetic "human" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Herbert Boyer using E. coli. Partnering with Genentech founded by Boyer, Eli Lilly and Company went on in 1982 to sell the first commercially available biosynthetic human insulin under the brand name Humulin. The vast majority of insulin currently used worldwide is now biosynthetic recombinant "human" insulin or its analogs. Insulin is a hormone central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle. Insulin stops the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting the release of glucagon. When insulin is absent, glucose is not taken up by body cells and the body begins to use fat as an energy source or gluconeogenesis; for example, by transfer of lipids from adipose tissue to the liver for mobilization as an energy source. As its level is a central metabolic control mechanism, its status is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body. When control of insulin levels fails, diabetes mellitus will result. As a consequence, insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally. Patients with type 2 diabetes are often insulin resistant, and because of such resistance, may suffer from a "relative" insulin deficiency. Some patients with type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin if other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately, though this is somewhat uncommon. Insulin also influences other body functions, such as vascular compliance and cognition. Once insulin enters the human brain, it enhances learning and memory and benefits verbal memory in particular. Enhancing brain insulin signaling by means of intranasal insulin administration also enhances the acute thermoregulatory and glucoregulatory response to food intake, suggesting central nervous insulin contributes to the control of whole-body energy homeostasis in humans. Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. It is produced in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The name comes from the Latin insula for "island". Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Insulin from animal sources differs somewhat in "strength" (in carbohydrate metabolism control effects) in humans because of those variations. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref>. ==Glucagon== Image:Glucagon.png|thumb|right|Glucagon ball and stick model, with the carboxyl terminus above and the amino terminus below Glucagon, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar (glucose) levels fall too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. Glucagon also stimulates the release of insulin, so glucose can be taken up and used by insulin-dependent tissues. Thus, glucagon and insulin are part of a feedback system that keeps blood glucose levels at a stable level. Glucagon belongs to a family of several other related hormones<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucagon&oldid=423609682</ref>. Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide. Its primary structure in humans is: NH2-His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr-COOH. The polypeptide has a molecular weight of 3485 daltons. Glucagon is a peptide (nonsteroid) hormone. ===Production=== The hormone is synthesized and secreted from alpha cells (α-cells) of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. In rodents, the alpha cells are located in the outer rim of the islet. Human islet structure is much less segregated, and alpha cells are distributed throughout the islet. ''Regulatory mechanism'' Increased secretion of glucagon is caused by: Decreased plasma glucose (indirectly) Increased catecholamines - norepinephrine and epinephrine Increased plasma amino acids (to protect from hypoglycemia if an all-protein meal is consumed) Sympathetic nervous system Acetylcholine Cholecystokinin Decreased secretion (inhibition) of glucagon is caused by: Somatostatin Insulin Increased free fatty acids and keto acids into the blood Increased urea production ===Mechanism of action and Function of Glucagon=== Glucagon helps maintain the level of glucose in the blood. Glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen, which is a starch-like polymer chain made up of glucose molecules. Liver cells (hepatocytes) have glucagon receptors. When glucagon binds to the glucagon receptors, the liver cells convert the glycogen polymer into individual glucose molecules, and release them into the bloodstream, in a process known as glycogenolysis. As these stores become depleted, glucagon then encourages the liver to synthesize additional glucose by gluconeogenesis. Glucagon turns off glycolysis in the liver, causing glycolytic intermediates to be shuttled to gluconeogenesis. Glucagon also regulates the rate of glucose production through lipolysis. Glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, located in the plasma membrane. The conformation change in the receptor activates G proteins, a heterotrimeric protein with α, β, and γ subunits. When the G protein interacts with the receptor, it undergoes a conformational change that results in the replacement of the GDP molecule that was bound to the α subunit with a GTP molecule. This substitution results in the releasing of the α subunit from the β and γ subunits. The alpha subunit specifically activates the next enzyme in the cascade, adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase manufactures cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, converting into the active form called phosphorylase A. Phosphorylase A is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucagon&oldid=423609682</ref>. ==Glucocorticoids (GC)== Glucocorticoids (GC) are a class of steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell. The name glucocorticoid (glucose + cortex + steroid) derives from their role in the regulation of the metabolism of glucose, their synthesis in the adrenal cortex, and their steroidal structure (see structure to the right). GCs are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system that turns immune activity (inflammation) down. They are therefore used in medicine to treat diseases that are caused by an overactive immune system, such as allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases and sepsis. GCs have many diverse (pleiotropic) effects, including potentially harmful side effects, and as a result are rarely sold over-the-counter. A variety of synthetic glucocorticoids, some far more potent than cortisol, have been created for therapeutic use. They differ in the pharmacokinetics (absorption factor, half-life, volume of distribution, clearance) and in pharmacodynamics (for example the capacity of mineralocorticoid activity: retention of sodium (Na+) and water; see also: renal physiology). Because they permeate the intestines easily, they are administered primarily per os (by mouth), but also by other methods, such as topically on skin. More than 90 percent of them bind different plasma proteins, however with a different binding specificity. Endogenous glucocorticoids and some synthetic corticoids have high affinity to the protein transcortin (also called CBG, corticosteroid-binding globulin), whereas all of them bind albumin. In the liver, they quickly metabolise by conjugation with a sulfate or glucuronic acid, and are secreted in the urine. Glucocorticoid potency, duration of effect, and overlapping mineralocorticoid potency varies. Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is the standard of comparison for glucocorticoid potency. Hydrocortisone is the name used for pharmaceutical preparations of cortisol. Data refer to oral dosing, except when mentioned. Oral potency may be less than parenteral potency because significant amounts (up to 50% in some cases) may not be absorbed from the intestine. Fludrocortisone, DOCA (Deoxycorticosterone acetate), and aldosterone are, by definition, not considered glucocorticoids, although they may have minor glucocorticoid potency, and are included in this table to provide perspective on mineralocorticoid potency. ==Monoamine and Monoamine neurotransmitters== Monoamines derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes. '''Monoamine neurotransmitters''' are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain (-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-). All monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes. Examples * Histamine * Catecholamines: o Dopamine (DA) o Norepinephrine (NE) (noradrenaline, NA) o Epinephrine (Epi) (adrenaline) * Tryptamines: o Serotonin (5-HT) o Melatonin * Trace amines: o β-Phenylethylamine (PEA, β-PEA) o Tyramine o Tryptamine o Octopamine o 3-iodothyronamine o Thyronamines, a new group of compounds derived from thyroid hormones ===Epinephrine or Adrenaline=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right" |+ Physiologic responses to epinephrine by organ |- ! Organ ! Effects |- | Heart | Increases heart rate |- | Lungs | Increases respiratory rate |- | Nearly all tissues | Vasoconstriction or vasodilation |- | Liver | Stimulates glycogenolysis |- | N/A, systemic | Triggers lipolysis |- | N/A, systemic | Muscle contraction |} Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter.It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. Chemically, epinephrine is a catecholamine, a monoamine produced only by the adrenal glands from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The term adrenaline is derived from the Latin roots ad- and renes and literally means "on the kidney", in reference to the adrenal gland's anatomic location on the kidney. The Greek roots epi and nephros have similar meanings, and give rise to "epinephrine". The term epinephrine is often shortened to epi in medical jargon. Adrenaline is synthesized in the medulla of the adrenal gland in an enzymatic pathway that converts the amino acid tyrosine into a series of intermediates and ultimately adrenaline. Tyrosine is first oxidized to L-DOPA, which is subsequently decarboxylated to give dopamine. Oxidation gives norepinephrine, which is methylated to give epinephrine. Adrenaline is synthesized via methylation of the primary distal amine of noradrenaline by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the cytosol of adrenergic neurons and cells of the adrenal medulla (so-called chromaffin cells). PNMT is only found in the cytosol of cells of adrenal medullary cells. PNMT uses S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as a cofactor to donate the methyl group to noradrenaline, creating adrenaline. The biosynthesis of adrenaline involves a series of enzymatic reactions. For noradrenaline to be acted upon by PNMT in the cytosol, it must first be shipped out of granules of the chromaffin cells. This may occur via the catecholamine-H+ exchanger VMAT1. VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized adrenaline from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release. In liver cells, adrenaline binds to the β-adrenergic receptor which changes conformation and helps Gs, a G protein, exchange GDP to GTP. This trimeric G protein dissociates to Gs alpha and Gs beta/gamma subunits. Gs alpha binds to adenyl cyclase, thus converting ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP binds to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A: Protein kinase A phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase. Meanwhile, Gs beta/gamma binds to the calcium channel and allows calcium ions to enter the cytoplasm. Calcium ions bind to calmodulin proteins, a protein present in all eukaryotic cells, which then binds to phosphorylase kinase and finishes its activation. Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase which then phosphorylates glycogen and converts it to glucose-6-phosphate.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine</ref> Image:Catecholamines biosynthesis.svg|thumb|centre|450px|The biosynthesis of adrenaline involves a series of enzymatic reactions. '''Regulation''' As a hormone, epinephrine acts on nearly all body tissues. Its actions vary by tissue type and tissue expression of adrenergic receptors. For example, epinephrine causes smooth muscle relaxation in the airways, but causes contraction of the smooth muscle that lines most arterioles. Epinephrine acts by binding to a variety of adrenergic receptors. Adrenaline is a nonselective agonist of all adrenergic receptors, including α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3 receptors.Epinephrine's binding to these receptors triggers a number of metabolic changes. Binding to α-adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secretion by the pancreas, stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle, and stimulates glycolysis in muscle. β-Adrenergic receptor binding triggers glucagon secretion in the pancreas, increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by the pituitary gland, and increased lipolysis by adipose tissue. Together, these effects lead to increased blood glucose and fatty acids, providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body. In addition to these metabolic changes, epinephrine also leads to broad alterations throughout all organ systems. The major physiologic triggers of adrenaline release center upon stresses, such as physical threat, excitement, noise, bright lights, and high ambient temperature. All of these stimuli are processed in the central nervous system. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the synthesis of adrenaline precursors by enhancing the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase, two key enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. ACTH also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which increases the expression of PNMT in chromaffin cells, enhancing adrenaline synthesis. This is most often done in response to stress. The sympathetic nervous system, acting via splanchnic nerves to the adrenal medulla, stimulates the release of adrenaline. Acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing cell depolarization and an influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the exocytosis of chromaffin granules and thus the release of adrenaline (and noradrenaline) into the bloodstream. Adrenaline (as with noradrenaline) does exert negative feedback to down-regulate its own synthesis at the presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptor. Abnormally elevated levels of adrenaline can occur in a variety of conditions, such as surreptitious epinephrine administration, pheochromocytoma, and other tumors of the sympathetic ganglia. Its action is terminated with reuptake into nerve terminal endings, some minute dilution, and metabolism by monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase ==Cortisol== Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a steroid hormone, or glucocorticoid, produced by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. It also decreases bone formation. During pregnancy, increased production of cortisol between weeks 30-32 initiates production of fetal lung surfactanct to promote maturation of the lungs. Various synthetic forms of cortisol are used to treat a variety of different diseases. Cortisol's primary functions in the body are: * increasing blood sugar through gluconeogenesis * suppressing the immune system * aiding in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism It surpresses the immune system by "muting" the white blood cells Another function is to decrease bone formation. Cortisol is used to treat diseases such as Addison’s disease, inflammatory and rheumatoid diseases, and allergies. Low-potency hydrocortisone, available over the counter in some countries, is used to treat skin problems such as rashes, eczema and others. Cortisol prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation. It stimulates gluconeogenesis (the breakdown of protein and fat to provide metabolites that can be converted to glucose in the liver) and it activates anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathways. ''Cortisol synthesized'' Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol. Synthesis takes place in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. (The name cortisol is derived from cortex.) While the adrenal cortex also produces aldosterone (in the zona glomerulosa) and some sex hormones (in the zona reticularis), cortisol is its main secretion. The medulla of the adrenal gland lies under the cortex, mainly secreting the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) under sympathetic stimulation. The synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); ACTH production is in turn stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is released by the hypothalamus. ACTH increases the concentration of cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane, via regulation of the STAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory) protein. It also stimulates the main rate-limiting step in cortisol synthesis, in which cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone and catalyzed by Cytochrome P450SCC (side chain cleavage enzyme). ''Metabolism'' Cortisol is metabolized by the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system (11-beta HSD), which consists of two enzymes: 11-beta HSD1 and 11-beta HSD2. * 11-beta HSD1 utilizes the cofactor NADPH to convert biologically-inert cortisone to biologically-active cortisol * 11-beta HSD2 utilizes the cofactor NAD+ to convert cortisol to cortisone Overall, the net effect is that 11-beta HSD1 serves to increase the local concentrations of biologically-active cortisol in a given tissue; 11-beta HSD2 serves to decrease local concentrations of biologically-active cortisol. Cortisol is also metabolized into 5-alpha tetrahydrocortisol (5-alpha THF) and 5-beta tetrahydrocortisol (5-beta THF), reactions for which 5-alpha reductase and 5-beta reductase are the rate-limiting factors respectively. 5-beta reductase is also the rate-limiting factor in the conversion of cortisone to tetrahydrocortisone (THE). An alteration in 11-beta HSD1 has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance known as metabolic syndrome. An alteration in 11-beta HSD2 has been implicated in essential hypertension and is known to lead to the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME). ==Leptin == Leptin (Greek leptos meaning thin) is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. It is one of the most important adipose derived hormones.The Ob(Lep) gene (Ob for obese, Lep for leptin) is located on chromosome 7 in humans. Leptin interacts with six types of receptors (Ob-Ra&ndash;Ob-Rf, or LepRa-LepRf) which in turn are encoded by a single gene, LEPR.<ref name="pmid8772180">{{cite journal | author = Wang MY, Zhou YT, Newgard CB, Unger RH | title = A novel leptin receptor isoform in rat | journal = FEBS Lett. | volume = 392 | issue = 2 | pages = 87–90 | year = 1996 | month = August | {{PMID|= 8772180 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00790-9 | url = }}</ref> Ob-Rb is the only receptor isoform that can signal intracellularly via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway|Jak-Stat and MAPK signal transduction pathways,<ref name="pmid16964413">{{cite journal | author = Malendowicz W, Rucinski M, Macchi C, Spinazzi R, Ziolkowska A, Nussdorfer GG, Kwias Z | title = Leptin and leptin receptors in the prostate and seminal vesicles of the adult rat | journal = Int. J. Mol. Med. | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 615–8 | year = 2006 | month = October | {{PMID|= 16964413 | doi = | url = http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijmm/article.jsp?article_id=ijmm_18_4_615 | issn = }}</ref> and is present in hypothalamic nuclei. It is unknown whether leptin can cross the blood-brain barrier to access receptor neurons, because the blood-brain barrier is attenuated in the area of the median eminence, close to where the NPY neurons of the arcuate nucleus are. It is generally thought that leptin might enter the brain at the choroid plexus, where there is intense expression of a form of leptin receptor molecule that could act as a transport mechanism. Once leptin has bound to the Ob-Rb receptor, it activates the stat3, which is phosphorylated and travels to the nucleus to, presumably, effect changes in gene expression. One of the main effects on gene expression is the down-regulation of the expression of endocannabinoids, responsible for increasing appetite. There are other intracellular pathways activated by leptin, but less is known about how they function in this system. In response to leptin, receptor neurons have been shown to remodel themselves, changing the number and types of synapses that fire onto them. There is some recognition that leptin action is more decentralized than previously assumed. In addition to its endocrine action at a distance (from adipose tissue to brain), leptin also acts as a paracrine mediator.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin</ref> === Function === Leptin acts on receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain where it inhibits appetite by (1) counteracting the effects of neuropeptide Y (a potent feeding stimulant secreted by cells in the gut and in the hypothalamus); (2) counteracting the effects of anandamide (another potent feeding stimulant that binds to the same receptors as THC, the primary active ingredient of marijuana); and (3) promoting the synthesis of α-MSH, an appetite suppressant. This inhibition is long-term, in contrast to the rapid inhibition of eating by cholecystokinin (CCK) and the slower suppression of hunger between meals mediated by PYY3-36. The absence of leptin (or its receptor) leads to uncontrolled food intake and resulting obesity. Several studies have shown that fasting or following a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) lowers leptin levels.<ref>Studies include: * {{cite journal |author=Dubuc G, Phinney S, Stern J, Havel P |title=Changes of serum leptin and endocrine and metabolic parameters after 7 days of energy restriction in men and women |journal=Metab. Clin. Exp. |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=429–34 |year=1998 |pmid=9550541}} * {{cite journal |author=Pratley R, Nicolson M, Bogardus C, Ravussin E |title=Plasma leptin responses to fasting in Pima Indians |journal=Am. J. Physiol. |volume=273 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=E644–9 |year=1997 |pmid=9316457}} * {{cite journal |author=Weigle D, Duell P, Connor W, Steiner R, Soules M, Kuijper J |title=Effect of fasting, refeeding, and dietary fat restriction on plasma leptin levels |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=561–5 |year=1997 |pmid=9024254 |doi=10.1210/jc.82.2.561}}</ref> It might be that on short-term leptin is an indicator of energy balance. This system is more sensitive to starvation than to overfeeding; leptin levels change more when food intake decreases than when it increases.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chin-Chance C, Polonsky K, Schoeller D |title=Twenty-four-hour leptin levels respond to cumulative short-term energy imbalance and predict subsequent intake |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue=8 |pages=2685–91 |year=2000 |pmid=10946866 |doi=10.1210/jc.85.8.2685}}</ref> It might be that the dynamics of leptin due to an acute change in energy balance are related to appetite and eventually to food intake. Although this is a new hypothesis, there are already some data that support it.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Keim N, Stern J, Havel P |title=Relation between circulating leptin concentrations and appetite during a prolonged, moderate energy deficit in women |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=794–801 |year=1998 |pmid=9771856}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mars M, de Graaf C, de Groot C, van Rossum C, Kok F |title=Fasting leptin and appetite responses induced by a 4-day 65%-energy-restricted diet |journal=International journal of obesity (Lond) |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=122–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16158086 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803070}}</ref> There is some controversy regarding the regulation of leptin by melatonin during the night. One research group suggested that increased levels of melatonin caused a downregulation of leptin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kus I, Sarsilmaz M, Colakoglu N, ''et al.'' |title=Pinealectomy increases and exogenous melatonin decreases leptin production in rat anterior pituitary cells: an immunohistochemical study |journal=Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=403–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15311999 |doi=}}</ref> However, in 2004, Brazilian researchers found that melatonin increases leptin levels in the presence of insulin, therefore causing a decrease in appetite during sleeping.<ref name="pmid15572654">{{cite journal | author = Alonso-Vale MI, Andreotti S, Peres SB, Anhê GF, das Neves Borges-Silva C, Neto JC, Lima FB | title = Melatonin enhances leptin expression by rat adipocytes in the presence of insulin | journal = Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. | volume = 288 | issue = 4 | pages = E805–12 | year = 2005 | month = April | {{PMID|= 15572654 | doi = 10.1152/ajpendo.00478.2004 | url = }}</ref> Mice with type 1 diabetes treated with leptin alone or in conjunction with insulin did better (blood sugar did not fluctuate as much; cholesterol levels decreased; mice formed less body fat) than mice with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin alone, raising the prospect of a new treatment for diabetes.<ref name="pmid20194735">{{cite journal | author = Wang MY, Chen L, Clark GO, Lee Y, Stevens RD, Ilkayeva OR, Wenner BR, Bain JR, Charron MJ, Newgard CB, Unger RH | title = Leptin therapy in insulin-deficient type I diabetes | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 107 | issue = 11 | pages = 4813–9 | year = 2010 | month = March | {{PMID|= 20194735 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0909422107 | laysummary = http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=113886 | laysource = medicinenet.com | pmc = 2841945 }}</ref> === Adiposity signal === To date, only leptin and insulin are known to act as an adiposity signal. In general, * Leptin circulates at levels proportional to adipose tissue|body fat. * It enters the central nervous system (CNS) in proportion to its blood plasma|plasma concentration. * Its receptors are found in brain neurons involved in regulating energy intake and expenditure. * It controls food intake and energy expenditure by acting on receptors in the mediobasal hypothalamus<ref name="pmid">{{cite journal | author = Williams KW, Scott MM, Elmquist JK | title = From observation to experimentation: leptin action in the mediobasal hypothalamus | journal = Am. J. Clin. Nutr. | volume = 89 | issue = 3 | pages = 985S–990S | year = 2009 | month = March | {{PMID|= 19176744| doi = 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26788D | url = | issn = | pmc = 2667659 }}</ref> === Interaction with amylin === Co-administration of two neurohormones known to have a role in body weight control, amylin (produced by beta cells in the pancreas) and leptin (produced by fat cells), results in sustained, fat-specific weight loss in a leptin-resistant animal model of obesity.<ref name="pmid18458326">{{cite journal | author = Roth JD, Roland BL, Cole RL, Trevaskis JL, Weyer C, Koda JE, Anderson CM, Parkes DG, Baron AD | title = Leptin responsiveness restored by amylin agonism in diet-induced obesity: evidence from nonclinical and clinical studies | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 105 | issue = 20 | pages = 7257–62 | year = 2008 | month = May | {{PMID|= 18458326 | pmc = 2438237 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0706473105 | url = | issn = }}</ref> === Satiety === Leptin binds to neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus, in such a way that decreases the activity of these neurons. Leptin signals to the brain that the body has had enough to eat, producing a feeling of satiety. A very small group of humans possess homozygous mutations for the leptin gene that leads to a constant desire for food, resulting in severe obesity. This condition can be treated somewhat successfully by the administration of recombinant human leptin.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=164160&rn=1 OMIM - LEPTIN; LEP]</ref> However, extensive clinical trials using recombinant human leptin as a therapeutic agent for treating obesity in humans have been inconclusive because only the most obese subjects who were given the highest doses of exogenous leptin produced statistically significant weight loss. It was concluded that large and frequent doses were needed to provide only modest benefit because of leptin’s low circulating half-life, low potency, and poor solubility. Furthermore, these injections caused some participants to drop out of the study due to inflammatory responses of the skin at the injection site. Some of these problems can be alleviated by a form of leptin called Fc-leptin, which takes the Fc fragment from the immunoglobulin gamma chain as the N-terminal fusion partner and follows it with leptin. This Fc-leptin fusion has been experimentally proven to be highly soluble, more biologically potent, and contain a much longer serum half-life. As a result, this Fc-leptin was successfully shown to treat obesity in both leptin-deficient and normal mice, although studies have not been undertaken on human subjects. This makes Fc-leptin a potential treatment for obesity in humans after more extensive testing.<ref name="pmid9796811">{{cite journal | author = Friedman JM, Halaas JL | title = Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals | journal = Nature | volume = 395 | issue = 6704 | pages = 763–70 | year = 1998 | month = October | {{PMID|= 9796811 | doi = 10.1038/27376 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid10546697">{{cite journal | author = Heymsfield SB, Greenberg AS, Fujioka K, Dixon RM, Kushner R, Hunt T, Lubina JA, Patane J, Self B, Hunt P, McCamish M | title = Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial | journal = JAMA | volume = 282 | issue = 16 | pages = 1568–75 | year = 1999 | month = October | {{PMID|= 10546697 | doi = 10.1001/jama.282.16.1568| url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid15790575">{{cite journal | author = Lo KM, Zhang J, Sun Y, Morelli B, Lan Y, Lauder S, Brunkhorst B, Webster G, Hallakou-Bozec S, Doaré L, Gillies SD | title = Engineering a pharmacologically superior form of leptin for the treatment of obesity | journal = Protein Eng. Des. Sel. | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–10 | year = 2005 | month = January | {{PMID|= 15790575 | doi = 10.1093/protein/gzh102 | url = | issn = }}</ref> Circulating leptin levels give the brain input regarding energy storage so it can regulate appetite and metabolism. Leptin works by inhibiting the activity of neurons that contain neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and by increasing the activity of neurons expressing melanocyte-stimulating hormone|α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The NPY neurons are a key element in the regulation of appetite; small doses of NPY injected into the brains of experimental animals stimulates feeding, while selective destruction of the NPY neurons in mice causes them to become anorexia (symptom)|anorexic. Conversely, α-MSH is an important mediator of satiety, and differences in the gene for the receptor at which α-MSH acts in the brain are linked to obesity in humans. === Circulatory system === The role of leptin/leptin receptors in modulation of T cell activity in immune system was shown in experimentation with mice. It modulates the immune response to atherosclerosis, which is a predisposing factor in patients with obesity.<ref name=Taleb>{{cite journal | author=Taleb S, Herbin O, Ait-Oufella H, Verreth W, Gourdy P, Barateau V, Merval R, Esposito B, Clément K, Holvoet P, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. | title=Defective leptin/leptin receptor signaling improves regulatory T cell immune response and protects mice from atherosclerosis | journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. | year=2007 | pages=2691–8 | issue=12 | volume=27 | pmid=17690315 | doi=10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.149567}}</ref> Leptin promotes angiogenesis by increasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. In some epidemiological studies, hyperleptinemia is considered as a risk factor. However, recently a handful of animal experiments demonstrated that systemic hyperleptinemia produced by infusion or adenoviral gene transfer decrease blood pressure in rats. <ref name=Zhang>{{cite journal | author=Zhang W, Telemaque S, Augustyniak R, Anderson P, Thomas G, An J, Wang Z, Newgard C, Victor R.| title=Adenovirus-mediated leptin expression normalises hypertension associated with diet-induced obesity | journal=J Neuroendocrinol. | year=2010 | pages=175–80 | issue=3 | volume=22 | pmid=20059648 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01953.x}}</ref> <ref name=Knight>{{cite journal | author=Knight W, Seth R, Boron J, Overton J.| title=Short-term physiological hyperleptinemia decreases arterial blood pressure | journal=Regul Pept. | year=2009 | pages=60–8 | issue=1-3 | volume=154 | pmid=19323984 | doi=10.1016/j.regpep.2009.02.001}}</ref> === Lung surfactant activity === In fetal lung leptin is induced in the alveolar interstitial fibroblasts ("lipofibroblasts") by the action of PTHrP secreted by formative alveolar epithelium (endoderm) under moderate stretch. The leptin from the mesenchyme, in turn, acts back on the epithelium at the leptin receptor carried in the alveolar type II pneumocytes and induces surfactant expression, which is one of the main functions of these type II pneumocytes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John S. Torday, Virender K. Rehan |title=Up-regulation of fetal rat lung parathyroid hormone-related protein gene regulatory network down-regulates the Sonic Hedgehog/Wnt/betacatenin gene regulatory network |journal=Pediatr. Res. |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=382–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16940239 |doi=10.1203/01.pdr.0000238326.42590.03}} — published online before print as DOI 10.1203/01.pdr.0000238326.42590.03</ref> === Reproduction === In mice, leptin is also required for male and female fertility. Leptin has a lesser effect in humans. In mammals such as humans, ovulatory cycles in females are linked to energy balance (positive or negative depending on whether a female is losing or gaining weight) and energy flux (how much energy is consumed and expended) much more than energy status (fat levels). When energy balance is highly negative (meaning that a woman is starving) or energy flux is very high (meaning that a woman is exercising at extreme levels, but still consuming enough calories), the ovarian cycle stops and females stop menstruating. Only if a female has an extremely low body fat percentage does energy status affect menstruation. Some studies have indicated that leptin levels outside an ideal range can have a negative effect on egg quality and outcome during IVF.<ref name="pmid15798029">{{cite journal | author = Anifandis G, Koutselini E, Louridas K, Liakopoulos V, Leivaditis K, Mantzavinos T, Sioutopoulou D, Vamvakopoulos N | title = Estradiol and leptin as conditional prognostic IVF markers | journal = Reproduction | volume = 129 | issue = 4 | pages = 531–4 | year = 2005 | month = April | {{PMID|= 15798029 | doi = 10.1530/rep.1.00567 | url = | issn = }}</ref> The body's fat cells, under normal conditions, are responsible for the constant production and release of leptin. This can also be produced by the placenta.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zhao J, Townsend KL, Schulz LC, Kunz TH, Li C, Widmaier EP |title=Leptin receptor expression increases in placenta, but not hypothalamus, during gestation in Mus musculus and Myotis lucifugus |journal=Placenta |volume=25 |issue=8-9 |pages=712–22 |year=2004 |pmid=15450389 |doi=10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.017}}</ref> Leptin levels rise during pregnancy and fall after parturition (childbirth). Leptin is also expressed in fetal membranes and the uterine tissue. Uterine contractions are inhibited by leptin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moynihan AT, Hehir MP, Glavey SV, Smith TJ, Morrison JJ |title=Inhibitory effect of leptin on human uterine contractility ''in vitro'' |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=195 |issue=2 |pages=504–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16647683 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.106}}</ref> There is also evidence that leptin plays a role in hyperemesis gravidarum (severe morning sickness),<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aka N, Atalay S, Sayharman S, Kiliç D, Köse G, Küçüközkan T |title=Leptin and leptin receptor levels in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum |journal=The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=274–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16866785 |doi=10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00590.x}}</ref> in polycystic ovary syndrome<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cervero A, Domínguez F, Horcajadas JA, Quiñonero A, Pellicer A, Simón C |title=The role of the leptin in reproduction |journal=Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=297–303 |year=2006 |pmid=16735830 |doi=10.1097/01.gco.0000193004.35287.89}}</ref><!-- to check: literature is controversial --> and a 2007 research suggests that hypothalamic leptin is implicated in bone growth.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Iwaniec UT, Boghossian S, Lapke PD, Turner RT, Kalra SP |title=Central leptin gene therapy corrects skeletal abnormalities in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice |journal=Peptides |volume= 28|issue= 5|pages=1012|year=2007 |pmid=17346852 |doi=10.1016/j.peptides.2007.02.001 |pmc=1986832}}</ref> === Effects on bone === The fact that leptin, a hormone released from fat tissue, can regulate bone mass first came to prominence in 2000.<ref name="pmid10660043">{{cite journal | author = Ducy P, Amling M, Takeda S, Priemel M, Schilling AF, Beil FT, Shen J, Vinson C, Rueger JM, Karsenty G | title = Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass | journal = Cell | volume = 100 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–207 | year = 2000 | month = January | {{PMID|= 10660043 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> It is now well established that leptin can affect bone metabolism via direct signalling from the brain and that although leptin acts to reduce cancellous bone, it conversely increases cortical bone. A number of theories have been put forward concerning the cortical-cancellous dichotomy including a recent theory suggesting that increased leptin during obesity may represent a mechanism for enlarging bone size and thus bone resistance to cope with increased body weight.<ref name="pmid17924050">{{cite journal | author = Hamrick MW, Ferrari SL | title = Leptin and the sympathetic connection of fat to bone | journal = Osteoporos Int | volume = 19 | issue = 7 | pages = 905–12 | year = 2008 | month = July | {{PMID|= 17924050 | doi = 10.1007/s00198-007-0487-9 | url = | issn = }}</ref> Bone metabolism is under direct control of the brain and thus nerve fibres are present in bone tissue.<ref name="Allison_2006">{{cite journal | author = Allison SJ, Herzog H | title = NPY and bone | journal = EXS | volume = | issue = 95 | pages = 171–82 | year = 2006 | {{PMID|= 16383006 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> A number of brain signalling molecules (neuropeptides and neurotransmitters) have been found in bone including adrenaline, noradrenaline, serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y.<ref name="Allison_2006"/><ref name="pmid12577304">{{cite journal | author = Gordeladze JO, Reseland JE | title = A unified model for the action of leptin on bone turnover | journal = J. Cell. Biochem. | volume = 88 | issue = 4 | pages = 706–12 | year = 2003 | month = March | {{PMID|= 12577304 | doi = 10.1002/jcb.10385 | url = | issn = }}</ref> This evidence supports a direct signalling system between the brain and bone with accumulating evidence suggesting that these molecules are directly involved in the regulation of bone metabolism. Leptin, once released from fat tissue, can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to its receptors in the brain where it acts through the sympathetic nervous system to regulate bone metabolism.<ref name="pmid12419242">{{cite journal | author = Takeda S, Elefteriou F, Levasseur R, Liu X, Zhao L, Parker KL, Armstrong D, Ducy P, Karsenty G | title = Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system | journal = Cell | volume = 111 | issue = 3 | pages = 305–17 | year = 2002 | month = November | {{PMID|= 12419242 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> It is also possible that, in addition to its effects through the brain, leptin may act directly on cells in the bone to regulate bone metabolism. In reality, leptin probably signals to bone on multiple levels, with local and systemic checks and balances impacting the final outcome. As a result, the clinical utility of leptin for treatment of bone diseases remains open but ongoing research may yet provide much needed therapies for stimulating bone formation<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leptin&oldid=425473035</ref>. ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{bookcat}} fzr5ng600lgns5ug1qd5wxwroyg4h8f 4673047 4673046 2026-09-30T06:42:31Z Jcb 90773 4673047 wikitext text/x-wiki A hormone (from Greek"impetus") is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. In essence, it is a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another. All multicellular organisms produce hormones; plant hormones are also called phytohormones. Hormones in animals are often transported in the blood. Cells respond to a hormone when they express a specific receptor for that hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor protein, resulting in the activation of a signal transduction mechanism that ultimately leads to cell type-specific responses. Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream, whereas exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct, and, from the duct, they flow either into the bloodstream or from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling. Recently it has been found that a variety of exogenous modern chemical compounds have hormone-like effects on both humans and wildlife. Their interference with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body are responsible of homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavioural changes sameway as the endogenous produced hormones. Hormonal signaling involves the following: Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a particular tissue Storage and secretion of the hormone Transport of the hormone to the target cell(s) Recognition of the hormone by an associated cell membrane or intracellular receptor protein Relay and amplification of the received hormonal signal via a signal transduction process: This then leads to a cellular response. The reaction of the target cells may then be recognized by the original hormone-producing cells, leading to a down-regulation in hormone production. This is an example of a homeostatic negative feedback loop. Degradation of the hormone. Hormone cells are typically of a specialized cell type, residing within a particular endocrine gland, such as thyroid gland, ovaries, and testes. Hormones exit their cell of origin via exocytosis or another means of membrane transport. The hierarchical model is an oversimplification of the hormonal signaling process. Cellular recipients of a particular hormonal signal may be one of several cell types that reside within a number of different tissues, as is the case for insulin, which triggers a diverse range of systemic physiological effects. Different tissue types may also respond differently to the same hormonal signal. Because of this, hormonal signaling is elaborate and hard to dissect.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone</ref> ==Effects of hormones== Hormones have the following effects on the body: stimulation or inhibition of growth mood swings induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death) activation or inhibition of the immune system regulation of metabolism preparation of the body for mating, fighting, fleeing, and other activity preparation of the body for a new phase of life, such as puberty, parenting, and menopause control of the reproductive cycle hunger cravings A hormone may also regulate the production and release of other hormones. Hormone signals control the internal environment of the body through homeostasis. ==Pituitary gland== In vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g (0.02 oz.), in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae). The pituitary is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the infundibular stem (Pituitary Stalk). The pituitary fossa, in which the pituitary gland sits, is situated in the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland secretes nine hormones that regulate homeostasis. There is an analogous structure in the octopus brain. ===Anterior pituitary=== A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary, also called the adenohypophysis, is the glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction. Its regulatory functions are achieved through the secretion of various peptide hormones that act on target organs including the adrenal gland, liver, bone, thyroid gland, and gonads. The anterior pituitary itself is regulated by the hypothalamus and by negative feedback from these target organs. Disorders of the anterior pituitary are generally classified by the presence of over- or underproduction of pituitary hormones. For example, a prolactinoma is a pituitary adenoma that overproduces prolactin. In Sheehan's syndrome of postpartum hypopituitarism, the anterior pituitary uniformly malfunctions and underproduces all hormones. Proper function of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it regulates can often be ascertained via blood tests that measure hormone levels. The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes the following important endocrine hormones: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), release under influence of hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), release under influence of hypothalamic Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH). Growth hormone (also referred to as 'Human Growth Hormone', 'HGH' or 'GH' or somatotropin), release under influence of hypothalamic Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH); inhibited by hypothalamic Somatostatin. Prolactin (PRL), also known as 'Luteotropic' hormone (LTH), release under influence of multiple hypothalamic Prolactin Releasing Factors (PRH). The two 'Gonadotropins'; Luteinizing hormone (also referred to as 'Lutropin' or 'LH', or in males, 'Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone' (ICSH)), and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), both released under influence of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH). and; melanocyte–stimulating hormones (MSH's) or "intermedins" as these are released by the pars intermedia which is "the middle part"; adjacent to the posterior pituitary lobe, pars intermedia is a specific part developed from the anterior pituitary lobe. These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic hormones are secreted to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system, called the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system. The anterior pituitary is divided into anatomical regions known as the pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, and pars distalis. It develops from a depression in the dorsal wall of the pharynx (stomodial part) known as Rathke's pouch<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&oldid=424099073</ref>. ===Posterior pituitary=== The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary consists mainly of neuronal projections (axons) extending from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. These axons release peptide hormones into the capillaries of the hypophyseal circulation. In addition to axons, the posterior pituitary also contains pituicytes, specialized glial cells resembling astrocytes. Classification of the posterior pituitary varies, but most sources include the three regions below<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posterior_pituitary&oldid=421749883</ref>: ''Pars nervosa'' Also called the neural lobe or posterior lobe, this region constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary, and is sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with it. Notable features include Herring bodies and pituicytes. ''Infundibular stalk'' Also known as the infundibulum or pituitary stalk, the infundibular stalk bridges the hypothalamic and hypophyseal systems. ''Median eminence'' This is only occasionally included as part of the posterior pituitary. Other sources specifically exclude it from the pituitary. A few sources include the pars intermedia as part of the posterior lobe, but this is a minority view. It is based upon the gross anatomical separation of the posterior and anterior pituitary along the cystic remnants of Rathke's pouch, causing the pars intermedia to remain attached to the neurohypophysis. Hormones known classically as posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus. They are then stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream. {| class="wikitable" ! Hormone ! Other names ! Symbol(s) ! Target ! Effect ! Source |- | Oxytocin | - | OT | Uterus, mammary glands | Uterine contractions; lactation | supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |- | Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) | Arginine vasopressin, argipressin, antidiuretic hormone | VP, AVP, ADH | Kidneys or Arterioles | Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles, induces male aggression | supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |} ==Peptide hormones== Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. Like other proteins, peptide hormones are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to an mRNA template, which is itself synthesized from a DNA template inside the cell nucleus. Peptide hormone precursors (pre-prohormones) are then processed in several stages, typically in the endoplasmic reticulum, including removal of the N-terminal signal sequence and sometimes glycosylation, resulting in prohormones. The prohormones are then packaged into membrane-bound secretory vesicles, which can be secreted from the cell by exocytosis in response to specific stimuli e.g increase of calcium and cAMP concentration in cytoplasm.. These prohormones often contain superfluous amino acid residues that were needed to direct folding of the hormone molecule into its active configuration but have no function once the hormone folds. Specific endopeptidases in the cell cleave the prohormone just before it is released into the bloodstream, generating the mature hormone form of the molecule. Mature peptide hormones then diffuse through the blood to all of the cells of the body, where they interact with specific receptors on the surface of their target cells. Some peptide/protein hormones (angiotensin II, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, parathyroid hormone-related protein) also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism. Several important peptide hormones are secreted from the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary secretes prolactin, which acts on the mammary gland, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which acts on the adrenal cortex to regulate the secretion of glucocorticoids, and growth hormone, which acts on bone, muscle, and the liver. The posterior pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin, and oxytocin. Peptide hormones are produced by many different organs and tissues, however, including the heart (atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)) and pancreas (insulin and somatostatin), the gastrointestinal tract cholecystokinin, gastrin), and adipose tissue stores (leptin). Some neurotransmitters are secreted and released in a similar fashion to peptide hormones, and some 'neuropeptides' may be used as neurotransmitters in the nervous system in addition to acting as hormones when released into the blood. When a peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of the cell, a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm, which triggers intracellular responses.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_hormone</ref> The following is a list of hormones found in humans. Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. Current North American|North America and international usage is estrogen, gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek diphthong in estrogen and favors the earlier spelling gonadotrophin (from ''trophē'' ‘nourishment, sustenance’ rather than ''tropē'' ‘turning, change’). {| class="wikitable" class="sortable wikitable" | | '''Structure''' || '''Name''' || '''Abbrev- <BR> iation''' || '''Tissue''' || '''Cells''' || '''Mechanism''' || '''Target Tissue''' || '''Effect''' |- | amine - tryptophan || Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) | Image: Melatonin2.svg|thumb|200px || MT || pineal gland || pinealocyte || || || antioxidant and causes drowsiness |- | amine - tryptophan || Serotonin Image: Serotonin-2D-skeletal.png|thumb|200px || 5-HT || central nervous system|CNS, gastrointestinal tract|GI tract || enterochromaffin cell || || || Controls mood, appetite, and sleep |- | amine - tyrosine || ThyroxineImage:(S)-Thyroxine Structural Formulae.png|thumb|200px (or tetraiodothyronine) (a thyroid hormone) || T4 || thyroid gland || thyroid epithelial cell || direct || || less active form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, affect protein synthesis |- | amine - tyrosine || Triiodothyronine (a thyroid hormone) || T3 || thyroid gland || thyroid epithelial cell || direct || || potent form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, affect protein synthesis |- | amine - tyrosine (Catecholamine|cat) || Epinephrine (or adrenaline) image: Epinephrine structure with descriptor.svg|thumb|180px|| EPI || adrenal medulla || chromaffin cell || || || Fight-or-flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver, breakdown of lipids in adipocyte|fat cells. dilate the pupils Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e.g. digestion) Suppress immune system |- | amine - tyrosine (Catecholamine|cat) || Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline) || NRE || adrenal medulla|| chromaffin cell || || || Fight-or-flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in adipocyte|fat cells. Increase skeletal muscle readiness. |- | amine - tyrosine (Catecholamine|cat) || Dopamine (or prolactin inhibiting hormone) || DPM, PIH or DA || kidney, hypothalamus|| Chromaffin cells in kidney <BR>Arcuate nucleus|Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus || || || Increase heart rate and blood pressure <BR> Inhibit release of prolactin and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone|TRH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Antimullerian hormone (or mullerian inhibiting factor or hormone) || AMH || testes || Sertoli cell || || || Inhibit release of prolactin and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone|TRH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Adiponectin || Acrp30 || adipose tissue || || || || |- | peptide || Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corticotropin) || ACTH || anterior pituitary || corticotrope || cAMP || || synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in Adrenal cortex|adrenocortical cells |- | peptide || Angiotensinogen and angiotensin || AGT || liver || || IP3 || || vasoconstriction release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. |- | peptide || Antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin) || ADH || posterior pituitary || Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus|Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus <BR> Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary || varies || || retention of water in kidneys <BR> moderate vasoconstriction <BR> Release Adrenocorticotropic hormone|ACTH in anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Atrial-natriuretic peptide (or atriopeptin) || ANP || heart || || cGMP || || |- | peptide || On-time Hormone || OTH || Epididymis || || || || Regulates tardiness<ref>{{cite web |author = John Davis | title = OnTime-hormone produced in Epididymis |date = 23 Apr 2010 |url = http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=397764}}</ref> || |- | peptide || Calcitonin || CT || thyroid gland || parafollicular cell || cAMP || || Construct bone, reduce blood calcium|Ca<sup>2+</sup> |- | peptide || Cholecystokinin || CCK || duodenum || || || || Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas Release of bile from gallbladder hunger suppressant |- | peptide || Corticotropin-releasing hormone || CRH || hypothalamus || || cAMP || || Release Adrenocorticotropic hormone|ACTH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Erythropoietin || EPO || kidney || Extraglomerular mesangial cells || || || Stimulate erythrocyte production |- | peptide || Follicle-stimulating hormone || FSH || anterior pituitary || gonadotrope || cAMP || || In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary. In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes |- | peptide || Gastrin || GRP || stomach, duodenum || G cell || || || Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells |- | peptide || Ghrelin || || stomach || P/D1 cell || || || Stimulate appetite, secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland |- | peptide || Glucagon || GCG || pancreas || alpha cells || cAMP || || glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver increases blood glucose level |- | peptide || Gonadotropin-releasing hormone || GnRH || hypothalamus || || IP3 || || Release of Follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH and Luteinizing hormone|LH from anterior pituitary. |- | peptide || Growth hormone-releasing hormone || GHRH || hypothalamus || || IP3 || || Release Growth hormone|GH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Human chorionic gonadotropin || hCG || placenta || syncytiotrophoblast cells || cAMP || || promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy Inhibit immune system|immune response, towards the human embryo. |- | peptide || Human placental lactogen || HPL || placenta || || || || increase production of insulin and IGF-1 increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance |- | peptide || Growth hormone || GH or hGH || anterior pituitary || somatotropes || || || stimulates human development (biology)|growth and cell (biology)|cell reproduction Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver |- | peptide || Inhibin || || testes, ovary, fetus || Sertoli cells of testes <BR> granulosa cells of ovary <BR> trophoblasts in fetus || anterior pituitary || Inhibit production of follicle stimulating hormone|FSH |- | peptide || Insulin || INS || pancreas || beta cells || tyrosine kinase || || Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolism|anabolic effects |- | peptide || Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) || IGF || liver || Hepatocytes || tyrosine kinase || || insulin-like effects regulate cell growth and development |- | peptide || Leptin || LEP || adipose tissue || || || || decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism. |- | peptide || Luteinizing hormone || LH || anterior pituitary || gonadotropes || cAMP || || In female: ovulation In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone |- | peptide || Melanocyte stimulating hormone || MSH or α-MSH || anterior pituitary/pars intermedia || Melanotroph || cAMP || || melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair |- | peptide || Orexin || || hypothalamus || || || || wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite |- | peptide || Oxytocin || OXT || posterior pituitary || Magnocellular neurosecretory cells || IP3 || || release breast milk Contraction of cervix and vagina Involved in orgasm, trust between people.<ref>Kosfeld M ''et al.'' (2005) Oxytocin increases trust in humans. ''Nature (journal)|Nature'' 435:673-676. [http://www.iew.unizh.ch/home/kosfeld/papers/ottrust_nature.pdf PDF] {{PMID|15931222}}</ref> and Circadian#Animal circadian rhythms|circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness) <ref>[http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=C001082B-2B35-221B-641CA6ED64E8BCF3 Scientific American Mind, "Rhythm and Blues"; June/July 2007; Scientific American Mind; by Ulrich Kraft]</ref>. |- | peptide || Parathyroid hormone || PTH || parathyroid gland || parathyroid chief cell || cAMP || || increase blood calcium|Ca<sup>2+</sup>: *indirectly stimulate osteoclasts * Ca<sup>2+</sup> reabsorption in kidney * activate vitamin D (Slightly) decrease blood phosphate: * (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones * activate vitamin D) |- | peptide || Prolactin || PRL || anterior pituitary, uterus || lactotrophs of anterior pituitary <BR> Decidual cells of uterus || || || milk production in mammary glands <BR> orgasm|sexual gratification after Human sexual behavior|sexual acts |- | peptide || Relaxin || RLN || uterus || Decidual cells || || || Unclear in humans |- | peptide || Secretin || SCT || duodenum || S cell || || || Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice |- | peptide || Somatostatin || SRIF || hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal system || delta cells in islets <BR> Neuroendocrince cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus || || || Inhibit release of Growth hormone|GH and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone|TRH from anterior pituitary <BR> Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system <BR> Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine <BR> Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells <BR> Inhibit release of glucagon from alpha cells <BR> Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. |- | peptide || Thrombopoietin || TPO || liver, kidney, striated muscle || Myocytes || || megakaryocytes || produce platelets<ref name=Kaushansky2006>Kaushansky K. Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors. ''N Engl J Med'' 2006;354:2034-45. {{PMID|16687716}}.</ref> |- | peptide || Thyroid-stimulating hormone (or thyrotropin) || TSH || anterior pituitary || thyrotropes || cAMP || thyroid gland || secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) |- | peptide || Thyrotropin-releasing hormone || TRH || hypothalamus || Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus|Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons || IP3 || anterior pituitary || Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily) <BR> Stimulate prolactin release |- | steroid - glucocorticoid|glu. || Cortisol || || adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells) || || direct || || Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from Wiktionary:extrahepatic|extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive |- | steroid - mineralocorticoid|min. || Aldosterone || || adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) || || direct || || Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily) Potassium and Hydrogen ion|H<sup>+</sup> secretion in kidney. |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Testosterone || || testes || Leydig cells || direct || || libido, Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength, Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair. |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Dehydroepiandrosterone || DHEA || testes, ovary, kidney || Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells of kidney <BR>theca cells of ovary <BR> Leydig cellss of testes || direct || || Virilization, anabolic |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Androstenedione || || adrenal glands, gonads || || direct || || Substrate for estrogen |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Dihydrotestosterone || DHT || multiple || || direct || || |- | steroid - sex (estrogen|est) || Estradiol || E2 || females: ovary, males testes || females: granulosa cells, males: Sertoli cell || direct || || '''Females''': Structural: * promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics * accelerate height growth * accelerate metabolism (burn fat) * reduce muscle mass * stimulate endometrium|endometrial growth * increase uterus|uterine growth * maintenance of blood vessels and skin * reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation Protein synthesis: * increase hepatic production of binding proteins Coagulation: * increase circulating level of coagulation factor|factors factor II|2, factor VII|7, factor IX|9, factor X|10, antithrombin III, plasminogen * increase platelet adhesiveness Increase high density lipoprotein|HDL, triglyceride, height growth Decrease low density lipoprotein|LDL, fat deposition Fluid balance: * salt (sodium) and water retention * increase growth hormone * increase cortisol, SHBG Gastrointestinal tract: * reduce bowel motility * increase cholesterol in bile Melanin: * increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin Cancer: support hormone-sensitive breast cancers <ref>[http://www.breastcancer.org/tre_sys_hrt_idx.html Hormonal Therapy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers. Lung function: *promote lung function by supporting alveoli<ref>{{cite journal | author=Massaro D, Massaro GD | title=Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice | journal=American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology | volume=287 | issue=6 | year=2004 | pages=L1154–9 | pmid=15298854| url=http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/287/6/L1154 | doi=10.1152/ajplung.00228.2004 }}</ref>. '''Males''': Prevent apoptosis of germ cells<ref>Pentikäinen V, Erkkilä K, Suomalainen L, Parvinen M, Dunkel L. Estradiol Acts as a Germ Cell Survival Factor in the Human Testis ''in vitro''. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006;85:2057-67 {{PMID|10843196}}</ref> |- | steroid - sex (estrogen|est) || Estrone || || ovary || granulosa cells, Adipocytes || direct || || |- | steroid - sex (estriol|est) || Estriol || E3 || placenta || syncytiotrophoblast || direct || || |- | steroid - sex (Progestagen|pro) || Progesterone || || ovary, adrenal glands, placenta (when pregnant) || Granulosa cells Theca interna|theca cells of ovary || direct || || Support pregnancy<ref name="colostate">[http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/endocrine.html Placental Hormones<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>: Convert uterine lining|endometrium to secretory stage Make Cervix#Cervical mucus|cervical mucus permeable to sperm. Inhibit immune system|immune response, e.g. towards the human embryo. Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility<ref name="colostate" /> Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor (childbirth)|labor. Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. Other: Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels Increase core temperature during ovulation Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus) Inflammation|Antiinflammatory Reduce gall-bladder activity<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hould F, Fried G, Fazekas A, Tremblay S, Mersereau W |title=Progesterone receptors regulate gallbladder motility |journal=J Surg Res |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=505–12 |year=1988 |pmid=3184927 | doi = 10.1016/0022-4804(88)90137-0}}</ref> Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell (biology)|cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy. Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts Relsilience in bone, teeth, gingiva|gums, joint, tendon, ligament and skin Healing by regulating collagen Nerve function and healing by regulating myelin Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen. |- | sterol || Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>) || || skin/proximal tubule of kidneys || || direct || || Active form of vitamin D3|vitamin D<sub>3</sub> Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of parathyroid hormone|PTH |- | sterol || Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>) || || skin/proximal tubule of kidneys || || direct || || Inactive form of Vitamin D3|vitamin D<sub>3</sub> |- | eicosanoid || Prostaglandins || PG || seminal vesicle || || || || |- | eicosanoid || Leukotrienes || LT || || white blood cells || || || |- | eicosanoid || Prostacyclin || PGI2 || endothelium || || || || |- | eicosanoid || Thromboxane || TXA2 || || platelets || || || |- | peptide || Prolactin releasing hormone|| PRH || hypothalamus || || || || Release prolactin from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Lipotropin || PRH || anterior pituitary || Corticotropes || || || lipolysis and steroidogenesis, <BR> stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin |- | peptide || Brain natriuretic peptide || BNP || heart || Cardiac muscle|Cardiac myocytes || || || (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by: reducing systemic circulation|systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and blood fats|fats |- | peptide || Neuropeptide Y || NPY || Stomach || || || || increased food intake and decreased physical activity |- | amine - histidine || Histamine || || Stomach || ECL cells || || || stimulate gastric acid secretion |- | || Endothelin || || Stomach || X cells || || || Smooth muscle contraction of stomach <ref>[http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsmr/41/1/41_35/_article Diabetes-related changes in contractile responses of stomach fundus to endothelin-1 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats] Journal of Smooth Muscle Research Vol. 41 (2005) , No. 1 35-47. Kazuki Endo1), Takayuki Matsumoto1), Tsuneo Kobayashi1), Yutaka Kasuya1) and Katsuo Kamata1) </ref> |- | peptide || Pancreatic polypeptide || || Pancreas || PP cells || || || self regulate the pancreas secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine), it also effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. |- | peptide || Renin || || Kidney || Juxtaglomerular cells|| || || Activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen |- | peptide || Enkephalin || || Kidney || Chromaffin cells || || || Regulate pain |- |} ==Insulin== In 1869, Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin, was studying the structure of the pancreas under a microscope when he identified some previously unnoticed tissue clumps scattered throughout the bulk of the pancreas. The function of the "little heaps of cells", later known as the islets of Langerhans, was unknown, but Edouard Laguesse later suggested they might produce secretions that play a regulatory role in digestion. Paul Langerhans' son, Archibald, also helped to understand this regulatory role. The term "insulin" origins from insula, the Latin word for islet/island. In 1889, the Polish-German physician Oscar Minkowski, in collaboration with Joseph von Mering, removed the pancreas from a healthy dog to test its assumed role in digestion. Several days after the dog's pancreas was removed, Minkowski's animal keeper noticed a swarm of flies feeding on the dog's urine. On testing the urine, they found there was sugar in the dog's urine, establishing for the first time a relationship between the pancreas and diabetes. In 1901, another major step was taken by Eugene Opie, when he clearly established the link between the islets of Langerhans and diabetes: "Diabetes mellitus . . . is caused by destruction of the islets of Langerhans and occurs only when these bodies are in part or wholly destroyed." Before his work, the link between the pancreas and diabetes was clear, but not the specific role of the islets. Over the next two decades, several attempts were made to isolate whatever it was the islets produced as a potential treatment. In 1906, George Ludwig Zuelzer was partially successful treating dogs with pancreatic extract, but was unable to continue his work. Between 1911 and 1912, E.L. Scott at the University of Chicago used aqueous pancreatic extracts, and noted "a slight diminution of glycosuria", but was unable to convince his director of his work's value; it was shut down. Israel Kleiner demonstrated similar effects at Rockefeller University in 1915, but his work was interrupted by World War I, and he did not return to it<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref>. In the spring of 1921, Banting traveled to Toronto to explain his idea to J.J.R. Macleod, who was Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto, and asked Macleod if he could use his lab space to test the idea. Macleod was initially skeptical, but eventually agreed to let Banting use his lab space while he was on vacation for the summer. He also supplied Banting with ten dogs on which to experiment, and two medical students, Charles Best and Clark Noble, to use as lab assistants, before leaving for Scotland. Since Banting required only one lab assistant, Best and Noble flipped a coin to see which would assist Banting for the first half of the summer. Best won the coin toss, and took the first shift as Banting's assistant. Loss of the coin toss may have proved unfortunate for Noble, given that Banting decided to keep Best for the entire summer, and eventually shared half his Nobel Prize money and a large part of the credit for the discovery of insulin with the winner of the toss. Had Noble won the toss, his career might have taken a different path. Banting's method was to tie a ligature around the pancreatic duct; when examined several weeks later, the pancreatic digestive cells had died and been absorbed by the immune system, leaving thousands of islets. They then isolated an extract from these islets, producing what they called "isletin" (what we now know as insulin), and tested this extract on the dogs. Banting and Best were then able to keep a pancreatectomized dog named Alpha alive for the rest of the summer by injecting her with the crude extract they had prepared. Removal of the pancreas in test animals essentially mimics diabetes, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Alpha was able to remain alive because the extracts, containing isletin, were able to lower her blood glucose levels. Banting and Best presented their results to Macleod on his return to Toronto in the fall of 1921, but Macleod pointed out flaws with the experimental design, and suggested the experiments be repeated with more dogs and better equipment. He then supplied Banting and Best with a better laboratory, and began paying Banting a salary from his research grants. Several weeks later, the second round of experiments clearly was also a success; and Macleod helped publish their results privately in Toronto that November. However, they needed six weeks to extract the isletin, which forced considerable delays. Banting suggested they try to use fetal calf pancreas, which had not yet developed digestive glands; he was relieved to find this method worked well. With the supply problem solved, the next major effort was to purify the extract. In December 1921, Macleod invited the biochemist James Collip to help with this task, and, within a month, the team felt ready for a clinical test. On January 11, 1922, Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old diabetic who lay dying at the Toronto General Hospital, was given the first injection of insulin. However, the extract was so impure, Thompson suffered a severe allergic reaction, and further injections were canceled. Over the next 12 days, Collip worked day and night to improve the ox-pancreas extract, and a second dose was injected on January 23. This was completely successful, not only in having no obvious side effects, but also in completely eliminating the glycosuria sign of diabetes. The first American patient was Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, the daughter of the governor of New York.The first patient treated in the U.S. was future woodcut artist James D. Havens; Dr. John Ralston Williams imported insulin from Toronto to Rochester, New York, to treat Havens. Children dying from diabetic ketoacidosis were kept in large wards, often with 50 or more patients in a ward, mostly comatose. Grieving family members were often in attendance, awaiting the (until then, inevitable) death. In one of medicine's more dramatic moments, Banting, Best, and Collip went from bed to bed, injecting an entire ward with the new purified extract. Before they had reached the last dying child, the first few were awakening from their coma, to the joyous exclamations of their families. Banting and Best never worked well with Collip, regarding him as something of an interloper, and Collip left the project soon after. Over the spring of 1922, Best managed to improve his techniques to the point where large quantities of insulin could be extracted on demand, but the preparation remained impure. The drug firm Eli Lilly and Company had offered assistance not long after the first publications in 1921, and they took Lilly up on the offer in April. In November, Lilly made a major breakthrough and were able to produce large quantities of highly refined insulin. Insulin was offered for sale shortly thereafter. Purified animal-sourced insulin was the only type of insulin available to diabetics until genetic breakthroughs occurred later with medical research. The amino acid structure of insulin was characterized in the 1950s, and the first synthetic insulin was produced simultaneously in the labs of Panayotis Katsoyannis at the University of Pittsburgh and Helmut Zahn at RWTH Aachen University in the early 1960s<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref>. The first genetically-engineered, synthetic "human" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Herbert Boyer using E. coli. Partnering with Genentech founded by Boyer, Eli Lilly and Company went on in 1982 to sell the first commercially available biosynthetic human insulin under the brand name Humulin. The vast majority of insulin currently used worldwide is now biosynthetic recombinant "human" insulin or its analogs. Insulin is a hormone central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle. Insulin stops the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting the release of glucagon. When insulin is absent, glucose is not taken up by body cells and the body begins to use fat as an energy source or gluconeogenesis; for example, by transfer of lipids from adipose tissue to the liver for mobilization as an energy source. As its level is a central metabolic control mechanism, its status is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body. When control of insulin levels fails, diabetes mellitus will result. As a consequence, insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally. Patients with type 2 diabetes are often insulin resistant, and because of such resistance, may suffer from a "relative" insulin deficiency. Some patients with type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin if other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately, though this is somewhat uncommon. Insulin also influences other body functions, such as vascular compliance and cognition. Once insulin enters the human brain, it enhances learning and memory and benefits verbal memory in particular. Enhancing brain insulin signaling by means of intranasal insulin administration also enhances the acute thermoregulatory and glucoregulatory response to food intake, suggesting central nervous insulin contributes to the control of whole-body energy homeostasis in humans. Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. It is produced in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The name comes from the Latin insula for "island". Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Insulin from animal sources differs somewhat in "strength" (in carbohydrate metabolism control effects) in humans because of those variations. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref>. ==Glucagon== Image:Glucagon.png|thumb|right|Glucagon ball and stick model, with the carboxyl terminus above and the amino terminus below Glucagon, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar (glucose) levels fall too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. Glucagon also stimulates the release of insulin, so glucose can be taken up and used by insulin-dependent tissues. Thus, glucagon and insulin are part of a feedback system that keeps blood glucose levels at a stable level. Glucagon belongs to a family of several other related hormones<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucagon&oldid=423609682</ref>. Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide. Its primary structure in humans is: NH2-His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr-COOH. The polypeptide has a molecular weight of 3485 daltons. Glucagon is a peptide (nonsteroid) hormone. ===Production=== The hormone is synthesized and secreted from alpha cells (α-cells) of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. In rodents, the alpha cells are located in the outer rim of the islet. Human islet structure is much less segregated, and alpha cells are distributed throughout the islet. ''Regulatory mechanism'' Increased secretion of glucagon is caused by: Decreased plasma glucose (indirectly) Increased catecholamines - norepinephrine and epinephrine Increased plasma amino acids (to protect from hypoglycemia if an all-protein meal is consumed) Sympathetic nervous system Acetylcholine Cholecystokinin Decreased secretion (inhibition) of glucagon is caused by: Somatostatin Insulin Increased free fatty acids and keto acids into the blood Increased urea production ===Mechanism of action and Function of Glucagon=== Glucagon helps maintain the level of glucose in the blood. Glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen, which is a starch-like polymer chain made up of glucose molecules. Liver cells (hepatocytes) have glucagon receptors. When glucagon binds to the glucagon receptors, the liver cells convert the glycogen polymer into individual glucose molecules, and release them into the bloodstream, in a process known as glycogenolysis. As these stores become depleted, glucagon then encourages the liver to synthesize additional glucose by gluconeogenesis. Glucagon turns off glycolysis in the liver, causing glycolytic intermediates to be shuttled to gluconeogenesis. Glucagon also regulates the rate of glucose production through lipolysis. Glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, located in the plasma membrane. The conformation change in the receptor activates G proteins, a heterotrimeric protein with α, β, and γ subunits. When the G protein interacts with the receptor, it undergoes a conformational change that results in the replacement of the GDP molecule that was bound to the α subunit with a GTP molecule. This substitution results in the releasing of the α subunit from the β and γ subunits. The alpha subunit specifically activates the next enzyme in the cascade, adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase manufactures cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, converting into the active form called phosphorylase A. Phosphorylase A is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucagon&oldid=423609682</ref>. ==Glucocorticoids (GC)== Glucocorticoids (GC) are a class of steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell. The name glucocorticoid (glucose + cortex + steroid) derives from their role in the regulation of the metabolism of glucose, their synthesis in the adrenal cortex, and their steroidal structure (see structure to the right). GCs are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system that turns immune activity (inflammation) down. They are therefore used in medicine to treat diseases that are caused by an overactive immune system, such as allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases and sepsis. GCs have many diverse (pleiotropic) effects, including potentially harmful side effects, and as a result are rarely sold over-the-counter. A variety of synthetic glucocorticoids, some far more potent than cortisol, have been created for therapeutic use. They differ in the pharmacokinetics (absorption factor, half-life, volume of distribution, clearance) and in pharmacodynamics (for example the capacity of mineralocorticoid activity: retention of sodium (Na+) and water; see also: renal physiology). Because they permeate the intestines easily, they are administered primarily per os (by mouth), but also by other methods, such as topically on skin. More than 90 percent of them bind different plasma proteins, however with a different binding specificity. Endogenous glucocorticoids and some synthetic corticoids have high affinity to the protein transcortin (also called CBG, corticosteroid-binding globulin), whereas all of them bind albumin. In the liver, they quickly metabolise by conjugation with a sulfate or glucuronic acid, and are secreted in the urine. Glucocorticoid potency, duration of effect, and overlapping mineralocorticoid potency varies. Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is the standard of comparison for glucocorticoid potency. Hydrocortisone is the name used for pharmaceutical preparations of cortisol. Data refer to oral dosing, except when mentioned. Oral potency may be less than parenteral potency because significant amounts (up to 50% in some cases) may not be absorbed from the intestine. Fludrocortisone, DOCA (Deoxycorticosterone acetate), and aldosterone are, by definition, not considered glucocorticoids, although they may have minor glucocorticoid potency, and are included in this table to provide perspective on mineralocorticoid potency. ==Monoamine and Monoamine neurotransmitters== Monoamines derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes. '''Monoamine neurotransmitters''' are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain (-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-). All monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes. Examples * Histamine * Catecholamines: o Dopamine (DA) o Norepinephrine (NE) (noradrenaline, NA) o Epinephrine (Epi) (adrenaline) * Tryptamines: o Serotonin (5-HT) o Melatonin * Trace amines: o β-Phenylethylamine (PEA, β-PEA) o Tyramine o Tryptamine o Octopamine o 3-iodothyronamine o Thyronamines, a new group of compounds derived from thyroid hormones ===Epinephrine or Adrenaline=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right" |+ Physiologic responses to epinephrine by organ |- ! Organ ! Effects |- | Heart | Increases heart rate |- | Lungs | Increases respiratory rate |- | Nearly all tissues | Vasoconstriction or vasodilation |- | Liver | Stimulates glycogenolysis |- | N/A, systemic | Triggers lipolysis |- | N/A, systemic | Muscle contraction |} Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter.It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. Chemically, epinephrine is a catecholamine, a monoamine produced only by the adrenal glands from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The term adrenaline is derived from the Latin roots ad- and renes and literally means "on the kidney", in reference to the adrenal gland's anatomic location on the kidney. The Greek roots epi and nephros have similar meanings, and give rise to "epinephrine". The term epinephrine is often shortened to epi in medical jargon. Adrenaline is synthesized in the medulla of the adrenal gland in an enzymatic pathway that converts the amino acid tyrosine into a series of intermediates and ultimately adrenaline. Tyrosine is first oxidized to L-DOPA, which is subsequently decarboxylated to give dopamine. Oxidation gives norepinephrine, which is methylated to give epinephrine. Adrenaline is synthesized via methylation of the primary distal amine of noradrenaline by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the cytosol of adrenergic neurons and cells of the adrenal medulla (so-called chromaffin cells). PNMT is only found in the cytosol of cells of adrenal medullary cells. PNMT uses S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as a cofactor to donate the methyl group to noradrenaline, creating adrenaline. The biosynthesis of adrenaline involves a series of enzymatic reactions. For noradrenaline to be acted upon by PNMT in the cytosol, it must first be shipped out of granules of the chromaffin cells. This may occur via the catecholamine-H+ exchanger VMAT1. VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized adrenaline from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release. In liver cells, adrenaline binds to the β-adrenergic receptor which changes conformation and helps Gs, a G protein, exchange GDP to GTP. This trimeric G protein dissociates to Gs alpha and Gs beta/gamma subunits. Gs alpha binds to adenyl cyclase, thus converting ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP binds to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A: Protein kinase A phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase. Meanwhile, Gs beta/gamma binds to the calcium channel and allows calcium ions to enter the cytoplasm. Calcium ions bind to calmodulin proteins, a protein present in all eukaryotic cells, which then binds to phosphorylase kinase and finishes its activation. Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase which then phosphorylates glycogen and converts it to glucose-6-phosphate.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine</ref> Image:Catecholamines biosynthesis.svg|thumb|centre|450px|The biosynthesis of adrenaline involves a series of enzymatic reactions. '''Regulation''' As a hormone, epinephrine acts on nearly all body tissues. Its actions vary by tissue type and tissue expression of adrenergic receptors. For example, epinephrine causes smooth muscle relaxation in the airways, but causes contraction of the smooth muscle that lines most arterioles. Epinephrine acts by binding to a variety of adrenergic receptors. Adrenaline is a nonselective agonist of all adrenergic receptors, including α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3 receptors.Epinephrine's binding to these receptors triggers a number of metabolic changes. Binding to α-adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secretion by the pancreas, stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle, and stimulates glycolysis in muscle. β-Adrenergic receptor binding triggers glucagon secretion in the pancreas, increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by the pituitary gland, and increased lipolysis by adipose tissue. Together, these effects lead to increased blood glucose and fatty acids, providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body. In addition to these metabolic changes, epinephrine also leads to broad alterations throughout all organ systems. The major physiologic triggers of adrenaline release center upon stresses, such as physical threat, excitement, noise, bright lights, and high ambient temperature. All of these stimuli are processed in the central nervous system. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the synthesis of adrenaline precursors by enhancing the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase, two key enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. ACTH also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which increases the expression of PNMT in chromaffin cells, enhancing adrenaline synthesis. This is most often done in response to stress. The sympathetic nervous system, acting via splanchnic nerves to the adrenal medulla, stimulates the release of adrenaline. Acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing cell depolarization and an influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the exocytosis of chromaffin granules and thus the release of adrenaline (and noradrenaline) into the bloodstream. Adrenaline (as with noradrenaline) does exert negative feedback to down-regulate its own synthesis at the presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptor. Abnormally elevated levels of adrenaline can occur in a variety of conditions, such as surreptitious epinephrine administration, pheochromocytoma, and other tumors of the sympathetic ganglia. Its action is terminated with reuptake into nerve terminal endings, some minute dilution, and metabolism by monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase ==Cortisol== Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a steroid hormone, or glucocorticoid, produced by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. It also decreases bone formation. During pregnancy, increased production of cortisol between weeks 30-32 initiates production of fetal lung surfactanct to promote maturation of the lungs. Various synthetic forms of cortisol are used to treat a variety of different diseases. Cortisol's primary functions in the body are: * increasing blood sugar through gluconeogenesis * suppressing the immune system * aiding in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism It surpresses the immune system by "muting" the white blood cells Another function is to decrease bone formation. Cortisol is used to treat diseases such as Addison’s disease, inflammatory and rheumatoid diseases, and allergies. Low-potency hydrocortisone, available over the counter in some countries, is used to treat skin problems such as rashes, eczema and others. Cortisol prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation. It stimulates gluconeogenesis (the breakdown of protein and fat to provide metabolites that can be converted to glucose in the liver) and it activates anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathways. ''Cortisol synthesized'' Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol. Synthesis takes place in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. (The name cortisol is derived from cortex.) While the adrenal cortex also produces aldosterone (in the zona glomerulosa) and some sex hormones (in the zona reticularis), cortisol is its main secretion. The medulla of the adrenal gland lies under the cortex, mainly secreting the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) under sympathetic stimulation. The synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); ACTH production is in turn stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is released by the hypothalamus. ACTH increases the concentration of cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane, via regulation of the STAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory) protein. It also stimulates the main rate-limiting step in cortisol synthesis, in which cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone and catalyzed by Cytochrome P450SCC (side chain cleavage enzyme). ''Metabolism'' Cortisol is metabolized by the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system (11-beta HSD), which consists of two enzymes: 11-beta HSD1 and 11-beta HSD2. * 11-beta HSD1 utilizes the cofactor NADPH to convert biologically-inert cortisone to biologically-active cortisol * 11-beta HSD2 utilizes the cofactor NAD+ to convert cortisol to cortisone Overall, the net effect is that 11-beta HSD1 serves to increase the local concentrations of biologically-active cortisol in a given tissue; 11-beta HSD2 serves to decrease local concentrations of biologically-active cortisol. Cortisol is also metabolized into 5-alpha tetrahydrocortisol (5-alpha THF) and 5-beta tetrahydrocortisol (5-beta THF), reactions for which 5-alpha reductase and 5-beta reductase are the rate-limiting factors respectively. 5-beta reductase is also the rate-limiting factor in the conversion of cortisone to tetrahydrocortisone (THE). An alteration in 11-beta HSD1 has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance known as metabolic syndrome. An alteration in 11-beta HSD2 has been implicated in essential hypertension and is known to lead to the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME). ==Leptin == Leptin (Greek leptos meaning thin) is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. It is one of the most important adipose derived hormones.The Ob(Lep) gene (Ob for obese, Lep for leptin) is located on chromosome 7 in humans. Leptin interacts with six types of receptors (Ob-Ra&ndash;Ob-Rf, or LepRa-LepRf) which in turn are encoded by a single gene, LEPR.<ref name="pmid8772180">{{cite journal | author = Wang MY, Zhou YT, Newgard CB, Unger RH | title = A novel leptin receptor isoform in rat | journal = FEBS Lett. | volume = 392 | issue = 2 | pages = 87–90 | year = 1996 | month = August | PMID = 8772180 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00790-9 | url = }}</ref> Ob-Rb is the only receptor isoform that can signal intracellularly via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway|Jak-Stat and MAPK signal transduction pathways,<ref name="pmid16964413">{{cite journal | author = Malendowicz W, Rucinski M, Macchi C, Spinazzi R, Ziolkowska A, Nussdorfer GG, Kwias Z | title = Leptin and leptin receptors in the prostate and seminal vesicles of the adult rat | journal = Int. J. Mol. Med. | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 615–8 | year = 2006 | month = October | PMID = 16964413 | doi = | url = http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijmm/article.jsp?article_id=ijmm_18_4_615 | issn = }}</ref> and is present in hypothalamic nuclei. It is unknown whether leptin can cross the blood-brain barrier to access receptor neurons, because the blood-brain barrier is attenuated in the area of the median eminence, close to where the NPY neurons of the arcuate nucleus are. It is generally thought that leptin might enter the brain at the choroid plexus, where there is intense expression of a form of leptin receptor molecule that could act as a transport mechanism. Once leptin has bound to the Ob-Rb receptor, it activates the stat3, which is phosphorylated and travels to the nucleus to, presumably, effect changes in gene expression. One of the main effects on gene expression is the down-regulation of the expression of endocannabinoids, responsible for increasing appetite. There are other intracellular pathways activated by leptin, but less is known about how they function in this system. In response to leptin, receptor neurons have been shown to remodel themselves, changing the number and types of synapses that fire onto them. There is some recognition that leptin action is more decentralized than previously assumed. In addition to its endocrine action at a distance (from adipose tissue to brain), leptin also acts as a paracrine mediator.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin</ref> === Function === Leptin acts on receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain where it inhibits appetite by (1) counteracting the effects of neuropeptide Y (a potent feeding stimulant secreted by cells in the gut and in the hypothalamus); (2) counteracting the effects of anandamide (another potent feeding stimulant that binds to the same receptors as THC, the primary active ingredient of marijuana); and (3) promoting the synthesis of α-MSH, an appetite suppressant. This inhibition is long-term, in contrast to the rapid inhibition of eating by cholecystokinin (CCK) and the slower suppression of hunger between meals mediated by PYY3-36. The absence of leptin (or its receptor) leads to uncontrolled food intake and resulting obesity. Several studies have shown that fasting or following a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) lowers leptin levels.<ref>Studies include: * {{cite journal |author=Dubuc G, Phinney S, Stern J, Havel P |title=Changes of serum leptin and endocrine and metabolic parameters after 7 days of energy restriction in men and women |journal=Metab. Clin. Exp. |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=429–34 |year=1998 |pmid=9550541}} * {{cite journal |author=Pratley R, Nicolson M, Bogardus C, Ravussin E |title=Plasma leptin responses to fasting in Pima Indians |journal=Am. J. Physiol. |volume=273 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=E644–9 |year=1997 |pmid=9316457}} * {{cite journal |author=Weigle D, Duell P, Connor W, Steiner R, Soules M, Kuijper J |title=Effect of fasting, refeeding, and dietary fat restriction on plasma leptin levels |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=561–5 |year=1997 |pmid=9024254 |doi=10.1210/jc.82.2.561}}</ref> It might be that on short-term leptin is an indicator of energy balance. This system is more sensitive to starvation than to overfeeding; leptin levels change more when food intake decreases than when it increases.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chin-Chance C, Polonsky K, Schoeller D |title=Twenty-four-hour leptin levels respond to cumulative short-term energy imbalance and predict subsequent intake |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue=8 |pages=2685–91 |year=2000 |pmid=10946866 |doi=10.1210/jc.85.8.2685}}</ref> It might be that the dynamics of leptin due to an acute change in energy balance are related to appetite and eventually to food intake. Although this is a new hypothesis, there are already some data that support it.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Keim N, Stern J, Havel P |title=Relation between circulating leptin concentrations and appetite during a prolonged, moderate energy deficit in women |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=794–801 |year=1998 |pmid=9771856}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mars M, de Graaf C, de Groot C, van Rossum C, Kok F |title=Fasting leptin and appetite responses induced by a 4-day 65%-energy-restricted diet |journal=International journal of obesity (Lond) |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=122–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16158086 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803070}}</ref> There is some controversy regarding the regulation of leptin by melatonin during the night. One research group suggested that increased levels of melatonin caused a downregulation of leptin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kus I, Sarsilmaz M, Colakoglu N, ''et al.'' |title=Pinealectomy increases and exogenous melatonin decreases leptin production in rat anterior pituitary cells: an immunohistochemical study |journal=Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=403–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15311999 |doi=}}</ref> However, in 2004, Brazilian researchers found that melatonin increases leptin levels in the presence of insulin, therefore causing a decrease in appetite during sleeping.<ref name="pmid15572654">{{cite journal | author = Alonso-Vale MI, Andreotti S, Peres SB, Anhê GF, das Neves Borges-Silva C, Neto JC, Lima FB | title = Melatonin enhances leptin expression by rat adipocytes in the presence of insulin | journal = Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. | volume = 288 | issue = 4 | pages = E805–12 | year = 2005 | month = April | PMID = 15572654 | doi = 10.1152/ajpendo.00478.2004 | url = }}</ref> Mice with type 1 diabetes treated with leptin alone or in conjunction with insulin did better (blood sugar did not fluctuate as much; cholesterol levels decreased; mice formed less body fat) than mice with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin alone, raising the prospect of a new treatment for diabetes.<ref name="pmid20194735">{{cite journal | author = Wang MY, Chen L, Clark GO, Lee Y, Stevens RD, Ilkayeva OR, Wenner BR, Bain JR, Charron MJ, Newgard CB, Unger RH | title = Leptin therapy in insulin-deficient type I diabetes | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 107 | issue = 11 | pages = 4813–9 | year = 2010 | month = March | PMID = 20194735 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0909422107 | laysummary = http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=113886 | laysource = medicinenet.com | pmc = 2841945 }}</ref> === Adiposity signal === To date, only leptin and insulin are known to act as an adiposity signal. In general, * Leptin circulates at levels proportional to adipose tissue|body fat. * It enters the central nervous system (CNS) in proportion to its blood plasma|plasma concentration. * Its receptors are found in brain neurons involved in regulating energy intake and expenditure. * It controls food intake and energy expenditure by acting on receptors in the mediobasal hypothalamus<ref name="pmid">{{cite journal | author = Williams KW, Scott MM, Elmquist JK | title = From observation to experimentation: leptin action in the mediobasal hypothalamus | journal = Am. J. Clin. Nutr. | volume = 89 | issue = 3 | pages = 985S–990S | year = 2009 | month = March | PMID = 19176744| doi = 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26788D | url = | issn = | pmc = 2667659 }}</ref> === Interaction with amylin === Co-administration of two neurohormones known to have a role in body weight control, amylin (produced by beta cells in the pancreas) and leptin (produced by fat cells), results in sustained, fat-specific weight loss in a leptin-resistant animal model of obesity.<ref name="pmid18458326">{{cite journal | author = Roth JD, Roland BL, Cole RL, Trevaskis JL, Weyer C, Koda JE, Anderson CM, Parkes DG, Baron AD | title = Leptin responsiveness restored by amylin agonism in diet-induced obesity: evidence from nonclinical and clinical studies | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 105 | issue = 20 | pages = 7257–62 | year = 2008 | month = May | PMID = 18458326 | pmc = 2438237 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0706473105 | url = | issn = }}</ref> === Satiety === Leptin binds to neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus, in such a way that decreases the activity of these neurons. Leptin signals to the brain that the body has had enough to eat, producing a feeling of satiety. A very small group of humans possess homozygous mutations for the leptin gene that leads to a constant desire for food, resulting in severe obesity. This condition can be treated somewhat successfully by the administration of recombinant human leptin.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=164160&rn=1 OMIM - LEPTIN; LEP]</ref> However, extensive clinical trials using recombinant human leptin as a therapeutic agent for treating obesity in humans have been inconclusive because only the most obese subjects who were given the highest doses of exogenous leptin produced statistically significant weight loss. It was concluded that large and frequent doses were needed to provide only modest benefit because of leptin’s low circulating half-life, low potency, and poor solubility. Furthermore, these injections caused some participants to drop out of the study due to inflammatory responses of the skin at the injection site. Some of these problems can be alleviated by a form of leptin called Fc-leptin, which takes the Fc fragment from the immunoglobulin gamma chain as the N-terminal fusion partner and follows it with leptin. This Fc-leptin fusion has been experimentally proven to be highly soluble, more biologically potent, and contain a much longer serum half-life. As a result, this Fc-leptin was successfully shown to treat obesity in both leptin-deficient and normal mice, although studies have not been undertaken on human subjects. This makes Fc-leptin a potential treatment for obesity in humans after more extensive testing.<ref name="pmid9796811">{{cite journal | author = Friedman JM, Halaas JL | title = Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals | journal = Nature | volume = 395 | issue = 6704 | pages = 763–70 | year = 1998 | month = October | PMID = 9796811 | doi = 10.1038/27376 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid10546697">{{cite journal | author = Heymsfield SB, Greenberg AS, Fujioka K, Dixon RM, Kushner R, Hunt T, Lubina JA, Patane J, Self B, Hunt P, McCamish M | title = Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial | journal = JAMA | volume = 282 | issue = 16 | pages = 1568–75 | year = 1999 | month = October | PMID = 10546697 | doi = 10.1001/jama.282.16.1568| url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid15790575">{{cite journal | author = Lo KM, Zhang J, Sun Y, Morelli B, Lan Y, Lauder S, Brunkhorst B, Webster G, Hallakou-Bozec S, Doaré L, Gillies SD | title = Engineering a pharmacologically superior form of leptin for the treatment of obesity | journal = Protein Eng. Des. Sel. | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–10 | year = 2005 | month = January | PMID = 15790575 | doi = 10.1093/protein/gzh102 | url = | issn = }}</ref> Circulating leptin levels give the brain input regarding energy storage so it can regulate appetite and metabolism. Leptin works by inhibiting the activity of neurons that contain neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and by increasing the activity of neurons expressing melanocyte-stimulating hormone|α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The NPY neurons are a key element in the regulation of appetite; small doses of NPY injected into the brains of experimental animals stimulates feeding, while selective destruction of the NPY neurons in mice causes them to become anorexia (symptom)|anorexic. Conversely, α-MSH is an important mediator of satiety, and differences in the gene for the receptor at which α-MSH acts in the brain are linked to obesity in humans. === Circulatory system === The role of leptin/leptin receptors in modulation of T cell activity in immune system was shown in experimentation with mice. It modulates the immune response to atherosclerosis, which is a predisposing factor in patients with obesity.<ref name=Taleb>{{cite journal | author=Taleb S, Herbin O, Ait-Oufella H, Verreth W, Gourdy P, Barateau V, Merval R, Esposito B, Clément K, Holvoet P, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. | title=Defective leptin/leptin receptor signaling improves regulatory T cell immune response and protects mice from atherosclerosis | journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. | year=2007 | pages=2691–8 | issue=12 | volume=27 | pmid=17690315 | doi=10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.149567}}</ref> Leptin promotes angiogenesis by increasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. In some epidemiological studies, hyperleptinemia is considered as a risk factor. However, recently a handful of animal experiments demonstrated that systemic hyperleptinemia produced by infusion or adenoviral gene transfer decrease blood pressure in rats. <ref name=Zhang>{{cite journal | author=Zhang W, Telemaque S, Augustyniak R, Anderson P, Thomas G, An J, Wang Z, Newgard C, Victor R.| title=Adenovirus-mediated leptin expression normalises hypertension associated with diet-induced obesity | journal=J Neuroendocrinol. | year=2010 | pages=175–80 | issue=3 | volume=22 | pmid=20059648 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01953.x}}</ref> <ref name=Knight>{{cite journal | author=Knight W, Seth R, Boron J, Overton J.| title=Short-term physiological hyperleptinemia decreases arterial blood pressure | journal=Regul Pept. | year=2009 | pages=60–8 | issue=1-3 | volume=154 | pmid=19323984 | doi=10.1016/j.regpep.2009.02.001}}</ref> === Lung surfactant activity === In fetal lung leptin is induced in the alveolar interstitial fibroblasts ("lipofibroblasts") by the action of PTHrP secreted by formative alveolar epithelium (endoderm) under moderate stretch. The leptin from the mesenchyme, in turn, acts back on the epithelium at the leptin receptor carried in the alveolar type II pneumocytes and induces surfactant expression, which is one of the main functions of these type II pneumocytes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John S. Torday, Virender K. Rehan |title=Up-regulation of fetal rat lung parathyroid hormone-related protein gene regulatory network down-regulates the Sonic Hedgehog/Wnt/betacatenin gene regulatory network |journal=Pediatr. Res. |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=382–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16940239 |doi=10.1203/01.pdr.0000238326.42590.03}} — published online before print as DOI 10.1203/01.pdr.0000238326.42590.03</ref> === Reproduction === In mice, leptin is also required for male and female fertility. Leptin has a lesser effect in humans. In mammals such as humans, ovulatory cycles in females are linked to energy balance (positive or negative depending on whether a female is losing or gaining weight) and energy flux (how much energy is consumed and expended) much more than energy status (fat levels). When energy balance is highly negative (meaning that a woman is starving) or energy flux is very high (meaning that a woman is exercising at extreme levels, but still consuming enough calories), the ovarian cycle stops and females stop menstruating. Only if a female has an extremely low body fat percentage does energy status affect menstruation. Some studies have indicated that leptin levels outside an ideal range can have a negative effect on egg quality and outcome during IVF.<ref name="pmid15798029">{{cite journal | author = Anifandis G, Koutselini E, Louridas K, Liakopoulos V, Leivaditis K, Mantzavinos T, Sioutopoulou D, Vamvakopoulos N | title = Estradiol and leptin as conditional prognostic IVF markers | journal = Reproduction | volume = 129 | issue = 4 | pages = 531–4 | year = 2005 | month = April | PMID = 15798029 | doi = 10.1530/rep.1.00567 | url = | issn = }}</ref> The body's fat cells, under normal conditions, are responsible for the constant production and release of leptin. This can also be produced by the placenta.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zhao J, Townsend KL, Schulz LC, Kunz TH, Li C, Widmaier EP |title=Leptin receptor expression increases in placenta, but not hypothalamus, during gestation in Mus musculus and Myotis lucifugus |journal=Placenta |volume=25 |issue=8-9 |pages=712–22 |year=2004 |pmid=15450389 |doi=10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.017}}</ref> Leptin levels rise during pregnancy and fall after parturition (childbirth). Leptin is also expressed in fetal membranes and the uterine tissue. Uterine contractions are inhibited by leptin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moynihan AT, Hehir MP, Glavey SV, Smith TJ, Morrison JJ |title=Inhibitory effect of leptin on human uterine contractility ''in vitro'' |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=195 |issue=2 |pages=504–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16647683 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.106}}</ref> There is also evidence that leptin plays a role in hyperemesis gravidarum (severe morning sickness),<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aka N, Atalay S, Sayharman S, Kiliç D, Köse G, Küçüközkan T |title=Leptin and leptin receptor levels in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum |journal=The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=274–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16866785 |doi=10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00590.x}}</ref> in polycystic ovary syndrome<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cervero A, Domínguez F, Horcajadas JA, Quiñonero A, Pellicer A, Simón C |title=The role of the leptin in reproduction |journal=Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=297–303 |year=2006 |pmid=16735830 |doi=10.1097/01.gco.0000193004.35287.89}}</ref><!-- to check: literature is controversial --> and a 2007 research suggests that hypothalamic leptin is implicated in bone growth.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Iwaniec UT, Boghossian S, Lapke PD, Turner RT, Kalra SP |title=Central leptin gene therapy corrects skeletal abnormalities in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice |journal=Peptides |volume= 28|issue= 5|pages=1012|year=2007 |pmid=17346852 |doi=10.1016/j.peptides.2007.02.001 |pmc=1986832}}</ref> === Effects on bone === The fact that leptin, a hormone released from fat tissue, can regulate bone mass first came to prominence in 2000.<ref name="pmid10660043">{{cite journal | author = Ducy P, Amling M, Takeda S, Priemel M, Schilling AF, Beil FT, Shen J, Vinson C, Rueger JM, Karsenty G | title = Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass | journal = Cell | volume = 100 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–207 | year = 2000 | month = January | PMID = 10660043 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> It is now well established that leptin can affect bone metabolism via direct signalling from the brain and that although leptin acts to reduce cancellous bone, it conversely increases cortical bone. A number of theories have been put forward concerning the cortical-cancellous dichotomy including a recent theory suggesting that increased leptin during obesity may represent a mechanism for enlarging bone size and thus bone resistance to cope with increased body weight.<ref name="pmid17924050">{{cite journal | author = Hamrick MW, Ferrari SL | title = Leptin and the sympathetic connection of fat to bone | journal = Osteoporos Int | volume = 19 | issue = 7 | pages = 905–12 | year = 2008 | month = July | PMID = 17924050 | doi = 10.1007/s00198-007-0487-9 | url = | issn = }}</ref> Bone metabolism is under direct control of the brain and thus nerve fibres are present in bone tissue.<ref name="Allison_2006">{{cite journal | author = Allison SJ, Herzog H | title = NPY and bone | journal = EXS | volume = | issue = 95 | pages = 171–82 | year = 2006 | PMID = 16383006 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> A number of brain signalling molecules (neuropeptides and neurotransmitters) have been found in bone including adrenaline, noradrenaline, serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y.<ref name="Allison_2006"/><ref name="pmid12577304">{{cite journal | author = Gordeladze JO, Reseland JE | title = A unified model for the action of leptin on bone turnover | journal = J. Cell. Biochem. | volume = 88 | issue = 4 | pages = 706–12 | year = 2003 | month = March | PMID = 12577304 | doi = 10.1002/jcb.10385 | url = | issn = }}</ref> This evidence supports a direct signalling system between the brain and bone with accumulating evidence suggesting that these molecules are directly involved in the regulation of bone metabolism. Leptin, once released from fat tissue, can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to its receptors in the brain where it acts through the sympathetic nervous system to regulate bone metabolism.<ref name="pmid12419242">{{cite journal | author = Takeda S, Elefteriou F, Levasseur R, Liu X, Zhao L, Parker KL, Armstrong D, Ducy P, Karsenty G | title = Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system | journal = Cell | volume = 111 | issue = 3 | pages = 305–17 | year = 2002 | month = November | PMID = 12419242 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> It is also possible that, in addition to its effects through the brain, leptin may act directly on cells in the bone to regulate bone metabolism. In reality, leptin probably signals to bone on multiple levels, with local and systemic checks and balances impacting the final outcome. As a result, the clinical utility of leptin for treatment of bone diseases remains open but ongoing research may yet provide much needed therapies for stimulating bone formation<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leptin&oldid=425473035</ref>. ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{bookcat}} mi3nu63xowq8knafejxb3bd6famvfrf 4673048 4673047 2026-09-30T06:43:54Z Jcb 90773 4673048 wikitext text/x-wiki A hormone (from Greek"impetus") is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. In essence, it is a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another. All multicellular organisms produce hormones; plant hormones are also called phytohormones. Hormones in animals are often transported in the blood. Cells respond to a hormone when they express a specific receptor for that hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor protein, resulting in the activation of a signal transduction mechanism that ultimately leads to cell type-specific responses. Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream, whereas exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) are secreted directly into a duct, and, from the duct, they flow either into the bloodstream or from cell to cell by diffusion in a process known as paracrine signalling. Recently it has been found that a variety of exogenous modern chemical compounds have hormone-like effects on both humans and wildlife. Their interference with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body are responsible of homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavioural changes sameway as the endogenous produced hormones. Hormonal signaling involves the following: Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a particular tissue Storage and secretion of the hormone Transport of the hormone to the target cell(s) Recognition of the hormone by an associated cell membrane or intracellular receptor protein Relay and amplification of the received hormonal signal via a signal transduction process: This then leads to a cellular response. The reaction of the target cells may then be recognized by the original hormone-producing cells, leading to a down-regulation in hormone production. This is an example of a homeostatic negative feedback loop. Degradation of the hormone. Hormone cells are typically of a specialized cell type, residing within a particular endocrine gland, such as thyroid gland, ovaries, and testes. Hormones exit their cell of origin via exocytosis or another means of membrane transport. The hierarchical model is an oversimplification of the hormonal signaling process. Cellular recipients of a particular hormonal signal may be one of several cell types that reside within a number of different tissues, as is the case for insulin, which triggers a diverse range of systemic physiological effects. Different tissue types may also respond differently to the same hormonal signal. Because of this, hormonal signaling is elaborate and hard to dissect.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone</ref> ==Effects of hormones== Hormones have the following effects on the body: stimulation or inhibition of growth mood swings induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death) activation or inhibition of the immune system regulation of metabolism preparation of the body for mating, fighting, fleeing, and other activity preparation of the body for a new phase of life, such as puberty, parenting, and menopause control of the reproductive cycle hunger cravings A hormone may also regulate the production and release of other hormones. Hormone signals control the internal environment of the body through homeostasis. ==Pituitary gland== In vertebrate anatomy the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 g (0.02 oz.), in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae). The pituitary is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the infundibular stem (Pituitary Stalk). The pituitary fossa, in which the pituitary gland sits, is situated in the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland secretes nine hormones that regulate homeostasis. There is an analogous structure in the octopus brain. ===Anterior pituitary=== A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary, also called the adenohypophysis, is the glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction. Its regulatory functions are achieved through the secretion of various peptide hormones that act on target organs including the adrenal gland, liver, bone, thyroid gland, and gonads. The anterior pituitary itself is regulated by the hypothalamus and by negative feedback from these target organs. Disorders of the anterior pituitary are generally classified by the presence of over- or underproduction of pituitary hormones. For example, a prolactinoma is a pituitary adenoma that overproduces prolactin. In Sheehan's syndrome of postpartum hypopituitarism, the anterior pituitary uniformly malfunctions and underproduces all hormones. Proper function of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it regulates can often be ascertained via blood tests that measure hormone levels. The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes the following important endocrine hormones: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), release under influence of hypothalamic Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), release under influence of hypothalamic Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH). Growth hormone (also referred to as 'Human Growth Hormone', 'HGH' or 'GH' or somatotropin), release under influence of hypothalamic Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH); inhibited by hypothalamic Somatostatin. Prolactin (PRL), also known as 'Luteotropic' hormone (LTH), release under influence of multiple hypothalamic Prolactin Releasing Factors (PRH). The two 'Gonadotropins'; Luteinizing hormone (also referred to as 'Lutropin' or 'LH', or in males, 'Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone' (ICSH)), and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), both released under influence of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH). and; melanocyte–stimulating hormones (MSH's) or "intermedins" as these are released by the pars intermedia which is "the middle part"; adjacent to the posterior pituitary lobe, pars intermedia is a specific part developed from the anterior pituitary lobe. These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic hormones are secreted to the anterior lobe by way of a special capillary system, called the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system. The anterior pituitary is divided into anatomical regions known as the pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, and pars distalis. It develops from a depression in the dorsal wall of the pharynx (stomodial part) known as Rathke's pouch<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&oldid=424099073</ref>. ===Posterior pituitary=== The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary consists mainly of neuronal projections (axons) extending from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. These axons release peptide hormones into the capillaries of the hypophyseal circulation. In addition to axons, the posterior pituitary also contains pituicytes, specialized glial cells resembling astrocytes. Classification of the posterior pituitary varies, but most sources include the three regions below<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posterior_pituitary&oldid=421749883</ref>: ''Pars nervosa'' Also called the neural lobe or posterior lobe, this region constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary, and is sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with it. Notable features include Herring bodies and pituicytes. ''Infundibular stalk'' Also known as the infundibulum or pituitary stalk, the infundibular stalk bridges the hypothalamic and hypophyseal systems. ''Median eminence'' This is only occasionally included as part of the posterior pituitary. Other sources specifically exclude it from the pituitary. A few sources include the pars intermedia as part of the posterior lobe, but this is a minority view. It is based upon the gross anatomical separation of the posterior and anterior pituitary along the cystic remnants of Rathke's pouch, causing the pars intermedia to remain attached to the neurohypophysis. Hormones known classically as posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus. They are then stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream. {| class="wikitable" ! Hormone ! Other names ! Symbol(s) ! Target ! Effect ! Source |- | Oxytocin | - | OT | Uterus, mammary glands | Uterine contractions; lactation | supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |- | Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) | Arginine vasopressin, argipressin, antidiuretic hormone | VP, AVP, ADH | Kidneys or Arterioles | Stimulates water retention; raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles, induces male aggression | supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |} ==Peptide hormones== Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. Like other proteins, peptide hormones are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to an mRNA template, which is itself synthesized from a DNA template inside the cell nucleus. Peptide hormone precursors (pre-prohormones) are then processed in several stages, typically in the endoplasmic reticulum, including removal of the N-terminal signal sequence and sometimes glycosylation, resulting in prohormones. The prohormones are then packaged into membrane-bound secretory vesicles, which can be secreted from the cell by exocytosis in response to specific stimuli e.g increase of calcium and cAMP concentration in cytoplasm.. These prohormones often contain superfluous amino acid residues that were needed to direct folding of the hormone molecule into its active configuration but have no function once the hormone folds. Specific endopeptidases in the cell cleave the prohormone just before it is released into the bloodstream, generating the mature hormone form of the molecule. Mature peptide hormones then diffuse through the blood to all of the cells of the body, where they interact with specific receptors on the surface of their target cells. Some peptide/protein hormones (angiotensin II, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, parathyroid hormone-related protein) also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism. Several important peptide hormones are secreted from the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary secretes prolactin, which acts on the mammary gland, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which acts on the adrenal cortex to regulate the secretion of glucocorticoids, and growth hormone, which acts on bone, muscle, and the liver. The posterior pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin, and oxytocin. Peptide hormones are produced by many different organs and tissues, however, including the heart (atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)) and pancreas (insulin and somatostatin), the gastrointestinal tract cholecystokinin, gastrin), and adipose tissue stores (leptin). Some neurotransmitters are secreted and released in a similar fashion to peptide hormones, and some 'neuropeptides' may be used as neurotransmitters in the nervous system in addition to acting as hormones when released into the blood. When a peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of the cell, a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm, which triggers intracellular responses.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_hormone</ref> The following is a list of hormones found in humans. Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. Current North American|North America and international usage is estrogen, gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek diphthong in estrogen and favors the earlier spelling gonadotrophin (from ''trophē'' ‘nourishment, sustenance’ rather than ''tropē'' ‘turning, change’). {| class="wikitable" class="sortable wikitable" | | '''Structure''' || '''Name''' || '''Abbrev- <BR> iation''' || '''Tissue''' || '''Cells''' || '''Mechanism''' || '''Target Tissue''' || '''Effect''' |- | amine - tryptophan || Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) | Image: Melatonin2.svg|thumb|200px || MT || pineal gland || pinealocyte || || || antioxidant and causes drowsiness |- | amine - tryptophan || Serotonin Image: Serotonin-2D-skeletal.png|thumb|200px || 5-HT || central nervous system|CNS, gastrointestinal tract|GI tract || enterochromaffin cell || || || Controls mood, appetite, and sleep |- | amine - tyrosine || ThyroxineImage:(S)-Thyroxine Structural Formulae.png|thumb|200px (or tetraiodothyronine) (a thyroid hormone) || T4 || thyroid gland || thyroid epithelial cell || direct || || less active form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, affect protein synthesis |- | amine - tyrosine || Triiodothyronine (a thyroid hormone) || T3 || thyroid gland || thyroid epithelial cell || direct || || potent form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines, affect protein synthesis |- | amine - tyrosine (Catecholamine|cat) || Epinephrine (or adrenaline) image: Epinephrine structure with descriptor.svg|thumb|180px|| EPI || adrenal medulla || chromaffin cell || || || Fight-or-flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver, breakdown of lipids in adipocyte|fat cells. dilate the pupils Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e.g. digestion) Suppress immune system |- | amine - tyrosine (Catecholamine|cat) || Norepinephrine (or noradrenaline) || NRE || adrenal medulla|| chromaffin cell || || || Fight-or-flight response: Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in adipocyte|fat cells. Increase skeletal muscle readiness. |- | amine - tyrosine (Catecholamine|cat) || Dopamine (or prolactin inhibiting hormone) || DPM, PIH or DA || kidney, hypothalamus|| Chromaffin cells in kidney <BR>Arcuate nucleus|Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus || || || Increase heart rate and blood pressure <BR> Inhibit release of prolactin and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone|TRH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Antimullerian hormone (or mullerian inhibiting factor or hormone) || AMH || testes || Sertoli cell || || || Inhibit release of prolactin and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone|TRH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Adiponectin || Acrp30 || adipose tissue || || || || |- | peptide || Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corticotropin) || ACTH || anterior pituitary || corticotrope || cAMP || || synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in Adrenal cortex|adrenocortical cells |- | peptide || Angiotensinogen and angiotensin || AGT || liver || || IP3 || || vasoconstriction release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. |- | peptide || Antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin) || ADH || posterior pituitary || Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus|Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus <BR> Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary || varies || || retention of water in kidneys <BR> moderate vasoconstriction <BR> Release Adrenocorticotropic hormone|ACTH in anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Atrial-natriuretic peptide (or atriopeptin) || ANP || heart || || cGMP || || |- | peptide || On-time Hormone || OTH || Epididymis || || || || Regulates tardiness<ref>{{cite web |author = John Davis | title = OnTime-hormone produced in Epididymis |date = 23 Apr 2010 |url = http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=397764}}</ref> || |- | peptide || Calcitonin || CT || thyroid gland || parafollicular cell || cAMP || || Construct bone, reduce blood calcium|Ca<sup>2+</sup> |- | peptide || Cholecystokinin || CCK || duodenum || || || || Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas Release of bile from gallbladder hunger suppressant |- | peptide || Corticotropin-releasing hormone || CRH || hypothalamus || || cAMP || || Release Adrenocorticotropic hormone|ACTH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Erythropoietin || EPO || kidney || Extraglomerular mesangial cells || || || Stimulate erythrocyte production |- | peptide || Follicle-stimulating hormone || FSH || anterior pituitary || gonadotrope || cAMP || || In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary. In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes |- | peptide || Gastrin || GRP || stomach, duodenum || G cell || || || Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells |- | peptide || Ghrelin || || stomach || P/D1 cell || || || Stimulate appetite, secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland |- | peptide || Glucagon || GCG || pancreas || alpha cells || cAMP || || glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver increases blood glucose level |- | peptide || Gonadotropin-releasing hormone || GnRH || hypothalamus || || IP3 || || Release of Follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH and Luteinizing hormone|LH from anterior pituitary. |- | peptide || Growth hormone-releasing hormone || GHRH || hypothalamus || || IP3 || || Release Growth hormone|GH from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Human chorionic gonadotropin || hCG || placenta || syncytiotrophoblast cells || cAMP || || promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy Inhibit immune system|immune response, towards the human embryo. |- | peptide || Human placental lactogen || HPL || placenta || || || || increase production of insulin and IGF-1 increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance |- | peptide || Growth hormone || GH or hGH || anterior pituitary || somatotropes || || || stimulates human development (biology)|growth and cell (biology)|cell reproduction Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver |- | peptide || Inhibin || || testes, ovary, fetus || Sertoli cells of testes <BR> granulosa cells of ovary <BR> trophoblasts in fetus || anterior pituitary || Inhibit production of follicle stimulating hormone|FSH |- | peptide || Insulin || INS || pancreas || beta cells || tyrosine kinase || || Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolism|anabolic effects |- | peptide || Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) || IGF || liver || Hepatocytes || tyrosine kinase || || insulin-like effects regulate cell growth and development |- | peptide || Leptin || LEP || adipose tissue || || || || decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism. |- | peptide || Luteinizing hormone || LH || anterior pituitary || gonadotropes || cAMP || || In female: ovulation In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone |- | peptide || Melanocyte stimulating hormone || MSH or α-MSH || anterior pituitary/pars intermedia || Melanotroph || cAMP || || melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair |- | peptide || Orexin || || hypothalamus || || || || wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite |- | peptide || Oxytocin || OXT || posterior pituitary || Magnocellular neurosecretory cells || IP3 || || release breast milk Contraction of cervix and vagina Involved in orgasm, trust between people.<ref>Kosfeld M ''et al.'' (2005) Oxytocin increases trust in humans. ''Nature (journal)|Nature'' 435:673-676. [http://www.iew.unizh.ch/home/kosfeld/papers/ottrust_nature.pdf PDF] {{PMID|15931222}}</ref> and Circadian#Animal circadian rhythms|circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness) <ref>[http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=C001082B-2B35-221B-641CA6ED64E8BCF3 Scientific American Mind, "Rhythm and Blues"; June/July 2007; Scientific American Mind; by Ulrich Kraft]</ref>. |- | peptide || Parathyroid hormone || PTH || parathyroid gland || parathyroid chief cell || cAMP || || increase blood calcium|Ca<sup>2+</sup>: *indirectly stimulate osteoclasts * Ca<sup>2+</sup> reabsorption in kidney * activate vitamin D (Slightly) decrease blood phosphate: * (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones * activate vitamin D) |- | peptide || Prolactin || PRL || anterior pituitary, uterus || lactotrophs of anterior pituitary <BR> Decidual cells of uterus || || || milk production in mammary glands <BR> orgasm|sexual gratification after Human sexual behavior|sexual acts |- | peptide || Relaxin || RLN || uterus || Decidual cells || || || Unclear in humans |- | peptide || Secretin || SCT || duodenum || S cell || || || Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice |- | peptide || Somatostatin || SRIF || hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal system || delta cells in islets <BR> Neuroendocrince cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus || || || Inhibit release of Growth hormone|GH and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone|TRH from anterior pituitary <BR> Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system <BR> Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine <BR> Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells <BR> Inhibit release of glucagon from alpha cells <BR> Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. |- | peptide || Thrombopoietin || TPO || liver, kidney, striated muscle || Myocytes || || megakaryocytes || produce platelets<ref name=Kaushansky2006>Kaushansky K. Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors. ''N Engl J Med'' 2006;354:2034-45. {{PMID|16687716}}.</ref> |- | peptide || Thyroid-stimulating hormone (or thyrotropin) || TSH || anterior pituitary || thyrotropes || cAMP || thyroid gland || secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) |- | peptide || Thyrotropin-releasing hormone || TRH || hypothalamus || Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus|Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons || IP3 || anterior pituitary || Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily) <BR> Stimulate prolactin release |- | steroid - glucocorticoid|glu. || Cortisol || || adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells) || || direct || || Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from Wiktionary:extrahepatic|extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive |- | steroid - mineralocorticoid|min. || Aldosterone || || adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) || || direct || || Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily) Potassium and Hydrogen ion|H<sup>+</sup> secretion in kidney. |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Testosterone || || testes || Leydig cells || direct || || libido, Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength, Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair. |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Dehydroepiandrosterone || DHEA || testes, ovary, kidney || Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells of kidney <BR>theca cells of ovary <BR> Leydig cellss of testes || direct || || Virilization, anabolic |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Androstenedione || || adrenal glands, gonads || || direct || || Substrate for estrogen |- | steroid - sex (androgen|and) || Dihydrotestosterone || DHT || multiple || || direct || || |- | steroid - sex (estrogen|est) || Estradiol || E2 || females: ovary, males testes || females: granulosa cells, males: Sertoli cell || direct || || '''Females''': Structural: * promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics * accelerate height growth * accelerate metabolism (burn fat) * reduce muscle mass * stimulate endometrium|endometrial growth * increase uterus|uterine growth * maintenance of blood vessels and skin * reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation Protein synthesis: * increase hepatic production of binding proteins Coagulation: * increase circulating level of coagulation factor|factors factor II|2, factor VII|7, factor IX|9, factor X|10, antithrombin III, plasminogen * increase platelet adhesiveness Increase high density lipoprotein|HDL, triglyceride, height growth Decrease low density lipoprotein|LDL, fat deposition Fluid balance: * salt (sodium) and water retention * increase growth hormone * increase cortisol, SHBG Gastrointestinal tract: * reduce bowel motility * increase cholesterol in bile Melanin: * increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin Cancer: support hormone-sensitive breast cancers <ref>[http://www.breastcancer.org/tre_sys_hrt_idx.html Hormonal Therapy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers. Lung function: *promote lung function by supporting alveoli<ref>{{cite journal | author=Massaro D, Massaro GD | title=Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice | journal=American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology | volume=287 | issue=6 | year=2004 | pages=L1154–9 | pmid=15298854| url=http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/287/6/L1154 | doi=10.1152/ajplung.00228.2004 }}</ref>. '''Males''': Prevent apoptosis of germ cells<ref>Pentikäinen V, Erkkilä K, Suomalainen L, Parvinen M, Dunkel L. Estradiol Acts as a Germ Cell Survival Factor in the Human Testis ''in vitro''. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006;85:2057-67 {{PMID|10843196}}</ref> |- | steroid - sex (estrogen|est) || Estrone || || ovary || granulosa cells, Adipocytes || direct || || |- | steroid - sex (estriol|est) || Estriol || E3 || placenta || syncytiotrophoblast || direct || || |- | steroid - sex (Progestagen|pro) || Progesterone || || ovary, adrenal glands, placenta (when pregnant) || Granulosa cells Theca interna|theca cells of ovary || direct || || Support pregnancy<ref name="colostate">[http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/endocrine.html Placental Hormones<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>: Convert uterine lining|endometrium to secretory stage Make Cervix#Cervical mucus|cervical mucus permeable to sperm. Inhibit immune system|immune response, e.g. towards the human embryo. Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility<ref name="colostate" /> Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor (childbirth)|labor. Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. Other: Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels Increase core temperature during ovulation Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus) Inflammation|Antiinflammatory Reduce gall-bladder activity<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hould F, Fried G, Fazekas A, Tremblay S, Mersereau W |title=Progesterone receptors regulate gallbladder motility |journal=J Surg Res |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=505–12 |year=1988 |pmid=3184927 | doi = 10.1016/0022-4804(88)90137-0}}</ref> Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell (biology)|cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy. Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts Relsilience in bone, teeth, gingiva|gums, joint, tendon, ligament and skin Healing by regulating collagen Nerve function and healing by regulating myelin Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen. |- | sterol || Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>) || || skin/proximal tubule of kidneys || || direct || || Active form of vitamin D3|vitamin D<sub>3</sub> Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of parathyroid hormone|PTH |- | sterol || Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>) || || skin/proximal tubule of kidneys || || direct || || Inactive form of Vitamin D3|vitamin D<sub>3</sub> |- | eicosanoid || Prostaglandins || PG || seminal vesicle || || || || |- | eicosanoid || Leukotrienes || LT || || white blood cells || || || |- | eicosanoid || Prostacyclin || PGI2 || endothelium || || || || |- | eicosanoid || Thromboxane || TXA2 || || platelets || || || |- | peptide || Prolactin releasing hormone|| PRH || hypothalamus || || || || Release prolactin from anterior pituitary |- | peptide || Lipotropin || PRH || anterior pituitary || Corticotropes || || || lipolysis and steroidogenesis, <BR> stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin |- | peptide || Brain natriuretic peptide || BNP || heart || Cardiac muscle|Cardiac myocytes || || || (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by: reducing systemic circulation|systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and blood fats|fats |- | peptide || Neuropeptide Y || NPY || Stomach || || || || increased food intake and decreased physical activity |- | amine - histidine || Histamine || || Stomach || ECL cells || || || stimulate gastric acid secretion |- | || Endothelin || || Stomach || X cells || || || Smooth muscle contraction of stomach <ref>[http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsmr/41/1/41_35/_article Diabetes-related changes in contractile responses of stomach fundus to endothelin-1 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats] Journal of Smooth Muscle Research Vol. 41 (2005) , No. 1 35-47. Kazuki Endo1), Takayuki Matsumoto1), Tsuneo Kobayashi1), Yutaka Kasuya1) and Katsuo Kamata1) </ref> |- | peptide || Pancreatic polypeptide || || Pancreas || PP cells || || || self regulate the pancreas secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine), it also effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. |- | peptide || Renin || || Kidney || Juxtaglomerular cells|| || || Activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen |- | peptide || Enkephalin || || Kidney || Chromaffin cells || || || Regulate pain |- |} ==Insulin== In 1869, Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin, was studying the structure of the pancreas under a microscope when he identified some previously unnoticed tissue clumps scattered throughout the bulk of the pancreas. The function of the "little heaps of cells", later known as the islets of Langerhans, was unknown, but Edouard Laguesse later suggested they might produce secretions that play a regulatory role in digestion. Paul Langerhans' son, Archibald, also helped to understand this regulatory role. The term "insulin" origins from insula, the Latin word for islet/island. In 1889, the Polish-German physician Oscar Minkowski, in collaboration with Joseph von Mering, removed the pancreas from a healthy dog to test its assumed role in digestion. Several days after the dog's pancreas was removed, Minkowski's animal keeper noticed a swarm of flies feeding on the dog's urine. On testing the urine, they found there was sugar in the dog's urine, establishing for the first time a relationship between the pancreas and diabetes. In 1901, another major step was taken by Eugene Opie, when he clearly established the link between the islets of Langerhans and diabetes: "Diabetes mellitus . . . is caused by destruction of the islets of Langerhans and occurs only when these bodies are in part or wholly destroyed." Before his work, the link between the pancreas and diabetes was clear, but not the specific role of the islets. Over the next two decades, several attempts were made to isolate whatever it was the islets produced as a potential treatment. In 1906, George Ludwig Zuelzer was partially successful treating dogs with pancreatic extract, but was unable to continue his work. Between 1911 and 1912, E.L. Scott at the University of Chicago used aqueous pancreatic extracts, and noted "a slight diminution of glycosuria", but was unable to convince his director of his work's value; it was shut down. Israel Kleiner demonstrated similar effects at Rockefeller University in 1915, but his work was interrupted by World War I, and he did not return to it<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref>. In the spring of 1921, Banting traveled to Toronto to explain his idea to J.J.R. Macleod, who was Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto, and asked Macleod if he could use his lab space to test the idea. Macleod was initially skeptical, but eventually agreed to let Banting use his lab space while he was on vacation for the summer. He also supplied Banting with ten dogs on which to experiment, and two medical students, Charles Best and Clark Noble, to use as lab assistants, before leaving for Scotland. Since Banting required only one lab assistant, Best and Noble flipped a coin to see which would assist Banting for the first half of the summer. Best won the coin toss, and took the first shift as Banting's assistant. Loss of the coin toss may have proved unfortunate for Noble, given that Banting decided to keep Best for the entire summer, and eventually shared half his Nobel Prize money and a large part of the credit for the discovery of insulin with the winner of the toss. Had Noble won the toss, his career might have taken a different path. Banting's method was to tie a ligature around the pancreatic duct; when examined several weeks later, the pancreatic digestive cells had died and been absorbed by the immune system, leaving thousands of islets. They then isolated an extract from these islets, producing what they called "isletin" (what we now know as insulin), and tested this extract on the dogs. Banting and Best were then able to keep a pancreatectomized dog named Alpha alive for the rest of the summer by injecting her with the crude extract they had prepared. Removal of the pancreas in test animals essentially mimics diabetes, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Alpha was able to remain alive because the extracts, containing isletin, were able to lower her blood glucose levels. Banting and Best presented their results to Macleod on his return to Toronto in the fall of 1921, but Macleod pointed out flaws with the experimental design, and suggested the experiments be repeated with more dogs and better equipment. He then supplied Banting and Best with a better laboratory, and began paying Banting a salary from his research grants. Several weeks later, the second round of experiments clearly was also a success; and Macleod helped publish their results privately in Toronto that November. However, they needed six weeks to extract the isletin, which forced considerable delays. Banting suggested they try to use fetal calf pancreas, which had not yet developed digestive glands; he was relieved to find this method worked well. With the supply problem solved, the next major effort was to purify the extract. In December 1921, Macleod invited the biochemist James Collip to help with this task, and, within a month, the team felt ready for a clinical test. On January 11, 1922, Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old diabetic who lay dying at the Toronto General Hospital, was given the first injection of insulin. However, the extract was so impure, Thompson suffered a severe allergic reaction, and further injections were canceled. Over the next 12 days, Collip worked day and night to improve the ox-pancreas extract, and a second dose was injected on January 23. This was completely successful, not only in having no obvious side effects, but also in completely eliminating the glycosuria sign of diabetes. The first American patient was Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, the daughter of the governor of New York.The first patient treated in the U.S. was future woodcut artist James D. Havens; Dr. John Ralston Williams imported insulin from Toronto to Rochester, New York, to treat Havens. Children dying from diabetic ketoacidosis were kept in large wards, often with 50 or more patients in a ward, mostly comatose. Grieving family members were often in attendance, awaiting the (until then, inevitable) death. In one of medicine's more dramatic moments, Banting, Best, and Collip went from bed to bed, injecting an entire ward with the new purified extract. Before they had reached the last dying child, the first few were awakening from their coma, to the joyous exclamations of their families. Banting and Best never worked well with Collip, regarding him as something of an interloper, and Collip left the project soon after. Over the spring of 1922, Best managed to improve his techniques to the point where large quantities of insulin could be extracted on demand, but the preparation remained impure. The drug firm Eli Lilly and Company had offered assistance not long after the first publications in 1921, and they took Lilly up on the offer in April. In November, Lilly made a major breakthrough and were able to produce large quantities of highly refined insulin. Insulin was offered for sale shortly thereafter. Purified animal-sourced insulin was the only type of insulin available to diabetics until genetic breakthroughs occurred later with medical research. The amino acid structure of insulin was characterized in the 1950s, and the first synthetic insulin was produced simultaneously in the labs of Panayotis Katsoyannis at the University of Pittsburgh and Helmut Zahn at RWTH Aachen University in the early 1960s<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref>. The first genetically-engineered, synthetic "human" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Herbert Boyer using E. coli. Partnering with Genentech founded by Boyer, Eli Lilly and Company went on in 1982 to sell the first commercially available biosynthetic human insulin under the brand name Humulin. The vast majority of insulin currently used worldwide is now biosynthetic recombinant "human" insulin or its analogs. Insulin is a hormone central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle. Insulin stops the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting the release of glucagon. When insulin is absent, glucose is not taken up by body cells and the body begins to use fat as an energy source or gluconeogenesis; for example, by transfer of lipids from adipose tissue to the liver for mobilization as an energy source. As its level is a central metabolic control mechanism, its status is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body. When control of insulin levels fails, diabetes mellitus will result. As a consequence, insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally. Patients with type 2 diabetes are often insulin resistant, and because of such resistance, may suffer from a "relative" insulin deficiency. Some patients with type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin if other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately, though this is somewhat uncommon. Insulin also influences other body functions, such as vascular compliance and cognition. Once insulin enters the human brain, it enhances learning and memory and benefits verbal memory in particular. Enhancing brain insulin signaling by means of intranasal insulin administration also enhances the acute thermoregulatory and glucoregulatory response to food intake, suggesting central nervous insulin contributes to the control of whole-body energy homeostasis in humans. Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. It is produced in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The name comes from the Latin insula for "island". Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Insulin from animal sources differs somewhat in "strength" (in carbohydrate metabolism control effects) in humans because of those variations. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=425481933</ref>. ==Glucagon== Image:Glucagon.png|thumb|right|Glucagon ball and stick model, with the carboxyl terminus above and the amino terminus below Glucagon, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar (glucose) levels fall too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. Glucagon also stimulates the release of insulin, so glucose can be taken up and used by insulin-dependent tissues. Thus, glucagon and insulin are part of a feedback system that keeps blood glucose levels at a stable level. Glucagon belongs to a family of several other related hormones<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucagon&oldid=423609682</ref>. Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide. Its primary structure in humans is: NH2-His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr-COOH. The polypeptide has a molecular weight of 3485 daltons. Glucagon is a peptide (nonsteroid) hormone. ===Production=== The hormone is synthesized and secreted from alpha cells (α-cells) of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. In rodents, the alpha cells are located in the outer rim of the islet. Human islet structure is much less segregated, and alpha cells are distributed throughout the islet. ''Regulatory mechanism'' Increased secretion of glucagon is caused by: Decreased plasma glucose (indirectly) Increased catecholamines - norepinephrine and epinephrine Increased plasma amino acids (to protect from hypoglycemia if an all-protein meal is consumed) Sympathetic nervous system Acetylcholine Cholecystokinin Decreased secretion (inhibition) of glucagon is caused by: Somatostatin Insulin Increased free fatty acids and keto acids into the blood Increased urea production ===Mechanism of action and Function of Glucagon=== Glucagon helps maintain the level of glucose in the blood. Glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen, which is a starch-like polymer chain made up of glucose molecules. Liver cells (hepatocytes) have glucagon receptors. When glucagon binds to the glucagon receptors, the liver cells convert the glycogen polymer into individual glucose molecules, and release them into the bloodstream, in a process known as glycogenolysis. As these stores become depleted, glucagon then encourages the liver to synthesize additional glucose by gluconeogenesis. Glucagon turns off glycolysis in the liver, causing glycolytic intermediates to be shuttled to gluconeogenesis. Glucagon also regulates the rate of glucose production through lipolysis. Glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, located in the plasma membrane. The conformation change in the receptor activates G proteins, a heterotrimeric protein with α, β, and γ subunits. When the G protein interacts with the receptor, it undergoes a conformational change that results in the replacement of the GDP molecule that was bound to the α subunit with a GTP molecule. This substitution results in the releasing of the α subunit from the β and γ subunits. The alpha subunit specifically activates the next enzyme in the cascade, adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase manufactures cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP), which activates protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). This enzyme, in turn, activates phosphorylase kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, converting into the active form called phosphorylase A. Phosphorylase A is the enzyme responsible for the release of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucagon&oldid=423609682</ref>. ==Glucocorticoids (GC)== Glucocorticoids (GC) are a class of steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell. The name glucocorticoid (glucose + cortex + steroid) derives from their role in the regulation of the metabolism of glucose, their synthesis in the adrenal cortex, and their steroidal structure (see structure to the right). GCs are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system that turns immune activity (inflammation) down. They are therefore used in medicine to treat diseases that are caused by an overactive immune system, such as allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases and sepsis. GCs have many diverse (pleiotropic) effects, including potentially harmful side effects, and as a result are rarely sold over-the-counter. A variety of synthetic glucocorticoids, some far more potent than cortisol, have been created for therapeutic use. They differ in the pharmacokinetics (absorption factor, half-life, volume of distribution, clearance) and in pharmacodynamics (for example the capacity of mineralocorticoid activity: retention of sodium (Na+) and water; see also: renal physiology). Because they permeate the intestines easily, they are administered primarily per os (by mouth), but also by other methods, such as topically on skin. More than 90 percent of them bind different plasma proteins, however with a different binding specificity. Endogenous glucocorticoids and some synthetic corticoids have high affinity to the protein transcortin (also called CBG, corticosteroid-binding globulin), whereas all of them bind albumin. In the liver, they quickly metabolise by conjugation with a sulfate or glucuronic acid, and are secreted in the urine. Glucocorticoid potency, duration of effect, and overlapping mineralocorticoid potency varies. Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is the standard of comparison for glucocorticoid potency. Hydrocortisone is the name used for pharmaceutical preparations of cortisol. Data refer to oral dosing, except when mentioned. Oral potency may be less than parenteral potency because significant amounts (up to 50% in some cases) may not be absorbed from the intestine. Fludrocortisone, DOCA (Deoxycorticosterone acetate), and aldosterone are, by definition, not considered glucocorticoids, although they may have minor glucocorticoid potency, and are included in this table to provide perspective on mineralocorticoid potency. ==Monoamine and Monoamine neurotransmitters== Monoamines derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes. '''Monoamine neurotransmitters''' are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain (-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-). All monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes. Examples * Histamine * Catecholamines: o Dopamine (DA) o Norepinephrine (NE) (noradrenaline, NA) o Epinephrine (Epi) (adrenaline) * Tryptamines: o Serotonin (5-HT) o Melatonin * Trace amines: o β-Phenylethylamine (PEA, β-PEA) o Tyramine o Tryptamine o Octopamine o 3-iodothyronamine o Thyronamines, a new group of compounds derived from thyroid hormones ===Epinephrine or Adrenaline=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right" |+ Physiologic responses to epinephrine by organ |- ! Organ ! Effects |- | Heart | Increases heart rate |- | Lungs | Increases respiratory rate |- | Nearly all tissues | Vasoconstriction or vasodilation |- | Liver | Stimulates glycogenolysis |- | N/A, systemic | Triggers lipolysis |- | N/A, systemic | Muscle contraction |} Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter.It increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. Chemically, epinephrine is a catecholamine, a monoamine produced only by the adrenal glands from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The term adrenaline is derived from the Latin roots ad- and renes and literally means "on the kidney", in reference to the adrenal gland's anatomic location on the kidney. The Greek roots epi and nephros have similar meanings, and give rise to "epinephrine". The term epinephrine is often shortened to epi in medical jargon. Adrenaline is synthesized in the medulla of the adrenal gland in an enzymatic pathway that converts the amino acid tyrosine into a series of intermediates and ultimately adrenaline. Tyrosine is first oxidized to L-DOPA, which is subsequently decarboxylated to give dopamine. Oxidation gives norepinephrine, which is methylated to give epinephrine. Adrenaline is synthesized via methylation of the primary distal amine of noradrenaline by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the cytosol of adrenergic neurons and cells of the adrenal medulla (so-called chromaffin cells). PNMT is only found in the cytosol of cells of adrenal medullary cells. PNMT uses S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as a cofactor to donate the methyl group to noradrenaline, creating adrenaline. The biosynthesis of adrenaline involves a series of enzymatic reactions. For noradrenaline to be acted upon by PNMT in the cytosol, it must first be shipped out of granules of the chromaffin cells. This may occur via the catecholamine-H+ exchanger VMAT1. VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized adrenaline from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release. In liver cells, adrenaline binds to the β-adrenergic receptor which changes conformation and helps Gs, a G protein, exchange GDP to GTP. This trimeric G protein dissociates to Gs alpha and Gs beta/gamma subunits. Gs alpha binds to adenyl cyclase, thus converting ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP binds to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A: Protein kinase A phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase. Meanwhile, Gs beta/gamma binds to the calcium channel and allows calcium ions to enter the cytoplasm. Calcium ions bind to calmodulin proteins, a protein present in all eukaryotic cells, which then binds to phosphorylase kinase and finishes its activation. Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase which then phosphorylates glycogen and converts it to glucose-6-phosphate.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine</ref> Image:Catecholamines biosynthesis.svg|thumb|centre|450px|The biosynthesis of adrenaline involves a series of enzymatic reactions. '''Regulation''' As a hormone, epinephrine acts on nearly all body tissues. Its actions vary by tissue type and tissue expression of adrenergic receptors. For example, epinephrine causes smooth muscle relaxation in the airways, but causes contraction of the smooth muscle that lines most arterioles. Epinephrine acts by binding to a variety of adrenergic receptors. Adrenaline is a nonselective agonist of all adrenergic receptors, including α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3 receptors.Epinephrine's binding to these receptors triggers a number of metabolic changes. Binding to α-adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secretion by the pancreas, stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle, and stimulates glycolysis in muscle. β-Adrenergic receptor binding triggers glucagon secretion in the pancreas, increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by the pituitary gland, and increased lipolysis by adipose tissue. Together, these effects lead to increased blood glucose and fatty acids, providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body. In addition to these metabolic changes, epinephrine also leads to broad alterations throughout all organ systems. The major physiologic triggers of adrenaline release center upon stresses, such as physical threat, excitement, noise, bright lights, and high ambient temperature. All of these stimuli are processed in the central nervous system. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the synthesis of adrenaline precursors by enhancing the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase, two key enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. ACTH also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which increases the expression of PNMT in chromaffin cells, enhancing adrenaline synthesis. This is most often done in response to stress. The sympathetic nervous system, acting via splanchnic nerves to the adrenal medulla, stimulates the release of adrenaline. Acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing cell depolarization and an influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the exocytosis of chromaffin granules and thus the release of adrenaline (and noradrenaline) into the bloodstream. Adrenaline (as with noradrenaline) does exert negative feedback to down-regulate its own synthesis at the presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptor. Abnormally elevated levels of adrenaline can occur in a variety of conditions, such as surreptitious epinephrine administration, pheochromocytoma, and other tumors of the sympathetic ganglia. Its action is terminated with reuptake into nerve terminal endings, some minute dilution, and metabolism by monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase ==Cortisol== Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a steroid hormone, or glucocorticoid, produced by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. It also decreases bone formation. During pregnancy, increased production of cortisol between weeks 30-32 initiates production of fetal lung surfactanct to promote maturation of the lungs. Various synthetic forms of cortisol are used to treat a variety of different diseases. Cortisol's primary functions in the body are: * increasing blood sugar through gluconeogenesis * suppressing the immune system * aiding in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism It surpresses the immune system by "muting" the white blood cells Another function is to decrease bone formation. Cortisol is used to treat diseases such as Addison’s disease, inflammatory and rheumatoid diseases, and allergies. Low-potency hydrocortisone, available over the counter in some countries, is used to treat skin problems such as rashes, eczema and others. Cortisol prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation. It stimulates gluconeogenesis (the breakdown of protein and fat to provide metabolites that can be converted to glucose in the liver) and it activates anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathways. ''Cortisol synthesized'' Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol. Synthesis takes place in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. (The name cortisol is derived from cortex.) While the adrenal cortex also produces aldosterone (in the zona glomerulosa) and some sex hormones (in the zona reticularis), cortisol is its main secretion. The medulla of the adrenal gland lies under the cortex, mainly secreting the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) under sympathetic stimulation. The synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); ACTH production is in turn stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is released by the hypothalamus. ACTH increases the concentration of cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane, via regulation of the STAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory) protein. It also stimulates the main rate-limiting step in cortisol synthesis, in which cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone and catalyzed by Cytochrome P450SCC (side chain cleavage enzyme). ''Metabolism'' Cortisol is metabolized by the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase system (11-beta HSD), which consists of two enzymes: 11-beta HSD1 and 11-beta HSD2. * 11-beta HSD1 utilizes the cofactor NADPH to convert biologically-inert cortisone to biologically-active cortisol * 11-beta HSD2 utilizes the cofactor NAD+ to convert cortisol to cortisone Overall, the net effect is that 11-beta HSD1 serves to increase the local concentrations of biologically-active cortisol in a given tissue; 11-beta HSD2 serves to decrease local concentrations of biologically-active cortisol. Cortisol is also metabolized into 5-alpha tetrahydrocortisol (5-alpha THF) and 5-beta tetrahydrocortisol (5-beta THF), reactions for which 5-alpha reductase and 5-beta reductase are the rate-limiting factors respectively. 5-beta reductase is also the rate-limiting factor in the conversion of cortisone to tetrahydrocortisone (THE). An alteration in 11-beta HSD1 has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance known as metabolic syndrome. An alteration in 11-beta HSD2 has been implicated in essential hypertension and is known to lead to the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME). ==Leptin == Leptin (Greek leptos meaning thin) is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. It is one of the most important adipose derived hormones.The Ob(Lep) gene (Ob for obese, Lep for leptin) is located on chromosome 7 in humans. Leptin interacts with six types of receptors (Ob-Ra&ndash;Ob-Rf, or LepRa-LepRf) which in turn are encoded by a single gene, LEPR.<ref name="pmid8772180">{{cite journal | author = Wang MY, Zhou YT, Newgard CB, Unger RH | title = A novel leptin receptor isoform in rat | journal = FEBS Lett. | volume = 392 | issue = 2 | pages = 87–90 | year = 1996 | month = August | pmid = 8772180 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00790-9 | url = }}</ref> Ob-Rb is the only receptor isoform that can signal intracellularly via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway|Jak-Stat and MAPK signal transduction pathways,<ref name="pmid16964413">{{cite journal | author = Malendowicz W, Rucinski M, Macchi C, Spinazzi R, Ziolkowska A, Nussdorfer GG, Kwias Z | title = Leptin and leptin receptors in the prostate and seminal vesicles of the adult rat | journal = Int. J. Mol. Med. | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 615–8 | year = 2006 | month = October | pmid = 16964413 | doi = | url = http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijmm/article.jsp?article_id=ijmm_18_4_615 | issn = }}</ref> and is present in hypothalamic nuclei. It is unknown whether leptin can cross the blood-brain barrier to access receptor neurons, because the blood-brain barrier is attenuated in the area of the median eminence, close to where the NPY neurons of the arcuate nucleus are. It is generally thought that leptin might enter the brain at the choroid plexus, where there is intense expression of a form of leptin receptor molecule that could act as a transport mechanism. Once leptin has bound to the Ob-Rb receptor, it activates the stat3, which is phosphorylated and travels to the nucleus to, presumably, effect changes in gene expression. One of the main effects on gene expression is the down-regulation of the expression of endocannabinoids, responsible for increasing appetite. There are other intracellular pathways activated by leptin, but less is known about how they function in this system. In response to leptin, receptor neurons have been shown to remodel themselves, changing the number and types of synapses that fire onto them. There is some recognition that leptin action is more decentralized than previously assumed. In addition to its endocrine action at a distance (from adipose tissue to brain), leptin also acts as a paracrine mediator.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin</ref> === Function === Leptin acts on receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain where it inhibits appetite by (1) counteracting the effects of neuropeptide Y (a potent feeding stimulant secreted by cells in the gut and in the hypothalamus); (2) counteracting the effects of anandamide (another potent feeding stimulant that binds to the same receptors as THC, the primary active ingredient of marijuana); and (3) promoting the synthesis of α-MSH, an appetite suppressant. This inhibition is long-term, in contrast to the rapid inhibition of eating by cholecystokinin (CCK) and the slower suppression of hunger between meals mediated by PYY3-36. The absence of leptin (or its receptor) leads to uncontrolled food intake and resulting obesity. Several studies have shown that fasting or following a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) lowers leptin levels.<ref>Studies include: * {{cite journal |author=Dubuc G, Phinney S, Stern J, Havel P |title=Changes of serum leptin and endocrine and metabolic parameters after 7 days of energy restriction in men and women |journal=Metab. Clin. Exp. |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=429–34 |year=1998 |pmid=9550541}} * {{cite journal |author=Pratley R, Nicolson M, Bogardus C, Ravussin E |title=Plasma leptin responses to fasting in Pima Indians |journal=Am. J. Physiol. |volume=273 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=E644–9 |year=1997 |pmid=9316457}} * {{cite journal |author=Weigle D, Duell P, Connor W, Steiner R, Soules M, Kuijper J |title=Effect of fasting, refeeding, and dietary fat restriction on plasma leptin levels |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=561–5 |year=1997 |pmid=9024254 |doi=10.1210/jc.82.2.561}}</ref> It might be that on short-term leptin is an indicator of energy balance. This system is more sensitive to starvation than to overfeeding; leptin levels change more when food intake decreases than when it increases.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chin-Chance C, Polonsky K, Schoeller D |title=Twenty-four-hour leptin levels respond to cumulative short-term energy imbalance and predict subsequent intake |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=85 |issue=8 |pages=2685–91 |year=2000 |pmid=10946866 |doi=10.1210/jc.85.8.2685}}</ref> It might be that the dynamics of leptin due to an acute change in energy balance are related to appetite and eventually to food intake. Although this is a new hypothesis, there are already some data that support it.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Keim N, Stern J, Havel P |title=Relation between circulating leptin concentrations and appetite during a prolonged, moderate energy deficit in women |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=794–801 |year=1998 |pmid=9771856}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mars M, de Graaf C, de Groot C, van Rossum C, Kok F |title=Fasting leptin and appetite responses induced by a 4-day 65%-energy-restricted diet |journal=International journal of obesity (Lond) |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=122–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16158086 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803070}}</ref> There is some controversy regarding the regulation of leptin by melatonin during the night. One research group suggested that increased levels of melatonin caused a downregulation of leptin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kus I, Sarsilmaz M, Colakoglu N, ''et al.'' |title=Pinealectomy increases and exogenous melatonin decreases leptin production in rat anterior pituitary cells: an immunohistochemical study |journal=Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=403–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15311999 |doi=}}</ref> However, in 2004, Brazilian researchers found that melatonin increases leptin levels in the presence of insulin, therefore causing a decrease in appetite during sleeping.<ref name="pmid15572654">{{cite journal | author = Alonso-Vale MI, Andreotti S, Peres SB, Anhê GF, das Neves Borges-Silva C, Neto JC, Lima FB | title = Melatonin enhances leptin expression by rat adipocytes in the presence of insulin | journal = Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. | volume = 288 | issue = 4 | pages = E805–12 | year = 2005 | month = April | pmid = 15572654 | doi = 10.1152/ajpendo.00478.2004 | url = }}</ref> Mice with type 1 diabetes treated with leptin alone or in conjunction with insulin did better (blood sugar did not fluctuate as much; cholesterol levels decreased; mice formed less body fat) than mice with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin alone, raising the prospect of a new treatment for diabetes.<ref name="pmid20194735">{{cite journal | author = Wang MY, Chen L, Clark GO, Lee Y, Stevens RD, Ilkayeva OR, Wenner BR, Bain JR, Charron MJ, Newgard CB, Unger RH | title = Leptin therapy in insulin-deficient type I diabetes | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 107 | issue = 11 | pages = 4813–9 | year = 2010 | month = March | pmid = 20194735 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0909422107 | laysummary = http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=113886 | laysource = medicinenet.com | pmc = 2841945 }}</ref> === Adiposity signal === To date, only leptin and insulin are known to act as an adiposity signal. In general, * Leptin circulates at levels proportional to adipose tissue|body fat. * It enters the central nervous system (CNS) in proportion to its blood plasma|plasma concentration. * Its receptors are found in brain neurons involved in regulating energy intake and expenditure. * It controls food intake and energy expenditure by acting on receptors in the mediobasal hypothalamus<ref name="pmid">{{cite journal | author = Williams KW, Scott MM, Elmquist JK | title = From observation to experimentation: leptin action in the mediobasal hypothalamus | journal = Am. J. Clin. Nutr. | volume = 89 | issue = 3 | pages = 985S–990S | year = 2009 | month = March | pmid = 19176744| doi = 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26788D | url = | issn = | pmc = 2667659 }}</ref> === Interaction with amylin === Co-administration of two neurohormones known to have a role in body weight control, amylin (produced by beta cells in the pancreas) and leptin (produced by fat cells), results in sustained, fat-specific weight loss in a leptin-resistant animal model of obesity.<ref name="pmid18458326">{{cite journal | author = Roth JD, Roland BL, Cole RL, Trevaskis JL, Weyer C, Koda JE, Anderson CM, Parkes DG, Baron AD | title = Leptin responsiveness restored by amylin agonism in diet-induced obesity: evidence from nonclinical and clinical studies | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 105 | issue = 20 | pages = 7257–62 | year = 2008 | month = May | pmid = 18458326 | pmc = 2438237 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0706473105 | url = | issn = }}</ref> === Satiety === Leptin binds to neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus, in such a way that decreases the activity of these neurons. Leptin signals to the brain that the body has had enough to eat, producing a feeling of satiety. A very small group of humans possess homozygous mutations for the leptin gene that leads to a constant desire for food, resulting in severe obesity. This condition can be treated somewhat successfully by the administration of recombinant human leptin.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=164160&rn=1 OMIM - LEPTIN; LEP]</ref> However, extensive clinical trials using recombinant human leptin as a therapeutic agent for treating obesity in humans have been inconclusive because only the most obese subjects who were given the highest doses of exogenous leptin produced statistically significant weight loss. It was concluded that large and frequent doses were needed to provide only modest benefit because of leptin’s low circulating half-life, low potency, and poor solubility. Furthermore, these injections caused some participants to drop out of the study due to inflammatory responses of the skin at the injection site. Some of these problems can be alleviated by a form of leptin called Fc-leptin, which takes the Fc fragment from the immunoglobulin gamma chain as the N-terminal fusion partner and follows it with leptin. This Fc-leptin fusion has been experimentally proven to be highly soluble, more biologically potent, and contain a much longer serum half-life. As a result, this Fc-leptin was successfully shown to treat obesity in both leptin-deficient and normal mice, although studies have not been undertaken on human subjects. This makes Fc-leptin a potential treatment for obesity in humans after more extensive testing.<ref name="pmid9796811">{{cite journal | author = Friedman JM, Halaas JL | title = Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals | journal = Nature | volume = 395 | issue = 6704 | pages = 763–70 | year = 1998 | month = October | pmid = 9796811 | doi = 10.1038/27376 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid10546697">{{cite journal | author = Heymsfield SB, Greenberg AS, Fujioka K, Dixon RM, Kushner R, Hunt T, Lubina JA, Patane J, Self B, Hunt P, McCamish M | title = Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial | journal = JAMA | volume = 282 | issue = 16 | pages = 1568–75 | year = 1999 | month = October | pmid = 10546697 | doi = 10.1001/jama.282.16.1568| url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid15790575">{{cite journal | author = Lo KM, Zhang J, Sun Y, Morelli B, Lan Y, Lauder S, Brunkhorst B, Webster G, Hallakou-Bozec S, Doaré L, Gillies SD | title = Engineering a pharmacologically superior form of leptin for the treatment of obesity | journal = Protein Eng. Des. Sel. | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–10 | year = 2005 | month = January | pmid = 15790575 | doi = 10.1093/protein/gzh102 | url = | issn = }}</ref> Circulating leptin levels give the brain input regarding energy storage so it can regulate appetite and metabolism. Leptin works by inhibiting the activity of neurons that contain neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and by increasing the activity of neurons expressing melanocyte-stimulating hormone|α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The NPY neurons are a key element in the regulation of appetite; small doses of NPY injected into the brains of experimental animals stimulates feeding, while selective destruction of the NPY neurons in mice causes them to become anorexia (symptom)|anorexic. Conversely, α-MSH is an important mediator of satiety, and differences in the gene for the receptor at which α-MSH acts in the brain are linked to obesity in humans. === Circulatory system === The role of leptin/leptin receptors in modulation of T cell activity in immune system was shown in experimentation with mice. It modulates the immune response to atherosclerosis, which is a predisposing factor in patients with obesity.<ref name=Taleb>{{cite journal | author=Taleb S, Herbin O, Ait-Oufella H, Verreth W, Gourdy P, Barateau V, Merval R, Esposito B, Clément K, Holvoet P, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. | title=Defective leptin/leptin receptor signaling improves regulatory T cell immune response and protects mice from atherosclerosis | journal=Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. | year=2007 | pages=2691–8 | issue=12 | volume=27 | pmid=17690315 | doi=10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.149567}}</ref> Leptin promotes angiogenesis by increasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. In some epidemiological studies, hyperleptinemia is considered as a risk factor. However, recently a handful of animal experiments demonstrated that systemic hyperleptinemia produced by infusion or adenoviral gene transfer decrease blood pressure in rats. <ref name=Zhang>{{cite journal | author=Zhang W, Telemaque S, Augustyniak R, Anderson P, Thomas G, An J, Wang Z, Newgard C, Victor R.| title=Adenovirus-mediated leptin expression normalises hypertension associated with diet-induced obesity | journal=J Neuroendocrinol. | year=2010 | pages=175–80 | issue=3 | volume=22 | pmid=20059648 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01953.x}}</ref> <ref name=Knight>{{cite journal | author=Knight W, Seth R, Boron J, Overton J.| title=Short-term physiological hyperleptinemia decreases arterial blood pressure | journal=Regul Pept. | year=2009 | pages=60–8 | issue=1-3 | volume=154 | pmid=19323984 | doi=10.1016/j.regpep.2009.02.001}}</ref> === Lung surfactant activity === In fetal lung leptin is induced in the alveolar interstitial fibroblasts ("lipofibroblasts") by the action of PTHrP secreted by formative alveolar epithelium (endoderm) under moderate stretch. The leptin from the mesenchyme, in turn, acts back on the epithelium at the leptin receptor carried in the alveolar type II pneumocytes and induces surfactant expression, which is one of the main functions of these type II pneumocytes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John S. Torday, Virender K. Rehan |title=Up-regulation of fetal rat lung parathyroid hormone-related protein gene regulatory network down-regulates the Sonic Hedgehog/Wnt/betacatenin gene regulatory network |journal=Pediatr. Res. |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=382–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16940239 |doi=10.1203/01.pdr.0000238326.42590.03}} — published online before print as DOI 10.1203/01.pdr.0000238326.42590.03</ref> === Reproduction === In mice, leptin is also required for male and female fertility. Leptin has a lesser effect in humans. In mammals such as humans, ovulatory cycles in females are linked to energy balance (positive or negative depending on whether a female is losing or gaining weight) and energy flux (how much energy is consumed and expended) much more than energy status (fat levels). When energy balance is highly negative (meaning that a woman is starving) or energy flux is very high (meaning that a woman is exercising at extreme levels, but still consuming enough calories), the ovarian cycle stops and females stop menstruating. Only if a female has an extremely low body fat percentage does energy status affect menstruation. Some studies have indicated that leptin levels outside an ideal range can have a negative effect on egg quality and outcome during IVF.<ref name="pmid15798029">{{cite journal | author = Anifandis G, Koutselini E, Louridas K, Liakopoulos V, Leivaditis K, Mantzavinos T, Sioutopoulou D, Vamvakopoulos N | title = Estradiol and leptin as conditional prognostic IVF markers | journal = Reproduction | volume = 129 | issue = 4 | pages = 531–4 | year = 2005 | month = April | pmid = 15798029 | doi = 10.1530/rep.1.00567 | url = | issn = }}</ref> The body's fat cells, under normal conditions, are responsible for the constant production and release of leptin. This can also be produced by the placenta.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zhao J, Townsend KL, Schulz LC, Kunz TH, Li C, Widmaier EP |title=Leptin receptor expression increases in placenta, but not hypothalamus, during gestation in Mus musculus and Myotis lucifugus |journal=Placenta |volume=25 |issue=8-9 |pages=712–22 |year=2004 |pmid=15450389 |doi=10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.017}}</ref> Leptin levels rise during pregnancy and fall after parturition (childbirth). Leptin is also expressed in fetal membranes and the uterine tissue. Uterine contractions are inhibited by leptin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moynihan AT, Hehir MP, Glavey SV, Smith TJ, Morrison JJ |title=Inhibitory effect of leptin on human uterine contractility ''in vitro'' |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=195 |issue=2 |pages=504–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16647683 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.106}}</ref> There is also evidence that leptin plays a role in hyperemesis gravidarum (severe morning sickness),<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aka N, Atalay S, Sayharman S, Kiliç D, Köse G, Küçüközkan T |title=Leptin and leptin receptor levels in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum |journal=The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=274–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16866785 |doi=10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00590.x}}</ref> in polycystic ovary syndrome<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cervero A, Domínguez F, Horcajadas JA, Quiñonero A, Pellicer A, Simón C |title=The role of the leptin in reproduction |journal=Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=297–303 |year=2006 |pmid=16735830 |doi=10.1097/01.gco.0000193004.35287.89}}</ref><!-- to check: literature is controversial --> and a 2007 research suggests that hypothalamic leptin is implicated in bone growth.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Iwaniec UT, Boghossian S, Lapke PD, Turner RT, Kalra SP |title=Central leptin gene therapy corrects skeletal abnormalities in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice |journal=Peptides |volume= 28|issue= 5|pages=1012|year=2007 |pmid=17346852 |doi=10.1016/j.peptides.2007.02.001 |pmc=1986832}}</ref> === Effects on bone === The fact that leptin, a hormone released from fat tissue, can regulate bone mass first came to prominence in 2000.<ref name="pmid10660043">{{cite journal | author = Ducy P, Amling M, Takeda S, Priemel M, Schilling AF, Beil FT, Shen J, Vinson C, Rueger JM, Karsenty G | title = Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass | journal = Cell | volume = 100 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–207 | year = 2000 | month = January | pmid = 10660043 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> It is now well established that leptin can affect bone metabolism via direct signalling from the brain and that although leptin acts to reduce cancellous bone, it conversely increases cortical bone. A number of theories have been put forward concerning the cortical-cancellous dichotomy including a recent theory suggesting that increased leptin during obesity may represent a mechanism for enlarging bone size and thus bone resistance to cope with increased body weight.<ref name="pmid17924050">{{cite journal | author = Hamrick MW, Ferrari SL | title = Leptin and the sympathetic connection of fat to bone | journal = Osteoporos Int | volume = 19 | issue = 7 | pages = 905–12 | year = 2008 | month = July | pmid = 17924050 | doi = 10.1007/s00198-007-0487-9 | url = | issn = }}</ref> Bone metabolism is under direct control of the brain and thus nerve fibres are present in bone tissue.<ref name="Allison_2006">{{cite journal | author = Allison SJ, Herzog H | title = NPY and bone | journal = EXS | volume = | issue = 95 | pages = 171–82 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16383006 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> A number of brain signalling molecules (neuropeptides and neurotransmitters) have been found in bone including adrenaline, noradrenaline, serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y.<ref name="Allison_2006"/><ref name="pmid12577304">{{cite journal | author = Gordeladze JO, Reseland JE | title = A unified model for the action of leptin on bone turnover | journal = J. Cell. Biochem. | volume = 88 | issue = 4 | pages = 706–12 | year = 2003 | month = March | pmid = 12577304 | doi = 10.1002/jcb.10385 | url = | issn = }}</ref> This evidence supports a direct signalling system between the brain and bone with accumulating evidence suggesting that these molecules are directly involved in the regulation of bone metabolism. Leptin, once released from fat tissue, can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to its receptors in the brain where it acts through the sympathetic nervous system to regulate bone metabolism.<ref name="pmid12419242">{{cite journal | author = Takeda S, Elefteriou F, Levasseur R, Liu X, Zhao L, Parker KL, Armstrong D, Ducy P, Karsenty G | title = Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system | journal = Cell | volume = 111 | issue = 3 | pages = 305–17 | year = 2002 | month = November | pmid = 12419242 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> It is also possible that, in addition to its effects through the brain, leptin may act directly on cells in the bone to regulate bone metabolism. In reality, leptin probably signals to bone on multiple levels, with local and systemic checks and balances impacting the final outcome. As a result, the clinical utility of leptin for treatment of bone diseases remains open but ongoing research may yet provide much needed therapies for stimulating bone formation<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leptin&oldid=425473035</ref>. ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{bookcat}} gr3k6x3bo6q4r804o3ya3goqjpdwwqu Yoga/Meditation 0 278152 4672987 4469352 2026-09-29T21:11:57Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4672987 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bangalore Shiva.jpg|thumb|400px|Shiva meditating]] '''There are many techniques for practicing meditation. What do you want from meditation? Happiness, healing, enlightenment? Be always in good contact with your body and your soul. Feel what they want and need.''' ==Meditation for Beginners== [[File:Meditation for Beginners.ogv|thumb|Easy meditation for beginners (6 min.)]] Sit down comfortably. The hands are in the lap or on the legs. The back is straight. The abdomen is relaxed. 1. Concentrate on your body. Think several times (5-10 times) the mantra "Om" in the head, chest, abdomen, hands, legs, feet, in the ground and then in the whole universe: "Om Shanti. Om Peace ... " 2. Stop one minute every thought. When thoughts come, push them off. 3. Linger one minute in the meditation. Thoughts may come and go as they want. 4. Relax. Feel the peace and relaxation in your body. 5. Move your body, your feet and your hands. You're back. Ahead with optimism. -> Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbdKfTFvrEk Meditation for Beginners (Youtube, 6 min)] == Computer Meditation == [[File:Computer Meditation.ogv|thumb|Computer Meditation (5 min.)]] A guided meditation on the computer is a fast way of relaxation. Through simple yoga movements in connection with positive sentences you can resolve emotional blocks and get a positive spirit in five minutes. See also the [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJrp2W77sIg video.] 1. Visualize yourself as a Master of life (Buddha, Shiva, Goddess) and rub the earth with your feet, "I am a Master of life. I go my way positively. " 2. Move a hand and think: "I send light to ... (name). May all people be happy. May the world be happy." 3. Connect with the enlightenment energy (God, enlightened Masters), rub your palm in front of your heart and think, "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." 4. Get inner peace, rub the palms above your head and think, "I take things as they are. I let my false desires go off." 5. Put your hands on your legs. The spine is straight and the belly is relaxed. Stop one minute all your thinking. Sit only there. Don't think. Then relax. == Yoga-Meditation == [[File:Yoga-Meditation Yogi Nils.ogv|thumb|Yoga-Meditation (8 min.)]][[File:Yoga-Meditation.jpg|thumb|150px]] We sit upright in our meditation seat (cross-legged, heel seat, chair) and in our meditation posture (hands on the legs or lap). The back is straight and the belly is relaxed. The eyes are open, semi-open or closed. 1. Sun = We see a beautiful sun in the sky. She sends her rays down on us. We wrap our whole body with light and think the mantra "Light." We take a golden ray of sunshine and wrap ourselves with it completely. We circle with the light around our body and think the mantra "Light, light, light." We let the light flow into us. We fill our entire body with light and think often the mantra "Light." 2. Body = We bring our mind to rest by a mantra. We think the numbers 1 - 20 in the head, chest, abdomen, feet and into the earth. 3. Cosmos = We make big circles with our arms, visualize the whole universe full of stars around us and think the numbers 1 - 20 in the whole universe. 4. Blessing = We move a hand in blessing and think, "I send light to (name). May all people be happy. May the world be happy." 5. Master = We rub the palms in front of the heart chakra, connecting us with the enlightened Masters and think, "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." 6. Mantra Om = We put your hands in our lap. We think a minute when breathing out (at breathing in, or at the inhalation and exhalation) the mantra "Om" in the belly. 7. Stop thinking = We stop a minute every thought. If thoughts come, we push them away. Then we relax for a minute. Oracle = Forward with optimism. You are guided by the light (by the enlightened Masters, by God). Follow consistent your inner wisdom and your love. Make every day your spiritual exercises. Bring the light on your way into the world. Success. * [[commons:File:Yoga-Meditation_Yogi_Nils.ogv|Video Yoga-Meditation]] == Progressive Muscle Relaxation == [[w:Progressive muscle relaxation|Progressive muscle relaxation]] is a relaxation technique by alternately tensing and relaxing the muscles. The presented form was developed by Yogi Nils in his Yoga groups. We can do it in sitting or lying down. 1. Muscle tension = We tense the muscles of the legs and feet. We stop every thought. We can hold our breath or breathe normally. Then we relax the muscles of the legs and feet. We tense and relax in the same way the arms and hands, the head (face) and the whole body. 2. Numbers = We count several times the numbers from 1 to 20 in the head, focusing on the head and breathe into the head. Our mind calms. We focus on the chest, breathe into the chest and count the numbers 1 to 20 in the chest. We breathe in the belly, and count there the numbers 1 to 20. We focus on the legs and feet, and count there the numbers 1 to 20. We visualize under the soles a large ball and count the numbers from 1 to 20 in the ball. 3. Sun = We see in the sky a beautiful sun. She sends her rays down on us. We feel her light and warmth on our skin. It is as if we are on holiday in the sun. We enjoy the sunlight. We wrap our whole body with light. We take a golden ray of sun and let the sunlight everywhere circle around us. We think the mantra "Light." We let the sunlight flow into us and fill us with light. We think the mantra "Light." 4. Sending light = We move a hand and send another person light. We envelop him with light and let the light flow into him. Think many times the word "Light". After that we send light all over the world. We wrap the whole world with light, fill it with light and think often "Light." 5. Stop thinking = We stop a minute every thought. Then we linger in meditation. Thoughts may come now if they want to. We feel our the body and enjoy the peace and well-being. If we have meditated enough, we come back again. We move our feet and hands. We stretch and move ourselves. We sit up and are back. == Sun Meditation== [[File:Sun-Meditation with Yogi Nils.ogv|thumb|Sun-Meditation (12 min.)]] This is the main meditation in the yoga groups of Yogi Nils. It finishes each yoga class. We lay or sit down comfortably. Cover you for lying, so you do not get cold. 1. Relaxation = We tense the muscles of the legs and feet. We keep the tension, stop all thoughts and breathe into the legs. Then we relax. We stretch the muscles of the arms and hands. We breathe into the arms and hands. We relax. We tense the muscles of the head and face. We breathe into the face. We relax. We tense the muscles of the whole body. We breathe into the whole body. We relax. 2. Numbers = We count several times the numbers from 1 to 20 in the head, focusing on the head and breathe into the head. Our mind calms. We focus on the chest, breathe into the chest and count the numbers 1 to 20 in the chest. We breathe in the belly, and count there the numbers 1 to 20. We focus on the legs and feet, and count there the numbers 1 to 20. We visualize under the soles a large ball and count the numbers from 1 to 20 in the ball. 3. Sun = We see in the sky a beautiful sun. She sends her rays down on us. We feel her light and warmth on our skin. It is as if we are on holiday in the sun. We enjoy the sunlight. We wrap our whole body with light. We take a golden ray of sun and let the sunlight everywhere circle around us. We think the mantra "Light." We let the sunlight flow into us and fill us with light. We think the mantra "Light." 4. Sending light = We move a hand and send another person light. We envelop him with light and let the light flow into him. Think many times the word "Light". After that we send light all over the world. We wrap the whole world with light, fill it with light and think often "Light." 5. Om Shanti = We think inhaling "Om" and exhaling "Shanti". We stop all other thoughts. We feel calmness, serenity and peace in us. We stop a minute every thought and move gently our feet. We focus on our feet and move on, until our mind comes completely to rest. We relax. We lie a few minutes relaxed just there. We are in harmony with ourselves, our life and our world. 6. Coming back = We come back slowly. We move our feet and hands. We stretch and move ourselves. We sit up and are back. Life can come. We have the sun within us. ==Mantra Meditation (Easy Relaxation)== [[File:Meditation and yoga in lying (easy relaxation).ogv|thumb|Mantra Meditation (12 min.)]] We lie down comfortably. We can do this meditation in bed for a long time while listening to beautiful music. It is good for all persons who cannot slep or want to relax in bed. 1. Lie on the back. Pull your knees to your chest and put the arms around. Rock yourself back and forth easily. Think or speak the mantra: "Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." 2. Prone position: "I send light to (name). May all people be happy. May the world be happy." Hands under your head. Move your pelvis (spine) and move your feet. 3. Turn right in the Child Pose: "Om Shanti". The hands lie on the legs or one hand on the legs (or the hip) and one hand under the head (stops your thoughts). 4. Turn left in the Child Pose: "Om Shanti". The hands lie on the legs or one hand on the legs (or the hip) and one hand under the head (stops your thoughts). 5. Supine position, left feet on the right leg: "Om Shanti". You can move the feet and the hands a little bit. 6. Right feet on the left leg. Move your feet and your hands: "Om Shanti". 7. Legs extended. Move the feet. Count the numbers 1 to 20 in the head, thorax, belly, legs and feet. 8. Move your hands in circling, visualize the universe and think: "Om Universe". Relax. 9. Relax completely for some minutes. Hands at the sides or on the belly. 10. Sit up and do the Buddy Breathing. Press with the thumb the right nostril and inhale through the left nostril. Press the left nostril and inhale at the right side. Make this several times until inner peace occurs. Then go back in your everyday life. == Power Animal == [[File:Godess Durga painting.JPG|thumb|200px|The Goddess Durga blesses us with power.]] The power animal meditation [[w:Animal worship|(see Wikipedia: Animal worship)]] makes us aware that we have helpers on our way. In Yoga, each deity is associated with a [[w:Vahana|power animal]]. Shiva has as a totem a white bull (Nandi). The bull is a sacrificial animal. Shiva sacrifices his ego (he takes things as they are), concentrates on his goals and thus enters a life of light. Vishnu has as helper an eagle (Garuda). The eagle is a winged creature, which brings love and wisdom in the world. Brahma has a white swan (purity, cosmic consciousness). The elephant Ganesha is holding a bowl with sweets in his hand. He goes his way with joy. The Goddess Durga rides a tiger and swings many arms around her head. Who lives as mother of all beings (as a spiritual master / mistress), needs the power of a tiger and many methods (weapons) in order to help his fellow man successfully. 1. Moving = We gently move the arms, legs, the feet and the head. We think ten times the mantra Om in our body. Then we relax. Our thoughts come slowly to rest. 2. Our life = We look at our life. What are your main goals in life? What is your way of life? Through which scenery leads your way? Is the sun shining? Does it rain? Is the landscape flat, mountainous, a desert or full of flowers? Is your way rocky, hard to walk, easy, twisted or straight? 3. Power animal = We go our way of life. On the horizon lights up our goal. Create a pictorial vision of your goal state. Focussing on the pictorial vision of our goal, we can recognize the path we must take to reach our goal. Along our personal winner way we meet our power animal. It embodies the qualities we need in order to achieve our goal. What is your power animal? What does it say to you? Think his words several times as a mantra. Get the victory in your life by concentration on your power animal. 4. Stop thinking = We stop a minute every thought. We move our feet and hands. We rotate the spine left and right. We relax. 5. Optimism = Go your way optimistic. You will succeed. ==Shiva Meditation== [[w:Shiva|Shiva]] is the supreme God in Yoga. We can see him as the symbol of a victorious yogi. Shiva has a cosmic consciousness. He lives above the world of duality. He lives in the light (sat-chit-ananda, peace-unity-bliss). Shiva as cosmic consciousness can occur in many forms. The most famous incarnations of Shiva are the meditator, the blessing (the karma yogi), the ego sacrificer (subordinated under the goddess Kali/under the will of God) and the dancer with the life (Nataraja). Shiva is the Master of life. He lives his life with the qualities of earth (associated with Brahma, happiness), fire (associated with Rudra, power), water (associated with Vishnu, love), air (associated with Muni, wisdom) and ether (associated with all that exist, space, unity, transcendence). 1. The Winner = We shake the fists near our head and think: '''"I am a winner. I reach my goal. ... My goal is...."''' 2. The Strong = We rub the feet on the ground and visualize the Mount Meru among us, '''"I'm sitting on the Mount Meru (Himalaya Mountains). I maintain equanimity in pain. I'm going with perseverance my way."''' 3. The Egoless = We make large circles with our hands around us, visualize the cosmos full of stars and think, '''"I live in the great system of the cosmos (nature). I take things the way they are."''' 4. The Hatha-Yogi = We visualize within ourselves the Kundalini Serpent, twist in the spine, move our toes and think: '''"I am a Hatha Yogi. I save myself with my spiritual exercises."''' 5. The Karma-Yogi = Shiva means "The Good". He works for the goal of a happy world. We move our hand, send all beings light and think, '''"I send light to (name). May all beings be happy. May the world be happy."''' 6. Master Yoga = We rub the palms before our heart chakra, visualize the sky above us and think, '''"Om all enlightened Masters. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help on my way."''' 7. Shiva Picture = Concentrate on a picture or a statue of Shiva. Move one hand and take the energy from Shiva. Think several times the mantra '''"Om Namah Shivaya"''' (I connect myself with Shiva) or '''"Shivo Ham"''' (I am Shiva) and feel how the energy of Shiva flows with the mantra in you. 8. Meditation = We put our hands in the lap, move your toes and think one minute the mantra '''"Om Shanti. Om Peace"''' in the belly. Then we stop a minute every thought. The spine is straight and the belly is relaxed. Sit only there. Don't think. Then relax. ==TV Meditation== If we watch TV every day it is difficult for us to stay on the path of inner happiness. The happiness research has clearly established that much TV consumption leads to unhappiness. It causes attachment, aggression, fear and unwisdom. Not the outer pleasure but the inner happiness is the center of life. We need love, peace and spirituality to get a happy life. When we watch television, we should be aware of the negative influences. We should wisely select our television programs, watch only little or no television (one hour a day) and cleanse us spiritually after each television (self-reflection, spiritual reading, meditation, walking). 1. Globe = We visualize the earth beneath us, rub the earth with our feet and think, '''"May all beings be happy. May the world be happy."''' 2. Television = What man on television today touches you negative or positive? Clean the energetic connection, visualize him as a Buddha. Give him a positive sentence. Aggressive people you can send wisdom and inner peace. With happy people you can rejoice. Suffering beings you can give light and strength. Think the sentence as a mantra until you have overcome all attachment or rejection. Everything you see outside makes a knot in your soul. Create harmony in your mind. The first step to happiness is a positive world in your mind. We move a hand and send all the people in the television light: '''"I send light to .. I wish him / her wisdom, love and happiness. May all people on TV be Buddhas or Goddesses of love."''' 3. Mantra = We put our hands together in the lap, move our feet and think many times the mantra '''"Om Shanti"''' in our body, in our legs and in the whole world. We stop a minute every thought. We relax. '''Practice love, peace and wisdom. Send every day all people light. This is the way to become enlightenment und to live in the light (in happiness, in God).''' == Breathing Meditation == Through the breathing meditation, we can absorb spiritual energy and fill our bodies with light. Our mind becomes peaceful and positive. 1. Breathing out = We concentrate on exhalation. We breathe out deeply. We breathe out all of our worries. We give all our worries to the earth (universe, life). Rename all your worries, "My grief, my worries, my problems are ...." Enumerate all of your worries. Breathe out all your worries. Give them to the earth, '''"I let go of my worries. I take all things the way they are."''' 2. Inhalation = We focus on inhalation. We visualize a sun in the sky and breathe in the light. We fill our body with light. We connect us with the positive, '''"Positive in my life is ..."''' 3. Reflection = We reflect on the deeper meaning of life? What is important in your life? What is your way of wisdom? Think the mantra: '''"My way of wisdom is ... Unwisdom is ..."''' 4. Blessing = The back is straight and the belly relaxed. We move a hand in blessing and think, '''"I send light to ... May all people be happy. May the world be happy."''' 5. So Ham = We put the hands in the lap. We think "So" by inhalation and "Ham" during exhalation. So is the sun (light) and Ham is the body. We focus on the breath and the mantra. Thus we fill us a minute by breathing with energy. Our mind becomes calm and positive. We observe one minute just our breath. We breathe in and out normally. We can observe the breath in the abdomen, chest or in the nose. We focus on our breath and stop all thinking. We relax. == Flower Meditation == [[File:Garden-036.jpg|thumb|200px]] You can do the flower meditation in sitting or lying down. It is a good way to awaken the Kundalini energy. 1. Movement = We move the shoulders, arms, hands, legs and feet. We turn our head and make faces. Then we relax. 2. Feet = We visualize in the middle of the soles each a flower. We try to see the flowers as clearly as possible. What color are the flowers? We breathe to the bottom of the feet and think 10 times the mantra "flower." 3. Chakras = Similarly, we visualize flowers in the pelvic floor, sacral chakra, navel, solar plexus, heart chakra (in the center of the chest), throat, forehead and crown chakra. We breathe into the individual chakras, visualize flowers there and think "flower." 4. All flowers = We visualize all flowers in the chakras at once and think "All flowers." We combine all the chakras together. We think the mantra until we see all the flowers or feel them. Which flower type we see? 5. Light circle = We let a beam of light circle around our body. We wrap us totally with the light. We think the mantra "light." We let the light flow into our body and fill us with light. We circulate in our body with light and think "light". We think the mantra so many times, until we are full of light. 6. Medium energy channel = We visualize a twine from the pelvic floor up to the crown chakra and let light circling around the twine. We think the mantra "light." We move our toes. We meditate on the energy channel (the twine) in the center of the body between the pelvis and the crown chakra. 7. Resting point = We circle with light in the heart chakra, abdomen, forehead, crown, root chakra (pelvic floor), hands and soles of the feet. We place the light in that chakra, where it wants to be placed. For most people, it is the heart or sacral chakra. We focus on our chakra and thus bring our mind to rest. We stop a minute every thought. We relax. 8. Coming back = We return. We move the hands and feet. We stretch ourselves. We sit on. We take our peace with in everyday life. == Healing Meditation == [[File:Mandala gross.jpg|thumb|300px|The Buddha of Healing sends you from the center of the mandala (unity consciousness) light and power.]] We sit or lie down. We relax. 1. Sun = We visualize above ourselves a beautiful sun, raising both hands to the side at head height and think several times the mantra "sun." We let the light of the sun flow down on us and massage it into the body. 2. Earth = We visualize the earth below us, rub the earth with our feet and think: "I send light to the earth. May all beings in the world be happy." 3. Healing Massage = We consider what part of our body needs healing in the moment. We let light flow into it, massage it in circles and think the word "light" as a mantra. By the light massage we resolve the tensions in the particular area of ​​the body and enable it in the self-healing. We can visualize the light in a color we feel that it heals us. We think the color name as a mantra. We can successively rub the light of healing in several parts of the body, thinking always the mantra "Light". 4. Cosmos = We visualize the cosmos around us full of stars, make big circles with our arms and think, "Om cosmos. I take the suffering in my life. I consistently walk my way of health and healing." 5. Buddha of Healing = We visualize before or above us the Buddha of Healing (an enlightened Master). We rub our hands in front of the heart chakra and think, "Om Buddha of Healing. Om inner wisdom. Please guide and help me on my way." 6. Question of Healing = We focus on a part of our body who needs healing or on a personal problem. What is the way of our healing? What do we have to do? What triggers our problem? We think so long until we are satisfied with the result. When we hear no answer, we are either blocked inside (we don't want to see the real causes of the problem), or we have a bad contact to our inner voice (we sense ourselves poorly). The best way then is slowly to get into thinking about our problem. 7. Sick people = We move a hand, bless all people with light and think, "May all the people who have the same problem as I be healed. My problem is ... The way of healing is ..." 8. Om Shanti = We think inhaling "Om" and exhaling "Shanti". We stop all other thoughts. We feel calmness, serenity and peace in us. We stop a minute every thought and move gently our feet. We focus on our feet and move on, until our mind comes completely to rest. Then we linger in a slight meditation. All thoughts and feelings may come and go as they please. We relax. == Breakthrough to Enlightenment == [[File:Kundalini Meditation.ogv|thumb|Kundalini Meditation. Video 10 min.]] There is in all people a thought which hinders the enlightenment and the inner happiness. This thought mostly has something to do with unwisdom, immodesty and lack of love to all. We need either wisdom, humility, resting, self-discipline, some fun or universal love. We need a special thought which awakens the lacking quality. Suddenly the happiness, the love, the light and the peace is in us. The right word in the right moment for the right person causes a breakthrough to inner happiness. What is now your magic word? 1. Shower = We visualize a shower above us. We turn on the shower and clean us with enlightenment energy. We think the mantra "Water" and massage water (or light energy) from head to toe in our body. We rub all tensions and stress from the body. 2. Earthing = We rub the earth with our feet. We draw a circle with a color of healing around us. We think the name of our healing color several times as a mantra. What is your healing color (purple, orange, yellow, red)? 3. Friend = We go in the shower on the spot. We move our feet. We visualize a boyfriend or a girlfriend and say a positive word. What is your positive word? Imagine that the word actually reaches your person. Think your word several times as a mantra: "My word for... is... (I love you.)" 4. Enemy = We remember an enemy (aggressive person). Whom do you feel in this moment as an enemy? Who is your opponent? Give him a positive word. What do you say to him? Forgive him and get inner peace. Move a hand and send him wisdom and love. Think your word so long as a mantra, until you are in peace with your enemy. 5. A word for you = Investigate your own mind. Is there a thought that blocks your inner peace, your happiness and your love? Which positive word can overcome it? "My negative thought is ... My positive thought is ... (Forward on the way of wisdom, love and happiness.)" == Shanti Meditation == [[File:Anse Sévère-La Digue-Seychelles.jpg|thumb|300px]] Shanti means peace in yoga. The term "Shanti" refers to both the outer and the inner peace. As yogis, we wish a world of love, peace and happiness. So that we can successfully work for a happy outer world, we should first make peace and happiness within ourselves. Those who have no peace within themselves, can cause very limited external peace in his world. It is important that we create every day the peace in ourselves. 1. Body = We gently move our head, shoulders, arms, hands, legs and feet. We turn in the spine right and left. We resolve all tensions in the body by feeling in our body and moving the tensed parts. Where you are tensed today? Move and relax this area. 2. Breathing = We breathe deep into the pelvis. We fill the whole body with prana (breath energy). We breathe in the legs, the feet, the arms, the hands, the head, the thorax and the abdomen. At the same time we think the mantra "Om". 3. Lighting circuits = We see a beautiful sun in the sky. The sun emits light and heat down on us. We feel the warmth on our skin. It is as if we lie on holiday in the sun. We enjoy the sunlight. We take a golden ray of sunshine and wrap ourselves with it completely. We circle with the light around our body and think the mantra "Light, light, light." We let the light flow into us. We fill our entire body with light and think often the mantra "Light." 4. Sending light = We send another person light. We envelop him with light and let the light flow into him. Who do you want to send light today? Think many times the word "Light". After that we send light all over the world. We wrap the whole world with light, fill it with light and think often "Light." 5. Om Shanti = We think inhaling "Om" and exhaling "Shanti". We stop all other thoughts. We feel calmness, serenity and peace in us. We stop a minute every thought. When thoughts arise, we push them away. We move the feet and toes. We relax. We lie a few minutes relaxed just there. We are in harmony with ourselves, our life and our world. ==Videos== [[File:Meditation with the inner voice.ogv|thumb|Meditation with the inner voice. Video 10 min.]] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6eFFCi12v8 One-Moment Meditation: "How to Meditate in a Moment"] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbwTvZFIkIg Meditation video Yogi Nils (germ., 6 min.)] =See also= {{wikipedia|Meditation}} *[[wikiversity:Relaxation techniques|Relaxation techniques]] *[[God and Religious Toleration/Paradise Meditation|Paradise Meditation]] &nbsp;[[image:Wikiversity-logo.svg|14px|link=v:Special:Permalink/1561896#Wikimedia_sound_files]] [[Wikiversity:Meditation#Wikimedia_sound_files|Mantras available as Wikimedia sound files]] {{BookCat}} 1z9jfw25du8w073ftnydtaexmwcfiq7 Aros/Platforms/Arm Raspberry Pi support 0 286123 4672916 4672890 2026-09-29T12:19:57Z Jeff1138 301139 4672916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD/SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary where ArosOne has Pictures/MP4, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} ktm3y3gqlp96dtyw9yrsdfqqghe75lz 4672928 4672916 2026-09-29T13:25:40Z Jeff1138 301139 4672928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c Pi500+ keyboard wedge - Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD/SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary where ArosOne has Pictures/MP4, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} j07zg6vty4fv5p0kfn2ms37vj7vddv9 4672930 4672928 2026-09-29T13:27:21Z Jeff1138 301139 4672930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c * Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working * Pi500 wedge - untested * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) * Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD/SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary where ArosOne has Pictures/MP4, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} llje8ikl4oey3a64umes5amlfgqm8sx 4672932 4672930 2026-09-29T13:28:32Z Jeff1138 301139 4672932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c * Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working * Pi500 wedge - untested * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 D0 (rev1.1) - * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) - * Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD/SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary where ArosOne has Pictures/MP4, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} sene80oytothq90rulkm4ltz4kfjwtf 4672933 4672932 2026-09-29T13:29:03Z Jeff1138 301139 4672933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c * Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working * Pi500 wedge - untested * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 D0 (rev1.1) - untested * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) - untested * Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD/SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary where ArosOne has Pictures/MP4, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} dp888g0du8hdbsbh3tkonv2whi6bkxl 4673081 4672933 2026-09-30T09:01:14Z Jeff1138 301139 4673081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c * Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working * Pi500 wedge - untested * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 D0 (rev1.1) - untested * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) - untested * Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] which is a test beta limited apps version with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD/SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device (network prefs still forgets random information when rebooted) Summary *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working but ethernet untested *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 *500 *500+ [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load and nothing from facebook, reddit etc. Doubtful, on any Web3d WebGL or WebXR support. Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. To view wikibooks set Agent to Android (telefon) aka Google Chrome 126 or iPhone aka Safari 17 setting in menus. Html5test gives 189, 190 and 184 out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates 1.27, 1.28, 1.29 youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded *if Playing the soundtrack; nothing heard... ? *if playing in own screen; cursor trapped in box top left but blank display... ? *choose Play here button; Youtube did not answer for http://inv.nadeko.net/watch?v= ... ? *choose Original page button; Page script is waiting for a result - please wait, Esc aborts ... ? *This video has no 360p stream or no separate stream... ? *audio streams aac/mp3; Playing the live stream and Ready but only play button and time 00:00 shown but nothing else happens *stream.radioparadise.com/mp3-192; Painting, then, cannot reach the movie... ? * identify #?.mp4 shows as system/binary where ArosOne has Pictures/MP4, identify #?.aac shows as SOUND/AAC There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+], [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox] or [] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options (not implemented yet) that could be considered *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] {{BookCat}} opqp3iphth6b6oom2uzua71ai6g5j9z User:KHuber/sandbox 2 304404 4673084 2700523 2026-09-30T09:23:34Z Jcb 90773 4673084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> '''hello world....Please save rad onc wikibooks''' *my todo list **stuff **more stuff ***even more stuff **done ''this is how to use italics'' ''or just click above'' remember to leave a blank line to start the next line <U>this is how you underline</U> ==Section 1== ==Section 2== ===Subsect a=== [[radiation oncology]] I like [[radiation oncology|rad onc]] {{PMID|25218822}} - this is a pubmed link [http://www.nccn.org NCCN] ss2vhehkc1wahceadhujn1j32cda253 Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives 4 396216 4673072 4672888 2026-09-30T08:11:12Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 4 threads (older than 75 days) to [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive 4]], [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive 5]] 4673072 wikitext text/x-wiki __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ __NOINDEX__ {{Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Header}} {{shortcut|WB:EFFP}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(75d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 150K |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 }} == LoveElectronicLiterature == ;Username : [[:b:User:LoveElectronicLiterature|LoveElectronicLiterature]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:LoveElectronicLiterature|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/LoveElectronicLiterature|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/LoveElectronicLiterature|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:LoveElectronicLiterature}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:LoveElectronicLiterature}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=LoveElectronicLiterature}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_Multiple_Exostoses&veaction=edit&section=7]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHereditary_Multiple_Exostoses%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D7}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHereditary_Multiple_Exostoses%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D7&wpSearchUser=LoveElectronicLiterature}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was trying to copy the references and abstracts that I have been maintaining for over 20 years at http COLON SLASH SLASH tinyurl DOT com SLASH MHETalk. I copied a bunch of references, and then I shortened the description and put the citations in. But I got flagged for copying. Is there any way to fix this? thanks! ;Date and time : 16:23, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} You attempted to add a large edit to a book, so please try doing this in smaller edits. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:52, 15 August 2026 (UTC) == Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje == ;Username : [[:b:User:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Madan+Bibhishan+Nagargoje}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 06:15, 22 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :This was correctly prevented because you were trying to add a link to a Google Drive file as a "reference". If you are genuinely trying to add a reference, do this to a publicly available source and not a private Drive file. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:52, 13 August 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-44191-83 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-44191-83|~2026-44191-83]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-44191-83|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-44191-83|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-44191-83|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-44191-83}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-44191-83}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-44191-83}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[An_Introduction_to_Dragon]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=An_Introduction_to_Dragon}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=An_Introduction_to_Dragon&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-44191-83}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Adding/expanding book content (introduction, table of contents, and lesson pages) for the Dragon programming language wikibook, based on the project's own source code and documentation. No spam or promotional intent. ;Date and time : 08:15, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :The edit was flagged as it deleted a large amount of content in one go, a typical fingerprint of non-constructive editing. I can see your edit was constructive and I recommend you make your changes using smaller edits initially. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:50, 13 August 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49041-81 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-49041-81|~2026-49041-81]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-49041-81|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-49041-81|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-49041-81|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-49041-81}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-49041-81}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-49041-81}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Danish]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Danish}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Danish&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-49041-81}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Tried to add this link to my-danish-tutor.com This one has a ton of free resources and interactive materials for learning Danish. Reading, listening, conversations, grammar, word lists, flashcards and much more. ;Date and time : 17:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ActStuffOGWiki == ;Username : [[:b:User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/ActStuffOGWiki|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Indian Railways/History]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory&wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : It says I added a "large amount of content" to this page. Even though I did copy paste the Introduction, the rest was me typing. ;Date and time : 08:49, 18 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ActStuffOGWiki == ;Username : [[:b:User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/ActStuffOGWiki|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Indian Railways/History]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory&wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : ''Note: This page is not published yet. '' I tried to make this page normally, but the [[Wikibooks:edit filter|edit filter]] told that there has been a '''large amount of content''' added. I did it again but copy-pasted sentence by sentence because I didn't want to type the whole thing again. It still says the same warning. ;Date and time : 09:02, 18 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Benson Benjamin. M == ;Username : [[:b:User:Benson Benjamin. M|Benson Benjamin. M]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Benson Benjamin. M|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Benson Benjamin. M|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Benson Benjamin. M|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Benson Benjamin. M}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Benson Benjamin. M}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Benson+Benjamin.+M}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 13:19, 28 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> 3vtu9zt9j2to5hjiqme12ypl1jrtyhg Primary Care Occupational Therapy Annotated Bibliography 0 408814 4672984 4008978 2026-09-29T20:34:37Z Armabee 3627204 /* Fader, J., Goldstein, D., & Vause-Earland, T. (2016, November 7) Hotspotting collaborative student efforts to identify and intervene with emergency service “super-utilizers.” */ I corrected the reference in APA 7th edition. 4672984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Split}} The global trend towards preventative care creates an opportunity for occupational therapy (OT) to integrate into interprofessional primary care teams. Barriers to integrating OT practitioners into primary care include limited stakeholder buy-in, the lack of established administrative and billing procedures for OT services in this setting, and limited clinical precedence. This document serves to facilitate overcoming these barriers by presenting citations and annotations on the most relevant literature, grouped into three main categories, which are further divided into sections and subsections. Category One addresses stakeholder buy-in by supporting readers’ general knowledge of primary care OT with the Role and Value section, and communication skills to share that knowledge with the Being an Advocate section. The Role and Value section consists of documents outlining the fit between OT and primary care practice, and the benefit that including OT on an interprofessional primary care team can bring. The following section, Being an Advocate, supports readers in communicating with stakeholders and being leaders in this emerging practice area. Category Two addresses administrative barriers by educating the reader on the external legislative influences in the Healthcare Policy section, presenting options for primary care OT delivery and how to get one's foot in the door in Integration Strategies, and finally presenting the Cost-Efficacy of primary care OT. Understanding national and state Healthcare Policy is essential in realizing the specific immutable opportunities and barriers, and also opportunities for continued legislative advocacy. Integration Strategies is an overview of the various angles through which an OT practitioner could initiate involvement in primary care settings. Finally, an important administrative consideration is the funding of any OT service provided in primary care. The Cost-Efficacy section of this document arms readers with clear data that supports the integration of OT from a fiscal perspective. Category Three is intended to support provision of OT services, from an individual perspective, both administratively and clincialy. The sections include General Practice literature on the role and scope of a primary care OT and assessment tools, and is followed by multiple sections of specific conditions that a primary care OT is likely to address in primary care settings, including research into the clinical efficacy of interventions. This document is searchable via the Table of Contents. Find the category, section, subsection, or article of interest, and click on it to be taken to that part of the document, where the full citation and a summary are available. {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Acronyms Key:''' |- |ACA….. ADL…... ACO…... AOTA… CBT…... CDC…... CCO…... CMS…... EMR….. IADL…. MI…….. OT…….. PCP…… PCMH… PT…….. QOL…... RTC….... WHO…. |Affordable Care Act Activities of Daily Living Accountable Care Organization American Occupational Therapy Association Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Coordinated Care Organization Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Electronic Medical Record Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Motivational Interviewing Occupational Therapy/Occupational Therapy Practitioner Primary Care Provider (includes MD, DO, PA, NP) Patient Centered Medical Home Physical Therapy/Physical Therapy Practitioner Quality of Life Randomized Control Trial World Health Organization |} � = '''Category One''' = == '''Role and Value''' == ===== AOTA. (n.d.). ''Primary care.'' ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/practice/manage/primary-care.aspx</nowiki> * AOTA website of current primary care resources, including articles and updates on the primary care and OT movement. ===== AOTA. (2013, Dec 24). AOTA engaged in ongoing effort to promote role of OT in primary care. ===== ''News from AOTA''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/AOTANews/2013/Primary-Care-Promote.aspx</nowiki> * This website news post describes the commissioned Environmental Scan: ''Review of New Models of Primary Care Delivery,'' the AOTA Forum on Interprofessional Team-Based Care, and Action Items to follow up on ** Environmental Scan: ''Review of New Models of Primary Care Delivery'' *** AOTA (2013). Review of New Models of Primary Care Delivery. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/~/media/Corporate/Files/Secure/Advocacy/Health-Care-Reform/commissioned-report.PDF</nowiki> *** Environmental scan of current conditions, trends and challenges within the changes, including the potential for OT involvement *** Top illness-related diagnoses reported for outpatient: **** Hypertension, acute upper respiratory infections, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, arthritis, depression **** 50% of visits are from patients with one or more chronic condition *** History **** Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) were developed in early 70s: prepaid health plans that enroll members and arranged for their care from a designated provider network. ***** Capitation is a form of managed care ***** Intended to create new incentives for primary care by increasing income, status and reputation of PCPs, as well as promote comprehensive and cost-effective care. ****** However, it was difficult for PCPs to manage care under capitation financing ****** Most HMOs and preferred provider organizations (PPOs) paid PCPs discounted fee-for-service, not capitated rates. ******* Care didn’t improve. This resulted in for-profit care and other unprogressive practices *** Currently **** Triple Aim ***** Improve health through evidence-based interventions to address behavioral, social, and environmental determinants of health ***** Deliver higher quality care ***** Deliver affordable care **** ACOs ***** New payment mechanism to increase provider collaboration, save money by avoiding unnecessary tests and procedures ***** A group of providers voluntarily come together to be held jointly accountable for the health of a defined population of Medicare beneficiaries. If the care is high quality and low cost, they keep the surplus funding ***** Emphasis on primary care, integration and coordination of care across providers, reducing duplication of services, preventing medical errors and managing chronic diseases. ***** The increased accountability for the health of a population has inspired most ACOs to base their model on the PCMH **** Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) ***** Model of care delivery focusing on population health, coordination of care, performance measurement to drive quality improvement, incentives in the care delivery system, and patient engagement to support self-management of care. ****** Information systems, EMRs, that enable quality monitoring ******* Systematic preventative services ******* Utilization monitoring ******* Population health tracking ****** Team-based care for whole person and community. Focus on outcomes, access to care, appropriate reimbursement. ******* Continuous, accessible, high-quality, patient-oriented care ******* Alternative scheduling, such as same-day **** In addition to PCMHs and ACOs, the ACA changes also call for the integration of primary and behavioral care, increased home and community based services, and new delivery sites, such as retail clinics. ***** The Center for Integrated Health Solutions (CIHS) promotes the integration of behavioral and primary care. ****** CIHS is a partnership between the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA, a branch of the US Department of Health and Human Services) ** AOTA Forum on Interprofessional Team-Based Care *** Forum in June 2013 on assessing how OT can be involved in primary care, described in two summary documents, one by Ted McKenna, and one is the official AOTA summary *** McKenna, T. (2013, Jun 26). AOTA forum on on interprofessional team-based care: Identifying new roles for OT in primary care [News]. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Advocacy-Policy/Health-Care-Reform/News/2013/PrimaryCareForum.aspx</nowiki> **** Describes the interprofessional nature and structure of the forum **** Key factors influencing healthcare changes: ***** Aging population, rapid rise of chronic conditions such as diabetes, technology for service delivery such as telehealth, patients’ gaining health literacy as a priority for self-management of health, competitions between health professionals for space on primary care teams, growing demand for research related to the efficacy of the various primary care team providers. **** Barriers for integrating OT ***** Generalist education, outcomes-based research, complex and changing reimbursement systems, difficulty in articulating and promoting the value of OT to all stakeholders *** AOTA (2013). ''AOTA forum on interprofessional team-based care''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/~/media/Corporate/Files/Secure/Advocacy/Health-Care-Reform/forum-report.PDF</nowiki> **** Goal: create a better understanding of the present and future state of interprofessional team-based care, and what OT can do on those teams **** Current environment: ***** High cost of care, aging population, growth of chronic conditions, inadequate access to care, fragmented structure for delivering and paying for care, lack of coordination of care between settings, issues with quality of care particularly with chronic conditions and continuity of care, poor reimbursement, physician dissatisfaction, high workload, workforce shortages, and burnout of PCPs ***** The Triple Aim guides the changes to create solutions to the above issues ****** Solutions include: ACOs, PCMHs, team-based care, integrated behavioral health, increased home and community services, care for dual-eligibles (Medicare and Medicaid), new delivery models such as retail sites. **** Potential roles for OTs: ***** Prevention/wellness, pre-birth, healthcare navigation, transition and adaptation, patient activation and self-management, lifestyle changes, cognitive and neurosensory issues, team management, therapeutic groups ***** Start with chronic conditions, work on self-management, and the aging population ***** Capitated funding models may be the best payment arrangement for OTs on interprofessional teams **** Barriers: ***** Articulating and demonstrating the value of OT, using evidence in practice, clear delineation of scope of practice, reimbursement, referral chain, how to measure quality of OT services, standardized assessments, creating research on efficacy of OT in primary care, staying informed of primary care delivery systems **** Next steps: ***** Define what an OT will do in primary care ****** Requires understanding of scope of practice, primary care patient populations, evidence-based interventions, knowledge of billing practices, evidence of cost-efficacy, systems to track efficacy, expense, and cost savings ***** Marketing materials ****** Targeted to a variety of stakeholders. Should include case examples of how OT helps the team, the conditions that OT will see the most, and that OT has its roots in primary care. ***** Educate OTs to meet the needs of primary care ***** Support outcomes research on OT involvement in primary care ****** First case studies, to inform the directions of future bigger studies. ****** Funding for research can come from the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute and AOTF ****** Research should align with the Centennial Vision of AOTA, the Healthy People 2020, the Triple Aim, CMS Innovation projects, Institute of Medicine recommendations for primary care and team-based care, etc. ****** Measurement can include patient no-show rate, FIM scores, patient satisfaction, QOL, community engagement, National Outcome Measurement System. ***** Increase advocacy on reimbursement and other issues ****** OT scope of practice and licensure varies by state, and so do the specifics of primary care. ** Action Items *** Retrieved from: <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/~/media/Corporate/Files/Advocacy/Health-Care-Reform/action-items.PDF?la=en</nowiki> *** To-do list based on the Review of New Models of Primary Care Delivery, and AOTA’s Forum on Interprofessional Team-Based Care **** Find out how OT working in primary care help their team **** Gather existing research on OT in primary care, and explore new opportunities for research and publication **** Pull a list of experts who spoke at the AOTA conference about primary care **** Ask the Representative Assembly Coordinating Committee to create official documents on the role of OT in primary care **** Stay abreast of the changes happening in primary care, and build relationships with PCPs and other stakeholders **** Spread the word about the distinct value of OT **** Get OT education programs on board, develop more continuing education on primary care **** Possibly develop a Special Interests Section on primary care ===== AOTA. (2014a). The occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68''(Suppl. 1), S1–S48. doi:10.5014/ajot.2014.682006 * The essential document defining the domain and scope of OT practice ** Includes prevention and health promotion in the scope of OT practice *** “Create/promote” (health promotion) approach, designed to enhance strengths and performance for everyone within authentic contexts *** “Prevent” (disability prevention) approach designed to prevent barriers to performance through focus on contextual supports and challenges, activity demands, or client needs regardless of their state of health or disability ** OTs can recognize and address the impact of habits and routines on the management of chronic conditions and the development of healthy lifestyle. ===== AOTA. (2014b). The role of occupational therapy in primary care ===== [Position Paper]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68''(Suppl. 3), S25-S33. doi:10.5014/ajot.2014.686S06 * Official AOTA position paper saying OT is well-suited for primary care teams, especially in caring for patients with one or more chronic conditions ** According to the CDC (2009), approximately one-fourth of people diagnosed with a chronic condition ** OT can recognize and address the impact of habits and routines on the management of chronic conditions and the development of healthy lifestyles * Suggested interventions: ** Self-management of chronic conditions and prevention of secondary complications ** Health promotion and lifestyle modification to prevent chronic conditions ** Self-management of psychiatric conditions and promotion of mental health, 
 ** Management of musculoskeletal conditions including pain management, 
 ** Safety and falls prevention within the home and community environments, 
 ** Promoting and ensuring access to community resources for social participation and community integration, 
 ** Palliative and end-of-life care to allow for QOL, 
 ** Driving and community mobility resources for older adults, 
 ** Redesign of physical environments to support participation in valued activities, ** Family and caregiver assistance and support (Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, 2013; Metzler et al., 2012). 
 ===== AOTA (2015a). Occupational therapy’s role in health promotion ===== [AOTA fact sheet]. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/Practice/Health/Tools/FactSheet_HealthPromotion.pdf</nowiki> * Health is more than the absence of disease, it is about participating in your life. * OTs help people organize their occupations into daily routines that prevent and minimize dysfunction, promote and develop healthy lifestyles, and facilitate adaptation and recovery from injury, disease, or developmental challenges * OTs can perform health risk assessments, and facilitate success by matching a person’s skills to the demands of the activity, utilizing environmental supports and minimizing environmental barriers, and by offering solutions to the challenges associated with changing habits and routines. ===== AOTA (2015b). The role of occupational therapy in chronic disease management ===== [AOTA fact sheet]. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/~/media/Corporate/Files/AboutOT/Professionals/WhatIsOT/HW/Facts/FactSheet_ChronicDiseaseManagement.pdf?la=en</nowiki> * 75% of healthcare dollars go to managing chronic diseases, which are largely preventable * OT can work on self-management skills, help clients manage daily activities and responsibilities, and also help modify thinking and behaviors related to health maintenance ** Address occupational deficits due to chronic conditions, to sustain or improve functional status ** Energy conservation or activity modification to manage the fatigue that often accompanies chronic conditions ** Individually adapt health management tasks ** Incorporate health management tasks into daily routines ** Develop coping strategies, behaviors, habits, routines, and lifestyle adaptations to support physical and psychosocial health and wellbeing ===== AOTA (2016). Wellness & prevention: Occupational therapy’s opportunity in the era of health care reform ===== [AOTA fact sheet]. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.aota.org/~/media/Corporate/Files/Advocacy/Health-Care-Reform/Ad-Hoc/Wellness%20Draft%202_with%20edits-cjed.pdf?la=en</nowiki> * Aligning OT with the values of wellness & prevention in the ACA * Suggestions for wellness promotion and prevention for OT ** Lymphedema management, self-management with chronic conditions, falls prevention, CarFit, caregiver training and support ** Backpack awareness, healthy tech use, bullying awareness, obesity prevention ** Home assessments and modifications, injury prevention, emotional wellbeing through occupational balance, occupational body mechanics, depression screening ===== CAOT (2013). ''CAOT position statement: Occupational therapy in primary care''. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>https://caot.in1touch.org/document/3710/O%20-%20OT%20in%20Primary%20Care.pdf</nowiki> * Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists’ position paper articulating the role and value of OT in primary care in Canada ===== Dahl-Popolizio, S., Doyle, S., & Wade, S. (2018): The role of primary health care in achieving global healthcare goals: Highlighting the potential contribution of occupational therapy, ===== ''World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin'', DOI: 10.1080/14473828.2018.1433770 * Describes the role of OT in helping address the WHO global health goals of managing, and reducing the risk of developing non-communicable or chronic diseases by practicing in primary care settings ** Draws upon a 2008 WHO report on the need for primary care services ** Describes the global health trends and measurable goals of the international community with respect to non-communicable or chronic diseases ** Describes primary care, per the proposed WHO model as central to achieving the goals. ** Describes the role of OT in addressing non-communicable diseases and meeting WHO goals *** Discusses commonalities between national and regional OT position statements on OT in primary care, for chronic conditions ===== Dahl-Popolizio, S., Muir, S., Davis, K., Stuart, K., Wade, S., & Voysey, R. (2017). Occupational therapy in primary care: Determining the receptiveness of occupational therapists and primary care providers. ===== ''The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 5''(4), article 10. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.15453/2168-6408.1372</nowiki> * Participants were provided with a brief paragraph describing the potential OT contribution to a primary care team, then asked to answer a survey to determine their receptiveness to OT in primary care ** Results: 94% to 99% of OTs and 82% to 97% of PCPs indicated possibly or yes to the inclusion of OT on the primary care team * PCP receptiveness to OT inclusion is a potential barrier, but PCPs and OTs are generally supportive of integrating OT into primary care settings, indicating the barriers are other than attitudinal ===== Devereaux, E. B., & Walker, R. B. (1995). The role of occupational therapy in primary health care. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49''(5), 391-396. doi:10.5014/ajot.49.5.391 * Forward thinking article from 1995, that is relevant today. ** Changes were already beginning at this time, and allied health, including OT, were planning on being a part of it *** Shifting the focus to health and away from illness, and away from acute and towards chronic treatments “from cure to care” * OT is well suited to be a part of this healthcare transition ** We are generalists, just like PCPs. Generalizing becomes our specialty in primary care ** OT will notice other things that the PCPs may not notice ** OT thinks in systems, not in strict cause and effect. ===== DHS. (2018). 2020 LHI topics. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health-indicators/2020-LHI-Topics</nowiki> * Sets goals for the health of our nation ** Based on leading health indicators *** Access to health services, clinical preventive services, environmental quality, injury and violence, maternal infant and child health, mental health, nutrition and physical activity and obesity, oral health, reproductive and sexual health, social determinants, substance abuse, tobacco * Updated every 10 years ===== Killian, C., Fisher, G., & Muir, S. (2015). Primary care: A new context for the scholarship of practice model. ===== ''Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 29''(4), 383-396. <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/</nowiki> 07380577.2015.1050713 * Describes OT’s role in primary care while suggesting improved coordination of care, outcomes and cost savings.   ** The changing health climate, due partly to the ACA, is an opportune time to advocate for OT services in primary care. ** The Scholarship of Practice Model, wherein the OT uses research to inform practice, and uses practice to guide future research questions, can guide primary care OT practice.   ** Describes application of OT models of practice in the primary care setting (Model of Human Occupation, Canadian Model of  Occupational Performance and Engagement, and Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance Model), as well as use of related assessment tools ===== Muir, S. (2012). Occupational therapy in primary health care: We should be there ===== [Health Policy Perspectives]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66'', 506–510. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.665001</nowiki> * As the US healthcare system evolves to provide quality healthcare with positive outcomes, primary care must change to make best use of healthcare dollars. ** OT could be facilitators in the transition towards a value-based system, including transitioning to ACOs and PCMHs * The current healthcare system is fragmented ** Since OTs are broadly trained in human development, health promotion, disease process intervention, activity analysis and behavior modification, lifestyle intervention, as well as the use of adaptive equipment, the profession could be fundamental to reducing fragmentation in healthcare. * The ACA service provision models PCMH and ACO are attempting to facilitate the kind of contextual, holistic, and coordinated care that is at the core of OT. * Primary care OT isn’t for everyone, certain characteristics are needed. ** Generalist ** Be able to intervene instantaneously, in a brief, single session. ** Self-advocate, educate the PCPs, and understand the other team members’ roles, and professional boundaries. *** We need to articulate our value *** “Intrusionary OT,” be in the room with the PCPs, show them, don’t tell them, what OT can do, in the moment, with the patient. * OT has a unique, holistic and client-centered approach. In the new pay-for-value system, OT should be in primary care to improve outcomes and add save money ===== Pizzi, M. A., & Richards, L. G. (2017). Guest Editorial—Promoting health, well-being, and quality of life in occupational therapy: A commitment to a paradigm shift for the next 100 years. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7104170010. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.028456</nowiki> * Supports OT in promoting health and wellness, emphasizing participation over performance, and optimizing wellbeing and health in individuals, communities, and populations * Describes the connection between occupation and health * Pizzi Health and Wellness Assessment (PHWA): a reliable and valid assessment tool that links occupational performance to health. Focuses on client’s perceived abilities, level of health related to daily occupations, and readiness for change. * Environment-Health-Occupation-Well-Being (E-HOW) Model: guides practice with wellbeing and QOL as the outcome of focus. ===== Reitz, S. M. (1992). A historical review of occupational therapy's role in preventative health and wellness. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46''(1), 50-55. doi:10.5014/ajot.46.1.50 * This article outlines OT’s long history of involvement in prevention and wellness. ===== Scaffa, M. E., Van Slyke, N., & Brownson, C. A. (2008). Occupational therapy services in the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and disability. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62''(6), 694-703. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://ajot.aota.org/article.aspx?articleid=1867125</nowiki> * Describes OTs contribution to health promotion and prevention, for internal and external audiences * Health promotion and prevention are national health goals: ** WHO, 1986 in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion *** ''Health promotion'' is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, an individual or group must be able to identify and realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. *** Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. *** Health emphasizes social and personal resources, and physical capacities. ** Goals of Healthy People 2010 include increasing quality years of life, and decreasing health disparities. ** Prevention is part of health promotion *** ''Primary:'' Education/health promotion strategies to help people avoid the onset and reduce the incidence of unhealthy conditions, diseases, or injuries. Identifies and eliminates risk factors. *** ''Secondary:'' Early detection and intervention after disease occurs. Prevents/disrupts disability *** ''Tertiary:'' Arrests the progression of condition, prevent further disability, & promote social opportunity * Health promotion and prevention as OT ** The potential range of what people can do, be, and strive to become is the primary concern, and health is a by-product. A varied and full occupational lifestyle will maintain and improve health and wellbeing ** Health enables occupation, which provides the meaning that supports wellbeing. ** Occupational engagement is the means and the goal of OT intervention *** OT can implement the guidelines of the nutritionist, the PT, etc., to incorporate healthy patterns, integrating the expertise of multiple professions into practical situations ** Health management and maintenance is an IADL, health promotion and prevention are OT intervention approaches ** Occupational imbalance, deprivation or alienation are risk factors for poor health, and poor health is a risk factor for these occupational issues ** OT can work with health promotion and prevention on an individual or population basis ===== WHO (1978). Declaration of the Alma-Ata. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.who.int/publications/almaata_declaration_en.pdf</nowiki> * Re-defines global health and health priorities in a way that indicates a trend towards holistic health and prevention, which is relevant to OT and primary care ** Health is not merely the absence of disease ** Health inequities are a major problem ** Governments have a responsibility to the health of their people ** Primary care is a priority *** Culturally relevant *** Across the full lifespan and healthspan *** Connected to community resources *** Evidence-based == '''Being an Advocate''' == ===== AOTA. (in press). The importance of primary care education in occupational therapy curricula. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72''. * Advocates for educational content that prepares OT practitioners to work in primary care. * Includes a discussion on OT in primary care, relevant ACOTE standards, and resources for incorporation into OT curricula ===== Doll, J. (2017, September 25). Promoting OT’s role in ambulatory care primary care teams. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(17). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Points to consider when designing and implementing OT services in an ambulatory primary care setting: ** Know your organization: Consider the culture, mission, and vision. Consider timing - is the organization currently engaged in other complex changes? ** Learn your business: know the financial structure for reimbursement, and how OT services will fit in ** Say the same thing to many people, many times: Educate providers and administrators about the role, value, and benefits of OT ** Get to know the EMR: Allows for sharing care plans, communicating with primary care team, demonstrating patient outcomes ** Experiment and expect change: no two organizations will be exactly alike, try new models and see what works. ** Build relationships: find champions for your cause, build relationships with providers and administrators ** Seek feedback: from patients, care team members, and administrators ** Build in metrics: consider aligning metric selection with outcome goals of the clinic ** Disseminate outcomes: share stories of success and challenges to allow others to succeed too ===== Donnelly, C., Letts, L. (2013). 10 tips to integrate occupational therapy in primary care teams. ===== ''Occupational Therapy Now, 15''(5), 7 - 8. * Educate primary care stakeholders as to the role of OT in primary care * Work interprofessionally (for example, co-create a pain management course) * Co-treat with other professionals * Connect with other OTs working towards primary care practice * Expand OTs reach by having a student * Go to inservices and host inservices * Socially connect with team members * Join a work task committee at your clinic * Document in the EMR where other team members can see your documentation * Practice in close proximity to other team members, be right in the midst of the action ===== Lamb, A. (2016, Nov 9). Demonstrating our distinct value in your daily practice. ===== ''Celebrate AOTA Member Appreciation Webinar Series.'' Retrieved from <nowiki>https://aota.adobeconnect.com/p6l6uyl470b?launcher=false&fcsContent=true&pbMode=normal</nowiki> * Webinar explaining what a distinct value means, what our distinct value is, and how and why to articulate it in practice. * How do we define value in healthcare these days? ** The Triple Aim *** Enhance the quality of care **** OT is client-centered, always has been. Promote client-centered practice across professions. **** Use evidence-based interventions and standardized assessments to show effectiveness, as well as client-centered outcomes **** Strive for appropriate utilization of care based on client needs *** Enhance the efficiency of the system **** Incorporate wellness and prevention into every aspect of practice **** Develop treatment protocols for at-risk populations **** Lead care transitions, discharge, care coordination, etc. *** Reduce healthcare costs **** Self-management approach for chronic conditions. Our distinct value is that our self-management skills are anchored in daily habits and routines **** Collect cost-effectiveness data in everyone’s practice **** Make interprofessional collaborations to increase access to care and save PCP time * The distinct value statement ** “OT’s distinct value is to improve health and quality of life through facilitating participation and engagement in occupations, the meaningful, necessary and familiar activities of everyday life. OT is client-centered, achieves positive outcomes and is cost-effective.” *** Video on the distinct value: www.aota.org/otdistinctvalue * Represent distinct value in practice ** Types of OT interventions include Occupations, Activities, Preparatory methods and tasks ** We need to focus on occupation as intervention. That is our distinct value *** Make sure other interventions clearly connect to the actual occupations, the things clients need to do, want to do and have to do. ===== Metzler, C. A. (2016). A new year, a new way to promote OT. ===== ''OT Practice, 21''(21). p. 7. * Use billing and coding to demonstrate the value of OT * The new Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes as of Jan 2017 promotes OT’s distinct value ** Focuses on performance in occupations, in addition to client factors ** Face to face time with the client and family is included for evals ** Low, medium, and high eval codes, underscoring the clinical decision making ===== Patel, P. (2015). The role of occupational therapy in primary care. ===== ''Occupational Therapy Doctorate Capstone Projects''. Paper 2. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://encompass.eku.edu/otdcapstones/2/</nowiki> * A student capstone project focused on communicating the value of OT to other professionals * Case for Integration of OT in primary care * In-service for PCPs ** Overview of ACA, the triple aim and primary care ** Definition of OT ** Scope of OT ** How OT can be a significant contributor in a primary care team ** Examples from the 3/21 Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) that already have OTs, from the AOTA (2013) Review of New Models of Primary Care * PCPs asked about OT education, OT scope, future models of primary care that might include OT, difference between OT and PT, difference between OT and behavioral health (OT is more inclusive of daily routines, habits, and taking into account the context), referral processes for different diagnoses, and showed interest in adaptive tech ===== Sample, J. M. (2016, August 22). Planning a successful state OT on the hill day. ===== ''OT Practice, 21''(15), 12-16. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Advocacy is an important part of OT * Know who you will be speaking with on hill day, ** Including how many representatives, what their districts are, what their term limits are, what committees they are assigned to, party affiliations, who the leaders are, and who you can count on to champion OT * Keep your local community of OT and OT advocates informed ** Increase membership and involvement in state OT associations * Focus on key topics * Create a team of volunteers to organize the hill day planning === Leadership === ===== AOTA (2016). Emerging leaders development program. ===== [website]. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://goo.gl/rcs8hb</nowiki> * AOTA's program to foster new AOTA service leaders * Candidates must be in school or within first 5 years of practice ** Applications are accepted every spring ===== AOTA. (2018). Leadership Development Toolkit. ===== [website]. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Practice/OT-Assistants/OTA-Leadership.aspx</nowiki> * A website with resources to build leadership skills, including links to articles and podcasts ===== Ellie, E., Grady, A., & Nielson, C. (2011). ''Mentoring leaders: The power of storytelling for building leadership in health care and education''. ===== Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press. * A textbook guide for mentors for inspiring leadership, including a workbook on self-reflection and growth, community building, enacting leadership practices, building followership, leading for the future. ===== Fleming-Castaldy, R. P. & Patro, J. (2012). Leadership in occupational therapy: Self-perceptions of occupational therapy managers. ===== ''Occupational therapy in health care, 26''(2), 187-202. doi: 10.3109/07380577.2012.697256. * This study examines leadership in OT by looking at clinic managers * Developing leaders, including the Emerging Leaders Development Program, is a key aspect of the AOTA Centennial Vision * Leadership theories ** Leadership is not an inborn quality, and good leadership in one situation doesn’t mean it will work in every situation *** Contingency leadership **** Task-oriented with a focus on goal attainment **** Relationship-oriented with a focus on successful social dynamics ** Leadership Challenge Model *** Five important characteristics **** Model the way, inspire a shared vision, challenge the process, enable others to act, encourage the heart ** Leadership Practices Inventory *** Based on the Leadership Challenge Model. Assesses leadership skills * Leadership in OT ** Disproportionately male. ** OT managers rate themselves highly according to the Leadership Practice Inventory ** Additional research is needed for OT leaders who aren’t specifically in management positions. ** Future leaders should develop the 5 skills of the Leadership Challenge Model (Visionary Leader in Phipps, 2015) in order to influence the future of OT ===== Hobbs, M. & Lamb, A. J. (2016). ''A mindful path to leadership series module 3: Mentoring and leadership''. ===== Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press. * An online Continuing Ed course exploring mentor/mentee roles, including strategies for finding a mentor ===== OTCommunityofLeaders. (2016). OT Leadership Live Podcast. ===== Retrieved from www.talkshoe.com/tc/139040 * Ongoing podcast series on various topics of leadership in OT ===== Phipps, S. (2015, August). Transformational and visionary leadership in occupational therapy management and administration ===== [Continuing education article]. In ''OT practice, 12''(15), CE1-CE8.  Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * OT as a transformational leader during times of change ** Relevant for OT within or outside of management positions * Leaders vs. Managers ** Managers are internally focused, short term, control and direct people and operations, strategy, structure and systems ** Leaders are externally focused, long term, inspire and empower people, style, skills, goals ** Both are needed. Anyone can be a leader. * Visionary leaders: ** Model the way: actions speak louder than words. Bear the burden you expect your team to take as well ** Inspire a shared vision: listen to others, and communicate the importance of your vision and how it impacts them, let them see why the change is needed ** Challenge the process: encourage risk taking, resiliency and internal locus of control *** Resistance to change is natural, change is threatening. Be sensitive. *** Treat a problem like a challenge and an opportunity ** Enable others to act: foster trust & collaboration, disperse the power. Their ideas and actions are part of the needed solution ** Encourage the heart: clear standards and detailed feedback, reinforce desired culture * Developing a vision ** Start with an achievable end in mind ** Make sure all stakeholders share the vision * Communicating a vision ** Be consistent in your message ** Network and get feedback from all stakeholders *** Use various means of communication, social media, etc. * Implementing a vision ** Develop clear goals based on stakeholder feedback and vision ** Budget, organizational systems, specific plans for each department involved, use coaching and training as needed * Sustaining a vision ** Foster accountability, spread the responsibility and the power, and the rewards. ** Review progress and revisit goals frequently ** Identify barriers and problem-solve ===== Primary Care Progress (n.d.). ''Homepage.'' ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.primarycareprogress.org/home</nowiki> * The website for a free to join interprofessional group of leaders, focused on transforming primary care. ===== Rogers, P., Killian, C., Hudgins, E., & Pollard, T. (2016, May). Transitioning from clinician to manager. ===== ''SIS Quarterly Practice Connections, 1''(2), 17-19. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/SISQuarterly/entire-issue-pdf.aspx</nowiki> * Article in Administration & Management Special Interest Section (SIS) about OTs becoming managers ** Management opportunities exist in primary care ** Essential skills include enhanced knowledge of service area, reimbursement systems, budget planning, and people management skills ** Being a manager makes OT more visible, allows for more advocacy and the ability to influence bigger decisions. ** Resources *** Administration & Management SIS (AMSIS) at www.aota.org/AMSIS *** OT Connections discussion at <nowiki>http://aota.org/sis_forums/f/10.aspx</nowiki>. There are management and administration forums here *** American Management Association (2009) provides seminars to build and improve management skills *** AOTA Volunteer Leadership Development Committee *** The Occupational Therapy Manager (Jacobs & McCormack, 2010) ===== Sweetman, M. M. (2016, July). Authentic leadership in occupational therapy. ===== [Continuing education article]. In ''OT Practice, 21''(13). p. CE1-CE8. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Authentic leadership is an ideal fit for OTs ** Authentic leaders are true to core values, and demonstrate sincerity. Authentic leadership is evidence-based. ** Four primary components of authentic leadership: self awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing, and relational transparency ** Authentic leadership can be employed in various relationships, including clients ===== Waite, A. (2016, September 26). Alert the media: Tips for talking with reporters about occupational therapy. ===== ''OT Practice, 21''(17), 17-19. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Speaking or writing about OT in the media is one of the most effective and efficient ways to advocate for OT ** Enthusiasm about OT is most important. ** Be careful and concise, repeat the main points you want to communicate ** Request interview questions in advance ** Check your facts and avoid jargon = '''Category Two''' = == '''Healthcare Policy''' == ===== AOTA (2012). Accountable care organizations and medical homes ===== [AOTA ACOs PCMHs Fact Sheet]. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/Advocacy/Health-Care-Reform/ACO/ACOs%20%20Medical%20Homes%20Fact%20Sheet%202012%20combined%20%20rev%2022012.pdf</nowiki> * AOTA Fact Sheet on ACOs and PCMHs * OT in ACOs: ** Focus on QOL, home safety, ADLS & IADLS, participation, vision, ergonomics, driving, fall risk, swallowing, pediatric, mental health * Steps to get involved ** Gather effectiveness materials to advocate for inclusion with chronic conditions ** Get involved in local ACO & PCMH planning and management teams ** Develop collaborative relationships with providers, especially in peds, rehab, stroke, brain injury, and autism ** Consider additional certification, low vision, driving, home safety, etc. ** Become familiar with the Medicare Health Risk Assessment (HRA), which is part of the Annual Wellness Visit (AWV) for Medicaid beneficiaries. It contains ADL and IADL, and might influence changes ** Get to know your organization’s EMR, and make sure it has OT language options ===== AOTA. (2018). Individual measures for occupational therapists. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Advocacy-Policy/Federal-Reg-Affairs/Medicare/MACRA/individual-measures.aspx</nowiki> * How to report on MACRA and MIPS measures, with clear descriptions of measures and standardized assessment tools that can be used to inform the data reported. ** MIPS: Merit-based Incentive Payment Program * OTs are eligible to voluntarily report quality data under MACRA and MIPS on 12 measures with OT CPT codes ===== Braveman, B., & Metzler, C. A. (2012). Health care reform implementation and occupational therapy ===== [Health Policy Perspectives]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66'', 11–14. <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/</nowiki> 10.5014/ajot.2012.661001 * Overview of the ACA changes, focusing on insurance changes, new payment structures, and new delivery systems * These changes present both opportunities and challenges to OT ** Opportunities *** A member of an integrated primary care team in an ACO or PCMH *** Preventative risk assessments, safety screening *** “Rehabilitation and habilitation” is a required category in the mandatory benefits package *** Integrated Behavioral Health is also a required category in the mandatory benefits package ** Challenges *** Decreased direct reimbursement *** Exclusion from development of key implementation strategies *** Other disciplines establishing themselves as key players * AOTA’s response to the ACA ** Focus on QOL and self-management, not just disease status ** Advocate to CMS to include measures on fall prevention, etc., to create a specific reason to include OT ** Many issues are happening at the state level. ** Ad Hoc committee on Health Care Reform Implementation subgroups on Health benefits/medical necessity, ACOs/PCMHs, Chronic care/self-management, Mental health, Tele-health, Prevention and wellness, Long term care *** <nowiki>http://www.aota.org/advocacy-policy/health-care-reform.aspx</nowiki> ===== Halle, A. D., Mroz, T. M., Fogelberg, D. J., & Leland, N. E. (2018). Occupational therapy and primary care: Updates and trends ===== [Health Policy Perspectives]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72'', 7203090010. <nowiki>https://doi.org/</nowiki> 10.5014/ajot.2018.723001 * An update to the 2012 Health Policy Perspectives article on primary care. * Models of Service Delivery: Alternative Payment Models ** Comprehensive Primary Care Plus (CPC+): a 5-year, multi-payer initiative to improve primary care that will target 20 U.S. geographic regions and 20,000 doctors and practitioners ** Next Generation ACO: provides greater opportunities for shared savings to create increased incentives for experienced ACOs ** Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC): a reimbursement designation from CMS for safety net providers who provide comprehensive services to a medically underserved area or population and have ongoing quality assurance programs ** PCMH: a care delivery model focused on reducing costs by providing care that is comprehensive, patient and family centered, coordinated, accessible, and accountable *** Within the PCMH model, OTs have been able to include a portion of their salary under the health education component of the medical home services. * There are many barriers, including reimbursement, and lack of adequate preparation for articulation/demonstration of primary care OT in schools. A white paper on primary care education is in press now. * Look to international models of primary care OT to see the value and role * Now is the time to act, despite constant uncertainty ===== Lamb, A. J., & Metzler, C. A. (2014). Defining the value of occupational therapy: A health policy lens on research and practice. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68''(1), 9-14. * The 2010 ACA is greatly altering the health policy landscape in which the practice of OT exists and as a result there is a needed for greater consensus on what constitutes value in healthcare, and how to measure and increase that value. ** ACA created Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) tests innovative payment and service delivery models to reduce program expenditures while maintaining or improving quality of care for those who receive benefits from Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program. ** Some CCMI created models explained in the article include The Independence at Home (IAH), which works to use home based primary care teams, and the ACA and Comprehensive Primary Care Initiative which work to improve coordination of care. ** All of these models influence how consumers and professionals perceive “value”. Therefore, OT’s possibilities must be used as the basis for assertive and focused actions to ensure that any new system and all its components (models) fully use the skills and benefits of OT. ===== Leland N. E., Crum K, Phipps S, Roberts P, & Gage, B. (2015). Advancing the value and quality of occupational therapy in health service delivery. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69''(1), 69010900101-69010900107. * Healthcare system shifting from a volume-based reimbursement system to a value-based, high quality care, evidence-based practices, and patient-centered care. ** The authors of this article examine healthcare quality and patient outcomes while describing the healthcare context that is driving the need for quality measurement in OT. ** This will assist in the discussion of how OT can define high-quality care processes to increase outcomes and maintain a “viable” future for the profession. ===== Leland, N. E., Fogelberg, D. J., Halle, A. D., & Mroz, T. M. (2017). Occupational therapy and ===== ===== management of multiple chronic conditions in the context of health care reform ===== [Health Policy Perspectives]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7101090010. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.711001</nowiki> * The prevalence of multiple chronic conditions is on the rise. This population has high rates of healthcare utilization yet poor outcomes. * There are multiple recent policies that are designed to help those with multiple chronic conditions, which offer opportunities for OTs to contribute to addressing chronic conditions, including within primary care settings ===== Metzler, C. A., Hartmann, K. D., & Lowenthal, L. A. (2012). Defining primary care: Envisioning the roles of occupational therapy ===== [Health Policy Perspectives]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66'', 266–270. <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2010.663001</nowiki> * Defining primary care since the implementation of the ACA ** PCPs include MDs, PAs and NPs. OT is “supplemental” *** Loan reimbursement and incentive programs are limited to PCP **** Section 3502 of the ACA: ***** Grants to coordinate primary, acute, behavioral and long term services for Medicare and Medicaid population ** The last part of this article breaks apart the definition of primary care according to the ACA and links it to OT ===== Parsons, H. (March 2017). Promoting OT’s role in mental and behavioral health services. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(4), 7. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Describes legislation and legislative advocacy to bolster OT’s role in mental and behavioral health, including 21st Century Cures Act ===== Parsons, H & Hooper, L. (2018, April). ''Health care reform update''. ===== Presentation at AOTA National Conference, Salt Lake City, UT. * Discussion of recent federal legislative changes including executive orders, and the process that resulted in 2017 repeal of health insurance individual mandate effective January 1st, 2019, and the subsequent impact on healthcare ** Healthcare feels tenuous at this point, but the changes created by the ACA are largely still influencing US healthcare delivery and payment, but now with more variability between the states *** Including EHBs, work requirements, premiums, individual mandates,  and more. **** Oregon approved a tax on hospitals and insurance companies to help fund the state portion of Medicaid funding **** Oregon also obtained a 1332 Waiver, which is created to allow states the ability to develop alternative means of meeting coverage goals. Oregon’s waiver is for reinsurance, which means the government pays for some high-cost claims from enrollees with expensive conditions, lowering insurance companies costs which results in lower premiums. ===== Willmarth, C. & Hooper, L. (2016, Nov 10). Health care reform update ===== [Webinar]. In ''Celebrate AOTA Member Appreciation Webinar Series.'' Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Conference-Events/member-appreciation/webinar-library/Advocacy.aspx</nowiki> * This Webinar on healthcare reform updates. * Essential Health Benefits (EHBs) ** ACA established a provision of 10 essential health benefits *** Victory in OT advocacy, to include the Rehabilitation and Habilitation, but there wasn’t a consistent definition, so states varied **** Now, thanks to AOTA advocacy, there is a standard definition of what states need to provide. ** Summary of benefits and coverage (SBC): An easy to read document for consumers to know their benefits, including OT in rehabilitation and habilitation * Delivery system reform ** Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) *** CMMI tests new payment and delivery models, and promotes successful ones **** Including ACOs, PCMHs, Bundled payments, and chronic care management * AOTA and primary care ** AOTA Primary Care Website: www.aota.org/primarycare ** Environmental Scan: ''Review of New Models of Primary Care Delivery'' ** AOTA Forum on Interprofessional Team-Based Care <br /> == '''Integration Strategies''' == ===== McColl, M. A., Shortt, S., Godwin, M., Smith, K., Rowe, K., O’Brien, P., & Donnelly, C. (2009). Models for integrating rehabilitation and primary care: A scoping study. ===== ''Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90''(9), 1523-1531. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2009.03.017</nowiki> * The objective of the study was to describe the scope and breadth of knowledge currently available regarding the integration of rehabilitation and primary care services. ** Based on decided criteria 38 articles pertaining to both primary care and rehabilitation were selected for use; it was determined that there were 6 different models for providing primary healthcare and rehabilitation services in an integrated approach: *** clinic, outreach, self-management, community-based rehabilitation, shared care, and case management. ** In addition, a number of themes were identified across models that may act as either supports or impediments to the integration of rehabilitation services into primary care settings: *** team approach, interprofessional trust, leadership, communication, compensation, accountability, referrals, and population-based approach. === '''Behavioral Health''' === ===== AOTA (n.d.). Occupational therapy practitioners: A key member of the Community Behavioral Health team. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Advocacy-Policy/State-Policy/Issue-Campaign-Mental-Behavioral-Health.aspx</nowiki> * The profession of OT began in mental health settings * OTs address mental health and cognitive impairments, including the social, emotional, psychological, functional, and environmental aspects of these conditions * Certified Community Behavioral Health Centers (CCBHC) offer integrated, coordinated care for the whole person ** OT is an excellent fit, and focuses on daily functioning with a strengths-based approach * National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) guidelines for Assertive Community Services Teams include OT Dahl-Popolizio, S., Manson, L., Muir, S., & Rogers, O. (2016). Enhancing the value of occupational therapy in primary care: The role of occupational therapy. ''Families, Systems, and Health, 34''(3), 270 - 280. <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000208</nowiki> * A comparison of OT training and the core competencies of behavioral health in primary care. * OT is very qualified to deliver primary care behavioral health services. ===== Lute, R. M. & Manson, L. (2015). Integrated Care and Specialty Behavioral Health Care in the Patient-Centered Medical Home. ===== In W. O’Donohue & A. Maragakis (Eds.) ''Integrated Primary and Behavioral Care'' (pp. 19-38). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Retrieved from  <nowiki>http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783319190358-c1.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1531068-p177384817‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬</nowiki> * Behavioral health in primary care ** Focus *** Mind-body-behavior connection *** Consultation, health promotion, symptom mitigation, and functional improvement **** Consultation can be for the physician, care team, and/or patient. Can be individual or group *** Skill development for management of medications, or behavioral/emotional difficulties *** Behavioral health providers need skills of flexibility, rapidity, and generalizability *** Health and wellness with the PCP’s medical concerns in context ** Intervention *** Provide brief, solution-focused assessment and intervention. 30-min session, 1-4 sessions *** Behavior change plans, lifestyle modification, resource building, and targeted person-centered, culturally competent, brief interventions *** CBT, solution-focused therapy, problem-solving therapy, goal setting, MI, mindfulness, relaxation training, biofeedback, Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy, ACT, behavioral analysis *** 5A’s of behavioral change in PC: assess, advise, agree, assist, and arrange **** Assess patient’s knowledge about illness and ability to self-manage **** Advise by building on what the patient knows about their health, wellness, and condition **** Agree on target risks, health promotion behaviors, and adherence using the patient’s own verbiage, avoid jargon. Joint goal setting and action plans are created with the patient’s strengths, confidence, conviction, priorities, and preferences in mind. Utilizing rating scales for assessing importance and confidence in ability to accomplish the plans improves likelihood of accomplishment **** Assist by facilitating discussions identifying and problem-solving solutions to barriers, and identifying supportive resources and people. **** Arrange by setting follow-up communication with PCP, care team, and/or return with behavioral health, identifying time frame for achieving action plans or goals, and specific support planning === '''Care Coordination''' === ===== Fader, J., Goldstein, D., & Vause-Earland, T. (2016, November 7). Hotspotting: Collaborative student efforts to identify and intervene with emergency service “super-utilizers.” ''OT Practice'', ''21''(20), 13–16. <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> ===== * Hotspotting includes identifying patients who overuse healthcare (“super-utilizers”), preparing targeted interventions, and reshaping ineffective utilization patterns. ** Hotspotting is care coordinating, advocating for, educating and empowering super-utilizers. ** The role of OT in hotspotting is similar to the role of OT in primary care *** “assess functional cognition, performance, habits, roles, and routines that impact health and wellbeing, then collaborate with the client to identify ways to navigate the healthcare system to address personal health needs. A strong knowledge of physical, social, and cultural environments makes an OT well suited to working with the complex patients” ** OT students can get involved in the national, 6-month program called Interprofessional Student Hotspotting Learning Collaborative. *** <nowiki>https://www.aamc.org/initiatives/hotspotter/</nowiki> *** an OT program must participate with an AAMC-registered medical college in order to get involved. ===== Moore, K. (2013). Wellness navigator: An innovative role in primary health care for occupational therapists. ===== ''Occupational Therapy Now, 15''(5), 20-21. * Highlights the role of OTs as wellness navigators within Community Health Teams (CHTs) in Canada and how OTs are well suited to perform this role. ** In public community locations, CHTs use a community health model to promote health and wellness by helping citizens build knowledge, confidence, and skills to make changes in their daily lives to live healthier, and prevent and manage common risk factors for chronic health conditions. ** Wellness navigators collaborate with family physicians and other health providers to assist citizens with health conditions, mental health concerns, emotional health, as well as services for individuals, families, and community groups. ** Wellness navigator is an innovative role in primary healthcare that is effective in preventing citizens from “falling between the cracks” of systems. ===== Moyers, P. A., & Metzler, C. A. (2014). Interprofessional collaborative practice in care coordination ===== [Health Policy Perspectives]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68''(5), 500-505. doi:10.5014/ajot.2014.685002 * OT is well-suited for effective team management and the implementation of care coordination * The hierarchy of PCPs in PCMHs needs to be reworked to put OT in the administrative and gate-keeper roles. * OTs have a holistic and collaborative view that would benefit care-coordinating leadership roles.   * There is a similarity between National Committee for Quality Assurance goals for PCMH and ACOTE standards for OT education * This supports the use of OTs as prepared and appropriately educated leaders and care coordinators. * OTs must translate occupation to clearly link it to disease management, population health, lifestyle and behavioral change, self-management, and reducing caregiver burden. ===== Robinson, M., Fisher, T. F., & Broussard, K. (2016). Role of occupational therapy in case management and care coordination for clients with complex conditions ===== [Health Policy Perspectives]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70''(2), 7002090010p1-7002090010p6. * OT is well suited to the emerging roles of case management and care coordination * Patient engagement is part of patient satisfaction and thus the Triple Aim, and it also affects health outcomes ** Care coordination throughout the system needs to promote maximum patient self-management * OT can also take into account all of the complex factors that impact a patient with a complex condition, including social, environmental, medical, structural, etc. * OTs are educated to be providers of health education and promotion and case management and coordination for clients with chronic diseases ** The article sites several ACOTE standards that directly relate to case management and care coordination * The Commission for Case Manager Certification has an exam for case manager credentialing. Many expectations are already covered in OT education. OT could be a case manager for complex chronic conditions, specifically. * Case managers are typically nursing or social work positions, and aren’t paid as well as typical OT positions. ** Perhaps OT as a consultant to case managers instead ** In some settings, you can’t be both a case manager and a provider * OT could also manage care transitions throughout the care continuum. ** OT can see what would encourage someone to be more independent, and how they can be successful ** Knowledge of stages of change * OT is adept at connecting between providers and community resources === '''Models in Action''' === ===== Benthall, D. (2017, February 20). Out of the physician’s office and into the home: Exploring OT’s role on a home-based primary care team. ===== ''OT Practice, 22(3), 8 - 13.'' Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) developed a program called Home Based Primary Care (HBPC), providing interdisciplinary services (including OT) to veterans with complex medical conditions ** Veterans in this program are frail, chronically ill, and at high risk for hospitalization. Routine clinic-based care is ineffective for these clients. ** Goals are to reduce hospitalization, optimize function and QOL, promote aging in place ** Interdisciplinary team includes: physician, physician assistant/nurse practitioner, social worker, dietician, pharmacist, OT and PT, clinical psychologist, access to chaplain services ** OT is provided using a consultation model. Assess functional status, ensure access to equipment and home modifications to support occupational performance, implementation of lifestyle modifications *** Education and training of self-management tasks are more relevant when performed in client’s natural context *** OTs serve as generalists, intervene in many areas including falls prevention, dementia family caregiver training, home safety, driving and community mobility, wheelchair seating and positioning, chronic pain, vision impairment, mental health, palliative and end of life care. *** OT consults with the veteran in their home a minimum of 4 to 8 times per year – a long-term approach to care ===== Brown, C., & Diamond-Burchuk, L. (2013). Occupational therapists providing interprofessional education and enhancing health within a teaching primary care centre. ===== ''Occupational Therapy Now, 15''(5), 14-16. * This article explores the role of OT in the interprofessional primary care team at Northern Connection Medical Center, in Canada. * Describes the experiences of working OTs as they engage in the dual role within the primary care center as both interprofessional educators and direct service providers. ** OTs  provide opportunities to teach both residents and family physicians at the center about the role and scope of OT by allowing them to observe OT assessments and interventions, provide informal consultations, and provide feedback on the results of OT assessments and interventions of clients ** Describes some challenges and potential solutions to clarifying the OT’s unique role in this setting and how developing this role in a teaching environment has provided the opportunity to re-realize and teach the strengths OT can bring to the primary care role. ===== Donnelly, C., Brenchley, C., Crawford, C., & Letts, L. (2013). The integration of occupational therapy into primary care: A multiple case study design. ===== ''Bio Med Central Family Practice, 14''(60), 1-12. * In 2010, the province of Ontario, Canada provided funding to include OTs as members of Family Health Teams, an interprofessional model of primary care. A multiple case study design was used to provide an in depth description of the integration of OT. ** The study found that explicit strategies and structures are required to facilitate the integration of a new professional group. An understanding of professional roles, trust and communication are foundations for interprofessional collaborative practice. *** Specific strategies that support integration of OT into primary care: **** Educate team members of professional role of OT **** Ensure OT has full access to EMR, for formal documentation and informal messaging **** Involve OT students through fieldwork placements, to increase to reach of the OT **** Participate in educating students from other disciplines **** Develop a role within pre-existing interprofessional programs and structures (such as a pain management course) **** Build relationships with team members by attending networking events, social functions, meetings, inservices, etc. ===== Donnelly, C. A., Leclair, L. L., Werner, P. F., Hand, C. L., & Letts, L. J. (2016). Occupational therapy in primary care: Results for a national survey. ===== ''Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 83''(3), 135 0 142. doi: 10.1177/0008417416637186. * Respondents (n 52) were almost exclusively working on interprofessional teams. * Intervention was provided most frequently to individual clients, and services were provided both within the home/community and in the clinic. * OTs offered a range of health promotion and prevention services, predominantly to adults and older adults. ** The top three practice areas were the provision of equipment, fall prevention, and chronic disease management * A number of supports and barriers to the integration of OT are identified ===== Duddy, K. J., (2016). Primary care occupational therapy: An occupation-based approach for veterans with chronic conditions ===== [doctoral project]. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://hdl.handle.net/2144/14582</nowiki> * The author developed and implemented OT services at a VA primary care clinic, to help veterans who experience chronic conditions, called VA Everyday Matters ** Includes: a review of chronic conditions, literature for OT in primary care, a description of the proposed program, and an evaluation of the program including funding and dissemination plan ===== Eichler, J., Royeen, L. (2016). Occupational therapy in primary health care clinic: Experiences of two clinicians. ===== ''Families, Systems, & Health, 34''(3), 289 - 291. doi: 10.1037/fsh0000226. * Describes the process and experience of two OTs who provided services in primary care settings. Includes case examples, and discussion of benefits and challenges. ===== Garvey, J., Connolly, D., Boland, F., & Smith, S. M. (2015). OPTIMAL, an occupational therapy led self-management support programme for people with multimorbidity in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. ===== ''BMC family practice, 16''(1), 59. * OPTIMAL is an OT-led 6-week self-management program. * Results indicate improvements in activity participation and performance, self-efficacy, health related QOL, and goal attainment * The intervention group also had increased frequency of engagement in IADL, including household chores and meal preparation. ===== Koverman, B., Royeen, L., & Stoykov, MA., (2017).  Occupational Therapy in Primary Care: Structures and Processes that Support Integration. ===== ''The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 5''(3). Retrieved from <nowiki>http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ojot/vol5/iss3/12/</nowiki> * Describes the implementation of OT services in a primary care setting, applying the Basic Logic Model to inform planning and implementation ** Model offers guidance for program development in a primary care setting ===== Krpalek, D., Javaherian-Dysinger, H., & Hewitt, L. (2016). Designing occupational therapy services in a primary care setting: Successful strategies and lessons learned ===== [Powerpoint]. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://s3.amazonaws.com/v3-app_crowdc/assets/7/7c/7cdc720a6105b04c/Primary_Care_AOTA_Handout.original.1458676010.pdf</nowiki> * Describes the process of integrating into a primary care setting: * Part One: Scoping out the land ** Vision: have a vision for OT in primary care, how it fulfills the mission of the organisation, how it will impact health and current healthcare system ** Collaboration: Identify collaborators, network ** Know the needs: Identify common diagnoses and describe patient panel ** Advocate: sell yourself and your idea * Part Two: Structural Design ** Planning OT intervention *** How does the organization run? Identify administrative/workflow processes *** How could OT services fit it? Identify the role of OT, logistics like referral processes *** What resources are needed? Including space, documentation, materials, supports, and funding * Part Three: Testing the model ** Will require persistence, and will be a back and forth process ** Success story: Partnered with a Family Medicine Practice at Loma Linda University ===== Lang, J. (2016, February 9). Pacific University clinic offers affordable primary care and much much more. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.pacificu.edu/about-us/news-events/pacific-university-clinic-offers-affordable-primary-care-and-much-more</nowiki> * One-stop suite of health services at clinic locations in downtown Portland (1411 SW Morrison, Ste. 310), and Hillsboro (222 SE 8th Ave., Ste. 212) * Integrated psych, PT, OT, SLP, Primary western and alternative medicine, particularly for low-income clients ===== Murphy, A. D., Griffith, V. M., Mroz, T. M., & Jirikowic, T. L. (2017). Primary care for underserved population: Navigating policy to incorporate occupational therapy into federally qualified health centers ===== [Health Policy Perspectives]''. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71''(2): 7102090010p1-7102090010p5. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2017.712001. * Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) offer primary and preventative health services to medically underserved populations or areas (homeless, low income, migrant workers, marginalized cultural/ethnic groups) * Social Justice and Occupational Justice: incorporation into FQHCs can support both * Funding and reimbursement in FQHCs ** Provide services to patients covered my Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance ** Medicaid reimbursement varies by state, and includes prospective payment, cost based payments, negotiated fee-for services schedules, and combinations. *** Prospective payment system: clinic receives a set amount of money for each face-to-face visit between a patient and an FQHC provider. At this time, OT isn’t considered an FQHC provider. ** OTs can typically bill “incidental to” when providing services with a qualified provider ** Overall, OT billing in an FQHC is highly complicated, and due to the variety of payment models (many of which OT cannot participate in), may not enable full reimbursement for overhead costs * Case examples: Current models of OT in primary care ** University of Southern California: Eisner Pediatric and Family Medical Center. A full-time OT was integrated into this FQHC. *** Funding: Clinic negotiated a higher encounter rate to cover additional costs associated with retaining an OT and providing OT services. ** Saint Louis University (SLU) Model: OT and OT student provided services in a primary care clinic. *** Funding: The OT was employed by SLU, and had 6 months leave from teaching duties. Students provided services with appropriate supervision * Independent billing model ** A potential option would be to have an OT contract clinic space, and see clients referred by PCPs ===== Rogers, O., Heck, A., Kohnert, L., Paode, P., & Harrell, L. (2017). Occupational therapy’s role in an interprofessional student-run free clinic: Challenges and opportunities identified. ===== ''The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 5''(3), Article 7. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.15453/2168-6408.1387</nowiki> * Describes a student-run free clinic (SRFC) in Arizona, where students of 9 professions, including OT,  from 3 universities provide interprofessional care * Role of OT: “upper-extremity impairment, musculoskeletal pain, medication management, fall prevention, and behavioral health issues, among many others” ** Address the habits and routines that led to the condition, or that are required to manage the condition. Because the population served (those experiencing homelessness) may not be able to follow up, focusing on self-management is crucial. ** Workflow with other professions and the role and value of OT is described, providing a model for integrated primary care OT services * SRFC as an opportunity for students to learn, share the value of OT with other professions, and provide care for underserved population * Challenges include recruiting and retaining volunteers, limited understanding of role of OT in other professions ===== Serfas, K. L. (2016, October 10). Pediatrics in primary care: Insights and experiences from one faculty practice model. ===== ''OT Practice, 21''(18), 12-17. <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * AOTA has prioritized finding and profiling existing models of primary care that use OT. This is an account from a primary care pediatric OT ** She began by volunteering, with students *** They accompanied the PCPs into exam rooms, conduct occupational profiles, and developmental screenings (Ages and Stages) * The screen is conducted immediately, and if results indicate further evaluations are needed, referrals are made * PCPs could do the screen. But time constraints, lack of training, and limited knowledge on community resources impair that ability. ** Challenges: continually communicating the OT role, logistics of one OT with multiple PCPs seeing multiple patients simultaneously, and reimbursement ** Benefits: increasing caregiver efficacy by educating on child’s performance and suggesting ways to continue behavior or skill development at home, promoting effective parent/child interactions, and cultivating positive relationships. <br /> === '''Population/Public Health''' === ===== Braveman, B. (2015, December). Population health and occupational therapy ===== [Health Policy Perspectives]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70,'' 7001090010p1-7001090010p6. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2016.701002 * Population health is an aspect of the Triple Aim, and not much has been written about OT and population health ** OT can start by integrating population needs into clinical care, or address individual needs on a policy or systems level *** Primary care OT is a great way to begin with individual patients, and have an impact on larger populations ** Health determinants are largely outside of the healthcare professional's domain, including public health agencies, community organizations, schools, businesses etc. *** OT is familiar working in all of these settings, and thus could help healthcare partner with them to achieve the population health aims ** Recommendations for the future *** Articulate the success of OT in population health, and OT’s competency with working at the population level in general *** Identify specific competencies for population health work, and include them in our Framework *** Make population health part of our OT and OTA curriculum. Currently it only exists at the doctoral level *** Celebrate OTs who don’t do direct patient care, but practice OT at the population level <br /> ===== Marval, R., & Townsend, E. (2013). Homelessness: Enabling solutions in primary health-care occupational therapy. ===== ''Occupational Therapy Now, 15''(5), 17-19. * Currently OT services are underutilized within primary health centers with regard to people experiencing homelessness, a population that is disproportionately exposed to preventable acute and chronic health conditions. ** OTs, recognizing the impact homelessness plays on an individual’s balance of meaningful occupations, can target both individual impairments as well as environmental obstacles that create this imbalance. *** One such solution is the Mobile Outreach Street Health (MOSH) service, which offers contextually relevant primary care to people who are homeless, street-involved, or at risk of homelessness. *** This service provided by nurses and a part-time OT, is a population-level approach to realizing equitable health and participation has shown potential to broadly impact both individual MOSH clients and the community as a whole. ===== Scaffa, M. E., Desmond, S., & Brownson, C. A. (2001). Public health, community health, and occupational therapy. ===== In M. E. Scaffa (Ed.), ''Occupational therapy in community-based practice settings'' (pp. 35–50). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. * A book on OT in public health, and community based practice settings. ===== Wood, R., Fortune, T., & McKinstry, C. (2013). Perspectives of occupational therapists working in primary health promotion. ===== ''Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60''(3), 161-170. * This qualitative study explores and describes the primary health promotion practice of community health workers with an OT background working at a community or population (macro) level, rather than at the client service (micro) level, and explores related enablers and barriers to this practice. ** Although some practitioners with an OT background perform primary health promotion, the findings indicate that a number of barriers deter OT from engaging in this type of practice, including lack of funding, preparation and limited understanding of the role of OT in health promotion. ** Enablers to engagement included undertaking further education, gaining clinical experience and establishing a professional identity. === '''Rural''' === ===== Health Resources and Service Administration. (2018). HPSA Find ===== [searchable database]. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/tools/analyzers/HpsaFindResults.aspx</nowiki> * Searchable of Health Professional Shortage areas (HPSAs) in the USA, can search Oregon specifically ** HPSA score (1-26) indicates the priority (26 is highest priority) * Similar information available at <nowiki>http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/outreach/oregon-rural-health/data/health-care-shortage.cfm</nowiki> ===== Oregon Health Authority. (2013, Jan). 5-year strategic plan for primary care provider recruitment in Oregon. ===== ''Oregon Health Policy Board, Oregon Healthcare Workforce Committee''. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://library.state.or.us/repository/2013/201302041527201/</nowiki> * HB 2366, in 2011, tasked OHA with creating a strategic plan to recruit more PCPs into Oregon ** Three goals for Oregon’s recruitment plan *** Produce more PCPs within Oregon *** Increase effectiveness of external recruitment *** Support rural and underserved communities in their own efforts to recruit and retain PCPs * ''Relevance for OT'' ** ''Oregon, especially in rural areas, is in need of PCPs. OT integration into primary care in rural areas may be more impactful, and perhaps better received'' ** ''This article also has information on loan repayment incentives, which OT can use to advocate for inclusion'' ** ''Target Health Professional Shortage Areas, as indicated by maps'' === '''Team Based Care''' === ===== Ghorob, A., & Bodenheimer, T. (2012). Sharing the care to improve access to primary care. ===== ''New England Journal of Medicine, 366''(21), 1955-1957. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1202775. * Access to primary care services is limited * To improve access, empower the interprofessional team to share the care, not merely follow direct PCP orders ** Prescription refills could be pre-approved and have standing orders ** Non-PCPs can do counseling on lifestyle for chronic conditions ** Panel managers can survey the registry on the whole panel, and see where the gaps are in routine/preventable services * The most significant barrier is the discomfort that many PCPs feel about giving up decisions regarding preventive and chronic care, which, though seemingly routine, are often complicated by patients' various coexisting conditions, preferences, and goals. Also, ensuring that the non-PCP services are billable. ===== Johnson, C. E. (June 2017). Understanding interprofessional collaboration: An essential skill for all practitioners. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(11), CE1 - CE8. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * A continuing education article that describes OT’s role in supporting interprofessional collaboration (IPC). Discusses the principles and importance of IPC, offers case examples and strategies for implementing IPC principles. ===== Leclair, L. (2013). Occupational therapists in primary health care and primary care: Important contributors to the interprofessional team. ===== ''Occupational Therapy Now, 15''(5), 3-4. * Despite the provided opportunities for OTs to integrate into primary care settings, through the emphasis on interprofessional collaborative care teams, many PCPs still have limited exposure to OT and their scope of practice. * Authors suggest building partnerships with and educating PCPs, policy makers, and the broader public on ways OT can ease the workload and support practice. ** This includes addressing falls and mobility issues, promoting health and wellness, facilitating return to work, providing support and education to caregivers, as well as assisting with chronic pain and chronic disease management. ===== Loria, K. (2015). Innovative models of care delivery. ===== ''PT In Motion, 7(''8): 25-30. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.apta.org/PTinMotion/2015/9/Feature/InnovativeModels/</nowiki> * APTA is funding new PT care delivery models, and will publish the outcomes ** Childhood obesity in a PCMH *** This trial will generate cost-effectiveness data, using a 12-month RCT *** Studying the clinical and cost effectiveness ** Chronic back pain in ACOs *** This trial will see if conservative PT intervention can reduce utilization of more costly MRIs, surgery, etc. *** Evaluate the role of early access to PT in reducing cost of care and improving client outcomes * www.apta.org/innovation2/ ** Initiative aimed at improving PTs role in innovative healthcare models. == '''Cost Effectiveness''' == ===== Dahl-Popolizio, S., Rogers, O., Muir, S., Carroll, J. K., & Manson, L. (2017). Interprofessional primary care: The value of occupational therapy. ===== ''The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 5''(3), article 11, 1-10. doi: 10.15453/2168-6408.1363. * Overview of OT education and the cost/benefit of integrating OT into primary care from a fiscal perspective * Includes typical day with CPT charges, and revenue due to PCPs treating more medically oriented cases, having deferred chronic health/lifestyle patients to OT ===== Hart, E. C. & Parsons, H. (2015). ''Cost-Effective Solutions for a Changing Health System'' ===== [AOTA PDF]. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.aota.org/about-occupational-therapy/professionals/ebp/cost-effective-health-care-reform.aspx</nowiki> * OT has shown effectiveness in the following arenas: ** Age-Related Decline *** OTs can provide effective and economical activity-based interventions that maximize independence and enhance functioning for older adults. ** Falls Prevention *** OT interventions save money by reducing fall risk and mortality in older adults through environmental modifications and person factors ** Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia *** OT reduces need for care and saves money by improving health status and QOL for patients and caregivers while decreasing admissions, through environmental modification, evaluation of daily routines, wellness-promoting activities, restoring physical skills, education and training ** Chronic Pain *** Identify pain triggers, teach techniques to decrease the frequency and duration of pain, and recommend adaptive strategies to decrease pain during tasks *** Cost savings by improving function, increasing return-to-work rates, reducing disability claims, and decreasing dependence on prescription medications ===== Hay, J., LaBree, L., Luo, R., Clark, F., Carlson, M., Mandel, D., … & Azen, S. P. (2002). Cost-effectiveness of preventive occupational therapy for independent-living older adults. ===== ''Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50''(8), 1381–1388. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50359.x * A RCT (n 163) demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of the OT program used in the Well Elderly study (see Clark et al, 1997) * Preventative OT demonstrated cost effectiveness in conjunction with a trend towards decreased health expenditures, when compared to a “social activity” control group ===== Nagayama, H., Tomori, K., Ohno, K., Takahaski, K., & Yamauchi, K. (2015). Cost-effectiveness of occupational therapy in older people: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. ===== ''Occupational Therapy International, 23''(2), p. 103. doi: 10.1002/oti.1408 * Review of five RCTs of high-quality economic evaluation of OT services for older adults: two on falls prevention, two on preventative OT services, and one on OT services for people with dementia. * Conclusion: Two of the five studies found significant clinical effect and cost effectiveness ===== Rexe, K., McGibbon Lammi, B., & von Zweck, C. (2013). Occupational therapy: Cost-effective solutions for changing health system needs. ===== ''Healthcare Quarterly, 16''(1), 69-75. * This article aligns the Canadian health reforms with the cost-effectiveness of OT. ** OT is cost-effective in treating or preventing injury and improving health outcomes in falls preventions, musculoskeletal injury, stroke rehab, early intervention in developmental disabilities, respiratory rehab, & home care ** OT can be beneficial in chronic disease, pain management, mental health, dementia, end-of-life or palliative care, Case management, injury prevention, caregiver education, prevent hospitalization, reduce hospital stay length * Canada’s healthcare system is facing similar challenges and undergoing similar reforms in philosophy as the USA ** High cost, aging population, and chronic conditions. vs. Team-based care, value driven, and cost-effectiveness. * Based on the literature, these are cost-effective opportunities for OT in the new reforms ** Shortening length of hospital stays *** There aren’t enough beds and longer stays are expensive. ** Increased effectiveness of community-based services *** Hospitalization is expensive *** This is the point to support preventative, primary care. ** Reducing costs of pharmaceutical intervention Specifically for mental health issues *** Drugs are expensive ** End of life care *** Dying is expensive. ===== Richardson, J., Letts, L., Chan, D., Stratford, P., Hand, C., Price, D., & Law, M. (2010). Rehabilitation in primary care setting for persons with chronic illness: A randomized controlled trial. ===== ''Primary Health Care Research and Development, 11'', 382-395. doi:10.1017/S1463423610000113. * RCT of six-week self-management workshop led by PT and OT for adults with chronic illness in a primary care setting ** Suggests cost-effectiveness of OT and PT in primary care as decreasing inpatient days. But no reduction of emergency department visits or health status. ===== Rogers, A. T., Bai, G., Lavin, R. A., & Anderson, G. F. (2017). Higher hospital spending on occupational therapy is associated with lower readmission rates. ===== ''Medical Care Research and Review 74''(6), 668-686. doi 10.1177/1077558716666981 * “OT is the only spending category where additional spending has a statistically significant association with lower readmission rates” in a hospital setting, for three health conditions: heart failure, pneumonia, and acute myocardial infarction * Six specific OT interventions to lower readmissions ** Provide recommendations and training for caregivers ** Determine whether patients can safely live independently, or need further rehab or nursing care ** Address existing disabilities with assistive devices, so patients can safely do ADLs ** Perform home safety assessments before discharge and suggest modifications ** Assess cognition and ability to physically manipulate daily objects, and provide training when necessary ** Work with PT to increase rehab intensity = '''Category Three''' = == '''General Practice''' == ===== American Psychological Association. (2016). ''A curriculum for an interprofessional seminar on integrated primary care''. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.apa.org/education/grad/curriculum-seminar.aspx</nowiki> * Provides a series of 8 curricular modules designed to foster the competencies necessary for working in integrated primary care settings. * Designed to be implemented in a education setting for students, and taught by an interprofessional group of instructors ===== Baily, (2017, July 10). Putting goals into action for health behavior change. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(12), 19-21. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Health Management and Maintenance IADL includes promoting healthy routines, which are important to health promotion and disease prevention * Help clients to identify barriers to healthy occupations, and the contexts that contribute to unhealthy behaviors * Develop goals: performance vs mastery goals, approach vs avoidance goals, challenging vs easy goals * Develop action and coping plans ** Action plans: Specify where, when and how a specific behavior will be performed ** Coping plans Identify barriers that might derail an action plan, and pre-plan alternative options * Help clients to self-monitor: may use activity trackers, phone apps, food diaries * Enlist social supports ===== Bracken, A. (2017, May 8). Engaging challenging clients through motivational interviewing. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(8), 20-22. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * MI is a useful strategy for use with clients who are reluctant or ambivalent about actively addressing their condition * When using MI: ** Ask open-ended questions: “What are your goals?” “How do you feel about the plan we created?” ** Identify client’s readiness to change: Do they believe change is needed? Are they ready to select and make changes? Ask them to identify pros/cons of change ** Use reflective listening: paraphrase responses, summarize ** Be optimistic about positive change: Believe in client’s ability to change ** Serve as a collaborator: promote client’s active participation and ownership of their problems ** Recognize the emotions of change: expect an ebb and flow of progress/change ** Offer feedback: ask permission to give feedback, give non-judgmental feedback, ask for client’s input regarding the feedback ** Give clients options: Give variety of choices so client can pick what works for them, empowering them to make choices ** Invite decision making: Ask them what they’re going to do next, invite them to problem solve ===== Bristow, H. (2017). Apps for health promotion and occupational engagement. ===== ''Administration and Management Special Interest Section Quarterly, 2''(4), 13 - 15. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/SISQuarterly/Administration-Management/11-17-behavioral-change.aspx</nowiki> * Article suggests apps that may help clients to implement lifestyle changes to promote health and wellness ** Diabetes care: mySugr app, mySugr Logbook app ** Medication management: Medisafe app ** Exercise: RunKeeper app, Noom app ** Patient compliance related to reading and understanding handouts and instructions: Voice Dream Reader app ===== Burson, K. & Synovec, C. (2016). The OT generalist: The why and how to ===== [Powerpoint]. Presentation at AOTA National Conference, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://s3.amazonaws.com/v3-app_crowdc/assets/c/c5/c57ecaa151f45147/The_OT_Generalist_-_Final.original.1459822266.pdf</nowiki> * Identify population needs: diabetes, COPD, asthma, arthritis/pain, hypertension, heart disease, cancer, acquired brain injury, mental illness, and substance use ** Describe each in terms of prevalence, impact ** Discuss occupational performance and its potential impact on social determinants of health ** Modifiable risk factors: health behaviors * Discuss policy trends that support OT in primary care, and the impact OT could have in primary care * How to be an OT generalist ** OT’s distinct value: grounded in occupation, promotes full participation in life, which promotes mental and physical health ** Describes our distinct value in assessment and intervention ** Activity analysis: As a generalist, consider ALL components and factors, use the OTPF to guide ** Discuss how to get started in an organization: evaluate setting, identify areas of need that OT can fill, identify service provision model (how to deliver care) ** Global assessments: COPM, MOHOST ** Describe evaluation methods, strategies and adaptations for: cognition, physical rehabilitation, mental health ** This section is somewhat long and seemingly valuable ** Billing: the key is to tie whatever you are doing to medical necessity. Know insurance source and allowable services/encounter data ===== Chromiak, S.B., Scaffa, M.E., & Norris, S. (2014). Occupational Therapy in Primary Health Care Settings. ===== Chapter 27 in Scaffa, M.E. & Reitz, S.M. (Eds.). Occupational Therapy in Community-Based Settings (2nd Ed.). Philadelphia: FA Davis. * Describes OT contributions and strategies in primary care related to: ** Health promotion assessments and interventions across the lifespan ** Prevention ** Intervention in weight loss, smoking cessation, low back pain, domestic violence, and mental health conditions ** Medication management, health literacy interventions, and self-management of chronic conditions ** Health risk appraisals, patient education, and caregiver services ===== Clark, F. A., Blanchard, J., Sleight, A., Cogan, A., Florindez, L., Gleason, S.,… Vigen, C. (2015). ''Lifestyle Redesign: The intervention tested in the USC Well Elderly Studies'' ===== (2nd ed.). AOTA Press. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://myaota.aota.org/shop_aota/prodview.aspx?TYPE=D&PID=247034959&SKU=900359</nowiki> * This is the manual for how to incorporate the famously effective Well Elderly (see Clark et al., 1997, 2012) techniques into practice. * They also have a webcase continuing education series, <nowiki>https://myaota.aota.org/shop_aota/prodview.aspx?TYPE=K&KID=Lifestyle+Redesign</nowiki> ===== Dahl-Popolizio, S. (2015). Occupational Therapists Treating the 'Whole Person' in Primary Care:  How do we do that? ===== [Powerpoint]. Retrieved from OccupationalTherapy.com * A discussion of the role of and need for OT in primary care ** Statistics and citations on chronic conditions, cost of care, and other factors relevant to primary care OT * A list of several assessments that are relevant for primary care, and a website where many assessments can be found: <nowiki>http://www.rehabmeasures.org/default.aspx</nowiki>, and a discussion of the evaluation process in primary care ** MMAS (Morisky Medication Adherence Scale) ** COPM (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure) ** FOTO (Focus On Therapeutic Outcomes – specific body part assessment related to function) ** PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire -9) ** GAD-7 (General Anxiety Disorder – 7) ** The DUKE (General Health Profile) * Examples of primary care OT interventions for conditions including COPD, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and musculoskeletal issues. <br /> ===== DeRosa, J. (2013, September 23). Providing Self-Management Support to People Living with Chronic Conditions. ===== ''OT Practice, 18''(17), CE1 - CE8. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Discusses factors contributing to health reform, the ACA and subsequent reimbursement changes, intrinsic motivation and behavior change, and self-management techniques ** CMS sets reimbursement standards that other payers follow, including pay-for-performance, which incentivizes coordinated care and improved quality metrics. OT needs to clearly deliver value in order to be a part of this new paradigm. ** OTs can work with patients to help manage chronic conditions to improve patient satisfaction and health outcomes. *** Nurture internal motivation through building a sense of competence, self-determination, and investment in change *** Use motivational interviewing techniques including asking open ended questions, offer affirmation and empathy, use reflective listening, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and summarize *** Home Health Quality National Improvement Campaign best practice for self-management includes establishing a clear focus, educate client at a graded level, develop shared goals, create a clear action plan, and use a problem-solving approach. ===== Donnelly, C. A., Brenchley, C. L., Crawford, C. N., & Letts, L. J. (2014). The emerging role of occupational therapy in primary care: ===== Le nouveau role de l'ergotherapie dans les soins primaires. ''Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 81''(1), 51-61. doi:10.1177/0008417414520683 * A multiple case study on the roles of OT in the Family Health Teams model of interprofessional primary care * Authors describe six themes of OT in primary care ** OT as generalist *** Across the lifespan, wide array of interventions. Eg. Older adults (cognition, falls prevention, home safety), Complex chronic conditions, Chronic pain ** Focus on function *** This is the common thread across the diverse caseload, unique to OT on the primary care team, and valuable ** Challenge of managing caseloads *** OT will be underutilized if the PCPs don’t understand their role *** Focus on team priorities: Don’t do everything, do what your team needs *** Consider group interventions ** Enhancing access to OT *** Depending on the client’s insurance, they might not otherwise be able to see an OT *** Connection to community resources, like the focus on function, were more unique to OT ** Multiple influences shape the OT role *** Personal factors: Clinical experiences and interests influence the clients they work with *** Organizational and Community factors: Fit your organization, fit your community ** Outcomes and assessments *** It is difficult to assess if OT is effective in this setting, because you can’t and shouldn’t separate it from the team *** OTs need to more accurately assess effectiveness with standard measures. *** Assessments OTs used in primary care, arranged from most to least used **** Pediatric ***** Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) ***** Sensory Processing Measure ***** Sensory Profile ***** Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) ***** Alberta Infant Motor-Scale ***** Children’s Handwriting Evaluation Scale (CHES) ***** Developmental COordination Disorder Questionnaire ***** Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-person Test ***** Movement ABC ***** Peabody Developmental Motor Scales ***** Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills **** Older Adult ***** Berg Balance Scale ***** Brief Pain Inventory ***** Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) ***** Clock Drawing ***** Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) ***** Timed Up and Go (TUGS) ***** Trails A & B ***** Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test (CLQT) ***** Safety Assessment of Function and Environment for Rehabilitation (SAFER) ***** 6 Minute Walk Test ***** ABC Balance Confidence Scale ***** Assessment of Motor and Process Skills ***** McGill Pain Questionnaire ***** Motor Free Visual Perceptual Test ===== Donnelly, C., O’Neil, C., Bauer, M., & Letts, L. (2017). Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) in primary care: A profile of practice. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7106265010. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.020008</nowiki> * There is no published research on outcomes of OT intervention in primary care * COPM is a good fit for primary care due to its focus on occupation and function rather than medical symptoms ** Home management (n = 101), functional mobility (n = 91), and active leisure (n = 83), were the top three issues reported by primary care OTs in Canada ** COPM is a valuable tool for assessment and goal-setting, but there was a challenge in finding an opportunity to reassess with the tool. ===== Fisher, G., & Friesema, J. (2013). Implications of the Affordable Care Act for occupational therapy practitioners providing services to Medicare recipients ===== [Health Policy Perspectives]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67''(5), 502-506. doi:10.5014/ajot.2013.675002 * Medicare population is on the rise, and other reimbursers often follow Medicare’s suit. Understand the changes to Medicare and the ACA, and find the opportunities ** Develop evidence-based, interprofessional, site-specific best practice protocols ** Model client-centeredness to your team, to improve patient satisfaction * OT helps prevent hospital acquired injuries, and also help prevent readmission ** Develop protocols to make sure that patients can safely manage their ADLs and IADLs *** Educate patients and family members about which warning signs that warrant a hospital visit, and what does not *** Work on self-management: medication management, cognitive, sensory or physical accommodations *** Assess for fall risk, and environmental hazards *** Engage client in therapeutic occupations that will build strength, endurance, cognitive, and functional capacities. ** Work with your team to ensure that everyone understands how health literacy affects outcomes ===== Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel. (2011). Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice: Report of an expert panel. ===== Washington, D.C.: Interprofessional Education Collaborative. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://ipecollaborative.org</nowiki> * Interprofessional goals in education, to create a cohesive, client-centered healthcare workforce ** Four competency domains *** Values/Ethics for interprofessional practice *** Roles/Responsibilities *** Interprofessional Communication *** Teams & Teamwork ===== Muir, S. & Dahl Popolizio, S. (2016). ''Enhancing efficiency and value of the integrated primary care team: Occupational therapy''. ===== [PowerPoint]. 2016 Integrated Healthcare Conference, Tempe, AZ. * Roles of OT in primary care: ** Behavioral health roles: care managers, behavioral health consultants, behavioralists, etc. ** Intervention foci: chronic conditions,  roles, habits and routines, patient activation and chronic care self-management, pediatrics, upper extremity, mental/behavioral health, compensatory techniques and equipment * Efficiency and effectiveness enhances by integrating OT ** OT can see patients who have functional needs, and not medical needs. This frees up the PCP to see more acute and medically-oriented cases. ** Metrics: prevention, cost savings by reduced utilization, patient satisfaction, provider satisfaction, increased access to care, time efficiency * OT and population health ** Group interventions, stratified for risk * The Muir Model of OT in Primary care ** Who is a primary care OT: *** Able to work at the ''Top of the License'' *** A true generalist, able to work across the lifespan and support mental, behavioral, and physical health. *** OTs in specialized and advanced practices *** Knowledgeable about the domain and process, practices by the Code of Ethics *** Independent, critical, creative, and able to act as a self-advocate ** Roles of a primary care OT: *** Initial contact or main provider for some issues *** Case management *** Health promotion, disease prevention *** Screenings *** Chronic disease/mental or behavioral health management ** Value of OT in primary care: *** Prevent complications and hospitalizations *** Cost savings *** Patient and provider satisfaction *** Increased efficiency and access ** Essential components of primary care OT: *** Top of the license principle *** Contextualized, client-centered assessments *** Brief direct interventions, with contact over a lifetime *** Screening and prevention, home safety, wellness promotion *** Chronic disease management *** “Intrusionary OT” ===== Muir, S., Henderson-Kalb, J., Eichler, J., Serfas, K., and Jennison, C. (2014, August 25). Occupational therapy in primary care: an emerging area of practice ===== [Continuing education article]. ''OT Practice, 19''(15), CE1-CE-8. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Describes the issues surrounding healthcare, and the ACA’s attempts to ameliorate them ** Primary care as defined by the ACA: integrated, accessible, sustained relationship, within the context of community *** Includes family practice, pediatrics, geriatric, and internal medicine *** PCPs include MDs, DOs and mid-levels ** ACOs, PCMHs, Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) * Primary care health conditions ** This is not the intensive therapy that would be appropriate for outpatient rehab. Focus on education and home exercise programs, emphasizing self-efficacy and patient responsibility. Bridge the PCPs recommendations and client compliance * Opportunities for OT and primary care ** OT is by nature holistic, across the lifespan, client-centered, function focused, generalist ** Occupational participation is a determinant of health ** Interventions vary for each client, but focus on remediation, prevention, health promotion, and establishment of healthy occupational routines. * Funding options for OT in primary care ** The lack of a clear mechanism for funding OT services in primary care is a major barrier. ** Bundled payments allow for a fixed dollar amount to cover a set of services for a specific issue, defined as an episode of care, for a set time period. ** A first step would be to get a National Provider Identifier (apply at <nowiki>https://nppes.cms.hhs.gov</nowiki>) ** Credentialing agencies, that are needed to establish the employee as a billable provider, may not credential OTs. *** But, the medical practice can contact each insurance provider to determine whether OT services can be billed as a separate provider under the general provider number of the department or practice, or “incident to” the physician’s services. **** That means we would bill under the PCPs number ***** The PCP would need to do the initial visit, but then OT could do follow-up visits, without the PCP, and still use their number **** OT would need to write a treatment encounter note for each session. ** Some state practice acts require a referral from PCPs before OT can be provided. *** Treatment requirements are separate from referral requirements established by a payer ** Understand Medicare guidelines, as many private insurers follow their lead. ** Be sure to document clearly, using language that clearly describes deficits and how they impact functioning. *** Goals must be measurable and achievable in one or two sessions. ===== Murphy-Turliuk, A. (2013). Ontario occupational therapists’ experience of integrating into family health teams. ===== ''Occupational Therapy Now, 15''(5), 9-11. * Explores the role of 22 OTs in primary care practice at community-based clinics, known as Family Health Teams (FHTs) in Ontario. ** Describes the methods used, formation of strategic partnerships, activities undertaken, resources developed, and support provided to both members and teams that provided the foundation for integration of OTs into FHTs throughout Ontario. ** Recommendations *** Conduct a needs assessment of the patient list) using EMRs to identify common intervention needs *** Inventory existing OT services in the area to assist with triaging referrals and avoiding duplication of service. *** Establish communication with the local home health OT agencies to enhance referrals to each other *** Identify high utilizers that may benefit from OT intervention. However, avoid duplicating already available services *** Don’t try to be all things to all people, i.e.,state what your scope of practice includes/excludes and make referrals accordingly. ** Themes: *** Demand for service varies, sometimes there is a waiting list, and sometimes OT is underutilized due to PCPs limited knowledge of OT role. *** It is a challenge to use the OT effectively when there are multiple sites to serve *** Communication is a challenge where there are multiple EMRs. *** There is a need for both workload measurement tools and outcome measures to be used uniformly. *** Devote some time to indirect service for the team as a consultant for system navigation of local healthcare resources. *** There is a consistent need for service due to the aging demographic. *** OTs need to constantly educate the team and promote occupational therapy services to ensure the flow of referrals and build a case for future growth ===== Naumann, D. N. (2013). Occupational therapists as knowledge brokers: Leading knowledge translation in primary care. ===== ''Occupational Therapy Now, 15''(5), 29-30. * Knowledge translation (KT) is emerging as an important competency for Canadian OTs; this involves applying emerging research findings to clinical environments in order to provide health-care services that support current best practice. * However, the complex and busy primary care environment contains many barriers to the utilization of KT. ** The authors continue by arguing that OTs are in an ideal position to lead KT in primary care, as the field’s unique skill sets and education prepares OT with the tools and knowledge required to understanding the learning needs of an interprofessional audience. ** As knowledge brokers in primary care practice, OTs can offer innovative client-centered approaches to KT that consider the clinician (person), occupation, and environmental factors preventing KT’s full utilization in primary care. ===== Schwartz, J. K., Grogan, K. A., Mutch, M. J., Nowicki, E. B., Seidel, E. A., Woelfel, S. A., & Smith, R. O. (2017). Intervention to improve medication management: Qualitative outcomes from a Phase I randomized controlled trial. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71,'' 7106240010. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.021691</nowiki> * OT is effective in increasing medication management skills and can lead to self-perceived improvements and the adoption of new medication management behaviors. * Manualized 30-min OT intervention, the Integrative Medication Self-Management Intervention (IMedS), developed by an OT on the basis of theory, current practice, and best evidence. The intervention manual is available by request. ** Three-step process: 1) review of 2-week medication diary and medication adherence questionnaire. 2) client makes a medication goal 3) develop strategies to meet the goal ** IMedS protocol prompts the OT to have the client consider strategies in the following six areas: (1) altering the activity, (2) advocacy, (3) education, (4) assistive technology, (5) environmental modifications, and (6) securing timely refills. ===== Schwartz, J. K., & Smith, R. O. (2017). Integration of medication management into occupational therapy practice ===== [The Issue Is]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7104360010. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.015032</nowiki> * Describes the unique role and qualifications of OTs to address medication management, with consideration for impact and implication of healthcare reform Defines medication management, compares OT to other professions’ job skills relevant to medication management, describes factors related to medication adherence, relates medication management to current healthcare priorities and reform, recommends more pharmacology education for OTs <br /> == '''Evidence-Based Practice''' == ===== AOTA (n.d.) Evidence-based practice & research ===== [Website]. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.aota.org/Practice/Researchers.aspx</nowiki> * The AOTA collection of resources for OTs looking to support their practice with evidence ** Including Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Resource Directory *** An online service that links users to web based EBP resources ===== Bennett, S., Hoffman, T., McClusky, A., McKenna, K., Strong, J., & Tooth, L. (2003). Introducing OTseeker ===== (occupational therapy systematic evaluation of evidence): A new evidence database for occupational therapists. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57''(3), 635-38. doi:10.5014/ajot.57.6.635 * Free service for OTs to increase access to research to support clinical decisions * www.otseeker.com ===== Health Measures (2018). PROMIS®. ===== Retrieved from  <nowiki>http://www.healthmeasures.net/explore-measurement-systems/promis</nowiki> * PROMIS® (Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System): A collection of free, person-centered, validated self-report measures assessing physical, mental and social health in adults and children. Available in many languages. == '''Diabetes, Fatigue, & Other Chronic Conditions''' == ===== AOTA. (2011). AOTA fact sheet: Occupational therapy’s role in diabetes self-management. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/AboutOT/Professionals/WhatIsOT/HW/Facts/Diabetes%20fact%20sheet.pdf</nowiki> * OTs can play a strong role in diabetes education and self-management for individuals with or at risk for diabetes by providing education and training to modify habits and routines and develop new ones to promote healthier lifestyle and minimize disease progression ** Help clients develop simple, concrete, measurable and achievable self-management goals consistent with the seven behaviors advocated by the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) (healthy eating, being active, monitoring, taking medications, problem solving, healthy coping, and reducing risk) * Offers specific intervention suggestions for OTs working with patients experiencing diabetes ===== AOTA (2017, August 21). OT news: Medicare diabetes prevention program expanded model. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(15), 3. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Organizations can classify as Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program “suppliers” if they meet the CDC requirements ** All providers involved, including the OTs, would need to be a certified diabetes educator, and submit their active NPI numbers ** The program developed would need to consist of 16 core sessions of a CDC-approved, 6-month group curriculum, and follow up sessions ** The primary goal is 5% weight loss ** Services would be billed by the “supplier” organization, and not by the individual clinician. ** CMS has a fact sheet about this new model: <nowiki>https://goo.gl/7Thvad</nowiki> ===== Cahill, S. M., Polo, K. M., Egan, B. E., & Marasti, N. (2016). Interventions to promote diabetes self-management in children and youth: A scoping review. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70''(5). 7005180020p1-7005180020p8. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2016.021618. * Exploration on the literature surrounding self-management interventions for youth with diabetes. * The ACA supports diabetes self-management through a variety of programs and provisions * Daily occupations and routines provide a natural framework in which to embed disease self-management skills and behaviors ** Address self-management readiness skills in children younger than age 14 ** Provide self-management education to children older than 14 ** Involve parents, and consider integrating technology ===== Connolly D., O'Toole L., Redmond P., Smith S. M. (2013). Managing fatigue in patients with chronic conditions in primary care. ===== ''Family Practice, 30''(2), 123-124. * Discusses a systematic review and other research to apply to primary care OT intervention for fatigue ** Systematic review: OT-led fatigue management interventions are a promising approach to fatigue management. *** Intervention goals: Increase understanding of fatigue; assist in identifying factors that exacerbate fatigue; facilitate fatigue management strategies *** Process: Analysis of daily activity energy requirements; education on pacing/planning/prioritizing, work simplification, body mechanics, adaptive equipment, and environmental modification; addressing related factors including sleep, anxiety, nutrition, and problem solving skills ** 6-week group-based energy management program for patients with multiple sclerosis resulted in decreased impact of fatigue, increased self-efficacy, improved QOL and continued implementation of fatigue management strategies at 1-year follow-up period. * Predictors of response to self-management interventions include ‘readiness to change’, willingness to adopt new behaviours and higher baseline of self-efficacy, as well as higher socio-economic and functional status. Increasing age may be associated with decreased motivation to adopt new behaviors. ===== Cornforth, A. (2010). The management of asthma in primary care. ===== ''Nurse Prescribing, 8''(11), 520- 524. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.12968/npre.2010.8.11.79785</nowiki> * This article discusses the management of asthma in a primary care setting. ** Important interventions include patient education, medication management, and developing personalized action plans. ===== Hand, C., Law, M., & McColl, M. A. (2011). Occupational Therapy Interventions for Chronic Diseases: A Scoping Review. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65''(4), 428-436. doi:10.5014/ajot.2011.002071 * Review of 16 outcome studies involving OT intervention (alone or within a multidisciplinary team) addressing chronic diseases. * Authors conclude that, while conflicting evidence does exist, OT intervention can improve occupational outcomes for adults with chronic diseases. * Authors describe focus and outcomes of various studies related to areas of occupation, physical and mental health, and group and individual interventions ===== Hart, E. (October, 2015). The key to managing a chronic condition ===== [podcast]. Everyday Evidence Podcast Series. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.aota.org/Practice/Researchers/Evidence-Podcast.aspx</nowiki> * Much of managing a chronic condition is self-management, including meds, and behaviors ** OT intervention is valuable for helping patients know what changes are needed, and strategizing and implementing changes into existing routines and habits *** It isn’t just one solution to one problem, OT teaches the clients a process that empowers the client to identify challenges and problem solve *** Energy conservation and prioritizing are key ===== Hughes, J. L. (2009). Chronic fatigue syndrome and occupational disruption in primary care: Is there a role for occupational therapy? ===== ''British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72''(1), 2-10. * A great degree of occupational disruption caused by chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is reported in primary care, especially in self-care and productivity. Occupational disruption is not managed adequately by PCPs, and could be addressed by OTs  to prevent occupational dysfunction ** Patients value acknowledging the condition and its implications, graded exercise therapy, CBT, energy conservation and information on CFS/ME ** Focus on impact of occupational disruption on personal causation, self-efficacy, habits, roles, interests and values to prevent inappropriate adjustment to chronic illness, role constriction and imbalance, which may lead to secondary disability, poor QOL and social isolation associated with occupational dysfunction, including support in coping with the economic, political and legal implications of CFS/ME and the subsequent stigma and controversy. ===== Malcolm, M. P. (2018, April). ''Role of occupational therapy in diabetes care: Identifying intervention targets through research.'' ===== Presentation at AOTA National Conference, Salt Lake City, UT. * A discussion of four research studies examining the interrelated risk factors for poor self-management of diabetes. ** 1. Malcolm et al., Relating Activity and Participation Levels to Glycemic Control, Emergency Department Use, and Hospitalizations in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: *** More time spent in occupations in the home is associated with higher A1c *** Hospitalization and ED use rates increased with lower overall activity, more sedentary behavior, and more in-home socialization *** Patients who are younger, are minorities, and have comorbidities are at an increased risk of ED use, and hospital ** 2. Grimm et al., Fall Risk Factors for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Younger than 65 *** Of adults aged 65 or younger with type II diabetes, increased falls are associated with increased anxiety, depression, fear of falling, and more medications, and obesity, visual deficits and neuropathy factor into those falls ** 3. Alter et al., The Relationship between Quality of Life, Activity, and Participation Among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus *** QOL in people with type II diabetes is significantly predicted by fear of falling, age, and depression ** 4. Schmid et al. Yoga Improves Quality of Life and Fall Risk-Factors in a Sample of People With Chronic Pain and Type 2 Diabetes *** Yoga improves QOL and fall risk factors in a sample of people with chronic pain and type II diabetes ===== O’Toole, L., Connolly, D. & Smith, S. (2013). Impact of an occupation-based self-management programme on chronic disease management. ===== ''Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60''(1), 30-38. doi:10.1111/1440- 1630.12008 * This pilot study with 16 participants aimed to assess the feasibility and potential impact of an occupation-based self-management programme for community living individuals with multiple chronic conditions. ** Six weekly group sessions were provided by an OT with support from interprofessional team. Each session included education and goal-setting. Topics included activity and health, fatigue management, mental wellbeing, physical activity, medication management and communication with health professionals ** Significant differences were found, including frequency of activity participation, self-perceptions of occupational performance, and satisfaction with occupational performance * The results support the feasibility of such a program. ===== Patel, H. N., Freeman, A. M., & Williams, K. A. (2017). Diabetes: An opportunity to have a lasting impact on health through lifestyle modification. ===== ''American Journal of Managed Care, 23''(4), COV1, SP144 - SP146. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.ajmc.com/journals/evidence-based-diabetes-management/2017/march-2017/Diabetes-an-opportunity-to-have-a-lasting-impact-on-health-through-lifestyle-modification</nowiki> * A review of evidence of lifestyle modification for diabetes management or remission ** Research supports multicomponent interventions, targeting emotional, social, or family processes involved in diabetes management ** Evidence-based lifestyle modifications include: physical activity, adopting healthier eating practices, managing stress, and using social-environmental support to initiate and sustain health-related behaviors. *** Effective lifestyle modification requires patient knowledge, problem-solving skills, motivation, environmental support and effective coping skills ** Lifestyle modification is an evidence-based, effective, and economical way to treat type 2 diabetes, but is under-utilized by medical professionals, despite strong evidence. *** Diabetes-related care accounts for more than $1 of every $5 spent on healthcare in the US ===== Pyatak, E. A. (2011). The role of occupational therapy in diabetes self-management interventions. ===== ''OTJR Occupation, Participation and Health, 31''(2), 89–96. * Systematic review. Key findings: ** OT-led intervention for diabetes self-management should incorporate personal and contextual factors while providing long-term support. ** Interventions must include aspects of skill building and education with customization and self-tailoring to adapt interventions for individual needs. ** OT intervention can also address secondary complications of diabetes such as sensation loss and low vision. ===== Pyatak, E. A., Carandang, K., Vigen, C. L., Blanchard, J., Diaz, J., Concha-Chavez, A., ... & Peters, A. L. (2018). Occupational therapy intervention improves glycemic control and quality of life among young adults with diabetes: The Resilient, Empowered, Active Living With Diabetes (REAL Diabetes) randomized controlled trial. ===== ''Diabetes Care'', dc171634. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1634</nowiki> * RCT evaluating a manualized OT intervention (REAL Diabetes Intervention) for young adults with diabetes. ** Methods: Intervention group attended bi-weekly sessions guided by manual with seven content modules; control group got bi-weekly phone calls and standardized education materials ** Results: Intervention group showed improvement in HbA1c (blood sugar), diabetes related QOL, and habit strength for checking blood sugar ** Conclusion: “The REAL diabetes intervention improved blood glucose control and diabetes related QOL among a typically hard-to-reach population,  providing evidence that a structured OT intervention may be beneficial in improving both clinical and psychosocial outcomes among individuals with diabetes” * REAL diabetes intervention is modeled after Lifestyle Redesign OT intervention framework ** Modules: Assessment and goal setting; living with diabetes (basic self-management knowledge and skills); access and advocacy (accessing healthcare and self-advocacy in healthcare and community settings); activity and health (establishing and maintaining health promoting habits and routines); social support (receiving desired support from family and friends and connecting to the diabetes community); emotional wellbeing (managing stress and coping with diabetes-related burn-out); long-term health (reflecting on progress and planning for the future) ** OT performs assessment, then picks relevant topics from the remaining six modules based on the client’s goals and needs. Manual is conceptualized as a “menu” of possible treatment goals and activities. ===== Rao, A. K. (2014). Occupational therapy in chronic progressive disorders: Enhancing function and modifying disease. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68''(3), 251-253. doi:10.5014/ajot.2014.012120 * Reviews meta-analysis published by the British Medical Journal on exercise vs. drugs on mortality outcomes in chronic disorders, and applies the findings to OT ** No difference between drugs or exercise in terms of mortality, on preventing coronary heart disease or prediabetes. *** Physical exercise was more effective than drugs for stroke patients ** Physical activity is a disease modifier for dementias, and evidence is emerging for Parkinson’s as well Van Heest, K. N. L., Mogush, A. R., & Mathiowetz, V. G. (2017). Effects of a one-to-one fatigue management course for people with chronic conditions and fatigue [Centennial Topics]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7104100020. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.023440</nowiki> * One-to-one fatigue management course run by OTs is effective at decreasing fatigue, increasing self-efficacy, supporting many aspects of QOL, and increasing the implementation of energy conservation strategies for people with chronic conditions and moderate to severe fatigue, especially people with MS. * Introduces fatigue and describes course: ** Five modules: (1) Basics of Fatigue, (2) Communication and Fatigue, (3) Body Mechanics and Making the Most of Your Environment, (4) Analyzing and Modifying Activities, and (5) Living a Balanced Lifestyle. ** 4-6 sessions, 1-2 hrs each ** Education was provided and homework was assigned at each session. == '''Musculoskeletal''' == ===== Andrade, J. A., Brandao, M. B., Pinto, M. R. C., & Lanna, C. C. D. (2016). Factors associated with activity limitations in people with rheumatoid arthritis. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70''(4), 7004290030p1-7004290030p7. doi:10.5014/ajot.2016.017467. * Handgrip strength and hand ROM deficits limit activity the most for people with rheumatoid arthritis, followed by decreased dexterity and impaired vitality ===== AOTA (2017). AOTA Critically Appraised Topics and Papers Series: Musculoskeletal disorders. ===== ''Administration and Management Special Interest Section Quarterly, 2''(4), 13 - 15. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/SISQuarterly/Administration-Management/11-17-behavioral-change.aspx</nowiki> * Reviews evidence on effectiveness of exercise and work-related interventions to prevent musculoskeletal pain among current workers to facilitate an immediate and sustainable return to work (RTW) for sick-listed injured workers * Clinical scenario: Pain results in lost work days, increased consumption of medical interventions, and decreased QOL * Implications for findings in practice: ** Daily Activities *** OT interventions less than 12 weeks after injury are more cost effective *** Intervention should focus on reengagement in ADLs and IADLs, along with specific goals related to return to work *** CBT alone is not supported by evidence ** Exercise *** Incorporate exercise that engages the worker in active participation at home, re-engage him/her in daily activities and work *** Lifting training alone not supported ** Workplace interventions *** Ergonomics interventions increase work comfort, reduce lost days, pain prevalence and intensity, and injury rate *** Changes in workplace design, equipment and organization * Focus on strengthening and relaxation exercises, customized for the worker’s unique job requirements and environments * For other critically appraised topics (CATs) on topics including musculoskeletal disorders visit <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Practice/Rehabilitation-Disability/Evidence-Based.aspx#Musculo</nowiki> ===== AOTA (2018). AOTA Critically Appraised Topic Series: Rheumatic diseases and conditions. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Practice/Rehabilitation-Disability/Evidence-Based/CAT-Arthritis-Fibro-multi.aspx</nowiki> * Review of high level research reveals strong evidence on the effectiveness of multidisciplinary interventions within the OT scope on occupational performance, pain, fatigue, depression, and sleep for patients with fibromyalgia. Inconclusive evidence for the impact of those interventions on sleep. ===== Dorsey, J., Bradshaw, M. (2017). Effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for lower-extremity musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71,'' 7101180030p1 - '' ''7101180030p11. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.023028</nowiki> * Systematic review on OT interventions for lower extremity (LE) musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) including: hip fracture, LE joint replacement, LE amputation or limb loss, and non-surgical osteoarthritis pain. * Results support strong role for OT in treating clients with LE MSDs ** Activity pacing found to be effective for nonsurgical LE MSDs ** Multidisciplinary rehabilitation is effective for LE joint replacement and amputation ===== Lockwood, O., Preston, W., Luu, O., McGuire, O., & Skaria, O. (2015). ''Back in the saddle: A systematic review of occupational therapy interventions that facilitate return-to-work''. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=0&article=1038&context=createday&type=additional</nowiki> * Systematic review on the interventions within the scope of OT to best facilitate return-to-work for adults with musculoskeletal disorders on workers compensation ** Psychosocial interventions (moderate effects), patient education (strong), interdisciplinary (strong), and mode of delivery of services (mixed). ===== Loveland, J. D. (2017, May 8). Hands down: Upper extremity challenges that can occur in individuals with diabetes. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(8), 8 - 13. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Impact of diabetes on hands and upper extremities (UE) may be under-addressed in primary care. * UE Complications from diabetes include: Dupuytren's disease, trigger finger, limited joint mobility (stiff hands), Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis), reduced grip/pinch strength, hand infections, hand ulcers, rotator cuff injury, De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis, shoulder osteoarthritis * Orthopedic assessments for the UE in individuals with diabetes ** Suspected rotator cuff injury: Empty can (supraspinatus) test, Drop Arm Test ** Suspected Glenoid Labrum (SLAP) Tear: Apley’s Scratch Test, Hawkins-Kennedy Impingement Test, Grind Test, Clunk Test, O’Brien Test ** Suspected frozen shoulder (Adhesive capsulitis): Apley’s scratch Test, Loss of PROM & AROM External Rotation > Flexion & Abduction > Internal Rotation ** Wrist and Hand: Tinel’s sign, Finklestein test, Phalen test, Froment’s sign ===== Marik, T. L., & Roll, S. C. (2017). Effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for musculoskeletal shoulder conditions: A systematic review. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7101180020. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.023127</nowiki> * Literature review found strong evidence supporting range of motion, strengthening exercises, and joint mobilizations for improving function and decreasing pain in people with musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder. * Moderate to mixed evidence supporting physical agent modalities (depending on the specific shoulder disorder) ===== Porcheret, M., Jordan, K., & Croft, P. (2007). Treatment of knee pain in older adults in primary care: Development of an evidence-based model of care. ===== ''Rheumatology, 46''(4), 638-648. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel340 * Evidence-based guidelines for knee pain are reviewed and adapted for use in primary care. ** Four steps of intervention, from general to ongoing, treatment-resistant pain. *** Step one: weight loss, education, sleep advice, exercise, heat modalities *** Step two: walking aids, group education, analgesics *** Step three: CBT, OT, TENS, medication and injection *** Step four: surgery ===== Roll, S. C., & Hardison, M. E. (2017). Effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for adults with musculoskeletal conditions of the forearm, wrist, and hand: A systematic review. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7101180010. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.023234</nowiki> * 59 articles are reviewed to reveal the best evidence for OT treatment for adults with musculoskeletal conditions of the forearm, wrist, and hand. * “The strongest evidence supports postsurgical early active motion protocols and splinting for various conditions.” * A limited number of studies included occupation-based interventions ===== Siegel, P., Tencza, M., Apodaca, B., & Poole, J. L. (2017). Effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for adults with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. ===== American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71, 7101180050.<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.023176</nowiki> * Strong evidence to support the use of physical activity and psychoeducational interventions to improve function, pain, fatigue, depression, self-efficacy, and disease symptoms in people with rheumatoid arthritis.   ** The majority of the studies in this review were not created or completed by OTs, and are thus not occupation-based * Implications for OT practice: * Be mindful of disease process and plan around both flare-ups and stable periods to make the most of interventions * Strong evidence supports aerobic, resistive, and aquatic exercise for pain, QOL, and independence. * Use components of Tai Chi, yoga, or dynamic exercise programs for fatigue, depression, and vitality, or recommend community-based programs * Use a variety of psychoeducational interventions such as general patient education, self- management, CBT, and individualized joint protection to improve function, pain, fatigue, depression, and self-efficacy. * Improvements in self-efficacy may have positive effects on psychological status, function, and overall wellbeing, despite lack of strong evidence for this ===== Snodgrass, J., & Amini, D. (2017). Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Adults with Musculoskeletal Conditions. ===== Bethesda, MD. AOTA Press. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://myaota.aota.org/shop_aota/prodview.aspx?TYPE=D&PID=326598462&SKU=900439U</nowiki> * Return to work ** Workplace modifications promote return to work, increase comfort, reduce days lost and pain intensity, and lower pain and injury for people on the job. ** CBT can reduce job loss prevalence, injury rate, pain, and sick leave for people remaining on the job. ** Specific resistance training, physical exercise, and clinic-based therapy paired with reengagement in daily activities reduces pain and promotes return to work * Chronic Pain ** Multidisciplinary pain management programs can reduce pain and improve function. ** A full graded motor imagery program can reduce pain and increase function in patient-selected tasks. ** Internet-delivered CBT can decrease severity of depression, generalized anxiety, and disability and increase ability to cope with pain. ** Mirror therapy can reduce pain, and mind-body therapy can reduce pain and depression and increase health and function. ** Mindfulness-based interventions can decrease pain and depressive symptoms. ** Resistance training can increase muscle strength, functional ability, and QOL for people with chronic or acute MSCs. ** Education addressing the neurophysiology of pain can reduce pain ratings, improve function, and help clients develop strategies to cope with pain. ** Multicomponent education on self-management can reduce pain and depressive symptoms and increase global health, physical function, and self-efficacy. ** Lifestyle interventions can increase global health and physical function (but not decrease depression) for those with chronic pain. * Spine ** CBT can increase physical capacity and addressing illness perceptions can improve engagement in patient-relevant activity after a back injury. ** Reminders, return-to-work strategies, job coaching, energy conservation, and joint protection can treat and prevent back injury, pain, and disability. ** A multidisciplinary program for low back pain including CBT and exercise can reduce disability, fear-avoidance beliefs, and pain, enhance QOL ** Aerobic exercise, especially walking, can improve strength for people with low back pain. ** Continuous low-level heat wrap therapy can prevent and treat the early phase of delayed-onset muscle soreness in the lower back. * Shoulder ** Resistive exercise can increase function and decrease pain for neck and shoulder pain. ** Preparatory activities combined with resistive exercise can reduce pain and improve function of or shoulder pain. ** Exercise, physical agent modalities, neuromuscular reeducation, and mobilizations reduce pain and improve functional outcome for subacromial impingement. * Elbow ** Resistive exercise, manual techniques, and multimodal therapy interventions can improve function, grip strength, and pain for lateral epicondylitis. ** Short-term forearm orthosis use and eccentric exercises in a multimodal therapy program can reduce pain and improve function for lateral epicondylitis. ** Core strengthening can decrease compensatory movements for subacute elbow injury. * Forearm, Wrist and Hand ** Strengthening and stretching versus education can improve hand functioning for people with rheumatoid arthritis ** Radial nerve mobilization can improve pinch (but not pain sensitivity) for people with thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis ** Mobilization and exercise interventions can improve symptoms and function for people with carpal tunnel syndrome == '''Older Adults''' == ===== AOTA (2012). Occupational therapy and the prevention of falls ===== [Fact Sheet]. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.aota.org/-/media/corporate/files/aboutot/professionals/whatisot/pa/falls.pdf</nowiki> * Fear of falling leads to limiting physical activity, which leads to falls. * Focus on the client’s individual, specific fears. * Falls prevention is well-researched, and very reimbursable ** Since addressing inactivity is a big part of falls prevention, this could help to generalize that OT is good at addressing inactivity. ===== AOTA (2014). ''Focus On Falls Prevention and Home Modification''. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/~/media/Corporate/Files/Practice/Aging/Resources/Focus-On-Falls-Prevention-Home-Mod-Booklet.pdf</nowiki> * A collection of AOTA publications on falls prevention and home modifications, including fact sheets, how-to guides, and links to evidence ===== Bone and Joint Initiative. (2018) ''Fit to a T program.'' ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.usbji.org/programs/public-education-programs/fit-to-t</nowiki> * US Bone and Joint Initiative’s free public education program geared towards clients on fracture prevention, bone health, and osteoporosis. In English and Spanish. * Created in response to the Surgeon General’s first ever report on bone health and osteoporosis ===== Callahan, C. M., Boustani, M. A., Unverzagt, F. W., Austron, M. G., Damush, T. M., Perkins, A. J., … & Hendrie, H. C. (2006). Effectiveness of collaborative care for older adults with alzheimer disease in primary care. ===== ''Journal of the American Medical Association, 295''(18), 2148 - 2157. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/202837</nowiki> * Research article that supports interprofessional primary care services for addressing the needs of clients with alzheimer disease. * Patients and caregivers received education on communication skills; caregiver coping skills; legal and financial advice; patient exercise guidelines with a guidebook and videotape; and a caregiver guide provided by the local chapter of the Alzheimer’s Association; as well as other individualized and behavioral interventions ** Behavioral interventions included: personal care, repetitive behavior, mobility, sleep disturbances, depression, agitation or aggression, delusions or hallucinations, and caregiver’s physical health ** Pharmacological intervention was also used as appropriate, and adherence was supported by interprofessional team ===== Clark, F., Azen, S. P., Zemke, R., Jackson, J., Carlson, M., Mandel, D., ... & Lipson, L. (1997). Occupational therapy for independent-living older adults: A randomized controlled trial. ===== ''Journal of the American Medical Association, 278''(16), 1321-1326. doi: 10.1001/jama.1997.03550160041036. * Preventative health programs based on OT may mitigate against the health risks of older adulthood ** 9-month treatment (n 361) for healthy, community dwelling adults aged 60 and older compared OT-based lifestyle intervention group was compared to a social activity control group, and a non-treatment control group ** Outcomes assessed via self-administered questionnaires on physical and social function, health, life satisfaction, and depression *** Benefits in health, function, and QOL were found with OT group. Both control groups generally declined ** Author’s proposed reasons why the OT intervention was more effective: *** Activities were chosen based on principle that occupation is linked to health. Subjects created meaningful and therefore health-promoting routines *** OT intervention was highly individualized, even though it was conducted in a group setting *** OT intervention included specific instruction on how to overcome barriers to everyday living * “The most effective test to date of the effectiveness of OT” ===== Clark, F., Jackson, J., Carlson, M., Chau, C., Cherry, B. J., Jordan-Marsh, M.,… Azen, S. P. (2012). Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention in promoting the well-being of independently living older people: Results of the Well Elderly 2 Randomised Controlled Trial. ===== ''Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66,'' 782–790. <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.099754</nowiki> * Report on efficacy and cost efficacy of the Well Elderly II Trial (Jackson, Mandel, Blanchard et al, 2009), which repeated the methodology of Clark et al (1997) with a larger and ethnically diverse population * OT intervention improved bodily pain, vitality, social functioning, mental health, composite mental functioning, life satisfaction, and depressive symptomatology * Intervention found to be cost effective ===== Fry, D., Fox, B., & Donnelly, C. (2013). Traveling a new road: A driving cessation group in primary care. ===== ''Occupational Therapy Now, 15''(5), 25 - 26. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * OTs in primary care typically focus on screening and assessment for driving skills and safety, but they also have an important role in guiding driving cessation * Loss of driving impacts independence, leisure engagement, socialization and overall health and wellbeing * This article describes a psycho-educational group designed for clients with dementia and their spouses. Provided clients with strategies and resources to remain independent and engaged; opportunity to discuss and normalize feelings of loss; a place to address grief associated with loss of driver’s license. ===== Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L. M., & Lamb, S.E. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (Review). ===== ''The Cochrane Library, 9.'' doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3 * Cochrane review of effects of interventions designed to reduce incidence of falls in older people living in the community ** Group and home-based exercise programs, and home safety interventions reduce rate and risk of falls ** Multifactoral assessment and intervention programs reduce rate of falls, but not risk of falling; Tai Chi reduces risk of falling ** Home safety interventions found more effective when delivered by an OT. Home safety interventions also found to be cost-effective ** No evidence for cognitive behavioral interventions on rate of falls ** Interventions to increase knowledge/educate about falls alone didn’t significantly reduce rate/risk of falls ===== Hunkleler, E. M., Katon, W., Tang, L., Williams, J. W., Kroenke, K., Lin, E. H. B. L., … Unützer, J. (2006). Long term outcomes from the IMPACT randomized trial for depressed elderly patients in primary care. ===== ''British Medical Journal, 332,'' 259. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38683.710255.BE</nowiki> * Describes a research study examining the effectiveness of a 12-month collaborative care intervention targeting patients aged 60+ with depression ** Team included PCP, depression care manager, and psychiatrist ** Interventions: individualized education, behavioral activation, antidepressants, brief behavior-based problem solving therapy, and relapse prevention * Results support tailored collaborative care. ===== Johnson, M. & Janssen, S. (2018, Feb 19). Malnutrition among older adults: The role of occupational therapy. ===== ''OT Practice, 23''(3). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Describes factors that lead to malnutrition and offer guidance for OTs to evaluation and treat older adults who have (or are at risk for) malnutrition ** Evaluation: Mini Nutritional Assessment (screen for adults age 65+); oral hygiene skills, meal preparation, mental functions, and symptoms of depression ** Limited evidence is available supporting OT’s role in addressing malnutrition. ===== Juang, C., Knight, B. G., Carlson, M., Niemiec, S. L. S., Vigen, C., & Clark, F. (2016). Understanding the mechanisms of change in a lifestyle intervention for older adults. ===== ''Gerontologist'', 0, 1-9. doi:10.1093/geront/gnw152 * RTC examines mechanisms of change in Lifestyle Redesign intervention, an activity-based OT program focused on promoting healthy habits and routines in older adults * Results: significant indirect effects from the intervention decreased depressive symptoms linked to increased activity frequency and activity significance ** Increased activity significance is associated with more perceived control, resulting in decreased depressive symptoms ** Higher activity frequency is associated with heightened social connections, resulting in decreased depressive symptoms * Understanding the internal mechanisms (perceived control and social connections) helps to clarify the relationship between the intervention and outcomes ===== Leland, N., Elliott, S. J., & Johnson, K. (2012). ''Occupational therapy practice guidelines for productive aging for community-dwelling older adults''. ===== Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press. * Practice guidelines for OT intervention supporting productive aging in place ===== Leland, N. E., Elliott, S. J., O’Malley, L., & Murphy, S. L. (2012). Occupational therapy in fall prevention: Current evidence and future directions. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66'', 149–160. <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.002733</nowiki> * Reviews prevention recommendation guidelines for falls, describing their relevance for OT intervention ** Evidence supports environmental modification, exercise, and multifactorial and multicomponent interventions ** Limited evidence overall <br /> ===== Mackenzie, L., Clemson, L., & Roberts, C. (2013). Occupational therapists partnering with general practitioners to prevent falls: seizing opportunities in primary health care. ===== ''Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60''(1), 66-70. doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12030 * Fall prevention is a large area of opportunity for OTs in primary care. ** This article discusses the OT role in fall prevention in Australia and how to partner with PCPs. Discusses opportunities within Australian Healthcare system. ===== Peterson, E. W., Finlayson, M., Elliott, S. J., Painter, J. A., & Clemson, L. (2012). Unprecedented opportunities in fall prevention for occupational therapy practitioners. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66''(2), 127 - 130. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://ajot.aota.org/article.aspx?articleid=1851549</nowiki> * Describes new opportunities in practice and research for OTs in falls prevention related to three initiatives: ** Publication of the ''Clinical Practice Guideline: Prevention of Falls in Older Persons'' (American Geriatrics Society & British Geriatrics Society, 2010) ** CDC’s efforts to disseminate four fall prevention programs that are shown to be effective ** State fall prevention coalitions ===== Piersol, C. V., Canton, K., Connor, S. E., Giller, I., Lipman, S., & Sager, S. (2017). Effectiveness of interventions for caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease and related major neurocognitive disorders: A systematic review. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7105180020. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.027581</nowiki> * Review of interventions that facilitate ongoing participation in caregiver role for caregivers of people with dementia (PWD) * Dementia education, behavior management strategies, communication skills, environmental modification, stress and anger management, and coping skills * Cognitive reframing, mindfulness and stress reduction strategies, and physical activity for caregivers who express anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms * Explain, discuss, and practice educational content rather than handouts * Information on respite options as part of educational content * Professionally led, in-person support groups to increase caregiver preparation and confidence in managing PWD’s memory loss * Promote interaction between the caregiver and PWD through communication training and memory books, photos of family members, and other memory aids * Training and practice using assistive devices (e.g., medication dispenser, raised toilet seat, monitoring system) to promote long-term use and carryover * Integrate of caregiver interventions into the PWD’s OT plan of care to promote insurance reimbursement. ===== Steultjens, E. M. J., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., Jellema, S., Bakker, E. B., Ende, C. H. M. (2004).  Occupational therapy for community dwelling elderly people: A systematic review.  ===== ''Age and ageing, 33'', 453-460. doi:10.1093/ageing/afh174 * Systematic review that demonstrates that OT is effective in interventions with community dwelling older adults. ** OT can be effective in maintaining functional ability, social participation and QOL for community dwelling elderly people. ** Home hazards assessment by an OT is effective in increasing functional ability. ** OT can be effective in decreasing falls in elderly at high risk of falling. ** Research on the efficacy of OT for dementia patients living in the community is needed. ===== Trudeau, S., Parsons, H., Delosh, A., Hooper, L., Dellinger, A. M., & Cameron, K. A. (2018, April). (AOTA) Primary Health Care and the Role of Occupational Therapy. ===== Presentation at AOTA National Conference, Salt Lake City, UT. * Falls: Modifiable risk factors ** Biological: Leg weakness, mobility problems, balance problems, poor vision ** Environmental: Clutter & tripping hazards, no stair railings or grab bars, poor lighting ** Behavioral: Psychoactive medications, 4+ medications, risky behaviors, inactivity * CDC: STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, & Injuries) ** www.cdc.gov/steadi *** Offers materials, screening tools, educational materials, case studies * National Council on Aging (NCOA) Resources: ** Falls prevention: <nowiki>https://www.ncoa.org/healthy-aging/falls-prevention/</nowiki> *** Grants available ** National Falls Prevention Action Plan: <nowiki>https://www.ncoa.org/healthy-aging/falls-prevention/2015-falls-prevention-action-plan/</nowiki> ** State fall prevention coalitions: <nowiki>https://www.ncoa.org/resources/list-of-state-falls-prevention-coalitions/</nowiki> ** Home Modification Resource Inventories: <nowiki>http://stopfalls.org/resources/home-modification-tools-programs-and-funding-landingpage/</nowiki> *** A collaboration with USC’s School of Gerontology ** ASCP-NCOA Falls Risk Reduction Tool Kit: A companion to CDC’s STEADI Tool Kit * AOTA Comprehensive Falls Management Manual: currently being developed * CDC ** Home Fit Guide ** Falls Free: 2015 National Falls Prevention Action Plan <br /> == '''Overweight''' == ===== AOTA. (n.d.). ''Obesity''. ===== Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.aota.org/practice/health-wellness/emerging-niche/obesity.aspx</nowiki> * AOTA website of OT obesity resources ===== AOTA. (2013). Obesity and occupational therapy ===== [Position Paper]. ''American Journal of  Occupational Therapy, 67''(6), S39-S46. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2013.67S39. * OT can help individuals gain a healthy lifestyle and reverse limitations on occupational performance through the use of everyday life activities. * OTs help clients develop and implement an individualized, structured approach for lifestyle change through analyzing and understanding performance patterns related to daily life activities, and employing interventions that facilitate participation by the client in modifying daily life habits, roles, and patterns that contribute to chronic conditions, including obesity. * Articulation of the ways in which OT approaches obesity intervention, changing patterns of performance, and engagement in social and physical activities toward the outcome of improved long-term health and satisfying participation in life. ===== AOTA. (2015). Bariatric Fact Sheet. ===== Retrieved April 25, 2016, from <nowiki>http://www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/AboutOT/Professionals/WhatIsOT/HW/Facts/Bariatric</nowiki> fact sheet.pdf * OT can help clients with obesity with the following: * ADLs with attention to areas requiring reach and flexibility (e.g., buttocks, back, and feet). * Activity tolerance, by grading functional tasks to progressively increase physical endurance. * Energy conservation and work simplification to facilitate occupational performance, particularly when respiratory insufficiency is a co-morbid condition. * Education on body mechanics for the client and/or caregiver to maintain safety during physical activities and transfers. * Skin monitoring/wound prevention * Strategies and adaptive equipment for IADLs * Home modification to promote activity participation, improved environmental access, and safety * Routines related to planning for healthier choices, food selection and shopping, meal preparation, meal times, and daily health management tasks. * Relaxation and sleep routines or positioning to increase comfort and facilitate sleep * Wellness groups for individuals and their families, facilitating health promotion through lifestyle change and engaging in supportive interpersonal relationships. * Education and coping strategies for pain, stress, and anxiety during daily activities, especially in social contexts. * Addressing sexual health including sexual expression, communication, positioning, and intimacy. * Community participation, including identifying opportunities the client feels comfortable accessing, to increase or maintain social and leisure activities. * Task and environmental modifications to increase energy expenditure safely for weight management, or sustained participation in valued roles and occupations. ===== Arbesman, M. & Mosley, L. J. (2012). Systematic review of occupation- and activity-based health management and maintenance interventions for community-dwelling older adults. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 66''(3),  277-83. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2012.003327. * Systematic review examining occupation based and activity based health management and maintenance interventions for community dwelling older adults ** Moderate evidence that health education programs reduce pain and increase physical activity ** Moderate evidence that individualized health action plans improve participation in physical activities ** Use of cognitive-behavioral principles in physical activity improves long-term participation in exercise ===== Bailey, R. R. (2017). The issue is: Promoting physical activity and nutrition in people with stroke. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7105360010p1-7105360010p5. doi:10.5014/ajot.2017.021378 * The prevalence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity is high in people with stroke * Health behaviors are occupations (IADL of Health Maintenance), and are influenced by client factors, performance skills and patterns, environments and contexts. * Discusses the role of OTs in promoting physical activity and nutrition in people with stroke, including research to support these interventions * Physical activity ** Moderate to vigorous physical activity is important for people with stroke ** OTs are qualified to supervise and train people with stroke in exercise. Exercise and physical activity recommendations for stroke have been published ** Promote reduction of sedentary behavior * Nutrition ** OTs are not qualified to give advice on specific dietary needs, but can educate clients on the benefits of eating healthy foods ** OTs address selection and preparation of healthy food, and physical and cognitive abilities that meal preparation * Proposes roles for OTs in developing, testing, and providing physical activity and nutrition interventions for people with stroke, including in primary care settings. ===== Forhan, M. & Gill, S. V. (2013). Obesity, functional mobility, and quality of life. ===== ''Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism'', ''27'', 129–137. Retrieved from: <nowiki>http://www.bu.edu/motordevlab/files/2012/08/2013_Obesity-functional-mobility-and-QoL.pdf</nowiki> * OT can work with overweight clients on safe household and community mobility, including transferring in and out of a car, using public transportation, maneuvering safely in limited spaces, using mobility devices, and adapting vehicles (e.g., seat belt extender) * The health condition of obesity is influenced by complex biopsychosocial factors and greatly impacts an individual’s ability to participate in everyday occupations * OT interventions can enable participation in meaningful activities, thereby promoting health and wellbeing in this population * While there is not enough evidence supporting any particular occupation-based intervention, OT can contribute to prevention, treatment and management of obesity ===== Haracz, K., Ryan, S. Hazelton, M. James, C. (2013). Occupational therapy and obesity: An integrative literature review. ===== ''Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60''(5), 356–365. doi: 10.1111/1440-1630.12063 * Quantitative review: Not enough evidence, only three outcomes studies uncovered * Qualitative review ** Focus of intervention: Health promotion and prevention, increasing physical activity participation, modifying dietary intake and reducing the impact of obesity ** Intervention strategies: Assessment, modifying the environment, education, and introducing and adapting occupations ===== Healthé Habits For Living (n.d.). Occupational Therapist’s role in obesity rehabilitation ===== [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://lota.camp9.org/Resources/Documents/OT'sroleinObesityRehabilitationpdf.pdf</nowiki> * This PowerPoint presentation gives multiple case study examples of people who benefitted from OT intervention for weight ** Average weight loss of 8.4 lbs over a 6 week, 12-session period (n=101), and average 50% functional status improvement (senior’s chair stand test) ** Use Guidelines (2013) for Managing Overweight and Obesity in Adults ** Healthe Habits For Living focuses on calorie reduction, increased physical activity, and behavior modification. 12 to 20 face-to-face sessions ** Disclose you are not a dietitian, do not recommend any prescription medications, do not give your patient a diet/meal plan/calorie count. Use basic, publicly available, generic information about food and nutrition * ''Healthē Habits for Living'' offers ongoing education classes too: www.healthehabitsforliving.com ===== Mosley, L., Jedlicka, J., LeQuieu, E., & Taylor, F. (2008, April 28). Obesity and occupational therapy practice: Present and potential practice trends. ===== ''OT Practice, 13''(7) 9-16. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * The role of OT is to address the functional implications of obesity and equip the client with the tools necessary to improve occupational performance and QOL * Environmental changes to increase initiation and engagement in physical activity and to decrease opportunities for increased calorie consumption * Existing programs described: ''My Weight His Way'' for spiritual adults, and Wellness Camp for children with obesity * Applies Person-Task-Environment (PTE) to addressing overweight * OTs can analyze and modify occupations to increase activity demands or energy expenditure, which may facilitate weight management. 10 Planned Energy-Expenditure Principles (PEP) were developed that may be applied to occupational engagement to increase energy expenditure ===== Salles-Jordan, K. (2007). Community health promotion programs using USC Lifestyle Redesign. ===== ''AOTA Home & Community Health SIS, 14''(2), 1-4. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/SISQuarterly/entire-issue-pdf.aspx</nowiki> * ''USC Lifestyle Redesign Weight Loss Program'' led by an OT at USC, clinical outcomes over four years of programming have been tracked ** Average of 4.45% body mass loss and 8% fat mass loss for clients attending eight or more sessions over 16 weeks ** Focus: Help implement successful approaches for effective and sustainable changes in lifestyle that influence weight and improves overall health. ** 16-week program modeled after the Well Elderly therapeutic group structure. *** Includes four elements: didactic presentation of educational material, peer discussion, direct experience, and exploration ** Clients are monitored each week for body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, total body water), blood pressure, and heart rate. ** Group participants engage in a therapeutic process of occupational self-analysis that results in setting short-term and long-term health goals. *** Through this process, clients enact and experience realistic, sustainable changes that enable them to create health promoting habits and routines. ** With a physician referral and appropriate diagnosis, this program often is covered by insurance. In addition, the USC OT faculty practice has contracted rates with several insurance carriers offering special access to the program at low or no cost to the client. ===== Smith, K., Gamble, M., & Boggis, T. (2017, November). Addressing weight in primary care to help prevent chronic conditions. ===== Administration and Management Special Interest Section Quarterly, 2(4), 13 - 15. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/SISQuarterly/Administration-Management/11-17-behavioral-change.aspx</nowiki> * Review of OT and weight management intervention themes and existing programs to inform communication with primary care stakeholders and help OTs design interventions targeting weight in primary care. ** Weight is a risk factor for the most prevalent, debilitating, and costly conditions. *** Primary care is preventative care, and delivering best-practice interventions for the risk factor of overweight can be a significant value that primary care OT can add to interprofessional primary care teams * Current best practice themes, compiled from anecdotal, outcomes-based, and theoretical literature, in Person Environment Occupation (PEO) format: ** Person *** Tailor intervention to the individual, and be flexible to meet personal needs *** Address the complex biopsychosocial barriers to participation, such as depression; support coping strategies for pain, stress, and anxiety during daily activities, especially in social contexts *** Provide culturally sensitive care, considering social stigma associated with weight *** Include an education element, covering themes related to health and weight *** Use evidence-based behavioral techniques within scope of OT including CBT, MI, and mindfulness ** Environment *** Modify the environment to increase initiation and engagement in physical activity *** Consider social environmental factors; reduce stigma to increase physical activity and social participation *** Address environmental access and safety *** Modify environments to reduce opportunities for eating unhealthy foods ** Occupation *** Maintain an occupation-based perspective by focusing on what the client wants and needs to do, as opposed to only weight loss *** Use energy conservation, assistive devices, and work simplification techniques to facilitate independent occupational performance. *** Build activity tolerance by grading functional tasks to progressively increase physical endurance in occupation-based physical activities, such as walking with friends *** Educate the client on body mechanics for safety during physical activities *** Increase physical activity pattern awareness and energy expenditure. Consider using the 10 Planned Energy Expenditure Principles, which reverse energy conservation techniques and help clients plan to expend more energy during tasks, such as movement or standing breaks during sedentary activities *** Modify dietary habits * Existing programs designed to address weight act as a guide for clinicians and administrators alike. ** Several programs designed and implemented by OTs in various settings report positive outcomes, including ''USC Lifestyle Redesign® Weight Loss Program'', ''Healthé Habits For Living'', ''Healthy Eating Active Living'', and ''Partners in Achieving Total Health'', an interprofessional collaboration. == '''Pain''' == ===== Breeden, K., & Rowe, N. (2017). A biopsychosocial approach to addressing chronic pain in everyday occupational therapy practice. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(13). CE1-CE8. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Current evidence supports a biopsychosocial approach to identify and treat functional implications of chronic pain * “Biopsychosocial Model for Pain and Disability ‘views pain and disability as a complex and dynamic interaction among the physiologic, psychologic, and social factors that perpetuates – and may even worsen – the clinical presentation.’” (CE-1) * Complex pain persists beyond expected time frame, and results in changes to the nervous system that act to make the pain increasingly persistent * Pain as a complex cognitive and emotional experience, influenced by context, attention, anxiety, experience, coping skills, psychological conditions, social factors, etc. * Impacts occupational participation. Article describes impacts using chronic pain cycle to illustrate. * OT’s role in chronic pain management ** Chronic pain as a chronic condition, focus on self-management of the condition and enabling occupational participation, rather than focusing on reducing pain ** Psychological approaches include: CBT, pain education, coaching, relaxation training/biofeedback and mindfulness, and pacing ** Social intervention approaches include: teach families to ignore pain behaviors and reinforce efforts to increase function, improve socialization ** Physical interventions include: addressing positioning and body mechanics, physical activity training ===== Choo, J. (2017). Occupational therapy: Untapped potential for chronic pain management. ===== ''Pain Medicine News'', September 5th. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.painmedicinenews.com/Commentary/Article/02-17/Occupational-Therapy-Untapped-Potential-for-Chronic-Pain-Management/42204</nowiki> * Written by MD on interprofessional pain team, describing the valuable role of OT in addressing pain at his clinic, and in addressing the National Pain Strategy ** Barriers: Understanding the profession initially, difference between OT and PT, OTs did not have much experience working with chronic pain ** Assets: Chronic pain patients have often been frustrated with PT services but OT is a new angle, OTs help unburden the MD for working on self-management, OT can work from such an array of angles to address chronic pain ===== Driscoll, M. & Baker, N. A. (2016, October 24). Breaking the cycle: Occupational therapy’s role in chronic pain management. ===== ''OT Practice, 21''(19), 8–14. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Empower clients to problem solve, set goals and select activities, provide pain management strategies, pain cycle education, pacing and planning for flare ups. ** Pain cycle is the relationship between physical pain, functional limitation, and emotional distress. *** Accept pain, there is no cure. MI for active problem solving, use metaphors and comparisons *** Help clients take an active role in recovery, setting priorities and goals, and reach out to educate others and stay socially engaged ** After education and intervention for pain cycle, pacing strategies can be introduced. *** Build awareness of when pain is manageable and when activity can continue, and when a rest is needed. Build client’s sense of control *** Teach client to track progress for accountability and self-efficacy *** Educate on activity grading strategies *** Encourage movement. ** Develop pain flare management plans *** Relaxation & stress-reduction strategies, keep moving, educate that pain does not always mean that something is wrong ===== Gonzalez Gonzalez, J., del Teso Rubio, Maria del Mar, Walino Paniagua, C. N., Criado-Alvarez, J. J., & Sanchez Holgado, J. (2015). Symptomatic pain and fibromyalgia treatment through multidisciplinary approach for primary care. ===== ''Reumatologia Clinica, 11''(1), 22-26. doi: <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reuma.2014.03.005</nowiki> * This article discusses the results of a pre-test post-test study (n=21) to examine the impact of a multidisciplinary approach (primary care and OT), on performance of ADL, IADL, and QOL of participants with symptomatic pain and fibromyalgia.   ** There was significance to suggest that this approach increases independence in ADL and IADL. ** OT services were provided in seven sessions, and clients met with a PCP for 3 appointments before, during, and after these sessions *** Introduce OT and psychomotor therapy (mind-body therapy that helps address fear and barriers to movements, and engage in pain free movement) *** Psychomotor therapy to adapt to new situations despite restrictions, and promote social engagement *** Pool psychomotor to reduce gravity and therefore enhance ideomotor praxis *** Encourage social engagement and energy conservation strategies *** Restructuring and grading occupational activities *** Positively reinforce learning from previous section *** Clients walked for 45 min with OT and PCP ===== Hardison, M. E. & Roll, S. C. (2016). Mindfulness interventions in physical rehabilitation: A scoping review. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70''(3), 1-9. doi:10.5014/ajot.2016.018069 * A rigorous scoping review on using mindfulness to address musculoskeletal pain and chronic pain disorders.   ** Preliminary support suggests that chronic pain reduction and pain acceptance, amongst other benefits, could be achieved through the use of mindfulness.   *** But further research is needed to examine the use of mindfulness techniques and pain, specific to OT.   <br /> ===== Lambeek, L. C., Bosmans, J. E., Van Royen, B. J., Van Tulder, M. W., Van Mechelen, W., & Anema, J. R. (2010). Effect of integrated care for sick listed patients with chronic low back pain: Economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial. ===== ''British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 341'', c6414. doi:10.1136/bmj.c6414 * RCT of integrated care in multiple settings, (including hospitals, and primary care OT, PT, and occupational health) on the cost-effectiveness of chronic back pain sufferers on sick leave from work.   ** The integrated care approach was significantly more cost effective: $1 invested in integrated care could produce a $29.58 return.   ** Implementation of an integrated care program for patients on sick leave with chronic low back pain has a large potential to significantly reduce societal costs, increase effectiveness of care, improve QOL, and improve function on a broad scale. ===== Lambeek, L. C., van Mechelen, W., Knol, D. L., Loisel, P., & Anema, J. R. (2010). Randomised controlled trial of integrated care to reduce disability from chronic low back pain in working and private life. ===== ''British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 340'', c1035. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1035 * RCT of integrated care in multiple settings, (including hospitals, and primary care OT, PT, and occupational health) for clients with chronic back pain on sick leave. ** The integrated care program substantially reduced disability due to chronic low back pain in private and working life. ===== McLean, A., Coutts, K., & Becker, W. J. (2012). Pacing as a treatment modality in migraine and tension-type headache. ===== ''Disability & Rehabilitation, 34''(7), 611-618. doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.610496 * Literature review on the limited material about using pacing principles to manage migraine, with OT. ** Though limited in scope, the results show that pacing principles taught by OTs can significantly impact the intensity, onset, and duration of migraines   ===== Meredith, P. J., Rappel, G., Strong, J., & Bailey, K. J. (2015). Sensory sensitivity and strategies for coping with pain. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69''(4), 6904240010p1-6904240010p10. * Cross sectional study of the relationship between sensory processing and coping with pain in (n=116) healthy adults.   ** Results shed light on how clinical practice can be formed to address pain with sensory strategies. ** These insights can offer support to clinical assessment and treatment of pain through sensory processing analysis and application. ===== O'Sullivan, K., Dankaerts, W., O'Sullivan, L., & O'Sullivan, P. B. (2015). Cognitive Functional Therapy for Disabling Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: Multiple Case-Cohort Study. ===== ''Physical Therapy, 95''(11), 1478-1488. doi:10.2522/ptj.20140406 * Cognitive functional therapy (CFT) found to be clinically significant for reducing both disability and pain. Depression, anxiety, back beliefs, fear of movement, catastrophizing and self-efficacy were all improved. Maintained at 12 month follow-up ** CFT is a behaviorally targeted intervention that combines normalization of movement and abolition of pain behaviors with cognitive reconceptualization of the low back pain, while targeting psychosocial and lifestyle barriers to recovery ** Similar to effective CBT and Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy for chronic pain, but from a PT perspective, with understanding of what is harmful to the body, and what movements are safe. *** CFT intervention stages **** Cognitive training, ***** Pain mechanisms, the factors that contribute to the pain disorder, the multidimensional nature of chronic pain, how cognitions, beliefs, emotions and behaviors can reinforce the disabling cycle. **** Functional movement and postural training, ***** Behavioral modification approach to rehabilitations, patients taught strategies to improve body awareness with mirrors and feedback, relaxation and breathing, relaxing muscle tension during pain-provoking tasks. Reconceptualizing that pain does not equal harm. **** Functional integration, ***** Integrating these new functional patterns into occupational patterns. Including occupations that they have been avoiding due to pain **** Physical activity & lifestyle training. * For more information on CFT: ** eAppendix available through link in article <nowiki>https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/95/11/1478/2888268</nowiki> ** O’Sullivan, P. (2012). <nowiki>http://www.jamesdavisphysio.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/11/03-OSullivan-2011-Time-for-a-change.pdf</nowiki> ===== Pelletier, R., Higgins, J., & Bourbonnais, D. (2015). Addressing Neuroplastic Changes in Distributed Areas of the Nervous System Associated With Chronic Musculoskeletal Disorders. ===== ''Physical Therapy, 95''(11), 1582-1591. doi:10.2522/ptj.20140575 * Therapy for chronic musculoskeletal disorders should be directed at all of the places in the nervous system that are changed by the pain experience ** Interventions *** Top down **** Reconceptualizing pain: educating that pain does not equal damage **** Addressing maladaptive thoughts and behaviors: CBT **** Acceptance-based: ACT and Mindfulness based stress reduction **** Priming the brain for movement: graded exposure, the just-right challenge. Including motor imagery **** Other: transcranial magnetic stimulation, or other PAMs *** Bottom up **** Sensorimotor discrimination therapy, like two point discrimination, and peripheral electric stimulation. Requires active patient engagement. **** Mirror therapy ===== Poole, J. L., & Siegel, P. (2017). Effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for adults with fibromyalgia: A systematic review. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7101180040. <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.023192</nowiki> * Review concludes there is strong evidence supporting: “cognitive-behavioral interventions; relaxation and stress management; emotional disclosure; physical activity; and multidisciplinary interventions for improving daily living, pain, depressive symptoms, and fatigue.” ** Few interventions were occupation-based, though there were within the scope of OT * Few interventions resulted in better sleep, limited evidence for self-management ===== Stanos, S. (2012). Focused review of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs for chronic pain management. ===== ''Current Pain and Headache Reports, 16''(2), 147-152. doi: 10.1007/s11916-012-0252-4 * Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs (IPRPs), which are based on a functional restoration model of treating chronic pain; and which often include PT & OT, pain psychologists, medical pain management providers, vocational rehabilitation, relaxation training, and nursing educators.   ** Discusses desirable features of IPRPs and teams, describes four successful programs, as well as psychometric outcome tools and other relevant questions.   * The article offers guidance to the organizational modeling and realistic probing into the associated challenges of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs Uyeshiro Simon, A., & Collins, C. E. R. (2017). Lifestyle Redesign® for chronic pain management: A retrospective clinical efficacy study. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7104190040. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.025502</nowiki> * Lifestyle Redesign interventions can improve patient functioning, self-efficacy, and QOL in people who experience chronic pain ** Efficacy of interventions was measured with the COPM, the Brief Pain Inventory, and the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire * Lifestyle interventions are an important component of chronic pain treatment and Lifestyle Redesign principles can be applied in any treatment setting ** Authors recommend citing research in clinical documentation to prevent/overcome insurance payment denials. == '''Pediatrics''' == ===== AOTA (2013). Addressing childhood obesity. ===== ''Tips for Living Life To Its Fullest''. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/AboutOT/consumers/Youth/obesity.pdf</nowiki> * PDF of tips for families, and OT expertise to help with childhood obesity ===== Fabrizi, S., Riley, B., & Zachry, A. H. (July 2017). Building partnerships with pediatricians. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(13), 19 - 21. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Discusses the importance of identifying developmental delays early, and tendency to miss developmental delays in primary care * Promotes collaboration in primary care settings between OTs and pediatricians to identify and address developmental needs * Survey of PCPs: most interaction with OT is through referral (70%) or consult (20%), most common reason for referral is developmental delay followed by “potential challenges” in a wide range of occupations (eating/feeding, coordination, self-care, self-regulation, handwriting, etc.) ===== Flick, J., & Zachary, A. H. (2018, April). Occupational therapy in a pediatric primary care setting. ===== Presentation at AOTA National Conference, Salt Lake City, UT. * An OT and OT students provide free developmental screenings in a pediatric primary care clinic, through grant-funding ** Used ASQ-3 as screener assessment, Modified Checklist of Autism in Toddlers- Revised (MCHAT)- 16 to 30 months, and PSOC (Parenting Sense of Competence Scale)- efficacy subscale ** Supported parents in obtaining Early Intervention for qualifying children ** Provided parenting education sessions * Reported increases in PSOC scores, indicating an increase in parent competency and self-efficacy. ===== Kugel, J., Hemberger, C., Krpalek, D., Javaherian-Dysinger, H. (2016). Occupational therapy wellness program: Youth and parent perspectives. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70''(5). 7005180010p1-7005180010p8. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2016.021642. * Outlines several behavioral and environmental intervention initiatives, as well as the importance of family-centered intervention * Community-based OT can affect daily habits and routines of youth and their families. ** The Pizzi Healthy Weight Management Assessment is useful for facilitating occupation-centered behavior changes ** Enabling youth with family-centered ideas for physical activity can increase active time, and reduce sedentary time ** Empowering youth with easy and practical ideas can encourage them to incorporate health-promoting occupations into daily routines. ** Socioeconomic status impacts time use, routines and habits, and must be considered when providing community programming ===== Lau, C., Stevens, D., & Jia, J. (2013). Effects of an occupation-based obesity prevention program for children at risk. ===== ''Occupational Therapy in Health Care 27''(2): pp. 163-75. doi:10.3109/07380577.2013.783725. * 12-week after-school program in an urban area led by OT students, aimed to increase children’s experience with physical activity and healthy foods to promote self-efficacy related to a healthy lifestyle ** Intervention was effective in creating positive changes in food behavior, food self-efficacy, and vegetable consumption in children ===== Pizzi, M. A. (2016). Promoting health, well-being, and quality of life for children who are overweight or obese and their families. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70''(5). 7005170010p1-7005170010p6. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2016.705001. * OT can collaborate with other professions and contribute towards achieving national goals for obesity prevention: ** Institute of Medicine *** Make physical activity an integral and routine part of life *** Create food and beverage environments that ensure healthy options are the routine, easy choice. *** Transform messages about physical activity and nutrition: positive messages, enhancing health literacy and supporting behavioral change *** Expand the role of healthcare providers, insurers, and employers in obesity prevention *** Make schools a national focal point for obesity prevention: OT needs to document link between weight and school participation ** World Health Organization *** Implement comprehensive programs that promote physical activity and healthy eating, and reduce sedentary behaviors and unhealthy foods *** Integrate noncommunicable disease prevention to reduce the risk of childhood obesity *** Guide and support a healthy diet, sleep, and physical activity in early childhood *** Promote healthy school environments, health and nutrition literacy, and physical activity *** Provide family-based, multicomponent, lifestyle weight management services for children who are overweight == '''Substance Use & Mental Health''' == ===== Brooklyn, J. R., & Sigmon, S. C. (2017). Vermont hub-and-spoke model of care: Development, implementation, and impact. ===== ''Journal of Addiction Medicine, 11''(4), 286-292. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000310 * Hub-and-spoke model was developed in Vermont to address the epidemic of opioid use disorders by increasing access to medication-assisted treatment services ** Clients initiate services at specialized clinics (“Hubs”), where they are assessed and started on medication-assisted treatment if appropriate. Once stable, care is transferred to qualified office-based treatment (“Spokes”), where PCPs continue to prescribe and monitor medication use to treat addiction. If the client becomes more complex, PCPs can refer the client back to the Hub. ** This increases access to services by reducing strain on specialized clinics, while supporting PCPs who may otherwise feel they do not have the resources necessary to care for these clients. * Adoption of this model has increased the Vermont’s treatment capacity ===== Costa, D. (2017, January 23). Occupational therapy’s role counteracting opioid addiction. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(1), 13 - 16. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Offers brief background information on opioid addiction, especially it’s role with adolescents and in chronic pain * Resources: ** Evidence-based screening tools for adults and adolescents: <nowiki>https://www.drugabuse.gov/nidamed-medical-health-professionals/tool-resources-your-practice/screening-assessment-drug-testing-resources/chart-evidence-based-screening-tools-adults</nowiki> ** Publications: ''Opioid Overdose Prevention Toolkit'' from SAMSHA (2016), ''CDC Guidelines for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain'' (CDC, 2016), and the National Pain Strategy from HHS (2016) * Role of OT is described, includes: setting goals, addressing pain triggers such as ergonomic issues in the workplace, energy conservation, teaching coping for pain, physical agent modalities, addressing sleep, managing stress, and more ===== Ikuigu, M. N., Nissen, R. M., Maassen, A., & Van Peursem, K. (2017). Clinical effectiveness of occupational therapy in mental health: A meta-analysis ===== [Centennial Topics]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71,'' 7105100020. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.024588</nowiki> * Meta-analysis concludes that theory-based OT may be effective in improving wellbeing and occupational performance in people with a mental health diagnosis ===== Korthuis, P. T., McCarty, D., Weimer, M., Bougatsos, C., Blazina, I., Zakher, B.,… Chou, R. (2017). Primary care-based models for the treatment of opioid use disorder: A scoping review. ===== ''Annals of Internal Medicine, 166'', 268 - 278. doi: 10.7326/M16-2149 * Implementation of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorder in primary care increases access to these services. * Models for implementation of MAT in primary care vary. Common components include “pharmacotherapy with buprenorphine or naltrexone, provider and community education, coordination and integration of opioid use disorder treatment with other medical and psychological needs, and psychosocial services and interventions” * Different models of implementation are reviewed and discussed ===== Lambert, R. A., Harvey, I., & Poland, F. (2007). A pragmatic, unblended randomized controlled trial comparing an occupational therapy-led lifestyle approach and routine GP care for panic disorder treatment in primary care. ===== ''Journal of Affective Disorders, 99''(1-3), 63-71. * Anxiety rates are on the rise in the UK. Medication and psychological treatment is most common, but outcomes are sometimes poor, with high relapse rates. Lifestyle has a potential role in treatment, but is not often considered in clinical guidelines. ** A 16-week RTC was conducted in 15 UK primary care practices that compared a controlled PCP care routine to that of an OT-led lifestyle treatment approach. Outcome results were measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory. ** A lifestyle approach is at least as effective as routine care, with significant improvements in anxiety compared with routine care by the end of the treatment. ===== Novalis, S. D. (2017, November 27)''.'' Suicide awareness and occupational therapy for suicide survivors. ===== ''OT Practice, 22''(21), CE-1 - CE-7. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.aota.org/Publications-News/otp.aspx</nowiki> * Provides guidance on identifying risk factors and warning signs of suicide, and appropriate response. Also considers the needs of those who have lost others to suicide. ===== Rojo-Mota, G., Pedrero-P ́erez, E. J., & Huertas-Hoyas, E. (2017). Systematic review of occupational therapy in the treatment of addiction: Models, practice, and qualitative and quantitative research ===== [Centennial Topics]. ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71'', 7105100030. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.022061</nowiki> * Review of literature on OT’s role in addiction yields 16 theoretical and professional role studies, 8 qualitative studies, and 14 quantitative studies. ** Studies had low level evidence * Conclude that while OT has been involved in treatment for people with substance abuse and behavioral addiction, research published on the topic is poor ===== Stoffel, V. C., & Moyers, P. A. (2004). An evidence-based and occupational perspective of intervention for persons with substance-use disorders. ===== ''American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58,'' 570-86. doi:10.5014/ajot.58.5.570 * Interprofessional review of interventions for substance use disorders that fit within the OT scope, as part of an evidence-based literature review project * AOTA guidelines for OT and substance use, is mostly based on expert opinions, and needs to be supplemented with this evidence ** Purposes of this article are therefore to: Describe effective interventions from different disciplines; Use an OT perspective to modify those interventions; Use all those findings to suggest research questions that would examine the effectiveness of the modified interventions * The interventions that are of interest to OTs include those that touch on the following: ** Cognitive performance, Health maintenance, Work play and leisure, Psychosocial skills, Relationships and family participation, Self-help group skills * Effective interventions that are of interest to OTs include: ** Brief interventions, CBT, Motivational strategies, 12-step programs {{shelves|Medicine}} {{Status|100%}} 56n2qtadlgjaglt29v2mkcbo3g0makm Mirad Grammar/Verbs 0 417649 4672971 4672848 2026-09-29T17:18:43Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verb Formants */ 4672971 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants: ::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming ::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of doing, making ::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing ::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', instransitive verbs of motion ::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication ::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing ::* '''dy''' as in '''dyer'''....''to read'', transitive verbs of reading ::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know'', transitive verbs of mental states ::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition ::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs : A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''f''', '''v''', and '''j''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following transitive verbs: ::* '''aker'''....''to win'', '''eker'''...''to play'', '''oker'''....''to lose'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised'' ::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard'', '''yuker'''....''to find it easy'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'', '''afer'''....''may'', '''efer'''....''to need'', '''ofer'''....''may not'' :::* '''yafer'''....''can'', '''yefer'''....''must'', '''yofer'''....''cannot'', '''yiver'''....''have a right'' : or as in the following intransitive '''j''' verbs: ::* '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to finish'' ::* '''yijer'''....''to open'', '''yujer'''....''to close'' ::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake'', '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tejer'''....''to live'', '''tojer'''....''to die'' : Verb stems other than those ending in '''j''' can all be made passive with the formant '''w''': ::* '''xw''' as in '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''bw''' as in '''bwer'''....''to be put'' ::* '''dw''' as in '''dwer'''....''to be said'' ::* '''drw''' as in '''drwer'''....''to be written'' ::* '''fw''' as in '''fwer'''....''to be wanted'' : Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''', and the passive transitive formant '''bw''', eg.: ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic) ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic) ::* '''yojbwer'''....''to be started''' (transitive passive dynamic) : Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.: ::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic) ::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive) ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic) ::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed" (transitive passive dynamic) ::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive) ::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive) ::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive) : Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive. The others are always transitive. : Stems can often be altered with the following directional formants: ::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented) ::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented) : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs with i/u Formants |- ! Verb || Modification |- | rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' |- || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- | rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out'' |- || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with'' |- || '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce'' |- | rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory'' |- || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- |rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave'' |- || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in'' |- || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |} : The stems can also be enhanced with the following intensifying formants: ::* '''-l-''' (intensive) ::* '''-r-''' (more intensive) : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs with Modified Formants |- ! Verb || Modification |- | '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.) || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' |- | '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.)|| '''baxrer'''....''to shake'' |- | '''baser'''....''to stir'' (intrans.)|| '''basler'''....''to rustle'' |- | '''baser'''....''to stir'' (intrans.)|| '''basrer'''....''to shake'' |- | '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''to rise'' (intrans.)|| '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' |} : The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants: :* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative) ::* '''tujper'''....''to go to sleep'' (intransitive dynamic) :* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic) :* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative) :* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic) : The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows: ::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense) ::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense) ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic) ::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense) ::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense) ::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive) : The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well: ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive) ::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense) ::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense) ::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive) ::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented) ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented) ::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive) ::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive) ::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive) ::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive) ::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented) ::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented) ::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive) ::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve) ::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive) ::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive) : The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.: :* '''ifer'''....''to love'' ::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in'' ::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to'' :::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight'' :::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish'' :::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished'' ::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert'' ::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved'' ::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored'' :* '''fer'''....''to want'' ::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for'' ::* '''frer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for'' :* '''yufer'''....''to fear'' ::* '''yufler'''....''to dread'' ::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of'' ::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten'' ::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened'' ::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare'' ::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared'' :* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to'' ::* '''yivser'''....''to become free'' ::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate'' ::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed'' :* '''yafer'''....''to be able'' ::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable'' ::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled'' ::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower'' ::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce'' ::* '''yafier'''....''to take power'' ::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power'' ::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to'' ::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit'' ::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited'' : The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants: ::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished'' ::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated'' : Here is a chart showing various formant combinations: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formant Combinations |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat'' |- | '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead'' |- | '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub'' |- | '''-xi-'''|| toward the subject || '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' |- | '''-xu-'''|| toward the patient || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract'' |- | '''-bi-'''|| toward the subject || '''bier'''....''to take'' |- | '''-bu-'''|| toward the patient || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- | '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut'' |- | '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop'' |- | '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move'' |- | '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake'' |- | '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse'' |- | '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude'' |- | '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in'' |- | '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read'' |- | '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize'' |- | '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how'' |- | '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', etc. |- | '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse'' |- | '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power'' |- | '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by'' |- | '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant'' |- | '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe'' |- | '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with'' |- | '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate'' |- | '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from'' |- | '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up'' |- | '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud'' |- | '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in'' |- | '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in'' |- | '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve'' |- | '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by'' |- | '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' |- | '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive'' |- | '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk'' |- | '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer'''....''to put at risk'' |- | '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' |- | '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close'' |- | '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block'' |- | '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook'' |- | '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush'' |- | '''-ar-'''<br>'''-ir-'''<br>'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} : Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs. All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.: :* '''oker'''....''to lose'' <big>→</big> '''okwer'''....''to be lost'' :* '''baler'''....''to press'' <big>→</big> '''balwer'''....''to be pressed'' :* '''koxer'''....''to hide'' <big>→</big> '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden'' :* '''ujler'''....''to lock'' <big>→</big> '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked'' :* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized) :* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized) : Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.: :* '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' <big>→</big> '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed'' :* '''aypler'''....''to surmount'' <big>→</big> '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted'' == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === : Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal<sup>1</sup> ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical :<small>'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.</small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you (pl.) <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''<sup>1</sup>) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''<sup>1</sup>) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small><sup>1</sup>: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== : The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' : The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== : Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. ::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') ::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') ::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') ::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. : Examples: ::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. : Examples: ::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' ::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u><sup>1</sup>'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== : A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. : Examples: ::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') ::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') ::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') ::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') : Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== : A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' ::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== : A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' : Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: ::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' ::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' : The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''<sup>1</sup> || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue;{{text default color}};"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xya''' <br>''having done''||'''xwa'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' : Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg: ::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer'' ::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living'' ::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha amar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to equal, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''Wit tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate'' ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''. This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''<br>not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''<br>not '''abper'''! |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-<sup>1</sup>'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-uper<sup>2</sup>'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''. : Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach''). :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>sexer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know'' ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate'' ::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute'' ::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent'' ::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle'' ::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude'' ::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end'' ::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper'' ::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out'' ::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat'' ::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting'' ::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain'' ::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve'' ::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend'' ::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start'' ::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten'' ::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud'' ::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave'' ::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk'' ::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast'' ::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill'' ::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''<u>az</u>abbixer'''....''to infatuate'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''<u>az</u>aluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>az</u>basrer'''....''to convulse'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>az</u>bexer'''....''to clutch'' ::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''<u>az</u>birer'''....''to seize'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''<u>az</u>buxer'''....''to prod'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''<u>az</u>byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>az</u>fer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''<u>az</u>fuyevder'''....''to lambaste'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' ::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''<u>eyb</u>mulxer'''....''to mix'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>eyb</u>xer'''....''to interest, to involve'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' ::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''<u>do</u>direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize'' ::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''<u>do</u>drurer'''....''to publish'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>do</u>duer'''....''to propose, to move'' ::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>do</u>durer'''....''to decree'' ::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeder'''....''to declaim'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeer'''....''to lecture'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''<u>do</u>ebdaler'''....''to deliberate'' ::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''<u>do</u>eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain'' ::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''<u>do</u>fuxer'''....''to commit a crime'' ::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''<u>do</u>kebier'''....''to elect'' ::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''<u>do</u>lonapxer'''....''to riot'' ::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''<u>do</u>naxgaxer'''....''to auction off'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''<u>do</u>nixbuer'''....''to hawk'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, to be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>vya</u>bier'''....''to postulate'' ::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''<u>vya</u>boler'''....''to prove'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vya</u>duder'''....''to solve'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>vya</u>duer'''....''to allege'' ::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''<u>vya</u>nadxer'''....''to align'' ::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''<u>vya</u>nagxer'''....''to fit'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''<u>vya</u>nazaxer'''....''to corroborate'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investigate'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''<u>kye</u>kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance'' ::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''<u>kye</u>vabxer'''....''to spot check'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yub</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |- ! Difficulty | '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to'' |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''. This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''<u>je</u>teaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''<u>je</u>bexer'''....''to conserve'' |- | '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''<u>je</u>byexer'''....''to batter'' |- | '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''<u>je</u>zoigper'''....''to stalk'' |- | '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''<u>je</u>duler'''....''to nag'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''py<u>a</u>ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py<u>o</u>ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py<u>ao</u>ser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> 9qmz8l7iok2kao62ps7l0akod0ow4yn 4672972 4672971 2026-09-29T17:23:11Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verb Formants */ 4672972 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : The stems of most verbs end in one of the following verb formants: ::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming ::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of doing, making ::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing ::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', instransitive verbs of motion ::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication ::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing ::* '''dy''' as in '''dyer'''....''to read'', transitive verbs of reading ::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know'', transitive verbs of mental states ::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition ::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs : A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following transitive verbs: ::* '''aker'''....''to win'', '''eker'''...''to play'', '''oker'''....''to lose'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised'' ::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard'', '''yuker'''....''to find it easy'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'', '''afer'''....''may'', '''efer'''....''to need'', '''ofer'''....''may not'' :::* '''yafer'''....''can'', '''yefer'''....''must'', '''yofer'''....''cannot'', '''yiver'''....''have a right'' :::* '''baler'''....''to press'', '''barer'''....''to crush'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''daler'''...''to speak'', '''deler'''....''do declare'', '''doler'''....''to be silent'' : or as in the following intransitive '''j''' verbs: ::* '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to finish'' ::* '''yijer'''....''to open'', '''yujer'''....''to close'' ::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake'', '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tejer'''....''to live'', '''tojer'''....''to die'' : Verb stems other than those ending in '''j''' can all be made passive with the formant '''w''': ::* '''xw''' as in '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''bw''' as in '''bwer'''....''to be put'' ::* '''dw''' as in '''dwer'''....''to be said'' ::* '''drw''' as in '''drwer'''....''to be written'' ::* '''fw''' as in '''fwer'''....''to be wanted'' : Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''', and the passive transitive formant '''bw''', eg.: ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic) ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic) ::* '''yojbwer'''....''to be started''' (transitive passive dynamic) : Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.: ::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic) ::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive) ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic) ::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed" (transitive passive dynamic) ::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive) ::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive) ::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive) : Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive. The others are always transitive. : Stems can often be altered with the following directional formants: ::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented) ::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented) : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs with i/u Formants |- ! Verb || Modification |- | rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' |- || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- | rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out'' |- || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with'' |- || '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce'' |- | rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory'' |- || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- |rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave'' |- || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in'' |- || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |} : The stems can also be enhanced with the following intensifying formants: ::* '''-l-''' (intensive) ::* '''-r-''' (more intensive) : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs with Modified Formants |- ! Verb || Modification |- | '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.) || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' |- | '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.)|| '''baxrer'''....''to shake'' |- | '''baser'''....''to stir'' (intrans.)|| '''basler'''....''to rustle'' |- | '''baser'''....''to stir'' (intrans.)|| '''basrer'''....''to shake'' |- | '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''to rise'' (intrans.)|| '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' |} : The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants: :* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative) ::* '''tujper'''....''to go to sleep'' (intransitive dynamic) :* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic) :* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative) :* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic) : The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows: ::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense) ::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense) ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic) ::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense) ::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense) ::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive) : The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well: ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive) ::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense) ::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense) ::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive) ::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented) ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented) ::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive) ::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive) ::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive) ::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive) ::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented) ::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented) ::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive) ::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve) ::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive) ::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive) : The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.: :* '''ifer'''....''to love'' ::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in'' ::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to'' :::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight'' :::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish'' :::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished'' ::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert'' ::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved'' ::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored'' :* '''fer'''....''to want'' ::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for'' ::* '''frer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for'' :* '''yufer'''....''to fear'' ::* '''yufler'''....''to dread'' ::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of'' ::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten'' ::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened'' ::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare'' ::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared'' :* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to'' ::* '''yivser'''....''to become free'' ::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate'' ::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed'' :* '''yafer'''....''to be able'' ::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable'' ::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled'' ::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower'' ::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce'' ::* '''yafier'''....''to take power'' ::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power'' ::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to'' ::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit'' ::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited'' : The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants: ::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished'' ::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated'' : Here is a chart showing various formant combinations: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formant Combinations |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat'' |- | '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead'' |- | '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub'' |- | '''-xi-'''|| toward the subject || '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' |- | '''-xu-'''|| toward the patient || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract'' |- | '''-bi-'''|| toward the subject || '''bier'''....''to take'' |- | '''-bu-'''|| toward the patient || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- | '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut'' |- | '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop'' |- | '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move'' |- | '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake'' |- | '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse'' |- | '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude'' |- | '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in'' |- | '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read'' |- | '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize'' |- | '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how'' |- | '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', etc. |- | '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse'' |- | '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power'' |- | '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by'' |- | '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant'' |- | '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe'' |- | '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with'' |- | '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate'' |- | '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from'' |- | '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up'' |- | '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud'' |- | '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in'' |- | '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in'' |- | '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve'' |- | '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by'' |- | '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' |- | '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive'' |- | '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk'' |- | '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer'''....''to put at risk'' |- | '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' |- | '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close'' |- | '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block'' |- | '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook'' |- | '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush'' |- | '''-ar-'''<br>'''-ir-'''<br>'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} : Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs. All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.: :* '''oker'''....''to lose'' <big>→</big> '''okwer'''....''to be lost'' :* '''baler'''....''to press'' <big>→</big> '''balwer'''....''to be pressed'' :* '''koxer'''....''to hide'' <big>→</big> '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden'' :* '''ujler'''....''to lock'' <big>→</big> '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked'' :* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized) :* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized) : Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.: :* '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' <big>→</big> '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed'' :* '''aypler'''....''to surmount'' <big>→</big> '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted'' == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === : Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal<sup>1</sup> ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical :<small>'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.</small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you (pl.) <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''<sup>1</sup>) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''<sup>1</sup>) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small><sup>1</sup>: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== : The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' : The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== : Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. ::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') ::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') ::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') ::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. : Examples: ::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. : Examples: ::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' ::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u><sup>1</sup>'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== : A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. : Examples: ::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') ::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') ::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') ::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') : Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== : A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' ::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== : A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' : Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: ::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' ::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' : The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''<sup>1</sup> || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue;{{text default color}};"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xya''' <br>''having done''||'''xwa'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' : Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg: ::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer'' ::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living'' ::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha amar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to equal, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''Wit tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate'' ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''. This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''<br>not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''<br>not '''abper'''! |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-<sup>1</sup>'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-uper<sup>2</sup>'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''. : Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach''). :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>sexer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know'' ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate'' ::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute'' ::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent'' ::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle'' ::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude'' ::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end'' ::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper'' ::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out'' ::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat'' ::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting'' ::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain'' ::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve'' ::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend'' ::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start'' ::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten'' ::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud'' ::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave'' ::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk'' ::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast'' ::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill'' ::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''<u>az</u>abbixer'''....''to infatuate'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''<u>az</u>aluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>az</u>basrer'''....''to convulse'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>az</u>bexer'''....''to clutch'' ::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''<u>az</u>birer'''....''to seize'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''<u>az</u>buxer'''....''to prod'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''<u>az</u>byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>az</u>fer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''<u>az</u>fuyevder'''....''to lambaste'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' ::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''<u>eyb</u>mulxer'''....''to mix'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>eyb</u>xer'''....''to interest, to involve'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' ::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''<u>do</u>direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize'' ::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''<u>do</u>drurer'''....''to publish'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>do</u>duer'''....''to propose, to move'' ::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>do</u>durer'''....''to decree'' ::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeder'''....''to declaim'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeer'''....''to lecture'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''<u>do</u>ebdaler'''....''to deliberate'' ::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''<u>do</u>eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain'' ::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''<u>do</u>fuxer'''....''to commit a crime'' ::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''<u>do</u>kebier'''....''to elect'' ::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''<u>do</u>lonapxer'''....''to riot'' ::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''<u>do</u>naxgaxer'''....''to auction off'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''<u>do</u>nixbuer'''....''to hawk'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, to be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>vya</u>bier'''....''to postulate'' ::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''<u>vya</u>boler'''....''to prove'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vya</u>duder'''....''to solve'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>vya</u>duer'''....''to allege'' ::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''<u>vya</u>nadxer'''....''to align'' ::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''<u>vya</u>nagxer'''....''to fit'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''<u>vya</u>nazaxer'''....''to corroborate'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investigate'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''<u>kye</u>kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance'' ::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''<u>kye</u>vabxer'''....''to spot check'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yub</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |- ! Difficulty | '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to'' |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''. This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''<u>je</u>teaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''<u>je</u>bexer'''....''to conserve'' |- | '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''<u>je</u>byexer'''....''to batter'' |- | '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''<u>je</u>zoigper'''....''to stalk'' |- | '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''<u>je</u>duler'''....''to nag'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''py<u>a</u>ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py<u>o</u>ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py<u>ao</u>ser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> 3moenfrl5ir8dqjwbkjgrrwzd6vv4z4 4672975 4672972 2026-09-29T18:24:41Z Tyoyafud 6233 /* Verb Formants */ 4672975 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{status|100%}}</noinclude> == The Verb Stem == [[File:Various forms of using the verb "to inform" in LSC.png|thumb|]] : Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem. The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations. The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending. All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions. : This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Stems |- ! Simple Infinitive !! Stem<big>+</big>Infinitive Ending |- | '''yex<u>er</u>'''....''to work'' || '''yex<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''pos<u>er</u>'''....''to (come to a) stop'' || '''pos<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''x<u>er</u>'''....''to do'' || '''x<big>+</big>er''' |- | '''xw<u>er</u>'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw<big>+</big>er''' |} === Verb Formants === : A verb formant is a letter or group of letters at the end of a verb stem indicate: ::* the type of verb: stative, active, gestural, of motion, of communication, of mental activity, etc. ::* certain traits: active voice, passive voice, dynamic, intensive : The stems of most verbs end in one or a combination of the following verb formants: ::* '''s''' as in '''ser'''....''to be(come)'', intransitive verbs of being or becoming ::* '''x''' as in '''xer'''....''to do'', transitive verbs of action, doing, making, causation ::* '''b''' as in '''ber'''....''to put'', transitive verbs of gesturing ::* '''p''' as in '''per'''....''to go'', instransitive verbs of motion ::* '''d''' as in '''der'''....''to say'', transitive verbs of communication ::* '''dr''' as in '''drer'''....''to write'', transitive verbs of writing ::* '''dy''' as in '''dyer'''....''to read'', transitive verbs of reading ::* '''t''' as in '''ter'''....''to know'', transitive verbs of mental states ::* '''tr''' as in '''trer'''....''to know (a person)'', transitive verbs of recognition ::* '''ty''' as in '''tyer'''....''to know (how)'', transitive know-how verbs ::* '''l''' as in '''fler'''....''to yearn'', intensive verbs ::* '''r''' as in '''frer'''....''to crave'', very intensive verbs : A few verb stems ending in '''k''', '''f''', '''v''', '''j''', '''l''', and '''r''' can have zero or more formants, as in the following transitive verbs: ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' ::* '''eker'''...''to play'' ::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' ::* '''yoker'''....''to be surprised'' ::* '''yiker'''....''to find it hard'' ::* '''yuker'''....''to find it easy'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' ::* '''afer'''....''to have permission'' ::* '''efer'''....''to need'' ::* '''ofer'''....''to be prohibited'' ::* '''yafer'''....''to be able'' ::* '''yefer'''....''to have to'' ::* '''yofer'''....''to be unable'' ::* '''yifer'''....''to dare'' ::* '''yufer'''....''to fear'' ::* '''yiver'''....''have a right'' ::* '''yuver'''....''to be supposed to'' ::* '''baler'''....''to press'' ::* '''barer'''....''to crush'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry' ::* '''boler'''....''to support'' ::* '''biler'''....''to obtain'' ::* '''buler'''....''to grant'' ::* '''daler'''...''to speak'' ::* '''deler'''....''do declare'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' : or as in the following intransitive '''j''' verbs: ::* '''ijer'''....''to begin'' ::* '''ujer'''....''to finish'' ::* '''yijer'''....''to open'' ::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' ::* '''tijer'''....''to be awake'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' : Verb stems other than those ending in '''j''' can all be made passive with the passivizing formant '''w''': ::* '''xw''' as in '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''bw''' as in '''bwer'''....''to be put'' ::* '''dw''' as in '''dwer'''....''to be said'' ::* '''fw''' as in '''fwer'''....''to be wanted'' ::* '''lw''' as in '''bolwer'''....''to be supported'' : Verb stems ending in '''j''' can take the active transitive formant '''b''', the dynamic intransitive formant '''p''', and the passive transitive formant '''bw''', eg.: ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''tojper'''....''to drop dead'' (intransitive dynamic) ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' (transitive dynamic) ::* '''yojbwer'''....''to be started''' (transitive passive dynamic) : Verb stems ending in '''j''' can also take the intensifying formants '''l''' and '''r''', eg.: ::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''yujper'''....''to come to a close'' (intransitive dynamic) ::* '''yujprer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic very intensive) ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic) ::* '''yujbwer'''....''to be closed" (transitive passive dynamic) ::* '''yujler'''....''to lock (intransitive automatic intensive) ::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock (transitive dynamic intensive) ::* '''yujbrer'''....''to slam shut (transitive dynamic very intensive) : Of the verb stems having formants, those ending having an '''s''' or '''p''' among the formants are invariably intransitive. The others are always transitive. : Stems can often be altered with the following directional formants: ::* '''-i-''' (subject-oriented) ::* '''-u-''' (patient-oriented) : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs with i/u Formants |- ! Verb || Modification |- | rowspan=2|'''ber'''....''to put'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' |- || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- | rowspan=2|'''ter'''....''to know'' || '''tier'''....''to find out'' |- || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | rowspan=2|'''trer'''....''to be familiar with'' || '''trier'''....''to become familiar with'' |- || '''truer'''....''to familiarize, introduce'' |- | rowspan=2|'''taxer'''....''to remember'' || '''taxier'''....''to commit to memory'' |- || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- |rowspan=2| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''pier'''....''to leave'' |- || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | rowspan=2|'''xer'''....''to do'' || '''xier'''....''to result in'' |- || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |} : The stems can also be enhanced with the following intensifying formants: ::* '''-l-''' (intensive) ::* '''-r-''' (more intensive) : Examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs with Modified Formants |- ! Verb || Modification |- | '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.) || '''baxler'''....''to rustle'' |- | '''baxer'''....''to stir'' (trans.)|| '''baxrer'''....''to shake'' |- | '''baser'''....''to stir'' (intrans.)|| '''basler'''....''to rustle'' |- | '''baser'''....''to stir'' (intrans.)|| '''basrer'''....''to shake'' |- | '''yaber'''....''to raise'' (trans.) || '''yabler'''....''to elevate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''to rise'' (intrans.)|| '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' |} : The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-j''' can take the '''-b-''' and '''-p''' formants: :* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''tujber'''....''to put to sleep'' (transitive causative) ::* '''tujper'''....''to go to sleep'' (intransitive dynamic) :* '''yijer'''....''to open'' (intransitive automatic) :* '''yijber'''....''to open'' (transitive causative) :* '''yijper'''....''to come open'' (intransitive dynamic) : The formants can sometimes be compounded, as the following shows: ::* '''yujer'''....''to close'' (intransitive automatic) ::* '''yujler'''....''to shut tight'' (instransitive automatic intense) ::* '''yujrer'''....''to slam shut'' (intransitive automatic more intense) ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' (transitive dynamic) ::* '''yujbler'''....''to lock'' (transitive dynamic intense) ::* '''yujbrer'''....''to seal shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense) ::* '''yujbrwer'''....''to be sealed shut'' (transitive dynamic more intense passive) : The intransitive zero-formant verbs whose stem ends in '''-k''' can take formants as well: ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' (transitive) ::* '''akler'''....''to vanquish, beat'' (transitive intense) ::* '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' (transitive more intense) ::* '''biker'''....''to care about'' (transitive) ::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' (transitive subject-oriented) ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' (transitive patient-oriented) ::* '''bikuwer'''....''to be cared for'' (transitive patient-oriented passive) ::* '''yeker'''....''to try'' (transitive) ::* '''yekler'''....''to strive'' (transitive intensive) ::* '''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' (transitive more intensive) ::* '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' (transitive subject-oriented) ::* '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' (transitive patient-oriented) ::* '''yekuwer'''....''to be challenged'' (transitive patient-oriented passive) ::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, heal'' (intransitve) ::* '''bakxer'''....''to make healthy, heal'' (transitive) ::* '''bakxwer'''....''to be healed'' (transitive passive) : The zero-formant verb stems in '''-f-''' and '''-v-''' are modal verbs and these can take a combination of additional formants, eg.: :* '''ifer'''....''to love'' ::* '''ifler'''....''to have affection for'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to adore'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy, to take pleasure in'' ::* '''ifuer'''....''to please, to give pleasure to'' :::* '''ifluer'''....''to delight'' :::* '''ifruer'''....''to ravish'' :::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished'' ::* '''ifxer'''....''to gratify, to divert'' ::* '''ifser'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''ifwer'''....''to be loved'' ::* '''ifrwer'''....''to be adored'' :* '''fer'''....''to want'' ::* '''fler'''....''to yearn for'' ::* '''frer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fruer'''....''fill with a craving for'' :* '''yufer'''....''to fear'' ::* '''yufler'''....''to dread'' ::* '''yufrer'''....''to tremble in fear of'' ::* '''yufruer'''....''to frighten'' ::* '''yufruwer'''....''to be frightened'' ::* '''yufxer'''....''to scare'' ::* '''yufxwer'''....''to be scared'' :* '''yiver'''....''to have the right to'' ::* '''yivser'''....''to become free'' ::* '''yivxer'''....''to free, to liberate'' ::* '''yivxwer'''....''to be freed'' :* '''yafer'''....''to be able'' ::* '''yafxer'''....''to enable'' ::* '''yafxwer'''....''to be enabled'' ::* '''yafuer'''....''to empower'' ::* '''yafluer'''....''to coerce'' ::* '''yafier'''....''to take power'' ::* '''yaflier'''....''to grab power'' ::* '''ofer'''....''to lack permission to'' ::* '''ofxer'''....''to prohibit'' ::* '''ofxwer'''....''to be prohibited'' : The '''w''' passive formant is always the last in a sequence of formants: ::* '''ifruwer'''....''to be ravished'' ::* '''efxwer'''....''to be necessitated'' : Here is a chart showing various formant combinations: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Formant Combinations |- ! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples |- | '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat'' |- | '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead'' |- | '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub'' |- | '''-xi-'''|| toward the subject || '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' |- | '''-xu-'''|| toward the patient || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract'' |- | '''-bi-'''|| toward the subject || '''bier'''....''to take'' |- | '''-bu-'''|| toward the patient || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- | '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut'' |- | '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop'' |- | '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move'' |- | '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake'' |- | '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse'' |- | '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly'' |- | '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude'' |- | '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in'' |- | '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask'' |- | '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge'' |- | '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record'' |- | '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read'' |- | '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see'' |- | '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize'' |- | '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how'' |- | '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', etc. |- | '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' |- | '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse'' |- | '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power'' |- | '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by'' |- | '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant'' |- | '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe'' |- | '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with'' |- | '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate'' |- | '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to'' |- | '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from'' |- | '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up'' |- | '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud'' |- | '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in'' |- | '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in'' |- | '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve'' |- | '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve'' |- | '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by'' |- | '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' |- | '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive'' |- | '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk'' |- | '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer'''....''to put at risk'' |- | '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph'' |- | '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close'' |- | '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock'' |- | '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block'' |- | '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook'' |- | '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush'' |- | '''-ar-'''<br>'''-ir-'''<br>'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' |- | '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing'' |} : Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs. All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.: :* '''oker'''....''to lose'' <big>→</big> '''okwer'''....''to be lost'' :* '''baler'''....''to press'' <big>→</big> '''balwer'''....''to be pressed'' :* '''koxer'''....''to hide'' <big>→</big> '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden'' :* '''ujler'''....''to lock'' <big>→</big> '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked'' :* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized) :* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized) : Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.: :* '''yaprer'''....''to climb'' <big>→</big> '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed'' :* '''aypler'''....''to surmount'' <big>→</big> '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted'' == Verb Categories == : Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living''). They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'') === Morphological Categories === : Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': ::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite ::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal<sup>1</sup> ::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential ::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive ::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical :<small>'''''Note 1:''''' The term "atemporal" means that tense is not marked. For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''. It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal. The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.</small> : In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers. That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb. In English, for example, the verb "be" has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I <u>am</u>, you <u>are</u>, he <u>is</u>, we <u>are</u>, etc.), but not so in Mirad. The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller" |+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number |- ! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular | ''I <u>am</u>'' || '''at <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you <u>are</u>'' || '''et <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''he/she <u>is</u>'' || '''it <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural | ''we <u>are</u>'' || '''yat <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 2nd | ''you (pl.) <u>are</u>'' || '''yet <u>se</u>''' |- !row=1| 3rd | ''they <u>are</u>'' || '''yit <u>se</u>''' |} : This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses. === Lexical Categories === :: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories. By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Verb Lexical Categories |- ! Stative !! Dynamic |- | '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do'' |- ! Intransitive !! Transitive |- | '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'' |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' |- ! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive |- | '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash'' |- ! Inchoative !! Causative |- | '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' |- ! Autonomous !! Dynamic |- | '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open'' |- ! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal |- | '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill'' |- ! Gestural !! Locomotive |- | '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move'' |- ! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented |- | '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear'' |} == Non-finite Forms == : '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are ::* not conjugated for person or number ::* cannot form a predicate ::* and do not have a subject. : There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad: ::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er''' :::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' ::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en''' :::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing'' ::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a''' :::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed'' === Infinitives === : Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''. The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em" |+ Infinitive Stems |- ! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending |- | '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er''' |- | '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' |- | '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer''' |- | '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer''' |} : The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English. The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems |- ! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple | '''<u>igx</u>er'''....''to quicken'' || '''<u>igx</u>wer'''....''to be quickened'' |- !row=1| Perfect | '''<u>igx</u>ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''<u>igx</u>awer'''....''to have been quickened'' |} : In the above chart, ::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and ::* the infinitive marker is '''-er'''; ::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero; ::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w'''; ::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-'''; ::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''. The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''. The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary. === Gerunds === : The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.'' : The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; " |+ Gerund Formation |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example |- !row=1| Simple !! Active | '''-en''' || '''agax<u>en</u>'''....''magnifiying, magnification'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Passive | '''-wen''' || '''agax<u>wen</u>'''....''being magnified'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Active | '''-ayen''' || '''byek<u>ayen</u>'''....''having cured'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Passive | '''-awen''' || '''byek<u>awen</u>'''....''having been cured'' |} : Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form. : Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice. : Some examples of gerund usage: ::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ha <u>sanxen</u> bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The <u>forming</u> (or: <u>formation</u>) of this star took millions of years.'' ::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Iyta <u>deuzen</u> sa gla via.'''....''Her <u>singing</u> was very beautiful.'' ::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Popen</u> se yika yex.'''....''<u>Traveling</u> is hard work.'' ::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teetwen</u> fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''<u>Being heard</u> well is important for actors.'' ::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''<u>Teaten</u> se <u>vyatexen</u>.'''.....''<u>Seeing</u> is <u>believing</u>.'' ::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi <u>Upen</u>.'''....''This is the season of <u>Advent</u> (coming).'' ::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Ata <u>tadiayen</u> ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My <u>having married</u> twice drew attention.'' ::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''At voy ta ita <u>akawen</u> hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his <u>having won</u> that prize.'' : Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects: ::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.'' ::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.'' : The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''. Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''. ::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination'' ::* '''xen'''....''doing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed'' ::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement'' : Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.: ::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture'' ::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&nbsp;&nbsp;<big>≠<</big>&nbsp;&nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song'' === Participles === : Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns. Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''. Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive). : The aspect markers per voice are: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;" |+ Aspect Markers |- ! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example |- ! rowspan=2| Progressive ! rowspan=1 | Active | '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living'' |- ! rowsspan=1 | Passive | '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done'' |- ! rowspan=2| Perfect ! rowspan=1 |Active | '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone'' (< '''pyaa'''<sup>1</sup>) |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done'' (< '''xwaa'''<sup>1</sup>) |- ! rowspan=2| Imminent ! Active | '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die'' |- ! rowspan=1 | Passive | '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced'' |- ! rowspan=2| Potential ! Active | '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' |- ! rowspan=1| Passive | '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable'' |} : <small><sup>1</sup>: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.</small> : '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go''). '''He is <u>gone</u>.''' is expressed by '''Wit se <u>pya</u>'''. : '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad. For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill''). More about this in a later section. : '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives. For example, in the phrase ''The animals <u>bothering</u> our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad. By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox<u>y</u>ea'''). Such participles are invariably in the active voice. Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.'' Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''. : Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''. Examples: ::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim <u>deuzeay</u>.'''....''She entered the room <u>singing</u>.'' ::* '''<u>Ujbaway</u> ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech <u>having been finished</u>, he left.'' : Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''. Examples: ::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' <big>→</big> '''tiluwan'''....''potability'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuan'''....''lethality'' ::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' <big>→</big> '''he <u>mansean</u> bi iyta deuzen'''....''the <u>brilliance</u> of her singing'' ::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' <big>→</big> '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness'' : Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things. These forms can, in turn, be pluralized: ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' <big>→</big> '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds'' ::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' <big>→</big> '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery'' ::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' <big>→</big> '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer'' ::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' <big>→</big> '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing'' ::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' <big>→</big> '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeat'''....''a living person'' ::* '''tejea'''....''living'' <big>→</big> '''tejeasi'''....''living things'' : There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade. These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''. ::* '''sexut'''....''builder'' ::* '''nuut'''....''supplier'' ::* '''tojbut'''....''killer'' ::* '''ifut'''....''lover'' ::* '''akuti'''....''winners'' : Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''. : Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, <u>in</u>animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem. These agent nouns end in '''-us'''. ::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)'' ::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)'' ::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)'' ::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)'' : The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root. == Finite Forms == [[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]] : In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories: <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* TENSES :::# '''''present''''' :::# '''''past''''' :::# '''''future''''' :::# '''''atemporal''''' ::* MOODS :::# '''''indicative''''' :::# '''''hypothetical''''' ::* ASPECTS :::# '''''simple''''' :::# '''''progressive''''' :::# '''''perfect''''' :::# '''''imminent''''' :::# '''''potential''''' ::* VOICES :::# '''''active''''' :::# '''''passive''''' :::# '''''reflexive''''' :::# '''''reciprocal''''' </div> : Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself. For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English, are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''. Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc. === Moods === : There are two moods in Mirad: ::* '''''indicative''''' ::* '''''hypothetical'''''. ===== Indicative Mood ===== : The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.'' : The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''', indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively. ===== Hypothetical Mood ===== : Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''. ::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'') ::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'') ::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you <u>be</u> early.'') ::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I <u>were</u> rich, I <u>would be</u> happy.'') === Aspects === : There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system. <div style="background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};"> ::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. ::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey''' ::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay''' ::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy''' ::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy''' </div> ===== The Simple Aspect ===== :: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional. Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect: ::* Present with '''e''' ::* Past with '''a''' ::* Future with '''o'''. :: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence: ::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)'' ::* an imperative like ''Go!'' ::* a hortative like ''Let's go!'' ::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.'' :: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'') with the endings underlined: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;" |+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per''' |- ! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per''' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>e</u>'''....''I go'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !! | '''At p<u>a</u>'''....''I went'' |- !row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !! |'''At p<u>o</u>'''....''I will go'' |- !row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical !rowspan=4| Atemporal !rowspan=4| Simple !rowspan=4| Active ! Conditional |'''At p<u>u</u>'''....''I would go'' |- ! Hortative/Optative/Jussive |'''Van yat p<u>u</u>!'''....''Let's go!'' |- ! Imperative |'''P<u>u</u> tam!'''....''Go home!'' |- ! Subjunctive |'''Se efwa van et p<u>u</u>.'''....''It is necessary that you go.'' |} : Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax. For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative. ==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ==== :: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''. Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later. :: Examples: :::* '''At <u>yexe</u> be tam.''' ....''I <u>work</u> at home''. :::* '''Hia tom <u>se</u> nam.''' ....''This building <u>is</u> a store.'' :::* '''Ha amur <u>yuzpe</u> ha imer.'''....''The moon <u>goes around</u> the earth.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''. The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something''). The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time. : Examples: ::* '''Iyt <u>iba</u> ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She <u>received</u> the package yesterday.'' ::* '''At <u>ujba</u> ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I <u>finished</u> the book three hours ago.'' ::* '''His <u>kyesa</u> exag hijub.'''....''This <u>happened</u> twice today.'' ==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ==== : The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''. : Examples: ::* '''Yit <u>tadso</u> zajab.'''....''They <u>are going to get married</u> next year.'' ::* '''Hua kaxon <u>ujako</u>.''' ....''That solution <u>will work</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>so</u> him hoj et <u>upo</u>.'''....''I <u>will be</u> here when you <u>(will) come.</u><sup>1</sup>'' :: Note 1: Unlike in English, Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future. There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''. In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he <u>will</u> come.''). ==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ==== : A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''. : Examples: ::* '''<u>Upu</u> him!'''....''<u>Come</u> here!'' ('''''imperative''''') ::* '''<u>Von upu</u>!''' ....''<u>Don't come</u>!'' ('''''negative imperative''''') ::* '''Ha edeb <u>fu</u> teater et.''' ....''The king <u>would like</u> to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Ven at <u>su</u> et, at <u>dolu</u>.''' ....''If I <u>were</u> you, I <u>would be</u> quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''') ::* '''Van yeyt <u>ujaku</u> be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) <u>succeed</u> in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''') ::* '''Van yat <u>ijbu</u> bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's <u>begin</u> with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>van et puu</u> jwa.''' ....''It's important <u>that you arrive</u> early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''') ::* '''Se kyitesa <u>von et puu</u> jwo.'''....''It's important <u>that you not arrive</u> late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''') : Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence: ::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command). For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''. ::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to go.''. ::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at <u>su</u> nasikat...'''....''If I <u>were</u> a rich man.''. ::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''. === Voices === : Mirad has four voices: ::* Active ::* Passive ::* Reflexive ::* Reciprocal. ==== Active Voice ==== : The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action. ::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.'' ==== Passive Voice ==== : A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form. The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa'''). : The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em" |+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice ! Verb Form !! Active !! Active<br>Example !! Passive !! Passive<br>Example |- !row=1| Infinitive | '''xer'''<br>''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''<br>''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''<br>''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''<br>''There is nothing to be done.'' |- !row=1| Present Participle | '''sexea'''<br>''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''<br>''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''<br>''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''<br>''This is under construction.'' |- !row=1| Present | '''xe'''<br>''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''<br>''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''<br>''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''<br>''Such things are never done.'' |- !row=1| Past Participle | '''xaa'''<br>''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''<br>''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''<br>''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''<br>''Everything is done.'' |- !row=1| Past | '''tojba'''<br>''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''<br>''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''<br>''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''<br>''When was he killed?'' |- !row=1| Hypothetical | '''bakxu'''<br>''heal'' || '''Bakxu at!'''<br>''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''<br>''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''<br>''May she be healed.'' |} : Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive. For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form. However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet <u>tajbwa</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was delivered</u> yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet <u>taja</u> zajub.'''....''The child <u>was born</u> yesterday.)'' Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''): ::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive) ::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive) ::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active) ::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive) : Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare. Here are some examples: ::* '''per'''....''to go'' -> '''pya'''....''gone'' ::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -> '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'') ::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -> '''tojya'''....''dead'' ::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -> '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'') ==== Reflexive Voice ==== : A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''utteater'''....''to see oneself'' ::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' <big>→</big> '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' <big>→</big> '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!'' ==== Reciprocal Voice ==== : A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' <big>→</big> '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' <big>→</big> '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another'' : Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects. However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example: ::* '''Yit vyilxa <u>yut</u>.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed <u>selves</u>).'' ::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda <u>hyuit</u>.'''....''The boys laughed at <u>one another</u>.'' : The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''. ==== Aspects Revisited ==== : Mirad verbs have the following aspects: ::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential. ::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time. ::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state. ::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.'' ::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''. ==== The Simple Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect. In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem. In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels. The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.''). The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.''). The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.''). The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.''). :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Simple Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>e</u>'''....''I do'' || '''Has x<u>we</u>'''....''It is done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>a</u>'''....''I did'' || '''Has x<u>wa</u>'''....''It was done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative | '''At x<u>o</u>'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x<u>wo</u>'''....''It will be done'' |- !row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>u</u>'''....''I would do''<sup>1</sup> || '''Has x<u>wu</u>'''....''It would be done'' |} : 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''. ==== The Progressive Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect. The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; " |+ Progressive Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eye</u>'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewe</u>'''....''it is being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eya</u>'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewa</u>'''....''it was being done'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative | '''at x<u>eyo</u>'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewo</u>'''....''it will be happening'' |- !row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''at x<u>eyu</u>'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x<u>ewu</u>'''....''it would be happening'' |} ==== The Perfect Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect. The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Perfect Aspect |- ! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aye</u>'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x<u>awe</u>'''....''It has been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>aya</u>'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x<u>awa</u>'''....''It had been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative |'''At x<u>ayo</u>'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x<u>awo</u>'''....''It will have been done'' |- !row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical | '''At x<u>ayu</u>'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x<u>awu</u>'''....''It would have been done'' |} ==== The Imminent Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect). The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Imminent Aspect |- ! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice |- !row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oye</u>'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owe</u>'''....''It is about to be done'' |- !row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>oya</u>'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x<u>owa</u>'''....''It was about to be done'' |} ==== The Potential Aspect ==== : The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect. The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel. The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Potential Aspect |- ! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE |- !row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uye</u>'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwe</u>'''....''It is to be done, it is doable'' |- !row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative | '''At x<u>uya</u>'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x<u>uwa</u>'''....''It was to be done, it was doable'' |} == Verb Conjugation Chart == : The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''. The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Conjugation Chart |- valign=top !rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice |- ! Active!!Passive |- ! rowspan=16 style="background: lightblue;{{text default color}};"|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present | '''xe''' <br>''does''||'''xwe'''<br>''is done, happens'' |- ! Past | '''xa''' <br>''did''||'''xwa'''<br>''was done, happened'' |- ! Future | '''xo''' <br>''will do''||'''xwo'''<br>''will be done, will happen'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xu''' <br>''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''<br>''would be done, would happen, be done!'' |- !rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present | '''xeye'''<br>''is doing''||'''xewe'''<br>''is being done, is happening'' |- ! Past | '''xeya''' <br>''was doing''||'''xewa'''<br>''was doing, was happening'' |- ! Future | '''xeyo'''<br>''will be doing''||'''xewo'''<br>''will be happening'' |- ! Hypothetical|| | '''xeyu''' <br>''would be doing''<br>''be doing!''||'''xewu'''<br>''would be happening'' |- !rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present | '''xaye''' <br>''has done''||'''xawe''' <br>''has been done, has happened'' |- ! Past | '''xaya''' <br>''had done''||'''xawa'''<br>''had been done, had happened'' |- ! Future | '''xayo''' <br>''will have done''||'''xawo''' <br>''will have been done, will have happened'' |- ! Hypothetical !! | '''xayu''' <br>''would have done''||'''xawu'''<br>''would have been done, would have happened'' |- !rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present | '''xoye''' <br>''is about to do''||'''xowe'''<br>''is about to be done, is about to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xoya'''<br>''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''<br>''was to be done, was to happen'' |- ! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present | '''xuye'''<br>''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' <br>''is supposed to happen'' |- ! Past | '''xuya''' <br>''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''<br>''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Infinitive !! !! Simple !! rowspan=8| | '''xer'''<br>''to do''||'''xwer'''<br>''to be done, to happen'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xayer'''<br>''to have done''||'''xawer'''<br>''to have been done, to have happend'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- ! rowspan=4 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};"|Participle !! !! Progressive | '''xea'''<br>''doing'' ||'''xewa'''<br>''being done, happening'' |- ! !! Perfect | '''xya''' <br>''having done''||'''xwa'''<br>''done, happened'' |- ! !! Imminent | '''xoa''' <br>''about to do''||'''xowa'''<br>''about to happen'' |- ! !! Potential | '''xua'''<br>''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''<br>''doable'' |- ! colspan=6 style="background: black;color:white;"| |- !rowspan=2 style="background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};" |Gerund ! !! Simple !! | '''xen''' <br>''doing''||'''xwen''' <br>''being done, happening, event'' |- ! !! Perfect !! | '''xayen'''<br>''having done''||'''xawen'''<br>''having happened'' |} : Note 1: Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms. An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''. == Negative Forms == : All of the above verb forms are affirmative. The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't''). Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). : '''voy'''....''not'' ::* '''At <u>voy</u> te.'''....''I <u>don</u>'t know.'' (indicative) ::* '''<u>Voy</u> mamilo.'''....''It will <u>not</u> rain.'' (indicative) ::* '''At <u>voy</u> xu hus.'''....''I would <u>not</u> do that.'' (conditional) : '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not'' ::* '''<u>Von</u> mamilu.'''....''<u>Let it not</u> rain.'' (subjunctive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> yat fuyaku.'''....''<u>Let</u> us <u>not</u> despair.'' (jussive) ::* '''<u>Von</u> pu!'''....''<u>Don't</u> go.'' (imperative) : Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-''). ::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -> '''otosea'''....''unfeeling'' ::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -> '''oxwa'''....''undone'' ::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -> '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten'' ::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -> '''otejen'''....''not living'' ::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -> '''obuen'''....''not giving'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -> '''obuer'''....''not to give'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' => '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore'' : Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg: ::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer'' ::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living'' ::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something'' == How to Express Certain English Tenses == : English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense: ::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''. ::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive). ::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive). == Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs == : Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object. Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity. : Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize''). Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go''). Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Transitive vs. Intransitive |- ! Transitive !! Intransitive |- | '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be'' |- | '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)'' |- | '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up'' |- | '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump'' |- | '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put'' |- | '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop'' |- | '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |} ::* '''At <u>agxe</u> vobi.'''....''I <u>grow</u> [TRANSITIVE] plants.'' ::* '''Ha vobi <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''The plants <u>are growing</u> [INTRANSITIVE] fast.'' ::* '''<u>Poxu</u> ha pur!'''....''<u>Stop</u> [TRANSITIVE] the car!'' ::* '''Ha pur <u>posa</u>.'''....''The car <u>stopped</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' ::* '''At <u>yaba</u> ha mis.'''....''I <u>raised</u> [TRANSITIVE] the window.'' ::* '''Ha amar <u>yapaye</u>.'''....''The sun <u>has risen</u> [INTRANSITIVE].'' === Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity === : Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''. The transitive forms can be either active or passive. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity |- ! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive |- ! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive |- | '''Ha mes <u>yija</u>'''<br>''The door <u>opened</u>.'' || '''Ha nasyef <u>yijpa</u>'''<br>''The purse <u>came open</u>.'' || '''At <u>yijba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>opened</u> the door.'' || '''Ha mes <u>yijbwa</u> bey yelput.'''<br>''The door <u>was opened</u> by an intruder'' |- | '''Ha mes <u>yuja</u>.'''<br>''The door <u>closed</u>.'' || '''Ha yanup <u>yujpa</u>.'''<br>''The meeting <u>adjourned</u>.'' || '''At <u>yujba</u> ha mes.'''<br>''I <u>closed</u> the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe <u>yujbwer</u> ja sumjob.'''<br>''The door should <u>be closed</u> by bedtime.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ijaye</u>.'''<br>''The play <u>has started</u>.''||'''Ha par <u>ijpa</u> boy poys.'''<br>''The car <u>started up</u> immediately.'' ||'''At <u>ijba</u> ata tyal.'''<br>''I <u>started</u> my meal.''||'''Ha tyal <u>ijbwa</u> jwa.'''<br>''The meal <u>was started</u> early.'' |- | '''Ha dezun <u>ujaye</u>.'''<br>''The play has <u>ended</u>.''||'''Ata yex <u>ujpaye</u>.'''<br>''My work <u>has come to an end</u>.'' || '''A <u>ujba</u> ha dyes.'''<br>''I <u>finished</u> the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj <u>ujbwa</u>.'''<br>''The book never <u>got finished</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tob <u>toja</u> zomoj.'''<br>''The man <u>died</u> yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob <u>tojpa</u>.'''<br>''The man <u>dropped dead.</u>'' || '''Hot <u>tojba</u> ha twob?'''<br>''Who <u>killed</u> the man?''||'''Ha twob <u>tojbwa</u> bey ita tayd.'''<br>''The man <u>was killed</u> by his wife.'' |- | '''<u>Teju</u>.'''<br>''<u>Live!</u>.''||'''<u>Tejpu!</u>.'''<br>''<u>Come alive!</u>.'' || '''Yat efe <u>tejber</u> ha twob.'''<br>''We need to <u>revive</u> the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa <u>tejbwer</u>.'''<br>''The man could not <u>be revived</u>.'' |- | '''Ha tobot <u>taja</u> zojub.'''<br>''The baby <u>was born</u> yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot <u>tajpo</u>?'''<br>''When <u>will</u> the baby <u>pop out</u>?'' || '''Iyt <u>tajba</u> awa twobot zojub.'''<br>''She <u>gave birth</u> to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot <u>tajbwa</u> jo eymoj.'''<br>''The baby boy was <u>birthed</u> after midnight.'' |- | '''At <u>tija</u> jwe.'''<br>''I <u>woke up</u> on time.''||'''It voy <u>tijpa</u>.'''<br>''He did not <u>come to.</u>.'' || '''At <u>tijbo</u> et jwa.'''<br>''I will <u>wake (you) up</u> early.''||'''At voy fe <u>tijbwo</u> gra jwa.'''<br>''I don't want to <u>be woken</u> too early.'' |- | '''At <u>tujeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>sleeping.</u>''||'''At <u>tujpeya</u>.'''<br>''I was <u>falling sleep</u>.'' || '''At <u>tujbo</u> it.'''<br>''I will <u>put (him) to sleep.</u>.''||'''Ha tobot <u>tujbwo</u> glojo.'''<br>''The baby <u>will be put to sleep</u> soon.'' |} == Reflexive Verbs == [[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]] : Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.: ::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.'' ::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!'' ::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.'' ::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.'' : Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix: ::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)'' ::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)'' ::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)'' : Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.: ::* '''Et efe <u>vyilxer eut</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>wash yourself</u>].'' (or) ::* '''Et efe <u>utvyilxer</u>.'''....''You need to wash up [= <u>self-wash</u>].'' == Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs == :: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Propositions |- ! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example |- | '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''<br>'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.'' |- | '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''<br>'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.'' |- | '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.'' |- | '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.'' |} :: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu <u>at</u> hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus <u>bu at</u>.'''....''Give that <u>to me</u>.'' See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]]. == Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs == : A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.'' === Derived from Adjectives === : Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs. Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object). English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''. : To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending). Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance. A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive |- ! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anxer'''<br>''to unite'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''<br>''to cut'' |- | '''yaga'''<br>''long'' || '''yag<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''<br>''to stretch'' |- | '''yuga'''<br>''slow'' || '''yug<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' <br>''to brake'' |- | '''sana'''<br>''formal'' || '''san<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''<br>''to form'' |- | '''gea'''<br>''equal'' || '''ge<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''<br>''to equal, equate'' |- | '''jaa'''<br>''prior'' || '''ja<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''<br>''to prepare'' |- | '''aota'''<br>''personal'' || '''aot<u>a</u>xer'''<br>''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''<br>''to personify'' |} : To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Creating Inchoative Verbs |- ! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive |- ! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic |- | '''aga'''<br>''big'' || '''ag<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''<br>''to grow'' |- | '''ana'''<br>''one'' || '''an<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to unify'' || '''anser'''<br>''to unite, become united'' |- | '''yona'''<br>''apart'' || '''yon<u>a</u>ser'''<br>''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''<br>''to break'' |- |} : Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.: ::* '''<u>Ansu</u> ey yet golxwo.'''....''<u>Unite</u> or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''At <u>yontadsa</u> hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I <u>got divorced</u> when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hisi <u>agaxo</u> hos et teate.'''....''These <u>will magnify</u> what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE] ::* '''Hia tud <u>agseye</u> ig.'''....''This child <u>is growing up</u> fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE] ::* '''Ata tayd <u>agxe</u> vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife <u>grows</u> flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE] === Derived from Nouns === : Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns. The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verbs Derived from Nouns |- ! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive |- | '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''<br>''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''<br>''to become ashes'' |- | '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''<br>''to collect'' || '''yanser'''<br>''to get together'' |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''<br>''to marry'' || '''tadser'''<br>''to get married'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''<br>''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''<br>''to freeze/become ice'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''<br>''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''<br>''to burn, get burned'' |- | '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''<br>''to empty'' || '''ukser'''<br>''become empty, empty out'' |} === Intermediary Causative Verbs === : Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.: ::* '''At gobl<u>ux</u>o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe p<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.'' ::* '''Wit tojb<u>ux</u>a yit.'''....''He had them killed.'' ::* '''At efe vyilx<u>ux</u>er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.'' ::* '''Et up<u>ux</u>wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.'' ::* '''At bakamb<u>ux</u>o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.'' ::* '''Et voy yafe deuz<u>ux</u>er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.'' ::* '''At hihid<u>ux</u>wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).'' ::* '''Eta deuz hihid<u>ux</u>a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)'' ::* '''Van het ivas<u>ux</u>u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.'' ::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp<u>ux</u>a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.'' == Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs == : The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Directional Verbs |- ! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed |- | '''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take'' || '''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- | '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply'' |- | '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver'' |- | '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize'' |- | '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge'' |- | '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend'' |- | '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off'' |- | '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying'' |- | '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock'' |- | '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat'' |- | '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' |- | '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter'' |- | '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed'' |- | '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share'' |- | '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' |- | '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out'' |- | '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show'' |- | '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' |- | '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire'' |- | '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour'' |- | '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please'' |- | '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest'' |- | '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive'' |- | '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute'' |- | '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target'' |- | '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land'' |- | '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display'' |- | '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause'' |- | '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge'' |- | '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower'' |- | '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to'' |- | '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on'' |- | '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge'' |- | '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of'' |- | '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor'' |} : In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.: ::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed) ::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed) ::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed) ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed) ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate'' ::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed) ::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed) ::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject & patient-directed) ::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed) ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed) ::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject & patient-directed) == Bi-radical Verbs == : Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Bi-radical Verbs |- ! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb |- | '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' |- | '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose'' |- | '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify'' |- | '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report'' |- | '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit'' |- | '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention'' |- | '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt'' |- | '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)'' |} == Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes == : Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''. This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''. Here are some examples: :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes |- ! Preposition/Adverb !! Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''<br>not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''<br>not '''abper'''! |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount'' |- | '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve'' |- | '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour'' |- | '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate'' |- | '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' |} == Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes == : As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics: === Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' === : The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-<sup>1</sup>'''....''again'' are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.: ::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-ember'''....''to <u>re</u>position, <u>re</u>place'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buer'''....''to <u>re</u>turn (an object), give back'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''<u>zoy</u>sanxer'''....''to <u>re</u>shape, <u>re</u>form, <u>trans</u>form'' ::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast'' ::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn'' ::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''<u>gaw</u>teaper'''....''to <u>re</u>visit'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>zoy</u>-uper<sup>2</sup>'''....''to <u>re</u>turn, come <u>back</u>'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zoy</u>buxer'''....''to <u>re</u>pel, push <u>back</u>'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to <u>re</u>ject, throw <u>back</u>, jettison'' : Note 1: The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''. It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''. If the "re-" word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper''' If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''. : Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach''). :''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.''' === Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' === : The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.: ::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''<u>lo</u>sexer'''....''to <u>de</u>stroy, <u>de</u>construct'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''<u>lo</u>anxer'''....''to <u>dis</u>unite'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''to <u>un</u>do'' : Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''. ::* '''odoparuwa'''....''<u>un</u>armed'' (= ''not armed'') ::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''<u>dis</u>armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'') === Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' === : The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.: ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>yan</u>exer'''....''to <u>co</u>operate'' ::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''<u>yan</u>tamer'''....''to <u>co</u>habit'' ::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''<u>yan</u>napber'''....''to <u>co</u>ordinate'' === Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' === : Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully''). Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''. Here are some examples in Mirad: ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up'' ::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up'' ::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up'' ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up'' === Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' === : Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''': ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive'' ::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention'' ::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag'' === Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' === : Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''': ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think'' ::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking'' ::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know'' ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate'' ::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute'' ::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent'' ::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle'' ::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate'' === Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' === : Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''': ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading'' ::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping'' ::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude'' ::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end'' ::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper'' ::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out'' ::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' === ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll'' ::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)'' ::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat'' ::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting'' ::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over'' ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' === ::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry'' ::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain'' ::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' === ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in'' ::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach'' ::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize'' ::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope'' ::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray'' ::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant'' ::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore'' ::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy'' ::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water'' ::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear'' ::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate'' ::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage'' ::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse'' ::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure'' ::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin'' === Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' === ::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish'' ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve'' ::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend'' ::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well'' ::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start'' ::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten'' ::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire'' ::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud'' ::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly'' ::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well'' === Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave'' ::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce'' ::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister'' ::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk'' ::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast'' ::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill'' ::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively'' ::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse'' === Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' === ::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''<u>az</u>abbixer'''....''to infatuate'' ::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''<u>az</u>aluer'''....''to huff'' ::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>az</u>basrer'''....''to convulse'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>az</u>bexer'''....''to clutch'' ::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''<u>az</u>birer'''....''to seize'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''<u>az</u>buxer'''....''to prod'' ::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''<u>az</u>byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>az</u>der'''....''to emphasize'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>az</u>duer'''....''to urge'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>az</u>dizeuder'''....''to guffaw'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>az</u>fer'''....''to crave'' ::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''<u>az</u>fuyevder'''....''to lambaste'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>az</u>yujber'''....''to lock'' === Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''<u>oz</u>der'''....''to whisper'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>oz</u>duer'''....''to hint'' ::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>oz</u>dizeuder'''....''to chuckle'' ::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''<u>oz</u>uvteuder'''....''to whimper'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>oz</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' === Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''<u>ja</u>der'''....''to foretell, predict'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>ja</u>teater'''....''to foresee, preview'' ::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''<u>ja</u>ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of'' ::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''<u>ja</u>yever'''....''to prejudge'' ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>ja</u>juder'''....''to antedate'' === Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' === ::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''<u>jo</u>juder'''....''to postdate'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>jo</u>texer'''....''to reflect on, review'' ::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>jo</u>uvder'''....''to mourn, regret'' ::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''<u>jo</u>ibler'''....''to inherit'' === Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' === ::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''<u>gra</u>telier'''....''to overeat'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>gra</u>fer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>gra</u>der'''....''to exaggerate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>gra</u>daler'''....''to yammer'' === Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' === ::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''<u>gro</u>fyinder'''....''to underestimate'' ::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''<u>gro</u>mageler'''....''to undercook'' ::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''<u>gro</u>xaer'''....''to underperform'' === Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>ov</u>axler'''....''to counteract'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ov</u>apyexer'''....''to counterattack'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>ov</u>daler'''....''to oppose'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>oyv</u>der'''....''to contradict'' ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oyv</u>ber'''....''to reverse, overturn'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oyv</u>texer'''....''to contest, disagree'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>oyv</u>per'''....''to contravene'' === Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' === ::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''<u>av</u>axler'''....''to act on behalf of'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>av</u>daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of'' ::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''<u>av</u>dyundrer'''....''to endorse'' === Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>ut</u>tojber'''....''to commit suicide'' ::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''<u>ut</u>vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself'' ::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''<u>ut</u>zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''<u>ut</u>fider'''....''to brag'' ::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''<u>ut</u>gober'''....''to autodecrement'' === Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') === ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>tojber'''....''to kill one another'' ::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''<u>hyuit</u>ifer'''....''to love one another'' === Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') === ::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''<u>eb</u>tadier'''....''to intermarry'' ::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''<u>eb</u>zyaber'''....''to intersperse'' ::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''<u>eb</u>vyexer'''....''to interrelate'' ::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''<u>eyb</u>mulxer'''....''to mix'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>eyb</u>xer'''....''to interest, to involve'' === Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') === ::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''<u>o</u>bexler'''....''to release, let go of'' ::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''<u>o</u>aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>o</u>beler'''....''to drop'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>o</u>bier'''....''to leave, relinquish'' ::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''<u>o</u>boser'''....''to be upset'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>o</u>drer'''....''to erase'' ::<small>Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''<u>ol</u>obexwa'''....''to unrelease'' </small> === Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' === :: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society''). ::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''<u>do</u>afder'''....''to authorize'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>do</u>bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of'' ::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''<u>do</u>tojber'''....''to execute'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>do</u>buer'''....''to dedicate'' ::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''<u>do</u>daler'''....''to orate, speak in public'' ::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''<u>do</u>deler'''....''to announce'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize, report'' ::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''<u>do</u>direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>do</u>drer'''....''to publicize'' ::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''<u>do</u>drurer'''....''to publish'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>do</u>duer'''....''to propose, to move'' ::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>do</u>durer'''....''to decree'' ::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeder'''....''to declaim'' ::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''<u>do</u>dyeer'''....''to lecture'' ::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''<u>do</u>ebdaler'''....''to deliberate'' ::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''<u>do</u>eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain'' ::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''<u>do</u>fuxer'''....''to commit a crime'' ::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''<u>do</u>kebier'''....''to elect'' ::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''<u>do</u>lonapxer'''....''to riot'' ::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''<u>do</u>naxgaxer'''....''to auction off'' ::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''<u>do</u>nixbuer'''....''to hawk'' === Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vya</u>der'''....''to avow, to be frank'' ::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''<u>vya</u>ber'''....''to control'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>vya</u>bier'''....''to postulate'' ::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''<u>vya</u>boler'''....''to prove'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vya</u>duder'''....''to solve'' ::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''<u>vya</u>duer'''....''to allege'' ::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''<u>vya</u>nadxer'''....''to align'' ::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''<u>vya</u>nagxer'''....''to fit'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''<u>vya</u>napxer'''....''to adjust'' ::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''<u>vya</u>nazaxer'''....''to corroborate'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>vya</u>kexer'''....''to investigate'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vya</u>tuer'''....''to advise'' === Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vyo</u>der'''....''to lie, to misstate'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tester'''....''to misunderstand'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>vyo</u>tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>vyo</u>xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo'' ::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''<u>vyo</u>yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully'' === Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>va</u>der'''....''to affirm'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>va</u>texer'''....''to believe'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>va</u>yeker'''....''to presume'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>va</u>bier'''....''to accept'' === Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vo</u>der'''....''to deny'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vo</u>texer'''....''to doubt'' ::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''<u>vo</u>yeker'''....''to rule out'' ::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''<u>vo</u>bier'''....''to reject'' === Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' === ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ve</u>der'''....''to conjecture'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>ve</u>texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize'' ::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''<u>ve</u>yovder'''....''to indict, accuse'' === Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' === ::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''<u>ig</u>pier'''....''to flee'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''<u>ig</u>pyoser'''....''to plummet'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ig</u>tyoper'''....''to run'' ::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''<u>ig</u>yeper'''....''to rush in'' === Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' === ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>ug</u>paser'''....''to amble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ug</u>teaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''<u>ug</u>ilper'''....''to trickle'' ::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''<u>ug</u>tilier'''....''to sip'' === Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' === ::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''<u>yok</u>baxer'''....''to startle'' ::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''<u>yok</u>hihider'''....''to burst out laughing'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''<u>yok</u>teaser'''....''to suddenly appear'' ::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''<u>yok</u>tojer'''....''to drop dead'' === Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' === ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>kyo</u>byaser'''....''to stand still'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>kyo</u>kexer'''....''to hound, stalk'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>kyo</u>teaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>kyo</u>texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on'' === Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>kye</u>der'''....''to guess, divine'' ::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''<u>kye</u>per'''....''to fluctuate'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>kye</u>poper'''....''to wander'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kye</u>napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>kye</u>bier'''....''to select'' ::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''<u>kye</u>kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance'' ::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''<u>kye</u>vabxer'''....''to spot check'' === Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' === ::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''<u>kya</u>baser'''....''to shift'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''<u>kya</u>sanxer'''....''to transform'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''<u>kya</u>xer'''....''to change'' ::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''<u>kya</u>napxer'''....''to shuffle'' ::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''<u>kya</u>dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase'' === Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ko</u>ber'''....''to hide'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ko</u>beler'''....''to smuggle'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ko</u>bier'''....''to steal'' ::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''<u>ko</u>ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic'' ::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''<u>ko</u>exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover'' ::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''<u>ko</u>fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of'' ::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''<u>ko</u>apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack'' ::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''<u>ko</u>loexer'''....''to sabotage'' === Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ke</u>teaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''<u>ke</u>vyaxer'''....''to experiment'' ::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''<u>ke</u>tier'''....''to be interested in'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>ke</u>bier'''....''to choose'' ::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''<u>ke</u>pexer'''....''to hunt'' === Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' === ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>ku</u>buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ku</u>der'''....''to comment, remark'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''<u>ku</u>tyoper'''....''to step aside'' === Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' === ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>ki</u>teaxer'''....''to look askance at'' ::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''<u>ki</u>tuxer'''....''to brainwash'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>ki</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ki</u>pyoser'''....''to slip and fall'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ki</u>per'''....''to slide'' === Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''=== ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>yub</u>der'''....''to intimate, hint'' ::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''<u>yub</u>gexer'''....''to approximate'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yub</u>bixer'''....''to attract, draw near'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yub</u>teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine'' === Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yib</u>drer'''....''to wire, telegraph'' ::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''<u>yi(b)</u>bixer'''....''to distract'' ::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''<u>yib</u>tuier'''....''to telecommunicate'' ::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''<u>yib</u>nyuxer'''....''to mail, post'' === Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>ber'''....''to raise, to put up'' ::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''<u>ya(b)</u>bixler'''....''to dredge up'' ::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''<u>yab</u>uper'''....''to come up'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yab</u>nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate'' === Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yo(b)</u>ber'''....''to lower, put down'' ::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''<u>yob</u>kyaxer'''....''to downshift'' ::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''<u>yob</u>musper'''....''to climb down'' ::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''<u>yob</u>nogyanxer'''....''to downscale'' === Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>ber'''....''to insert, put in'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>ye(b)</u>beler'''....''to import'' ::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>yeb</u>uzber'''....''to inflect'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>yeb</u>yujber'''....''to enclose, include'' === Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oye</u>ber'''....''to put out, expose'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>oye</u>beler'''....''to export'' ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>uber'''....''to emit, send out'' ::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''<u>oyeb</u>yujber'''....''to exclude'' === Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zay</u>ber'''....''to advance, put forward'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zay</u>kexer'''....''to scout out'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zay</u>puxer'''....''to propel, thrust'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>zay</u>tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward'' === Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' === ::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''<u>zoy</u>ber'''....''to send back'' ::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''<u>zoy</u>kixer'''....''to reflect'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zoy</u>puxer'''....''to repel'' ::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''<u>zoy</u>neadper'''....''to backtrack'' === Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zey</u>per'''....''to cross, transit'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>zey</u>beler'''....''to transport, convey'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zey</u>drer'''....''to transcribe'' ::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''<u>zey</u>kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant'' ::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''<u>zey</u>vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck'' === Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' === ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zye</u>per'''....''to permeate, get through'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>zye</u>kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through'' ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>zye</u>drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through'' ::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''<u>zye</u>iluer'''....''to soak'' ::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''<u>zye</u>koper'''....''to sneak through'' === Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>zya</u>ber'''....''to spread'' ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>zya</u>buer'''....''to distribute'' ::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''<u>zya</u>ijber'''....''to open wide'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>zya</u>nuxer'''....''to disburse'' ::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''<u>zya</u>puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about'' === Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ze</u>ber'''....''to balance'' ::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''<u>ze</u>byaser'''....''to straddle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>ze</u>der'''....''to interject'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>ze</u>pyoser'''....''to sag'' ::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''<u>ze</u>poxer'''....''to interrupt'' === Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>oj</u>ber'''....''to put off, postpone'' ::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''<u>oj</u>bier'''....''to borrow'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>oj</u>fer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>oj</u>texer'''....''to plan'' ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''<u>oj</u>teater'''....''to envision'' ::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''<u>oj</u>vader'''....''to promise'' === Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' === ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aj</u>ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>aj</u>der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount'' ::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''<u>aj</u>embier'''....''to haunt'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>aj</u>texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>aj</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' ::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''<u>aj</u>nexer'''....''to archive'' === Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' === ::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''<u>ej</u>buer'''....''to present'' ::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''<u>ej</u>eser'''....''to attend, to be present'' ::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''<u>ej</u>nuxer'''....''to pay cash'' ::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''<u>ej</u>tuer'''....''to update'' ::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''<u>ej</u>uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' === Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') === ::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''<u>yag</u>beser'''....''to linger'' ::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''<u>yag</u>bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>yag</u>daler'''....''to ramble'' ::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''<u>yag</u>dodaler'''....''to harangue'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yag</u>teaxer'''....''to stare'' ::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''<u>yag</u>fer'''....''to yearn, pine'' === Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') === ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>yog</u>drer'''....''to abbreviate'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''<u>yog</u>teaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''<u>yog</u>tujer'''....''to snooze, nap'' ::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''<u>yog</u>gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate'' === Some Hybrid Prefixes === The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'') ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>kui</u>per'''....''to wobble'' ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''<u>kui</u>tyoper'''....''to limp'' The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg: ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zao</u>baser'''....''to rock'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zao</u>per'''....''to alternate'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>kui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''<u>kui</u>pyoser'''....''to pendulate'' The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down''). The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''. ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>yao</u>baser'''....''to bob'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>yao</u>per'''....''to heave'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>yao</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''<u>yao</u>peper'''....''to jounce'' ::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''<u>yao</u>puser'''....''to hop, bounce'' The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>bui</u>drer'''....''to correspond'' ::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''<u>bui</u>er'''....''to trade'' ::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''<u>bui</u>beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry'' ::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''<u>bui</u>xer'''....''to push and pull, spring'' ::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''<u>bui</u>poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip'' The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>uiz</u>der'''....''to equivocate'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>uiz</u>per'''....''to careen, reel'' ::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>uiz</u>paser'''....''to swerve, yaw'' The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg: ::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''<u>uiz</u>drer'''....''to squiggle'' ::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''<u>zui</u>buxer'''....''to push around'' ::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''<u>zui</u>baser'''....''to sway, totter'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>zui</u>per'''....''to zigzag'' ::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''<u>zui</u>pasler'''....''to wobble'' The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>aoye</u>ber'''....''to insert and extract'' ::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''<u>aoye</u>tiexer'''....''to breath in and out'' ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>aoye</u>paper'''....''to fly in and out'' The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg: ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>ao</u>ber'''....''to put on and off'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>ao</u>per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark'' The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg: ::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''<u>vao</u>der'''....''to decide'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>vao</u>daler'''....''to waffle'' ::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''<u>vao</u>duder'''....''to answer yes or no'' ::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''<u>vao</u>kyaxer'''....''to redact'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''<u>vao</u>texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate'' The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>uij</u>ber'''....''to switch off and on'' ::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''<u>uij</u>daler'''....''to stutter'' The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'') ::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''<u>yuij</u>ber'''....''to open and close, blink'' The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'') ::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''<u>huim</u>paper'''....''to fly here and yon'' ::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''<u>huim</u>per'''....''to wander'' ::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''<u>huim</u>kexer'''....''to search high and low'' === Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes === <div style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;";> ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard'' ::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over'' ::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)'' ::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' ::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' ::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look'' ::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another'' ::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore'' ::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse'' ::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at'' ::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim'' ::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' ::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe'' ::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' ::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for'' ::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' ::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance'' ::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy'' ::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' ::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer'' ::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' ::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' ::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare'' ::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook'' ::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer'' ::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' ::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk'' ::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect'' ::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar'' ::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at'' ::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of'' ::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine'' ::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far'' ::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect'' ::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together'' ::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook'' ::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out'' ::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly'' ::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront'' ::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect'' ::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back'' ::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across'' ::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right'' ::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left'' ::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left'' ::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey'' ::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse'' ::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint'' ::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down'' ::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down'' ::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth'' ::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up'' ::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' ::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at'' ::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out'' ::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future'' ::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze'' ::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy'' </div> == Modal Verbs == : Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. ==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ==== [[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]] : Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode. This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples: ::* ''I <u>want</u> to go.'' ::* ''You <u>must</u> wait.'' ::* ''You <u>may</u> stay.'' ::* ''I <u>dare</u> say.'' : Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs |- ! Type !! Positive !! Negative |- ! Permission | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''<br>'''oyfer'''....''might not'' |- ! Ability | '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot'' |- ! Need | '''efer'''....''need to'' || |- ! Obligation | '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''<br>'''oyeyfer'''....''should not'' |- ! Desire | '''fer'''....''want to'' || |- ! Enjoyment | '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike to'' |- ! Courage |'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear'' |- ! Liberty | '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' || '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to'' |- ! Expectation | '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to'' |- ! Conation | '''yeker'''....''try to'' || |- ! Difficulty | '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to'' |} : These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples: ::* '''At fe <u>ter</u>.'''....''I want <u>to know</u>.'' ::* '''Wit yifa <u>yeper</u>.'''....''He dared <u>to enter</u>.'' ::* '''Yat yafe <u>teater</u> yet.'''....''We can <u>see</u> you.'' ::* '''Duven et yaka <u>aker</u>?'''....''Did you expect <u>to win</u>?'' ::* '''Diwe yeku <u>xer</u> ga fi.'''....''Please try <u>to do</u> better.'' : If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples: :* '''At <u>fe</u> per.'''....''I <u>want</u> to go.'' :* '''At <u>fu</u> per.'''....''I <u>would</u> like to go.'' :* '''Et <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''You <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Et <u>yafu</u> aker.'''....''You <u>could</u> win.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Yet <u>yefu</u> iper.'''....''You <u>ought</u> to leave.'' : Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example: :* '''At <u>ife</u> et.''' ....''I <u>love</u> you.'' :* '''At <u>iyfe</u> et.''' ....''I <u>like</u> you.'' :* '''Et <u>yefe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>must</u> leave.'' :* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> iper.'''....''You <u>should</u> leave.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yafe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>can</u> win.'' :* '''Iyt <u>yayfe</u> aker.'''....''She <u>might</u> win.'' :* '''At <u>ufa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>hated</u> that art.'' :* '''At <u>uyfa</u> uda tuz.'''....''I <u>disliked</u> that art.'' : The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg: :* '''Et <u>yuve</u> puer jwe.'''....''You <u>are supposed</u> to arrive on time.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvle</u> tepzexer.'''....''You <u>have</u> to pay attention.'' :* '''Et <u>yuvre</u> buer nas.'''....''You <u>absolutely must</u> give money.'' :* '''At <u>yeka</u> ser yeva.'''....''I <u>tried</u> to be fair.'' :* '''At <u>yekla</u> ujber jwa.'''....''I <u>strove</u> to finish early.'' :* '''At <u>yekra</u> nixer ga nas.'''....''I <u>struggled (= worked hard))</u> to earn more money.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ife</u> eker zyun.'''....''She <u>loves</u> to play ball.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifla</u> teater et.'''....''She <u>was delighted</u> to see you.'' :* '''Iyt <u>ifre</u> teaper him.'''....''She <u>adores</u> visiting here.'' : Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries: ::* '''Et <u>afe</u> oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You <u>may</u> go out and play.'' ::* '''Yat <u>efa</u> tujer.'''....''We <u>needed</u> to sleep.'' ::* '''Ot <u>ofe</u> mavier him.'''....''One <u>is prohibited</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''Mavier him <u>ofwe</u>.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.'' ::* '''At <u>ife</u> dyeer.'''....''I <u>love</u> to read.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> yeper?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to come in?'' ::* '''At <u>fu</u> teaper et edjub.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to visit you some day.'' ::* '''It <u>ufaye hyaj</u> teaxwer.'''....''He <u>has always hated</u> being looked at.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>iyfe</u> per tilami?'''....''Do you <u>like</u> going to bars?'' ::* '''At <u>uyfe</u> tijer gra jwa.'''....''I <u>dislike</u> waking up too early.'' ::* '''Et <u>yafe</u> xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You <u>can</u> do whatever you like.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefer</u> xer ad vyaas.'''....''You <u>must</u> do the right thing.'' ::* '''Et <u>yeyfe</u> voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You <u>should</u> not talk so loud.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> ter ga fi.'''....''I <u>should have</u> known better.'' ::* '''At <u>voy yifu</u> der hyea fuas.'''....''I <u>would not dare</u> say anything bad.'' ::* '''<u>Von yufu</u> der hos et tesde.'''....''<u>Don't be afraid</u> to say what you mean.'' ::* '''Et <u>yive</u> dier yevanavdut.'''....''You <u>have a right</u> to ask for a lawyer.'' ::* '''Yat <u>voy yuvle</u> kyoejer.'''....''We <u>are not bound</u> to stick around.'' === Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms === :: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are "patient-oriented" rather than "subject-oriented." The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms |- ! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- ! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective |- !row=1| Permission | '''afer'''<br>''may'' || '''afa'''<br>''allowed'' || '''afwer'''<br>''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''<br>''permissable'' |- !row=1| Necessity | '''efer'''<br>''need'' || '''efa'''<br>''needful'' || '''efwer'''<br>''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''<br>''necessary, required'' |- !row=1| Prohibition | '''ofer'''<br>''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''<br>''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''<br>''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''<br>''banned'' |- !row=1| Possibility | '''yafer'''<br>''be able'' || '''yafa'''<br>''able'' || '''yafwer'''<br>''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''<br>''possible'' |- !row=1| Obligation | '''yefer'''<br>''must'' || '''yefa'''<br>''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''<br>''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''<br>''obligatory'' |- !row=1| Duty | '''yeyfer'''<br>''should'' || '''yeyfa'''<br>''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''<br>''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''<br>''due'' |- !row=1| Impossibility | '''yofer'''<br>''be unable'' || '''yofa'''<br>''unable'' || '''yofwer'''<br>''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''<br>''impossible'' |- !row=1| Volition | '''fer'''<br>''want'' || '''fa'''<br>''desirous'' || '''fwer'''<br>''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''<br>''desirable, wanted'' |- !row=1| Love | '''ifer'''<br>''love''<br>'''iyfer'''<br>''like'' || '''ifa'''<br>''enamored''<br>'''iyfa'''<br>''fond'' || '''ifwer'''<br>''be loved''<br>'''iyfwer'''<br>''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''<br>''lovable''<br>'''iyfwa'''<br>''likeable'' |- !row=1| Hate | '''ufer'''<br>''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''<br>''dislike'' || '''ufa'''<br>''averse''<br>'''uyfa'''<br>''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''<br>''be hated''<br>'''uyfwer'''<br>''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''<br>''odious''<br>''unliked'' |- !row=1| Courage | '''yifer'''<br>''dare'' || '''yifa'''<br>''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''<br>''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''<br>''safe'' |- !row=1| Fear | '''yufer'''<br>''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''<br>''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''<br>''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''<br>''frightening'' |- !row=1| Joy | '''iver'''<br>''enjoy'' || '''iva'''<br>''glad'' || '''ivwer'''<br>''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''<br>''enjoyable'' |- !row=1| Sorrow | '''uver'''<br>''be sorry'' || '''uva'''<br>''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''<br>''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''<br>''regrettable'' |} : Examples of subject-oriented forms: ::* '''At se <u>yafa</u> xer hes.'''....''I <u>am capable of</u> doing anything.'' ::* '''Et <u>ofe</u> teater hia dyezun.'''....''You <u>are not allowed/are prohibited</u> to see this film.'' ::* '''Duven at <u>afe</u> per hum?'''....''Am I <u>allowed</u> to go there?'' ::* '''Yat <u>fu</u> ter eta dyun.'''....''We <u>would like</u> to know your name.'' ::* '''Piti <u>ufe</u> beser be mel.'''....''Fish <u>hate</u> to remain on dry land.'' ::* '''At ajay <u>ifa</u> dazer.'''....''I once <u>loved</u> to dance.'' ::* '''Et se iva, at <u>yife</u> der.'''....''You are beautiful, I <u>dare</u> say.'' ::* '''At <u>yeyfa</u> xer has ga ig.'''....''I <u>should</u> have done it sooner.'' ::* '''Von <u>yufu</u>; At yupeye.'''....''<u>Fear</u> not; I am coming.'' ::* '''Et <u>yefe</u> puer ja eymaj.'''....''You <u>must</u> arrive before noon.'' ::* '''Yet <u>yofe</u> daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people <u>must not</u> talk during the performance.'' ::* '''Yat <u>yeyfe</u> (= se <u>yeyfa</u>) aker.'''....''We should (= are <u>bound/supposed/due</u>) to win.'' ::* '''At <u>ive</u> teater et bakser.'''....''I<u>'m glad</u> to see you get better.'' ::* '''Su <u>iva</u>.'''....''Be <u>happy</u>.'' ::* '''At <u>uvu (= su uva)</u> teater et iper.'''....''I <u>would be sad</u> to see you leave.'' : Examples of patient-oriented forms: ::* '''<u>Afwe</u> (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''<u>It is permissible</u> to smoke here.'' ::* '''<u>Ofwe</u> (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''<u>It is prohibited</u> to throw litter here.'' ::* '''<u>Fwe</u> (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''<u>It is desired</u> that you stop talking.'' ::* '''<u>Voy yafwe</u> beser him gajob.'''....''<u>It is not possible</u> to remain here any longer.'' ::* '''<u>Yofwa</u> av at ivteuder.'''....''<u>It was not possible</u> for me to laugh.'' ::* '''<u>Yefwe</u> van et piu ig.'''....''<u>It is essential</u> that you leave quickly.'' ::* '''He <u>yeyfwe</u> ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is <u>it obligatory</u> to remove my shoes?'' ::* '''Ga yux <u>efwo</u>.'''....''More help <u>will be needed</u>.'' ::* '''Yuxren se <u>ufwa</u> xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an <u>odious</u> practice.'' ::* '''<u>Uvwe</u> van wit oka.'''....''<u>It's a shame</u> that he lost.'' :: *<small>'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.</small> === Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems === : Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done) |- | '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate'' |- | '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit'' |- | '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible'' |- | '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory'' |- | '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable'' |- | '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe'' |- | '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening'' |- | '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant'' |} === Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes === : Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives. The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems. Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things. :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modal Suffixes |- ! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented |- | '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X'' |- | '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X'' |- | '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X'' |- | '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X'' |- | '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' |- | '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X'' |- | '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X'' |- | '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X'' |- | '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X'' |- | '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X'' |} : This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Modals and Orientation |- ! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teatyafa'''<br>''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''<br>''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''<br>''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teatyafwa'''<br>''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''<br>''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''<br>''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''teetyafa'''<br>''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''<br>''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''<br>''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''teetyafwa'''<br>''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''<br>''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''<br>''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''<br>''be inaudiable'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dalyafa'''<br>''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''<br>''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''<br>''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''<br>''be mute, dumb'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''doabifa'''<br>''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''<br>''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''<br>''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''<br>''rebel'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tosyafa'''<br>''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''<br>''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''<br>''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''<br>''be numbed'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tayotyafwa'''<br>''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''<br>''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''<br>''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be impalbable, numb'' |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''testyukwa'''<br>''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''<br>''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''<br>''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''<br>''make hard to understand'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tudyaka'''<br>''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''<br>''be expecting''|| || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' |'''mamilyakwa'''<br>''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''<br>''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''<br>''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''<br>''to be unlikely to rain'' |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tilefa'''<br>''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''<br>''be thirsty'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''telefa'''<br>''hungry'' || '''telefer'''<br>''be hungry'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''tejefwa'''<br>''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''<br>''be vital'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''tujefa'''<br>''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''<br>''be sleepy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''nasefa'''<br>''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''<br>''be needy'' || || |- !row=1| '''Subject''' | '''dudyefa'''<br>''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''<br>''be responsible'' || || |- !row=1| '''Patient''' | '''texiyefwa'''<br>''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''<br>''be noteworthy'' || || |} == Sensing Verbs == : Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Sensing Verbs |- valign=top ! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''<br>'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''<br>'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''<br>'''tayota'''....''tactile'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Active | '''teater'''<br>''see'' || '''teeter'''<br>''hear'' || '''teiter'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuter'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoter'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Receptive<br>Passive | '''teatwer'''<br>''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''<br>''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Stative | '''teaser'''<br>''seem'' || '''teeser'''<br>''sound'' || '''teiser'''<br>''smell'' || '''teuser'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoser'''<br>''feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Active | '''teaxer'''<br>''look at'' || '''teexer'''<br>''listen'' || '''teixer'''<br>''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''<br>''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''<br>''touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Dynamic<br>Passive | '''teaxwer'''<br>''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''<br>''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''<br>''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''<br>''be touched'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Active | '''teatuer'''<br>''show'' || '''teetuer'''<br>''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''<br>''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''<br>''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''<br>''make feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Causative<br>Passive | '''teatuwer'''<br>''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''<br>''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''<br>''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''<br>''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''<br>''be made to feel'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Active | '''teatier'''<br>''perceive,''<br>''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''<br>''catch the<br>sound of'' || '''teitier'''<br>''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''<br>''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''<br>''get the sensation of'' |- valign=top !row=1| Inchoative<br>Passive | '''teatiwer'''<br>''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''<br>''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''<br>''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''<br>''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''<br>''be felt'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofer'''<br>''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''<br>''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''<br>''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''<br>''be insensitive'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Stative | '''teatyofwer'''<br>''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''<br>''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''<br>''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''<br>''be undetectable<br>by touch'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofxer'''<br>''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''<br>''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''<br>''desensitize<br>to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''<br>''desensitize to<br>taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''<br>''desensitize'' |- valign=top !row=1| Negative-Modal<br>Patient-oriented<br>Causative | '''teatyofwaxer'''<br>''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''<br>''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''<br>''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''<br>''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''<br>''numb'' |} : Examples of usage: :* '''At <u>teatyofxwa</u> bey ha mani.'''....''I <u>was blinded</u> by the lights.'' :* '''Ha xeus sa <u>teetyofxyea</u>.'''....''The noise was <u>deafening</u>.'' :* '''Hia tit se gla <u>teatiyafa</u>.'''....''This pupil is very <u>perceptive</u>.'' :* '''Hua bekil se <u>teityofwa</u>.'''....''That medicine is <u>odorless</u> (impossible to smell).'' :* '''<u>Teatyofwaxu</u> ha vyuni.'''....''<u>Make</u> the spots <u>invisible</u>.'' :* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun <u>tayotyafwa</u> zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption <u>could be felt</u> throughout the world.'' == Frequentative Verbs == :Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''. This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Frequentative Verbs |- ! Normal !! Frequentative |- | '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''<u>je</u>teaxer'''....''to watch'' |- | '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''<u>je</u>bexer'''....''to conserve'' |- | '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''<u>je</u>byexer'''....''to batter'' |- | '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''<u>je</u>zoigper'''....''to stalk'' |- | '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''<u>je</u>duler'''....''to nag'' |} == Hybridized Verbs == : Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix. Here are some examples: ::{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Hybridized Verbs |- ! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb |- | '''py<u>a</u>ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py<u>o</u>ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py<u>ao</u>ser'''....''bounce, undulate'' |- | '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange'' |- | '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade'' |- | '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate'' |- | '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down'' |- | '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate'' |- | '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve'' |- | '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate'' |} == Expressing Habitual Actions and States == : Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg: ::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.''). : The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg: ::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.'' : The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg: ::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.'' == Expressing an Immediate Past == : To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''"We have just gotten married."'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English: ::* '''Yat tadsaye <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''We have <u>just</u> gotten married.'' ::* '''<u>Ejnay</u> tadxwa.'''....''<u>Just</u> married.'' ::* '''Wit dokebiwa <u>ejnay</u>.'''....''He was <u>just</u> elected.'' ::* '''At ujbaya yex <u>ejnay</u> hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had <u>just</u> finished work when she came in.'' == Verb Predicate Types == : Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows: :* '''''Voice''''' ::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action) ::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action) ::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient) ::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.) ::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.) :* '''''Stativity''''' ::* Stative (Does not involve action) ::* Dynamic (Action is involved) :* '''''Valency''''' ::* Impersonal (There is no subject) ::* Transitive (There is an object) ::* Intransitive (There is no object) ::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent) ::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed) ::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed) ::* Copula (X is Y) :* '''''Other''''' ::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...) ::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb) ::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...) ::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'') ::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'') ::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'') ::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'') {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;" |+ Verb Predicate Types |- ! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.'' |- | active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.'' |- | active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''<br>'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died'' |- | middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.'' |- | active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.'' |- | active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' |- | passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.'' |- | middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' |- | active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.'' |- | passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.'' |- | active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.'' |- | active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''<br>'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied) |- | active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.'' |- | passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.'' |- | active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.'' |- | passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.'' |- | middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.'' |- | active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.'' |} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}</noinclude> 45rhtbdecliis9sbbg7it8sg8adqfx3 User:HMaloigne/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 17/History 2 420230 4673034 4621621 2026-09-30T05:57:56Z Jcb 90773 4673034 wikitext text/x-wiki == History of Chemistry as a Discipline == Pinning down the start of Chemistry as a discipline is a difficult task. Earliest indications of material synthesis have been traced back to the Egyptians.<ref>First chemists [Internet]. New Scientist. 1999 [cited 16 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16121734-300-first-chemists/?ignored=irrelevant</ref> Greeks philosophised about subjects like atoms and theorised about the conservation of mass, but both they and the Egyptians did not develop any systematic theory. The development of the scientific method starts with Jabir Ibn Hayyan, a Perso-Arab chemist who first used a laboratory to find empirical results in his studies of chemical substances.<ref>Jabir ibn Hayyan [Internet]. Inside.nku.edu. [cited 16 October 2020]. Available from: https://inside.nku.edu/artsci/departments/chemistry/about/diversity/jabiribnhayyan.html</ref> However, all of these do not contain the fundamental social aspect to a discipline. [[File:RSC-brand-guidelines-2019 tcm18-246471.svg|thumb|Logo of the Royal Society of Chemistry.]] A discipline is usually referred to as knowledge that is taught and researched at college or university level. Applying this definition brings us to the foundation of the Chemistry department at the University of Cambridge in 1702.<ref>Freemantle M. C&EN: COVER STORY - CAMBRIDGE MARKS 300 YEARS OF CHEMISTRY [Internet]. Pubsapp.acs.org. 2002 [cited 16 October 2020]. Available from: https://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8032/print/8032cambridge.html</ref> Shortly after in 1703, the senate of the University of Cambridge bestowed the title of "Professor in Chemistry" on Italian scholar John Francis Vigani, making him the first professor in the newly founded discipline.<ref>Clericuzio A. Vigani, John Francis [formerly Giovanni Francesco Vigani]. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [Internet]. 2016 [cited 5 November 2020];. Available from: https://www-oxforddnb-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-28277;jsessionid=19286295284DBC7F354500277DDA586D</ref> The discipline of Chemistry in England has since been solidified by the formation of the Chemical Society of London in 1841, which has since merged with the Royal Institute of Chemistry (1877) and the Faraday Society (1903) to become the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1980.<ref>Our origins [Internet]. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2020 [cited 16 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.rsc.org/about-us/our-history/our-origins/</ref> Since the introduction of Chemistry as a discipline, it has undergone significant change. The most significant of these changes has been the introduction of [[wikipedia:Quantum_mechanics|quantum mechanics]] in physics. The concept of quantum mechanics in electrons has, for example, been applied to electrons in orbitals around atoms. This has caused great change in our understanding of the model of the atom. == History of Photography as a Discipline: The Emergence of Photojournalism == Rather than it being a tool of design, the sub branch of [[wikipedia:Photojournalism|photojournalism]] is distinguished by its focus on telling visual storytelling, and the emphasis which was laid on objectiveness. The foundation of photojournalism was laid in the 1850s where images of scenes in the Crimean War appeared in printed media<ref>Tate - Art Term. Photojournalism. [Internet]. 2017 [cited 16 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/photojournalism</ref>. Furthermore, the use of the term Photojournalism , as a discipline mixing photography and journalism, was democratized after World War II but its creation by Frank Luther Mott -historian and dean of the University of Missouri School of Journalism- is dated 1942. <ref>Collins R. A Brief History of Photography and Photojournalism [Internet]. North Dakota State University [cited 16 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~rcollins/242photojournalism/historyofphotography.html</ref> <ref> Kelly C. “Behind the Lens of Photojournalism: A History,” Portland Center Stage: PCS Blog, 2012. Available from: https://photocoverageofwar.wordpress.com/history-of-photojournalism/ </ref> Photojournalism only began to truly unfold during the 1920s. A major trigger was the invention of the 35mm [[wikipedia:Leica_Camera|Leica camera]]. Its lightweight and handiness enabled photographers to capture people and scenes in their natural environment, without the need of having to purposefully set up the scene, as it was required with heavy camera gear from earlier times <ref name=":0"/>. The creation of photojournalistic magazines in Germany supported the development of photojournalism. [[File:Leica M3 mg 3608.jpg|thumb|Leica 35mm Camera]] In comparison to the 1850s where photos were still only to highlight the written content, images became the most dominant part in stories, taking up large space, sometimes even forming the story itself <ref>Collins R. A Brief History of Photography and Photojournalism [Internet]. North Dakota State University [cited 16 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~rcollins/242photojournalism/historyofphotography.html</ref> . From the 1930s onwards, Photojournalism was further established through its expansion to the United States, where illustration focused magazines, such as [[wikipedia:Life_(magazine)|Life]] was founded. During world war II, photojournalism enabled public access to realistic scenes of the war, and the lightweight Leica was still the mainly used camera among photojournalists. With its ability to portray scenes objectively yet into details, photojournalism soon became a political tool. President Roosevelt used it as a way to unravel issues within the country, such as social inequality to the general public, in order to support his policies<ref name=":0"/>. [[File:Dorothea Lange’s 1936 photograph “Migrant Mother”.jpg|thumb|The Library of Congress file card for Dorothea Lange’s 1936 photograph “Migrant Mother”]] Photojournalism's increasing popularity resulted in a higher demand for illustrated magazines, which in turn enlarged the pool for professions in photography and media<ref>Victoria and Albert Museum. Photojournalism [Internet]. Vam.ac.uk [cited 16 October 2020]. Available from: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/photojournalism/</ref>. The establishment of international photojournalistic societies, such as [[wikipedia:Magnum_Photos|Magnum Photos]] in the 1940s largely contributed to the independence of photojournalists and the discipline as a whole<ref>Tate. MAGNUM PHOTOS - Art Term [Internet]. Tate.org [cited 16 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/magnum-photos</ref>. The Migrant Mother by [[wikipedia:Dorothea_Lange|Dorthea Lange]] or the Dust Bowl by [[wikipedia:Arthur_Rothstein|Arthur Rothstein]] are examples of photojournalistic images that had major influence in the 20th century<ref name=":0"/>. == History of the Discipline of Psychology == An innate consequence of human existence is the very human predisposition of curiosity, asking oneself questions of ones own existence. Amongst these questions, the subject of one's own mind and behaviour has evidenced to have been philosophised as far back as Ancient Greece. Amongst the first written psychological theories were those developed in Ancient Greece by Plato, his "Tripartite Theory of the Soul" and "Eros", and Artistotle's "De Anima" have had hugely influential roles on modern western psychology.<ref>Cooper, Laurence D. “Beyond the Tripartite Soul: The Dynamic Psychology of the Republic.” The Review of Politics 63, no. 2 (2001): 341–72. doi:10.1017/S0034670500031211.</ref> Later, in 6AD, China's Lin Xie developed what has been considered as the first psychological experiment marking the start of psychology as an experimental science, it involved measuring the participant's ability to multitask whereby asking the participant to draw a square with one hand whilst simultaneously drawing a circle with the other. <ref>Higgins, Louise T. and Zheng Mo "An Introduction to Chinese Psychology--Its Historical Roots until the Present Day" Archived 2014-01-22 at Archive.today, The Journal of Psychology Vol. 136, No. 2, March 2002, pp. 225-39.</ref> However, it was only until the late 1800's that Psychology would be considered a discipline in its own rather than a sub-discipline of Philosophy; when in 1879 Wilhelm Wundt of Linzberg, Germany, opened the first laboratory to be exclusively used for psychological research. Wundt was also the first to refer to himself as a psychologist. <ref>Schwarz, K. A.; Pfister, R. (2016). "Scientific psychology in the 18th century: a historical rediscovery". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (3): 399–407. doi:10.1177/1745691616635601. {{PMID|27217252}}.</ref> Two years later he founded ''Psychologische Studien'', the first ever journal in psychology.<ref>Wilhelm Wundt [Internet]. Britannica Academic. 2020 [cited 5 November 2020]. Available from: https://academic-eb-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/levels/collegiate/article/Wilhelm-Wundt/77611</ref> The study of psychology migrated to the United States of America in the 1880's, where American psychologists reacted to, and countered, theories conceived in Germany. Eventually leading to what is now referred to as the forces or waves of psychology, marking the shifts of different schools or theories in psychological thought. Here, the American Psychological Association was founded on the 8th of July 1892, at Clark University in Massachusetts.<ref>APA Timeline [Internet]. <nowiki>https://www.apa.org</nowiki>. 2020 [cited 5 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.apa.org/about/apa/archives/timeline</ref> This is considered the oldest society in psychology, despite the foundation of the British Psychical Foundation in 1882, because it focuses on experimental psychology rather than the SPR's parapsychology. From the 1930's a third force was popularised, as a response to Freud's psychoanalysis and the American Behaviourism; known as humanistic psychology. <ref>Angyal, Andras; Maslow, Abraham; Murray, Henry A.; Bugental, J. F. T.; Murphy, Gardner; Rogers, Carl (1981). Wolman, Benjamin B. (ed.). "Humanistic Psychology". Contemporary Theories and Systems in Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer US: 507–515. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3800-0_14. {{#isbn:9781468438000}}.</ref> The third force veered toward an existential psychology, developing into concepts of logotherapy, positive psychology, spirituality, self-trancendence, self realization and mindfulness. <ref>Friedman, Harris L.; Hartelius, Glenn (2015). The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology. Wiley Blackwell.</ref> An important development in humanistic psychology was Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which has been used across disciplines, particularly in Business Management, to understand human motivation. <ref> Maslow, Abraham H. 1970. Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.</ref> === A History of Psychology and other Disciplines === In the early 2000's Avshalom Caspi studies children's reactions to maltreatment and published the first evidence the genetics play a role in these reactions. <ref>Caspi A, McClay JL, Mill J, et al. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science. 2002;297(5582):851-854. doi:10.1126/science.1072290</ref> A year later, in 2003, the National Human Gene Project is finished by genetic researchers, the aim having been to decipher which chromosomes directly incur physiological or neurological conditions. <ref>BETHESDA. “International Consortium Completes Human Genome Project,” April 14, 2003. https://www.genome.gov/11006929/2003-release-international-consortium-completes-hgp. </ref> In 2002, Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel Memorial Price in Economics based on his research into how humans make decisions or judgements when facing uncertain or new situations, this research was considered the basis for a new field of research; whereby discoveries of cognitive psychology are integrated into economic analyses. <ref> Nobel Media AB 2020. (retrieved October 18, 2020).</ref>. ==History of Social Anthropology== The term Social Anthropology designs a branch of Anthropology focused on the study of society and culture and how they develop and interact with each other. <ref> The University of Manchester,''What is Social Anthropology?''. Available from https://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/social-anthropology/study/what-is-social-anthropology/#:~:text=Social%20anthropology%20is%20the%20study,they%20make%20their%20lives%20meaningful </ref> Social anthropologists conduct their researches through fieldwork and comparisons. This discipline appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century in Britain. <ref> Eric A. Smith et al. ''Anthropology , Social Anthropology'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998-2020. Available from https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology/Social-anthropology </ref> Edward Burnett Tylor, teacher and scholar at Oxford University, is known to be the first to have produced Social Anthropological researches, meaning that he followed methods and focused on subjects that are now characteristic of Social Anthropology. <ref> Price Megan et al. , ''Taylor's Bigraphy'', 2013 . Available from https://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/sma/index.php/articles/article-index/335-edward-burnett-tylor-1832-1917.html </ref> However, James George Frazer was the first to be named professor of Social Anthropology, in 1907, at Liverpool. <ref> Josipa Petrunic, University of Edinburgh,''James George Frazer''. Available from https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/james-george-frazer </ref> Hence, this can be considered as the beginning of social anthropology as an academic discipline. After the First World War, two main anthropologists have impacted Social Anthropology. Bronislaw Malinowski was at the head of a research seminar at the London School of Economics where the main ideas and methods of Social anthropology were studied.<ref> Eric A. Smith et al. ''Anthropology , Social Anthropology'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998-2020. Available from https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology/Social-anthropology </ref> Furthermore, Radcliff Brown wrote essays systemizing comparison and emphasizing the importance of analyzing social structures, and freeing social anthropology from its historical and psychological.<ref> Eric A. Smith et al. ''Anthropology , Social Anthropology'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998-2020. Available from https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology/Social-anthropology </ref> He is specifically known for his theory of functionalism. <ref> Meyer Fortes, 1956. Available from https://www.therai.org.uk/archives-and-manuscripts/obituaries/alfred-reginald-radcliffe-brown </ref> ===Social Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology=== The History of social anthropology is closely linked with its American sister, cultural anthropology. In deed, the debate entertained by anthropologists to decide which discipline has the best method and focus lasts since the 1950s. <ref> Eric A. Smith et al. ''Anthropology , Social Anthropology'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998-2020. Available from https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology/Social-anthropology </ref> For example, George P. Murdock, criticized a publication of an edited collection on kinship in Africa in the American Anthropologist. He argued that Social Anthropology was too focused on Africa and issues that were too sociological. He believed that culture was an important factor which was excessively diminished in Social Anthropology. However, more recently, Social and Cultural Anthropology are being brought together. For instance, David Schneider, an American cultural anthropologists worked on problems usually treated by European social anthropology such as kinship. <ref> Janet Carsten et al., ''Kinship terminlogy, Culturalist Accounts'', 1998-2012 available from https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Schneider </ref> The same tendance is observed in Great Britain where the Oxford Institute of Social Anthropology was given the name of the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, in 1991. <ref> Eric A. Smith et al. ''Anthropology , Social Anthropology'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998-2020. Available from https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology/Social-anthropology </ref> Thus, both disciplines maintain important differences. <ref> Eric A. Smith et al. ''Anthropology , Social Anthropology'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998-2020. Available from https://www.britannica.com/science/anthropology/Social-anthropology </ref> == History of Human Ecology == [[wikipedia:Human_ecology#cite_note-MacDonald-25|Human ecology]] is the study of how humans interact with their environments.<ref>Human Ecology | book by Hawley [Internet]. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Human-Ecology-by-Hawley</nowiki></ref> Much of the work in this discipline is interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary with aspects from biology, sociology, economics and geography integrated together to get a complete understanding of the impact people have on the ecosystems around them. Perhaps the earliest examples of work in this field would be Carl Linneaus’ publication ''Specimen academicum de oeconomia naturae'', where most of his understanding of the natural world is rooted by giving an importance to understanding economic, social and cultural interactions with the environment. His vision of science integrated these aspects in the study of biology and ecology which reflects much of the foundation and perspectives in human ecology.<ref>Young G. Human Ecology as an Interdisciplinary Concept: A Critical Inquiry. Advances in Ecological Research Volume 8. 1974;:1-105. </ref> The term “ Human Ecology”, however was coined by [[wikipedia:Ellen_Swallow_Richards|Ellen Swallow Richards]] - a chemist, engineer and the founder of Home Economics- in the year 1907.Here she assessed how human action was not separate but actually linked with the environment.<ref>Merchant, C. (2007). American Environmental History: An Introduction. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 181. {{#isbn:978-0231140355}}.</ref> The establishment of this as a discipline in academia was by the University of Chicago by Robert E Park and Ernest Burgess from the department of Sociology in 1921. This was later built up on by Roderick D Mackenzie as a sub discipline in the school. <ref>MacDonald, Dennis W. (2011). "Beyond the Group: The Implications of Roderick D. McKenzie's Human Ecology for Reconceptualizing Society and the Social". ''Nature and Culture''. '''6''' (3): 263–284. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.3167/nc.2011.060304.</ref> Due to it’s interdisciplinary and trans disciplinary nature there is no evidence of a specific department of Human Ecology. Most of the classes under this branch are taught in departments like biology, sociology and geography. However, it is important to note the distinct nature of this discipline as it not only focuses on human’s impact on the biotic world but also how the physical environment affects human behavior.<ref>[[Human ecology#cite%20ref-5|↑]] Gross, M. 2004. "Human Geography and Ecological Sociology: The Unfolding of a Human Ecology, 1890 to 1930 – and Beyond," Social Science History 28(4): 575-605.</ref><ref>Young G. Human Ecology as an Interdisciplinary Concept: A Critical Inquiry. Advances in Ecological Research Volume 8. 1974;:1-105.</ref>There is much debate on what falls under human ecology and many argue that “geography” constitutes as human ecology. Similarly, there is reluctance from biologists to coalesce social science based research into their research. It is also interesting to note that the department of Anthropology at UCL has established the HERG (Human Ecology Research Group) <ref>Human Ecology Research Group (HERG) [Internet]. UCL Anthropology. 2020 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ucl.ac.uk/anthropology/research/human-ecology-research-group-herg</nowiki></ref>which attempts to study the biological and social aspects of the environment and bring them together to improve understanding and frame better solutions to tackle the various ecological issues. == History of Linguistics == [[File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Tower of Babel (Vienna) - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|The [[Tower of Babel|Tower of Babe]]<nowiki/>l which symbolises the multiplicity of languages]] [[Linguistics]] is the study of human language from the perspective of its structure, function and development<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Linguistics|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/linguistics|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-06|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>. Over the years, many subfields of linguistics have evolved, which have caused it to become an interdisciplinary field of study. For instance, [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|Sociolinguistics]] is a branch of linguistics involved in understanding how languages are used in society or in the world. It examines how language is used in society, and historical linguistics studies how languages change over time. Moreover, profound links between language studies and both [[Psychology]] and [[Philosophy]] have been observed, and many claim that Linguistics as a discipline has its origins in another, much older field of study - Philosophy. These two fields have developed simultaneously while interacting greatly with each other. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Robins |first1=R. H. |title=A short history of linguistics |date=1990 |publisher=Longman |location=London |isbn=1317891112 |edition=3rd}}</ref> Before linguistics as an independent discipline with a specific object, purpose and methods emerged, the history of human thought recorded a rich and lasting heritage in this field. The philosophical interest in language as the basic key to learning about forms and mechanisms of reflection of the extra-linguistic reality in human consciousness has resulted in an inquiry into the relation between linguistic expressions and elements of reality. The first philosopher to study the nature of language was [[Plato]]. In one of his works, [[wikipedia:Cratylus|Cratylus]], Plato claims that words represent eternal concepts existing in the world of ideas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title="Linguistics," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2009|url=https://www.refseek.com/data/cache/en/1/Linguistics.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Philosophy_of_language|Philosophy of Language]] became a separate strand of philosophy and was deeply examined by modern philosophers. Ideas and concepts in language studies and philosophy of language emerged from the same thought what makes both disciplines correspond with each other, however Linguistics began to evolve independently. According to the most widespread view, the history of linguistics began in India. The country was dominated by an empirical descriptive tradition, i.e. one that emphasised the description of specific language facts. Linguistics appeared in the first millennium BCE as a response to a specific need - to translate ancient religious texts contained in the books of knowledge, called [[Vedas]]. Some of these texts date back to the 15th century BCE. The precursor of Language studies is considered to be [[wikipedia:Pāṇini|Pāṇini]], the 5th century BC grammarian who wrote about the 3,959 rules of [[Sanskrit]] grammar.<ref name=":0" /> In the [[wikipedia:Middle_Ages|Middle Ages]], [[Latin]] was the language of interest, and the achievements of the Ancient Age were continued and expanded. Throughout this period, language studies were comprised of philology and the study of ancient languages and texts. The study of modern languages did not become part of the curriculum of European schools until the 18th century and at the beginning was based mostly on teaching Latin. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coleman|first=James A.|date=|title=Modern Languages in British Universities: Past and present|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1474022204042684|journal=[[Sage Journals]]|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} hzaxw18pmnc4nngyl5zfqf32k2y4g1s User:JupiterJoyner/sandbox 2 420390 4673061 4621725 2026-09-30T06:55:52Z Jcb 90773 4673061 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Power in Nursing: The Impact of Gender Roles in Nursing''' == [[File: Nurse detail in 1918 Toul, France- Group of nurses, Base Hospital (cropped).jpeg|thumb|Nurse detail in 1918 Toul, France- Group of nurses, Base Hospital]] Modern nursing appeared in 19th century Germany, with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fliedner Theodor Fliedner] (1800–1864) organizing deaconesses in Germany-where young women from small villages and lower classes moved from around Germany to Kaiserswerth to be trained in nursing care<ref> Deaconneses in Nursing Care. International Transfer of a Female Model of Life and Work in the 19th and 20th Century. Chapter: 1Publisher: Franz Steiner Verlag StuttgartEditors: Susanne Kreutzer, Karen Nolte</ref>- and Britain, with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale Florence Nightingale](1820-1910): known as the founder of modern nursing and as a social reformer in the medical field<ref>Gayle Roux, Judith A. Halstead; Issues And Trends In Nursing: Practice, Policy, And Leadership; Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc; 2nd Revised edition (9 Jan. 2017); ISBN-13: 978-1284104899; Links: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=b9zPDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=history+of+nursing+profession&ots=LyvXGxnYod&sig=XA2FxX8qglZWcIIPdbD5aDOWDt4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20nursing%20profession&f=false</ref>. Although the action of caring for the ill was already in practice sine circa 1–500 AD, when religious organizations were the care providers<ref>Craven, R. F.; Hirnle, C. J. (2011). Fundamentals of Nursing, Human Health, and Function (7th ed.)</ref>, nursing became a certified profession only in the 19th century.<ref>Gayle Roux, Judith A. Halstead; Issues And Trends In Nursing: Practice, Policy, And Leadership; Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc; 2nd Revised edition (9 Jan. 2017); ISBN-13: 978-1284104899; Links: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=b9zPDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=history+of+nursing+profession&ots=LyvXGxnYod&sig=XA2FxX8qglZWcIIPdbD5aDOWDt4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20nursing%20profession&f=false</ref> '''How Gender Roles impacted early Nursing?''' [[File:A wet-nurse attempts to breast feed John the Baptist who is Wellcome V0015004.jpg|thumb|A wet-nurse attempts to breast feed John the Baptist]] The roles that women were taking as care-takers or housewives shaped how they were perceived in society. In the late Middle Ages, words of the semantic domain of "mother" and of "woman" were associated with caring meanings<ref>CABRÉ, MONTSERRAT. "Women or Healers? Household Practices and the Categories of Health Care in Late Medieval Iberia." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82, no. 1 (2008): 18-51. Accessed November 10, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44448505.</ref> It was a sensible implication, provided the conceptions the society had in those times, that since women carry tasks such as delivering babies, they must also be able to care for them and for others.<ref>Title: An Introduction to the Social History of Nursing; Authors Robert Dingwall, Anne Marie Rafferty, Charles Webster; Edition illustrated, reprint; Publisher Routledge, 1988; {{#isbn:0415017866}}, {{#isbn:9780415017862}}</ref> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_nurse Wet-nursing] was a common practice before [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_formula infant formulas] were invented in 1865.<ref> Stevens, E. E; Patrick, T. E; Pickler, R (2009). "A History of Infant Feeding". The Journal of Perinatal Education. 18 (2): 32–39. DOI:10.1624/105812409X426314. PMC 2684040. {{PMID|20190854}}</ref> Women were breastfeeding abandoned or orphan children and children whose mothers could not breastfeed them, sometimes for money<ref>A Social History offers Nursing in America: From Breast to Bottle; By Janet Golden; (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 200 1) (215 pages; $19.95 softcover); Link: https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrnhr%3A%3A%3A11%3A%3A%3A1%3A%3A%3A198.full.pdf?implicit-login=true&sigma-token=qBbid8O3UJUQzZRrSpYhvECtJkUaWVsa4yrncSDyOu8 </ref>, thus encouraging the reasoning behind's women's image as the care-taker of a family. Nuns are another example of women whom it was expected from to be able to care for the poor and ill, they were viewed as charitable practitioners and were highly esteemed in the society.<ref> Tim McHugh, "Expanding Women's Rural Medical Work in Early Modern Brittany: The Daughters of the Holy Spirit," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (2012) 67#3 pp. 428–56</ref> Before nursing became officially a profession, in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War Civil War], the term 'nurse' could be, as well, misconstrued. Since there were no nursing schools yet, nor official nursing credentials, a 'nurse' could have been the wife of a soldier on the battlefield. The nurses that volunteered on the battlefield were usually professionally inexperienced; their experience came from caring for their loved ones. <ref>Gayle Roux, Judith A. Halstead; Issues And Trends In Nursing: Practice, Policy, And Leadership; Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc; 2nd Revised edition (9 Jan. 2017); ISBN-13: 978-1284104899; Links: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=b9zPDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=history+of+nursing+profession&ots=LyvXGxnYod&sig=XA2FxX8qglZWcIIPdbD5aDOWDt4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20nursing%20profession&f=false</ref> '''The Age of Modern Nursing''' [[File:Florence nightingale at st thomas.jpg|thumb|Florence nightingale at st thomas]] Multiple practice schools for nurses opened in the late 19th century, most notably, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Faculty_of_Nursing_and_Midwifery Florence Nightingale's school of Nursing and Midwifery] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital St. Thomas' Hospital] in London, which opened in 1860. Although, at first, nursing as a discipline was criticized because of its lack of theoretical rigor and its emphasis on practice and caring, a committee for the study of nursing education, supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, encouraged in the Goldmark Report(1923), that nursing schools should be more academical and become a discipline at universities(that students no longer provide free services for their practices) <ref>Gayle Roux, Judith A. Halstead; Issues And Trends In Nursing: Practice, Policy, And Leadership; Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc; 2nd Revised edition (9 Jan. 2017); ISBN-13: 978-1284104899; Links: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=b9zPDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=history+of+nursing+profession&ots=LyvXGxnYod&sig=XA2FxX8qglZWcIIPdbD5aDOWDt4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20nursing%20profession&f=false</ref> The majority of male nurses from the early 20th century worked in mental hospitals(psychiatric hospitals) and received very little training; they were perceived as less qualified and of lower status than female nurses, thus establishing a gender stereotype within modern nursing: men worked in mental nursing, women worked in general nursing. Many schools even rejected male students for they could have seduced or upset the female students. In the UK, after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II], when the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_minister Ministry of Health] saw those male and female nurses can work together(nurses had to work together regardless of gender due to a shortage in the number of nurses available) the employment of male nurses in both mental and general nursing increased. The ministry arranged a one-year training course for men leaving military services and offered male nurses full-time jobs by the NHS. By 1960, men were allowed to become members of the Royal College of Nursing and there was a gradual rise in the number of male nurses. <ref>Royal College of Nursing, 100 Years of Royal College of Nursing; Publication code 005 736, February 2017.</ref> [[File:Covid-19 San Salvatore 05.jpg|thumb|Covid-19 San Salvatore 05]] '''How Past Gender Roles in Nursing impact our Society today?''' Despite more men being associated with nursing jobs today, the gender divide remains uneven with 11.2% of nurses and health care workers employed by the NHS being men, in 2015. <ref>Royal College of Nursing, 100 Years of Royal College of Nursing; Publication code 005 736, February 2017.</ref> The term [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwife#:~:text=A%20midwife%20is%20a%20health,who%20are%20physicians%20(doctors). midwife] is used to this day, although there are male nurses who have this profession as well as women. The slang job titles being attributed to males in nursing positions such as, [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/murse#:~:text=male%20%2B%E2%80%8E%20nurse-,Noun,a%20male%20nurse%20quotations%20%E2%96%BC murse](a male nurse) or [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/midhusband#:~:text=Noun,of%20midwife%3A%20A%20male%20midwife. midhusband](male midwife), continue to show that to this day, gender roles imprinted in the early basis of the nursing discipline carry on to this day. As of 2016, a study by Health Education England shows that children feel more at ease having a woman as their nurse and that they perceive females as nurses and males as doctors. <ref>Men are doctors and women are nurses blog, Darren Aldrich, Strategy and communications lead, Health Careers, Health Education England Darren.Aldrich@nhs.net, 2016, Link: https://www.hee.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Men%20are%20doctors%20and%20women%20are%20nurses%20blog_0.pdf</ref> In 2019 roughly 16,000 students graduate from UK nursing schools, both men and women, according to the Royal College of Nursing<ref>Royal College of Nursing, Nursing student numbers are still falling short, 15 Aug 2019, Link: https://www.rcn.org.uk/news-and-events/news/uk-nursing-student-numbers-are-still-falling-short-150819</ref>; despite a shortfall in the number of students that graduate each year, and the misconceptions of gender roles from the past that follow the profession, today people realize the importance of nurses and nursing students in society due to the deadly 2020 pandemic<ref>NHS, Student doctors and nurses praised for joining ‘NHS Army’ to tackle historic coronavirus threat, 14 Apr 2020, Link: https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/04/student-docs-and-nurses-praised-for-joining-nhs-army-to-tackle-historic-coronavirus-threat/ </ref>: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic COVID-19]. == '''The Controversy regarding Truth in Theology''' == [[File:Presbyterian Church in the United States of America no background.png|thumb|The seal of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, an early American Presbyterian church]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology Theology] is the study of the divine; of religious [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith faith], practice, and experience. <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theology</ref> The term derives from the Greek theologia (θεολογία): theos (Θεός, 'god') and logia (λογία, 'utterances, sayings, oracles').<ref>The accusative plural of the neuter noun λόγιον; cf. Bauer, Walter, William F. Arndt, F. Wilbur Gingrich, and Frederick W. Danker. 1979. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 476. For examples of λόγια in the New Testament, cf. Acts 7:38; Romans 3:2; 1 Peter 4:11</ref> Religion plays a major role in society: there are roughly 10.000 different religions worldwide, which include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity Christianity], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism Buddhism], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism#:~:text=Hinduism%20is%20an%20Indian%20religion,global%20population%2C%20known%20as%20Hindus. Hinduism], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam Islam], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism Judaism], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism#:~:text=Atheism%20is%20in%20the%20broadest,that%20there%20are%20no%20deities. Atheism].<ref>Todd M. Johnson & Brian J. Grim; The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography; Wiley-Blackwell (10 Jun. 2013); ISBN-13: 978-0470674543; Link: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SAzizViY30EC&oi=fnd&pg=PT9&dq=number+of+religions&ots=CMSktugSSz&sig=E1IQDNzuNcY0pD8epc7_FRKTLg4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=number%20of%20religions&f=false</ref> Despite theology's prevalence in history and social evolution, scientist often view this field of study deprecatingly, due to its lack of vigor and evidence in claims; that being said, theology's truth does not lie in evidence, but faith. <ref>John Polkinghorne; One World: The Interaction of Science and Theology; Templeton Foundation Press, U.S. (28 Mar. 2007); ISBN-13: 978-1599471112; Link: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=UG4ZuZOIpYMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=science+vs+theology&ots=SuDyE9AdOI&sig=aSlFt3E74Lw7_KKdoAxqRGksw8M&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=science%20vs%20theology&f=false </ref> '''Truth in Theology and Faith''' Theology uses mainly constructive truth in its studies since it is rooted in tradition and social evolution, perception. Despite the emphasis on perception, the use of reason and logic is discouraged in theological studies; in Christianity, logic, and reason can interfere with the biblical truth, distorting its ground beliefs, allowing the misinterpretation of prophecies and values.<ref> Charles Caldwell Ryrie; Basic Theology: A Popular Systemic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth; Moody Publishers (11 Jan. 1999); ISBN-13: 978-0802427342; https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BC86OX2aOjwC&oi=fnd&pg=PT8&dq=truth+in+theology&ots=3eiKCmU35q&sig=QBQFuU8NmqH5Dm3OvLM42N68Wo8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=truth%20theology&f=false</ref> '''The Questions in Truth''' One lingering question in theology is the relation between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God God] and time. While the Greeks viewed God as a "static perfection inhabiting eternity, detached from the flux of the world", modern theological perceptions-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_theology process theology]-view God as evolving within time. <ref>John Polkinghorne; One World: The Interaction of Science and Theology; Templeton Foundation Press, U.S. (28 Mar. 2007); ISBN-13: 978-1599471112; Link: https://books.google.co.uk/books? hl=en&lr=&id=UG4ZuZOIpYMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=science+vs+theology&ots=SuDyE9AdOI&sig=aSlFt3E74Lw7_KKdoAxqRGksw8M&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=science%20vs%20theology&f=false </ref> Because of the theological materials'(such as the bible) open-to-interpretation factor, questions arise about the validity of the information presented in them. '''Evolution in Theology''' ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_theology Queer Theology]'' emerged in the late 20th century and it emphasizes the rudimentary interpretation of passages from the bible and the importance of evolution in theology along with societal evolution. Although Queer Theology does not disregard the fact that homosexual acts were looked down upon in the bible, it is believed that this interpretation was a matter of social beliefs that reflected the times the Old and New Testament were written in (165 BC, first century AD), rather than actual religious beliefs. Despite that, sociologists found traces of queer stories in the bible that were not condemned, only brushed off, such as in the Epistle to the Romans where Paul visits 'unusual households' not led by married men. <ref>Susannah Cornwall; Lisa Isherwood; Controversies in Queer Theology (Controversies in Contextual Theology); SCM Press (30 May 2011); ISBN-13 : 978-0334043553; Link: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iV7nKreIHWAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=queer+theology&ots=EY86rT-vEf&sig=XjI9rI5Pk5O8-64om2tAhg_r8Ws&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=queer%20theology&f=false </ref> . Because of society's constant evolution and theology's ground materials for practice and study, such as the bible, being unclear and left open-to-interpretation, the truth in theology lies in beliefs rather than logic and evidence. == '''The Use of Evidence in Journalism & its Fight for Relevance in the Digital Age''' == [[File: The News Is The News.jpg|thumb|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Is_the_News The News Is The News], a live news-satire program aired in 1983 on NBC, criticizing the real news of the preceding seven days]]<ref>TVRepeater, "The News is the News" title card, 15 June 1983, source: https://mytvlog.blogspot.com/2011/09/news-is-news-1983-tv-series.html, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license </ref> Journalism has continuously been in a perpetual state of evolution because of technological advancements. It is perceived that with the emergence of a new information-sharing platform, another one dies; therefore, the debate regarding journalism's future has been grim since the upheaval of social media. It is believed that journalists fears' are inclined towards how to attract new audiences and how to stay relevant in the new media era.<ref>Claudia Mellado, Beyond Journalistic Norms: Role Performance and News in Comparative Perspective; Routledge (8 Oct. 2020); ISBN-10 : 1138388491; Link: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=n_n1DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT31&dq=McChesney+%26+Pickard,+2011%3B+Lewis,+2014&ots=qID4U2GafI&sig=5Vla5P9rtN4RSgCmi4bnol-1Ne4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=McChesney%20%26%20Pickard%2C%202011%3B%20Lewis%2C%202014&f=false</ref> '''Forms of Data Journalism Uses in the New Media Era''' Journalists use both quantitative and qualitative data in their writings. Multiple data gathering methods have been used since the beginning of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_newspaper_publishing#cite_ref-3 newspapers], in the late 1400s' Europe<ref>Johannes Weber, "Strassburg, 1605: The origins of the newspaper in Europe". German History 24#3 (2006) pp: 387-412.</ref>, such as eyewitness observation, the interview.<ref>Between the Unique and the Pattern; Anderson, CW (2015) Between the Unique and the Pattern. Digital Journalism, 3 (3). pp. 349-363. ISSN 2167-0811</ref> Recently, technological advancements expanded the options journalists have in collecting data-photography, videos, online interviews-making it easier to find evidence, both quantitative and qualitative in backing up stories. The type of evidence used depends on the tone of an article(politically and health-related coverages require quantitative evidence, empirical data, to stay relevant), while other articles stand out through their story, stemming from qualitative data.<ref>Sharon Hartin Iorio; Qualitative Research in Journalism: Taking It to the Streets (Routledge Communication Series) – 12 Nov. 2003; ISBN-13: 978-0805843996; Link: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hb2QAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=qualitative+data+in+journalism&ots=vv4HpcNoX4&sig=YWqEntRM3d4PykdM4l_TN2hw-N8&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=qualitative&f=false</ref> '''How the New Media Era influences Journalism's Practice of Displaying Evidence?''' Journalism goes through a popularity fight, with all other media platforms, since being earnest and providing useful pieces of information is no longer required for staying relevant. The audience's availability puts pressure on how journalists structure articles because people are prone to consume media based on how easily they can access it, rather than based on their personal preferences.<ref>Nelson and Taneja 2018, The Small, Disloyal Fake News Audience: The Role of Audience Availability in Fake News Consumption, New Media & Society, DOI: 10.1177/1461444818758715, Link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322820042_The_Small_Disloyal_Fake_News_Audience_The_Role_of_Audience_Availability_in_Fake_News_Consumption , </ref> Since sensational headlines catch the readers' attention easily and fact-checking news information is becoming increasingly hard with the numerous online media content available, there has been a great rise in 'Fake Media'<ref>Brian McNair; Fake News Falsehood, Fabrication, and Fantasy in Journalism; Routledge; 2017; {{#isbn:9781138306790}}</ref>. 'Fake Media' manages to be successfully spread to a wide audience through 'relevance' algorithms which are based on popularity (the more popular a topic is, regardless of its truth value, the more it is displayed on social media).<ref>Robert Hunt and Fenwick McKelvey; Algorithmic Regulation in Media and Cultural Policy: A Framework to Evaluate Barriers to Accountability; Journal of Information Policy Vol. 9 (2019), pp. 307-335; Penn State University Press </ref> That being said, 'Breaking News' stories could become easily viral, regardless of their content (their truth value)<ref>Alessandro Bondielliab, Francesco Marcellonia; A survey on fake news and rumor detection techniques; Information Sciences Volume 497, September 2019, Pages 38-55 </ref>, therefore journalism can stay relevant in the digital age while providing true information to its readers.<ref>Victor Pickard Robert W. McChesney; Will the Last Reporter Please Turn Out the Lights: The Collapse of Journalism and What Can Be Done to Fix It; THE NEW PRESS (19 May 2011); ISBN-10: 1595585486; </ref> == '''History of Disciplines: The Short-Lived Paradigm Shift between Historical and New Musicology''' == [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicology Musicology] is the field of study and research of music, which differs from composition or performance. While the first forms of musical instruments date about 400—100 BCE (Before the Common Era) <ref>Erica Fox Brindley; Music, Cosmology, and the Politics of Harmony in Early China; State University of New York Press; 2 July 2013; ISBN:978-1438443140; Link:https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qWk5AAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=music+bce&ots=51m5VugKK4&sig=tTn3QqpyEjUCJj1_6MouaIxkKHE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=music%20bce&f=false </ref> and music has been studied, since its discovery, throughout centuries, the term of Musicology was first coined only in 1863, as Musikalische Wissenschaft<ref> Friedrich Chrysander; Jahrbücher für Musikalische; Vol. 1 (Classic Reprint) (German); Published by Forgotten Books, (24 Nov. 2018), ISBN:978-0428146184; Link: https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Jahrb%C3%BCcher_f%C3%BCr_musikalische_Wissenscha.html?id=kWM5AAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y </ref> (German for Science of Music), by Friedrich Chrysander. While music genres have evolved constantly,(50s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll Rock and Roll] evolved into the 60s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock#:~:text=Psychedelic%20rock%2C%20also%20referred%20to,on%20perception%2Daltering%20hallucinogenic%20drugs. Psychedelic Rock], 70s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco Disco] evolved into 80s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop Synth Pop] and, today, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music Electronic Dance Music] (EDM) is rooted in the 90s [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music Hip Hop]), musicology's evolution remained constant until the mid-80s when professionals realized how the field of study became gradually interdisciplinary, cultural and ideological<ref> Stephen A. Crist, Roberta Montemorra Marvin; Historical Musicology: Sources, Methods, Interpretations (Eastman Studies in Music); University of Rochester Press; 1 Nov. 2008; ISBN:978-1580463010; Link: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=F5LVTIMbA8YC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=historical+musicology&ots=kSpFcV7u1S&sig=u3m1look5BNhU_rbhtaX-4GmagY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=historical%20musicology&f=false </ref>. Musicologist first approach was to analyze music historically- in the words of the German musicologist, Heinrich Besseler, from 1931- "What modernity failed to offer was sought and found in history"<ref>Heinrich Besseler; Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance; January 1, 1931; Potsdam, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion; ASIN: B001VGXQX0</ref>. In the late 70s until the early 90s, there was a great difference between the music analyzed at higher institutions and the music people listened to daily, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music rock music] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music popular music]. Perceiving all forms of music as social constructs, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music#:~:text=Classical%20music%20is%20art%20music,(religious)%20and%20secular%20music.&text=The%20central%20norms%20of%20this,as%20the%20common%2Dpractice%20period. classical music], implied that music had to be seen both from a cultural and social point of view <ref> Martin Clayton, Trevor Herbert, Richard Middleton; The Cultural Study of Music: A Critical Introduction; Routledge (30 Jan. 2003); ISBN-13: 978-0415938440</ref>. Therefore, the novelty of interdisciplinary in a field that has remained faithful to its roots led to a paradigm shift in Musicology, which resulted in the birth of two subdisciplines: New Musicology and Old/Historical Musicology.<ref> Stephen A. Crist, Roberta Montemorra Marvin; Historical Musicology: Sources, Methods, Interpretations (Eastman Studies in Music); University of Rochester Press; 1 Nov. 2008; ISBN:978-1580463010; Link: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=F5LVTIMbA8YC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=historical+musicology&ots=kSpFcV7u1S&sig=u3m1look5BNhU_rbhtaX-4GmagY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=historical%20musicology&f=false </ref> Although the discrepancy between subdisciplines was short-lived, since many musicologists started adopting an interdisciplinary approach to analyzing musical pieces afterwards, the short-lived paradigm shift had a long-lasting impact on how musicologists approach their work-no longer disregarding new music, in favor of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music#:~:text=Classical%20music%20is%20art%20music,(religious)%20and%20secular%20music. classical]-and cast light on the importance of evolution in maintaining the relevance of a well-established discipline. evdrv17g34zf5h8f8qhggkmrqhun2rp User:JREverest/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge/2020-21/Seminar group 6/Evidence 2 420566 4673060 3767910 2026-09-30T06:55:26Z Jcb 90773 4673060 wikitext text/x-wiki == Evidence in History == [[wikipedia:History|History]] is “(the study of or a record of) past events considered together” aiming to help understand the evolution of events and the reasoning behind past customs.<ref>''Cambridge English Dictionary'' [Internet]. Cambridge University Press; 1999. History; [cited 2020 Oct 18]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: <nowiki>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/history</nowiki></ref> Hence, the only way in which you can practice history is by looking into records of past events and connecting them so that they accurately represent what happened at a specific time. However, interpretation also plays an important part in historical enquiry due to how often there is missing or misleading information. [[wikipedia:Ernst_Bernheim|Ernst Bernheim]] (1889) proposed a [[wikipedia:Historical_method|historical methodology]] comprising of seven steps which aim to deal with ambiguous or absent sources, as well as to criticise the sources’ validity.<ref>Bernheim, E. (1889) Lehrbuch der historischen Methode: mit Nachweis der wichtigsten Quellen und Hülfsmittel zum Studium der Geschichte [Textbook of Historical Method: With Reference to the Most Important Sources and Aids to the Study of History]. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot</ref> However, what is currently more appealed to as a “manual” of historical methodology is Garraghan’s (1947) “A Guide to Historical Method”.<ref>Kent S. A Guide to Historical Method. By Gilbert J. Garraghan, SJ Edited by Jean Delanglez, SJ Bibliographical Citation in the Social Sciences, A Handbook of Style, by Livia Appel.</ref> These books answer questions around what happens when two sources contradict each other, how to interpret eyewitnesses’ claims and when to consider them, anonymous sources, et al. It is essential that there is a complete and sound methodology to evaluate evidence, given that history’s entire foundation revolves around it. The procedure must touch on all possible situations in which uncertainty occurs and express which is the best compromise. For example, this is how a mixture of Bernheim's and Garraghan's methodologies deal with the situations below<ref>Howell, Martha & Prevenier, Walter(2001). From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8014-8560-6</nowiki>.</ref>: === <small>Contradiction between sources</small> === When sources evidently contradict each other, the most appropriate thing to do is to contest the authority of the claims in relation to who rendered them. Experts are usually more reliable than eyewitnesses, which makes them the preferred source. If there is no means of evaluating the sources' authority, the historians make their judgement based on which source best fits common sense. <ref>Bernheim, E. (1889) Lehrbuch der historischen Methode: mit Nachweis der wichtigsten Quellen und Hülfsmittel zum Studium der Geschichte [Textbook of Historical Method: With Reference to the Most Important Sources and Aids to the Study of History]. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.</ref> === <small>Eyewitnesses</small> === When considering an eyewitness’s account, there are many variables which must be taken into attention for the judgement of their claims to be sound. It is important to settle what are the intentions of the eyewitness, their way of expression (ironic, literal, etc.), if the statement is highly improbable in relation to the context or to human nature, etc. <ref>Kent S. A Guide to Historical Method. By Gilbert J. Garraghan, SJ Edited by Jean Delanglez, SJ Bibliographical Citation in the Social Sciences, A Handbook of Style, by Livia Appel. pp. 157-158.</ref> === <small>Importance of Historical Revisionism in Interpretation</small> === [[wikipedia:Historical_revisionism|Historical revisionism]], in the discipline of history, is the challenging of already established beliefs that are based on evidence. <ref name=":3">Krasner B., editor. Historical Revisionism: Current Controversies [Internet]. New York: Greenhaven Publishing; 2019. p. 15. [cited 2020 Oct 26]. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=N7jXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false.</ref> It revisits the inscribed interpretations in history books and tries to approach them from new positions – that is also what is happening today on creating a “new” history on the colonisation era by considering the opinions of the people who lived on the colonised lands prior to the arrival of Europeans.<ref name=":3" /> When historical evidence about a certain event or person is revisited with success, it creates a completely new take on the issue.<ref name=":3" /> An example is [[wikipedia:Annette_Gordon-Reed|Annette’s Gordon-Reed's]] research on the relations between [[wikipedia:Thomas_Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] and [[wikipedia:Sally_Hemings|Sally Hemings]] – by interpreting the evidence about these two persons (she wrote about the fact that Jefferson and Hemings, a slave in his household, had a relationship lasting 38 years) <ref>Yabroff, J. Annette Gordon-Reed on the Sally Hemings Saga [Internet]. 10 March 2008. [Accessed 26 Oct 2020]; Available from: https://www.newsweek.com/annette-gordon-reed-sally-hemings-saga-91759  </ref>, Reed changed how these personalities are seen and what is their new significance within the U.S. history. <ref name=":3" /> Her take was not false portrayal of evidence but rather a new take on the history. On the other hand, C. Behan McCullagh (2000) argues that false portrayal of historical evidence happens due to two reasons – either the historian has had a personal preference for a specific fact set (personal bias), or the evidence has been misunderstood by accident due to the society’s cultural bias. <ref name=":4">McCullagh Behan C. Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation. History and Theory [Internet]. 2000. [Accessed 2020 Oct 25]; 39: pp.39-66. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2677997?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents</ref> He states that in order to understand the evidence given correctly, the most important thing is a developed set of inquiry standards.<ref name=":4" /> However, academics in the discipline enjoy a certain level of personal or cultural bias in evidence since it allows them to come up with explanations for the proceedings in the past from a more sophisticated perspective giving an even better explanation for the previous events.<ref name=":4" /> == The Issue of Personal Diary Entries as Evidence in History == The information given in diaries ([[wikipedia:Evidence|evidence]]) is both objectively descriptive and subjectively explanatory<u>,</u> meaning that it gives a very personalised experience of the historic event explained.<ref name=":1">Nemoianu V. Marginal Voices, Marginal Forms: Diaries in European Literature and History (review). Comparative Literature Studies [Internet]. 2003. [Accessed 2020 Oct 24]; 40: pp. 439-441. Available from: <nowiki>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/47801/pdf</nowiki>.  </ref> Both historically and now, journalling is considered common practice that allows people to express in writing how they feel, what they see, explain their values and reasons for certain way of thought.<ref name=":0">Cucu-Oancea O. Using Diaries – A Real Challenge for the Social Scientist. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences [Internet]. 2013. [Accessed 2020 Oct 24]; 92: pp. 231-238. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042813027961.</ref> Within the context of history, diary is perceived as a [[wikipedia:Memoir|memoir]], a historic account, in which a person has written the thoughts it had experienced throughout a certain time period about the emotions and activities lived through. <ref>Cambridge Dictionary. Dictionary: Diary [Internet]. 2020. [Accessed 2020 Oct 24]; Available from: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/learner-english/diary.  </ref> Since history is a [[wikipedia:Social_science|social science]] (with the main aim to explore the socio-economic activities in the past and how these proceedings shaped the society into what it was then and how it came to be today) <ref>Economic and Social Research Council. Social science disciplines [Internet]. Date unknown. [Accessed 24 October 2020]; Available from: https://esrc.ukri.org/about-us/what-is-social-science/social-science-disciplines/.</ref>, diaries are used as real-time evidence giving direct, but subjective explanations for past’s phenomena (and ensuring interaction between the subjective and direct element of the writer’s experience).<ref name=":1" /> And, mostly, historical diaries were written about experiences that were negative and humiliating.<ref name=":1" /> In history, personal journals are considered as [[wikipedia:Primary_source|primary sources]] – original perspectives on the researched happening from its actual time, and from these entries historians can draw new interpretations and further analysis. <ref>University of Maryland. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources [Internet]. 1 March 2013. [Accessed 24 October 2020]; Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20130726061349/http:/www.lib.umd.edu/ues/guides/primary-sources.  </ref> But, by considering that diaries provide a unique and individual insight into the past events, it also poses an alarming problem – with the use of diaries as evidence, how can the researcher be fully sure that the information provided is truthful and scientific enough? <ref name=":0" /> When using diaries as evidence of events lived through, how can an academic determine that this written entry is acceptable to the standards of social science (i.e., that it does not exclude a particular race’s views, opinions)<ref name=":0" />, or how can the academic ensure that the information given is not just the outcome of the writer’s imagination? <ref name=":2">Paperno I. What Can Be Done With Diaries? The Russian Review [Internet]. 2004. [Accessed 2020 Oct 24]; 63: pp.561-573. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3663979?seq=1.</ref> Although it would be hard for any professional from the history academia to answer these questions, diary entries are used nevertheless, since there are no other materials which, as stated by Irina Paperno (2004), could “reveal the tension between the opposites” <ref name=":2" />. Yet, scholars should facilitate [[wikipedia:Awareness|awareness]] about the one-sidedness of the material to understand the discourses provided. == The Limitations of Using Extrapolated Data as Evidence == [[wikipedia:Extrapolation|Extrapolation]] is a method used to make predictions based on the trajectory of patterns from previously gathered data. <ref> In: Merriam-Webster.com. 2020. Extrapolation. [online] Merriam Webster. Available at: <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/extrapolate> [Accessed 25 October 2020]. </ref> <ref> Various, n.d. Extrapolation - An Overview | Sciencedirect Topics. [online] Sciencedirect.com. Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/extrapolation> [Accessed 25 October 2020]. </ref> Since in empirical experiments it would be impossible to test the behaviour of every particle/organism under every variable condition, extrapolation is a useful tool to make informed assumptions about the untested ranges of data. While extrapolation can be reliable and an extremely useful tool, it comes with the risk that the extrapolated data is based on patterns rather than experimental data <ref> Siegel, E., n.d. Scientific Proof Is A Myth. [online] Forbes. Available at: <https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/11/22/scientific-proof-is-a-myth/#9712d692fb1b> [Accessed 25 October 2020]. </ref>. There is never absolute certainty that in the untested ranges of data, particle/organism behaviour will follow the predicted pattern. Therefore, extrapolated data, while not entirely unfounded, can be potentially dubious information upon which to claim scientific confirmation of a theory. An example of extrapolation’s uses and limitations can be found in its utilisation when trying to overcome ethical barriers in biological experiments. The effects of potentially harmful/toxic chemicals cannot be tested on humans for ethical and legal reasons, so animals (commonly rodents) are used as surrogate test subjects to gather evidence. As mammals and as an intelligent species, there are a lot of similarities in the biological, psychological, and physiological makeup between rats and humans <ref> University of Cambridge. 2020. Rats. [online] Available at: <https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/about-our-animal-research/which-types-of-animals-do-we-use/rats> [Accessed 25 October 2020]. </ref> <ref> Bryda, E., 2013. The Mighty Mouse: The Impact of Rodents on Advances in Biomedical Research. Missouri State Medical Association, [online] pp.207–211. Available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987984/> [Accessed 25 October 2020]. </ref>. Along with the fact that they are small, cheap to breed, easy to genetically mutate, and share genes linked to genetic diseases in humans, rats are great test subjects that produce reliable data on the potential effects of new drugs on humans <ref> SciShow, 2020. "The Curious History Of The Lab Rat.". [video] Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSQwntaYyDg> [Accessed 22 August 2013]. </ref>. Rats have been involved in the study of many now prevalent prescription medicines, including oxytocin and high cholesterol combatants <ref> Schipani, S., 2019. The History Of The Lab Rat Is Full Of Scientific Triumphs And Ethical Quandaries. [online] Smithsonian Magazine. Available at: <https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/history-lab-rat-scientific-triumphs-ethical-quandaries-180971533/> [Accessed 25 October 2020]. </ref> <ref> Foundation for Biomedical Research. n.d. Animals Behind Top Drugs | Foundation For Biomedical Research. [online] Available at: <https://fbresearch.org/medical-advances/animal-research-achievements/animal-research-top-drugs/> [Accessed 25 October 2020]. </ref>. However, there are nuances between a rat’s and a human’s metabolic pathways, varying similarities in their reactions to and recovery from drugs, and laboratory techniques for inducing illnesses and injuries can influence the outcome of the data <ref> Bracken, M., 2009. Why animal studies are often poor predictors of human reactions to exposure. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 102(3), pp.120-122. </ref>. In such cases, extrapolation is shown to not be a 100% reliable source of evidence for assuming the expected effects of drugs used on rats on humans. == Experiments as Scientific and Social Evidence == Evidence is a proven fact, that is used to demonstrate a statement. In many fields of knowledge, especially in the scientific and sociological fields, theorists rely their analysis on [[wikipedia:Experiment|experiments]], considered therefore as evidence. <ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/fr/dictionnaire/anglais/experiment],Cambridge Dictionary. Dictionary: Diary [Internet]. 2020. [Accessed 2020 Oct 26] .</ref> The first traces of scientific experiments as part of the [[wikipedia:History of scientific method|Scientific Method]] date from [[wikipedia:Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] and [[wikipedia:Greek Antiquity|Greek Antiquity]]. Indeed, with the apparition of the scientific discipline during Antiquity, some philosophers such as [[Plato]] believed scientific statements could only rely on knowledge. However, some thinkers like [[wikipedia:Aristotle|Aristotle]], who was one of the first to take this position, argued all fields of knowledge should develop and rely on empirical evidence. At the same time, materialism current of thoughts developed in India. But the scientific method was then only based on observation and measurement, the last one brought by Aristotle. <ref>[https://explorable.com/history-of-the-scientific-method],History of the Scientific Method [Accessed 2020 Oct 26] .</ref> ==== The origins of experimental Scientific evidence ==== The ones to brought physical experimentation into the scientific method were the Muslims philosophers. They kept the basis of the Greek Methods but added experimentation, hypothesis, the explicit statement of a problem, the interpretation of data and the elaboration of a conclusion. All these new elements put together to contribute to the elaboration of a scientific method very close to the nowadays’ one, more precise than in the past, and reusable. Of course, the scientific method was reborn during the [[wikipedia:Renaissance|Renaissance]] with new and even more precise ways of processing to deepen the scientific approach. The work of [[wikipedia:Galileo|Galileo]] especially, was very useful in a sense that he realised the world around us, and its components were too unstable to apply perfectly on its theoretical principles elaborated in the past. The [[wikipedia:Industrial Revolution|Industrial Revolution]] with the contribution of scientists such as [[wikipedia:Isaac Newton|Newton]] has continued to deepen research methods in the various disciplines and has drawn from the theoretical and practical advances which have so far contributed to real scientific breakthroughs. Finally, nowadays, the [[wikipedia:Digital Revolution|Digital Revolution]] and its ever more advanced technological advances allow scientists to carry out ever more efficient and radical experiments to face ever more complex questions and understand the functioning of the organisms and physical elements that constitute our environment. ==== The origins of experimental Social evidence ==== In the context of psychological and sociological research, often used evidence are social experiments. [[wikipedia:Social experiment|Social experiments]] appeared later in History than scientific ones, and were extensively used during the 20th century. One of the firsts social experiments have happened during the second half of the 19th century, in 1895. It was conducted by American psychologist Norman Triplett, who found out that cyclists tend to bike faster when racing. He replicated the experiment in a laboratory setting and obtained similar results. <ref> 'Social experiment' (2020) ''Wikipedia.'' Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_experiment#History (Accessed: 09 November 2020) </ref> Most of the experiments aimed to understand the social behaviour of individuals, how and why was the society constructed the way it was, and to understand the social evolution of human being.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/social-experiment], Social Experiment [Accessed 2020 Oct 26].</ref> For the highest possible validity, social experiments must fulfil certain conditions. Those include for example standardized procedures, replicability, large, representative sample, conduction of pilot test. <ref> Zellner, Arnold & Rossi, Peter. (1986). 'Evaluating the methodology of social experiments.' ''Conference Series'' ; [131-166.] Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5026988_Evaluating_the_methodology_of_social_experiments (Accessed: 09 November 2020) </ref> <ref> Messeri, P., (2016). 'Counterfactual and Causal Inference: Methods and Principles for Social Science Research.' ''Canadian Studies in Population'', 43(1-2), p.169. Available at https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=oa_textbooks (Accessed: 09 November 2020) </ref> All the ethical restrictions put in place have contributed to fostering advances in the field of social experiences and make it hard for social scientists to be able to carry out and put into practice their theoretical statements. == Evidence in Law and Crime == ==== Evidence In Law ==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law Law] is a discipline based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence evidence] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth truth]. However, often, when it comes to truth, everyone has a different perspective and we quickly come to the conclusion that truth is not a monopole: similarly, to Schrödinger’s cat in physics, truth in law can take different forms and there can be multiple truths. This is why evidence is so important in law to support an argument. In front of a court, evidence can take the form of a testimony, an exhibit, a documentary material or a demonstrative evidence. <ref> Federal Rules of Evidence [Internet]. LII / Legal Information Institute. [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/free.</ref> ''Testimony:'' According to USLegal, “A testimony is a statement made in a legal proceeding or legislative hearing by a witness while under oath”. <ref>US Legal I. Testimony Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc. [Internet]. Definitions.uslegal.com. [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://definitions.uslegal.com/t/testimony/</ref>. Here, a testimony is considered as an acceptable evidence in law in a certain situation that is defined and has prerequisites: it is made by a witness and while under oath. However, “testimony in the form of opinions or conclusions cannot be received, except from experts” <ref> Loevinger L. Facts, Evidence and Legal Proof [Internet]. Core.ac.uk. 1958 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/display/76901974)</ref>, showing that law requires certain criteria to qualify a fact as “evidence” in the court room. ''Exhibit:'' An exhibit is “a document or object (including a photograph) introduced as evidence during a trial (copy of a paper attached to a pleading, any legal paper filed in a lawsuit, declaration, affidavit, or other document, which is referred to and incorporated into the main document”. [31]. Again, there are strict criteria as to what counts as evidence and what does not. For example: secondary evidence as to the content or intent of writings cannot be received. [32] ''Documentary material or Demonstrative evidence:'' “The term documentary materials is defined by 44 USCS § 2201 as all books, correspondence, memorandums, documents, papers, pamphlets, works of art, models, pictures, photographs, plats, maps, films, and motion pictures, including, but not limited to, audio, audiovisual, or other electronic or mechanical recordation’s”. [33] Hence, by creating strict rules, it ensures that the term “evidence” in law is specific which promotes its importance and utility in front of a court. This is important as for example: hearsay evidence cannot be received as evidence under this title in front of a court. <ref>Loevinger L. Facts, Evidence and Legal Proof [Internet]. Core.ac.uk. 1958 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/display/76901974</ref>. Hence, we see that depending on the discipline, evidence has a certain level of exclusivity and sets of rules that apply to reach the appellation of evidence. ====Eyewitnesses in court: how memory can be altered and create inaccurate testimony?==== One of the key kinds of evidence in law is eyewitness evidence. However, it has been argued for over a century that this type of evidence is not always reliable in court.<ref>Howe M, Knott L. The fallibility of memory in judicial processes: Lessons from the past and their modern consequences. 2015. </ref> Indeed, it is known that when a memory is revisited, emotions among other factors play a big part in its reconstruction, especially in its alteration. This can lead to inaccurate accusations during a trial. Bartletts theory on reconstructive memory, largely based on the research of Loftus and Palmer (1974) and the result of leading questions on eye witness testimony is just one example of how memory can be distorted <ref>Tonckens NL. Loftus and Palmer (1974): Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction</ref>and can therefore put into question the reliability of eyewitness testimonies in court. So should an uncertain process such as revisiting memory, influenced by many different factors, be able to choose someone's fate for the rest of its life? In fact, due to wrong testimonies in the United States, about 375 prisoners spent on average 14 years in prison for an accusation that was proven wrong by a DNA test. <ref> Exonerate - Innocence Project [Internet]. Innocenceproject.org. 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 27]. Available from: https://www.innocenceproject.org/exonerate/ </ref> However, in the judiciary system, eyewitnesses are considered very reliable. Most neuroscientists agreed “that memory is encoded in the patterns of synaptic connectivity between neurons”. This synaptic connection can be altered and thus shape future testimonies. Furthermore, there is the LTD ([[wikipedia:Long Term Depression|Long Term Depression]]), a phenomenon that reduces neural synapse efficiency. Such a phenomenon can damage memory. <ref> Lacy JW, Stark CEL. The neuroscience of memory: implications for the courtroom. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(9):649–58 </ref>. This occurs during a simulation of the synapsis whenever someone is working with their memory, and lead to an improvement of the connection, and thus the memory, but also to a deterioration of the connection. <ref> Massey PV, Bashir ZI (April 2007). "Long-term depression: multiple forms and implications for brain function". Trends Neurosci. 30 (4): 176–84. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.02.005. {{PMID|17335914}}. S2CID 12326129. </ref> Moreover, in others scenarios, when stress occurs, which is very common when individuals witness a crime, it can release hormones, such as epinephrine or cortisol during the arousal. It has been shown that during a high arousal stage, “memory encoding may be enhanced or impaired depending on the person's individual stress response.” <ref> Lacy JW, Stark CEL. The neuroscience of memory: implications for the courtroom. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(9):649–58 </ref>. Additionally, there are some bias that can alter the memory, such as the cross-race bias, when it comes to identifying someone from a different race, humans tend to struggle more and make the testimony less reliable. Therefore, it is easier for us to recognize a face from our race. <ref> Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7(1), 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.3. </ref> Furthermore, [[wikipedia: Elizabeth Loftus| Elizabeth Loftus]] , a cognitive psychologist and expert on human memory, <ref> Wikipedia contributors. Elizabeth Loftus [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2020 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Loftus&oldid=984766286 </ref> conducted a study on the interaction between language and memory . She conducted it with 45 students. They had to watch a short film about a car accident. At the end of each one, they had to answer a few questions. One of them was to estimate the speed of the car during the collision. Indeed, every video showed a car that went at the same speed, the only difference was in the question. Mrs Loftus used different words when talking about the collision (hit, smashed...). The results have shown variability in the answers. This experiment shows us that the words used in a question can have an impact on the answer. <ref> Loftus E.F., Palmer J.C. (1996) Eyewitness Testimony. In: Introducing Psychological Research. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24483-6_46 </ref> Even though it is not possible at the moment to get into someone’s memory, it is essential to acknowledge that human memory is not fully reliable and therefore it is key that judges balance the weight they put into eyewitnessed evidence when making their final decision. ==== Forensic Evidence In Criminology ==== Evidence can be quite delicate to define: what makes something good enough to prove a point? What is proof based on: facts, knowledge, observation, or a bit of everything? Evidence has become crucial in supporting claims, advancing research, and problem solving. In the case of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology criminology], evidence can be under several forms: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science forensic evidence], expert evidence, circumstantial evidence, direct evidence, and primary and secondary evidence.<ref> “Evidence in Criminal Investigations” Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. 2020. [online] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/919630/evidence-in-criminal-investigations-v5.0.pdf </ref> Criminology is a discipline that englobes the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior: therefore, evidence is a pillar of this discipline. Specifically focusing on forensic evidence, obtained through scientific methods such as toxicology, ballistics, blood tests, fingerprints, anthropometry, maturation, and DNA tests, we can understand part of the role of evidence in this discipline. <ref> En.wikipedia.org. 2020. Forensic Science. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_science </ref> Forensic evidence is critical: it helps determine the innocence or guiltiness of a person in a court case. Some evidence can be undisputable, and can allow the certainty of specific facts. Other pieces of evidence can be insufficient, and arguments can not be based solely on the information brought by the evidence. In the court of law, the analysis of forensic evidence is used to establish facts on the situation. However, there also exists evidence tampering or faulty results, so it is also up to the involved professionals to examine and determine if the evidence can be used as real proof or fact. <ref> “The Role and Impact of Forensic Evidence in the Criminal Justice Process” (2010) Joseph Peterson, Ira Sommers, Deborah Baskin, and Donald Johnson, U.S. Department of Justice. Available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/231977.pdf </ref> In the past 40 years, forensic evidence has greatly advanced with the development of technology and new techniques. Today, many new tools are still being developed, such as drones which allow 3D representations of crime scenes or accidents, leading up to a future with more and more accurate evidence. However, forensic evidence can show some limits. In fact, forensic evidence implies two disciplines, Law and Science. These two disciplines use different approaches and constraints when talking about evidence. When forensic evidence is put forward, it's considered as the truth since it is scientific, however, a piece of scientific evidence does not necessarily mean the truth. Since it is possible that, for example, a DNA test is wrong. <ref> Jasanoff, S. (2006). Just evidence: the limits of science in the legal process. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 34(2), 328–341.</ref> In 2005, Mitt Romney approached forensic evidence without taking into account the different constraints in the disciplines. Indeed, he only looked at it in the legal system and assumed they were the truth without any doubt. Thus, he decided to introduce a bill on legalizing again death penalty in Massachusetts, considering that scientific evidence will prevent every wrong conviction and did not consider any margin of error <ref> Belluck P. Massachusetts governor urges death penalty. The New York times [Internet]. 2005 Apr 29 [cited 2020 Nov 9]; Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/29/us/massachusetts-governor-urges-death-penalty.html</ref>. So, forensic evidence is a very good improvement for the legal system. However, it is always important to look at the different disciplines and approaches within this issue in order to fully benefit from it, and not making it counterproductive. == Psychology - a 'real' science? == [[wikipedia: Psychology| Psychology]] is defined as ‘the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes’, yet despite this definition, whether it qualifies as a science has been disputed since its conception <ref>Henriques G. The “Is Psychology a Science?” Debate [Internet]. Psychology Today. 2020 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/theory-knowledge/201601/the-is-psychology-science-debate</ref>. Much of this debate relates to research methods and by extension, evidence. As it follows the empirical method, a methodology characterised by the use of directly measurable or observable data, it is technically considered a science <ref>McLeod S. Is Psychology a Science? [Internet]. Simplypsychology.org. 2020 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/science-psychology.html</ref>. However many scholars and members of the public alike argue that the object of psychological study in its broadest sense - the mind - is too abstract to be observed and measured in the same ways as other phenomena, and thus cannot be considered in the same vein as the natural sciences <ref>Jogalekar A. Is psychology a “real” science? Does it really matter? [Internet]. The Curious Wavefunction. 2020 [cited 10 November 2020]. Available from: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/is-psychology-a-e2809creale2809d-science-does-it-really-matter/</ref>. Such individuals argue that psychological study at times evokes and attempts to answer metaphysical and ontological questions, which simply cannot be supported by concrete evidence <ref>Berezom A. Why psychology isn't science. Los Angeles Times [Internet]. 2012 [cited 10 November 2020];. Available from: https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2012-jul-13-la-ol-blowback-pscyhology-science-20120713-story.html</ref>. The conversation around psychology therefore provides an insight into what both individuals and entire disciplines believe constitutes evidence, and the role of evidence in the perceived validity of knowledge. Despite there being no stipulation in the definition of evidence as to what type of information can provide support for an idea or theory according to distinguished dictionaries <ref>Evidence | Definition of Evidence by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Evidence [Internet]. Lexico Dictionaries | English. 2020 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.lexico.com/definition/evidence</ref>, what type of data has more validity and thus what evidence is more reliable is widely contested within academia. This is most commonly seen in the quantitative versus qualitative debate <ref>Sale J, Lohfeld L, Brazil K. Quality and Quantity. 2002;36(1):43-53.</ref>. Broadly speaking, those in favour of quantitative argue that numerical data provides a means to draw conclusions from large data sets which otherwise could not be analysed, whilst those in support of qualitative argue that conclusions should only be drawn from detailed analysis, otherwise researchers pose the risk of oversimplification <ref>Sale J, Lohfeld L, Brazil K. Revisiting the Quantitative-Qualitative Debate: Implications for Mixed-Methods Research. Quality and Quantity. 2002;36(1):43-53.</ref>. The former is often considered more rigorously scientific and the evidence more valid, whilst the latter can be treated as unscientific and the subsequent evidence ultimately less legitimate <ref>Sale J, Lohfeld L, Brazil K. Revisiting the Quantitative-Qualitative Debate: Implications for Mixed-Methods Research. Quality and Quantity. 2002;36(1):43-53.</ref>. Whilst this is often considered an interdisciplinary debate, between the arts, the social sciences and the natural sciences <ref>Kagan J. The three cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.</ref>, psychology provides a microcosm in which such polarisation can be observed due to the variable nature of the discipline. Unlike other disciplines, psychological research will differ markedly in methods depending on the needs and nature of the sub-field or even specific research question. [[wikipedia: Neuropsychology| Neuropsychology]] or biological psychology may call for quantitative research to provide evidence for a theory, meanwhile counselling psychology or [[wikipedia: personality psychology| personality psychology]] may call for more qualitative methods. Further, some approaches within psychology, namely the humanistic approach, reject the scientific method entirely <ref>McLeod S. Is Psychology a Science? [Internet]. Simplypsychology.org. 2020 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/science-psychology.html</ref>. Most famously associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, psychologists who follow this philosophy instead stress the precedence an individual's subjective perception and understanding should take over empirical methods of enquiry <ref>McLeod S. Is Psychology a Science? [Internet]. Simplypsychology.org. 2020 [cited 9 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/science-psychology.html</ref>. This interpretative approach to evidence and the consequent construction of knowledge differs significantly from the positivist approach generally taken by modern psychologists <ref> Psychology: Development of Modern Psychology. 6th ed. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Columbia: Columbia University Press; 2020.</ref>. In this way it can be ascertained that evidence is not rigidly defined in actual usage and is instead a subjective entity defined at a personal, departmental and disciplinary level. == Confirmation bias - Accuracy of evidence in psychological research == Evidence can be described as a way of concluding on the validity and credibility of information.<ref>Evidence | Definition of Evidence by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Evidence [Internet]. Lexico Dictionaries | English. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.lexico.com/definition/evidence</nowiki></ref> Disciplines in the human sciences such as psychology, use research with the purpose of allowing them to interpret events, observations and thoughts leading to the common purpose of understanding societal occurrences.<ref>15. Malterud K. The art and science of clinical knowledge: evidence beyond measures and numbers. The Lancet. 2001;358(9279):397-400.</ref> Primary research such as research studies in psychology are considered a form of evidence within the discipline.<ref>LibGuides: Searching for scientific information: Medical Sciences: 3. Types of evidence [Internet]. Libguides.exeter.ac.uk. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: <nowiki>https://libguides.exeter.ac.uk/csc2014/evidencetypes</nowiki></ref> This evidence is then used to make models and predictions which are used to deal with complex real-life ideas.<ref>13. Maximino C, van der Staay F. Behavioral models in psychopathology: epistemic and semantic considerations. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2019;15(1).</ref> This can be demonstrated by looking at the Multi Store Memory Model. Research regarding the serial position curve in studies such as Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)<ref>Glanzer M, Cunitz A. Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1966;5(4):351-360.</ref> have been the driving force of modelling the multi store approach to memory which is used to explain brain functions and predict how the human brain works. <ref>Multi-store Model of Memory [Internet]. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: <nowiki>https://lca-psychology.weebly.com/multi-store-model-of-memory.html</nowiki></ref> Therefore, we can observe studies such as Glanzer and Cunitz are used as evidence to come to conclusions in psychology, however, some may argue issues might arise with relying so heavily on human controlled evidence.<ref>Many published psychology experiments lack evidence of validity, study finds [Internet]. ScienceDaily. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200430110357.htm</nowiki></ref> Confirmation bias, a process by which researchers involuntarily mis-interpret results by adapting them to their personal beliefs or ideas<ref>9. Cognitive Illusions [Internet]. Google Books. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: <nowiki>https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=MS5Fr8safgEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA79&dq=what+is+confirmation+bias&ots=9PhyQGiMTc&sig=majrJPaB_DmL_dShHQEmx0FSOhY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=what%20is%20confirmation%20bias&f=false</nowiki></ref>, is a phenomenon which has been proven to appear in many psychology research studies.<ref>10. Hergovich A, Schott R, Burger C. Biased Evaluation of Abstracts Depending on Topic and Conclusion: Further Evidence of a Confirmation Bias Within Scientific Psychology. Current Psychology. 2010;29(3):188-209.</ref> Peter Wason was one of the first researchers to explore the topic of bias in the 1960s and used his “2-4-6” experiment to show this. His research consisted of asking individuals to identify a rule in the number sequence he proposed. It was observed that participants answered with sequences which confirmed their personal hypothesis of what they thought Wason´s rule was, rather than trying to falsify their hypothesis by using opposing or different sequences.<ref>11. Evans J. Reasoning, Biases and Dual Processes: The Lasting Impact of Wason (1960). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2016;69(10):2076-2092.</ref> Some argue confirmation bias is an easy path our brain uses to process new evidence as it is easier to confirm what we believe is right than to process new complex evidence.<ref>12. Confirmation Bias And the Power of Disconfirming Evidence [Internet]. Farnam Street. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: <nowiki>https://fs.blog/2017/05/confirmation-bias/</nowiki></ref> Others argue it is a matter of confirming one’s own hypothesis unconsciously and trying to falsify any other alternative ones<ref>13. Mynatt C, Doherty M, Tweney R. Confirmation Bias in a Simulated Research Environment: An Experimental Study of Scientific Inference. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1977;29(1):85-95.</ref>. However, if confirmation bias is identified in psychological research, what does this imply about the evidence used to make predictions and assumptions. It is argued confirmation bias can lead to a distortion of evidence. If a conclusion is made precipitately it might ignore the opportunity for other results to arise or for further exploration, possibly leading to the formation of misguided conclusions.<ref>14. UCL Single Sign-on [Internet]. Shibbolethsp.jstor.org. 2020 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: <nowiki>https://shibbolethsp.jstor.org/start?entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fshib-idp.ucl.ac.uk%2Fshibboleth&dest=https://www.jstor.org/stable/248196&site=jstor</nowiki></ref> Even when an effort is made to control biased collection of evidence through methods such as random allocation <ref> Wei L. Biometrika [Internet]. 1978 [cited 10 November 2020];65(1). Available from: https://academic.oup.com/biomet/article/65/1/79/247723 </ref> , systematic errors can be introduced from much earlier, such as in the design of the experiment or execution of the proposed method <ref> Pannucci C, Wilkins E. Identifying and Avoiding Bias in Research. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery [Internet]. 2010 [cited 10 November 2020];126(2):619-625. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917255/ </ref>. We can apply these thoughts to research within psychology. Impulsive and premature conclusions can lead to misguided evidence causing the establishment of wrong predictions and models to be developed within the discipline. This creates scepticism on the accuracy of evidence and is something we should consider when exploring psychological research. Exploring this idea on a broader level, it is possible to analyse other research related disciplines which also base conclusions on evidence. These disciplines may experience the same questioning on the validity of evidence given the possibility of confirmation bias and might therefore have to consider whether evidence should be as dependently relied on to form conclusions within their disciplines. == Use of evidence in Management == Management is an academic discipline within social sciences <ref> 'Management' (2020) ''Wikipedia.'' Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management (Accessed: 27 October 2020) </ref>. Some of its focuses include setting up strategies for an organisation based on its various available resources to achieve specific goals. University proposes various degrees within Management, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration Bachelor of Business Administration] (BBA), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Management Master of Management] (MScM or MIM) or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Management Doctor of Management] (DM), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration Doctor of Business Administration] (DBA). ==== Evidence-based management ==== In recent years [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_management evidence-based management] (EBMgt) movement has been gaining popularity, as a part of a general movement for evidence-based practice, advocating that practises should draw on scientific evidence <ref> 'Evidence-based practice (2020) ''Wikipedia.'' Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_practice (Accessed: 27 October 2020) </ref>. Evidence-based management has three pillars and strives for decision-making and setting up an organisational strategy based on the best available evidence. <ref> Pfeffer J, Sutton RI (2006). 'Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths And Total Nonsense: Profiting From Evidence-Based Management' (first ed.). ''Boston, Mass: Harvard Business Review Press.'' Available at https://archive.org/details/hardfactsdangero00pfef (Accessed 27 October 2020) </ref> '''Evidence''' in the context of evidence-based management means either quantitive, qualitative or descriptive information. Mention main principles include published peer-reviewed research evidence, managemental judgment in experience, values and preferences of concerned people. Evidence is drawn from scientific research in published academic journals usually focuses on management and social sciences journals, which provides a critical evaluation of specific management practice. <ref> 'Evidence-based management (2020) ''Wikipedia.'' Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_management (Accessed: 27 October 2020) </ref> This may include information on whether financial incentives improve employees commitment and motivation, or evaluation of merger success rate. Evidence may come from organisational data, and this can range from quantitive data such as ''financial data'' and ''market share'', or qualitative information such as an organisation's culture perception. Experimental evidence is characterised by accumulated overt time reflections on relatively similar actions and comes from practitioners. Other forms of evidence include stakeholder evidence, which reflects the concerns and values of individuals or groups that may be affected by the organisation's actions. <ref> Barends, E., Rousseau, D. M. & Briner, R.B. (2014). 'Evidence-Based Management: The Basic Principles.' ''Amsterdam: Center for Evidence-Based Management.'' Available at https://www.cebma.org/wp-content/uploads/Evidence-Based-Practice-The-Basic-Principles.pdf (Accessed 27 October 2020) </ref> == Evidence-based practice in interdisciplinary healthcare == '''Evidence-based practice''' Evidence-based practice in healthcare focuses on using the best research evidence that is available, along with clinical expertise and consideration of the individual patient, to deliver patient care. The term evidence-based medicine was first introduced in 1991<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evidence-based medicine|url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/ACPJC-1991-114-2-A16|journal=ACP Journal Club|date=1991-03-01|issn=1056-8751|pages=A16|volume=114|issue=2|doi=10.7326/ACPJC-1991-114-2-A16|first=Gordon H.|last=Guyatt}}</ref> and is defined as “the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't|doi=10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71|journal=BMJ|date=1996-01-13|issn=0959-8138|pmc=PMC2349778|pmid=8555924|pages=71–72|volume=312|issue=7023|url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71|first=D. L|language=en|last=Sackett|first2=W. M C|last2=Rosenberg|first3=J A M.|last3=Gray|first4=R B.|last4=Haynes|first5=W S.|last5=Richardson}}</ref> The term evidence-based ''medicine'' then evolved into evidence-based ''practice'', in order to emphasise the need to make use of medical evidence in actual clinical practice''.''<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Interprofessional Evidence-Based Practice Competencies: Equalizing the Playing Field|url=http://jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0282|journal=JAMA Network Open|date=2018-06-22|issn=2574-3805|pages=e180282|volume=1|issue=2|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0282|language=en|first=Deepa Rani|last=Nandiwada|first2=William|last2=Kormos}}</ref> In 2005, the Sicily statement on evidence-based practice was published which defined evidence-based practice as requiring that “decisions about health care are based on the best available, current, valid and relevant evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sicily statement on evidence-based practice|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-5-1|journal=BMC Medical Education|date=2005-01-05|issn=1472-6920|pmc=PMC544887|pmid=15634359|pages=1|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1472-6920-5-1|first=Martin|last=Dawes|first2=William|last2=Summerskill|first3=Paul|last3=Glasziou|first4=Antonino|last4=Cartabellotta|first5=Janet|last5=Martin|first6=Kevork|last6=Hopayian|first7=Franz|last7=Porzsolt|first8=Amanda|last8=Burls|first9=James|last9=Osborne}}</ref> '''Interdisciplinary healthcare''' Interdisciplinary teams in healthcare are those comprising of a range of healthcare professionals from different backgrounds, working together to deliver high quality patient care.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ten principles of good interdisciplinary team work|first=Susan A|journal=Human Resources for Health|date=2013-05-10|issn=1478-4491|pmc=3662612|pmid=23663329|pages=19|volume=11|doi=10.1186/1478-4491-11-19|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662612/|first2=Andrew|last=Nancarrow|last2=Booth|first3=Steven|last3=Ariss|first4=Tony|last4=Smith|first5=Pam|last5=Enderby|first6=Alison|last6=Roots}}</ref> In complex patient problems, multiple disciplines are required to share information with each other and an interdisciplinary approach in healthcare can lead to more effective services and improved problem-solving capability.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review: Toward realizing the potential of diversity in composition of interprofessional health care teams: an examination of the cognitive and psychosocial dynamics of interprofessional collaboration|doi=10.1177/1077558709338478|first4=Nadine|last3=Giles|first3=Michelle|last2=Parker|first2=Vicki|last=Mitchell|first=Rebecca|issue=1|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19605620/|volume=67|pages=3–26|pmid=19605620|issn=1552-6801|date=2010-02|journal=Medical care research and review: MCRR|last4=White}}</ref> Studies show that when teams of people from different disciplines work together, they can provide better patient care outcomes,<ref>{{Citation|title=Interventions to promote collaboration between nurses and doctors|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD000072|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|work=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=2000-04-24|access-date=2020-10-27|place=Chichester, UK|pages=CD000072|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd000072|language=en|first=Merrick|last=Zwarenstein|first2=Wendy|last2=Bryant|editor-last=The Cochrane Collaboration}}</ref> which can be seen as the main reason for utilising an interdisciplinary approach in healthcare. It is therefore important to understand how to adopt the best interdisciplinary approach. We can bring together the existing knowledge from health and management, to better understand how to collaborate between professions.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review: Toward Realizing the Potential of Diversity in Composition of Interprofessional Health Care Teams: An Examination of the Cognitive and Psychosocial Dynamics of Interprofessional Collaboration|doi=10.1177/1077558709338478|journal=Medical Care Research and Review|date=2010-02-01|issn=1077-5587|pages=3–26|volume=67|issue=1|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558709338478|first=Rebecca|language=en|last=Mitchell|first2=Vicki|last2=Parker|first3=Michelle|last3=Giles|first4=Nadine|last4=White}}</ref> In business management it is known that as the number of people in the team increase, more specialised teams need to be created to make efficient use of skills and people. Each team is then led by a different manager who is focused on their own team rather than the organisation as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why business silos exist, how to break them down|url=https://blog.kyoceradocumentsolutions.com.au/why-silos-in-business-exist|website=blog.kyoceradocumentsolutions.com.au|access-date=2020-10-27|language=en-us|first=Mark|last=Vella}}</ref> This leads to issues in teams duplicating their efforts or not working in the most efficient way. There is the idea of a “silo”, or a department, in which information is freely shared within that silo, but not with others. This means that different departments will make decisions based solely on the information that is available to them, which may not provide the complete picture. Healthcare professionals often find themselves working in “uniprofessional silos”, which means that sharing information between professions is difficult.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review: Toward realizing the potential of diversity in composition of interprofessional health care teams: an examination of the cognitive and psychosocial dynamics of interprofessional collaboration|issue=1|journal=Medical care research and review: MCRR|date=2010-02|issn=1552-6801|pmid=19605620|pages=3–26|volume=67|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19605620/|first=Rebecca|doi=10.1177/1077558709338478|last=Mitchell|first2=Vicki|last2=Parker|first3=Michelle|last3=Giles|first4=Nadine|last4=White}}</ref> '''Conflict in generation and use of evidence''' In an interdisciplinary approach, aside from the lack of sharing of evidence, there is also often conflict in how this evidence is used in different disciplines. There is disagreement on how to use this evidence to generate guidelines for the best evidence-based practice and how these guidelines are adopted. The Institute of Medicine emphasises the need for evidence, and for this information to be used to provide guidance on: how to translate evidence into practice, how to deliver interdisciplinary evidence-based education, as well as to guide practice itself. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Knowing What Works in Health Care: A Roadmap for the Nation|last=Medicine|first=Institute of|isbn=978-0-309-11356-4|publisher=National Academies Press|date=2008-05-29|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZMRVAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT19&ots=vM2941Otss&sig=gelg9Xs2sLsrwMtUDYDcv3TljSA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|last2=Services|first2=Board on Health Care|last3=Services|first3=Committee on Reviewing Evidence to Identify Highly Effective Clinical|language=en}}</ref> The Council for Training in Evidence-Based Behavioral Practice (EBBP) was set up to support collaboration across health disciplines, and includes experts from medicine, nursing psychology, social work, public health and library sciences.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Toward a transdisciplinary model of evidence-based practice|first2=Bonnie|first7=Evelyn P.|last6=Walker|first6=Barbara B.|last5=Newhouse|first5=Robin P.|last4=Mullen|first4=Edward J.|last3=Brownson|first3=Ross C.|last2=Spring|last=Satterfield|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19523122/|first=Jason M.|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00561.x|issue=2|volume=87|pages=368–390|pmid=19523122|pmc=2698591|issn=1468-0009|date=2009-06|journal=The Milbank Quarterly|last7=Whitlock}}</ref> The inclusion of both scientists and non-scientists in this council brings forward the added dimension of being ''trans''-disciplinary.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education and policy: 1. Definitions, objectives, and evidence of effectiveness|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17330451/|journal=Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale|date=2006-12|issn=0147-958X|pmid=17330451|pages=351–364|volume=29|issue=6|first=Bernard C. K.|last=Choi|first2=Anita W. P.|last2=Pak}}</ref> The EBBP model describes how evidence in healthcare can be provided by primary researchers who generate the evidence in the first instance.<ref name=":5" /> Evidence synthesisers, such as the Cochrane Collaboration, can then use research studies to generate systematic reviews. Information from systematic reviews can then be used, for example, by the US Preventive Services Task force, in preventive services, or to make guidelines and recommendations. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Interdisciplinary Evidence-based Practice: Moving from Silos to Synergy|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2998190/|journal=Nursing outlook|date=2010|issn=0029-6554|pmc=2998190|pmid=21074648|pages=309–317|volume=58|issue=6|doi=10.1016/j.outlook.2010.09.001|first=Robin P.|last=Newhouse|first2=Bonnie|last2=Spring}}</ref> The EBBP model was developed after a review of existing evidence-based models from different disciplines, stating that clinical decisions need to be made based on the best available evidence.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Interdisciplinary Evidence-based Practice: Moving from Silos to Synergy|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2998190/|journal=Nursing outlook|date=2010|issn=0029-6554|pmc=2998190|pmid=21074648|pages=309–317|volume=58|issue=6|doi=10.1016/j.outlook.2010.09.001|first=Robin P.|last=Newhouse|first2=Bonnie|last2=Spring}}</ref> '''Case study of homeopathy''' In homeopathy, we can see an example of how conflict arises, due to the ways in which evidence is generated and used. [[wikipedia:Homeopathy|Homeopathy]] is a holistic approach to medicine. It uses mainly natural sources; thus, it is considered as an herbal medicine also known as a [[wikipedia:Alternative_medicine|Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] (CAM) by the World Health Organisation.<ref>WHO traditional medicine strategy 2002-2005. Geneva: WHO; 2002.</ref> Despite homeopathy’s rising popularity, it is often challenged regarding its efficiency, as its core concepts are contradictory with the ideas of modern medicine which uses an [[wikipedia:Allopathic_medicine|allopathic]] approach. Indeed, homeopathy uses a method based on the “like cures like”. It suggests that a certain substance which can cause harmful consequences in large quantities could also be used to treat those same symptoms with a very small dose of the substance. The whole principle of homeopathy is therefore based on the high dilution of a base substance.<ref>Trent Medicines Information, Leicester and Regional Drug &Therapeutic Centre, Newcastle. Clinical evidence for homeopathy [Internet]. 2017 [cited 26 October 2020]. Available from: http://www.sps.nhs.uk</ref> There is an on-going debate about whether or not to trust homeopathy. The question of whether is is an effective method often is raised. Also, at the heart of the debate is the role of evidence and more particularly, the question of what counts as evidence in medicine. Evidence based medicine depends strongly on statistical methods to prove the efficiency of a drug and clinical experiments which are then applied to a whole population. It also relies and privileges one way of experimentation being the Randomized Controlled Trials RCT.<ref>THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE Volume 12, Number 3, 2006, pp. 323–328 © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.</ref> In this context, homeopathy lacks statistical relevancy. This is mostly due to the fact that homeopathy is used differently depending on the homeopath and the patient, therefore the type of treatment can change from patient to patient with the same symptoms.<ref>Vickers A. Evidence-based medicine and complementary medicine; Evidence-Based Mental Health 1999;2:102-103.</ref> Thus, the core difference between evidence based medicine and homeopathy is the standardisation against an individualisation of treatments. Hence, the complexity of researching data in a quantitative way for homeopathy and other CAM. Evidence produced in regards to CAM are often questioned for their reliability, in regards to the methodology used to produce the evidence. Indeed, there is a wide variety of methodologies used in assessing the data for CAM which are not comparable between each other, as their boundaries are frequently unclear or are not recognised research methodologies in conventional medicine. It is also worth mentioning the fact that the data is not always published officially due to different policies in various countries, and this generates more debates.<ref>World's Health Organization. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005. Geneva; 2002 p. 31.</ref> Moreover, in evidence based medicine, the application of clinical results to a whole population (generalisation of health care) is also questioned with the example of rare diseases. These illnesses usually have little to no clinal research and therefore require a more qualitative approach in order to be treated, thus demonstrating the need to overcome the barriers imposed by using solely quantitative methods, and include qualitative methods as evidence as well.<ref>Tonelli MR. The philosophical limits of evidence-based medicine. Acad Med. 1998;73(12):1234-1240.</ref> This reenforces the argument provided by homeopathy, for a more qualitative approach in evidence based medicine. ==Notes== {{reflist}} 56j8v6kn5eixahxody83t4bxxykyrdm User:LGreg/sandbox/Approaches to Knowledge (LG seminar 2020/21)/Seminar 18/Power/Power in Physics 2 420943 4673111 4622176 2026-09-30T11:11:13Z Jcb 90773 4673111 wikitext text/x-wiki == Origins of Power in Physics== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt James Watt] invented the scientific concept of power in around 1770. In the International System of Units (SI), the watt (W), which is the unit of power, is formally recognised as one joule per second, and was named after James Watt himself.<ref> "Societies and Academies". Nature. 66 (1700): 118–120. 1902. doi:10.1038/066118b0. If the watt is assumed as unit of activity…</ref> Since this quantified power as the rate at which energy is expended, it resolves nicely with other approaches towards power such as the power one might have in hitting a ball. Watt too adopted the term [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower horsepower] in the late 18th century to compare the power of a horse with the output of steam engines. <ref> "The miner's friend". Rochester history department website. Archived from the original on May 11, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2011.</ref> ==Interpretation of Power in Physics== In physics power is the time derivative of work; where work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement. <ref>Fowle, Frederick E., ed. (1921). Smithsonian Physical Tables (7th revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. OCLC 1142734534. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Power or Activity is the time rate of doing work, or if W represents work and P power, P = dw/dt. (p. xxviii) … ACTIVITY. Power or rate of doing work; unit, the watt. (p. 435)</ref> Thus, power is also defined as the product of the force and the velocity vectors. In rotational systems, power is the product of torque times velocity. In fluid mechanics, power is equal to the product of pressure times the volumetric flow rate. <ref>Heron, C. A. (1906). "Electrical Calculations for Rallway Motors". Purdue Eng. Rev. (2): 77–93. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020. The activity of a motor is the work done per second, … Where the joule is employed as the unit of work, the international unit of activity is the joule-per-second, or, as it is commonly called, the watt. (p. 78)</ref> ==Power Structures in the Study of Physics== Physics is a traditionally male dominated science. <ref> "All Nobel Prizes in Physics". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 2016-01-19.</ref> By this, we would traditionally mean that the most famous figures would be names such as Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, James Clerk Maxwell, James Ernest Rutherford, Marie Curie, Michael Faraday, Richard Feynman, Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrodinger, Werner Heisenberg, Stephen Hawking and more. The Nobel Prize for Physics has been handed out 215 times by 2020, of which only 4 awards were to women<ref> "The Nobel Foundation – History". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved 2015-05-03.</ref>. No black person has ever won the Nobel Prize for Physics. <ref> "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-09-28. Retrieved 2011-10-11.</ref> Gender gaps in physics are amongst the highest in science, with Women in STEM fields being a minority. <ref> Gürer, Denise and Camp, Tracy (2001). Investigating the Incredible Shrinking Pipeline for Women in Computer Science. Final Report – NSF Project 9812016. Archived 2011-09-02 at the Wayback Machine</ref>. Explanations for low representations of women and people of colour in physics can be attributed to several societal power structures; systematic discrimination<ref> Schiebinger, Londa (1999). "Has Feminism Changed Science?". Signs. Harvard University Press. 25 (4): 1171–5. doi:10.1086/495540. {{PMID|17089478}}</ref>, intrinsic bias<ref>Kerr, N.L.; Hymes, R.W.; Anderson, A.B.; Weathers, J.E. (1995). "Defendant-juror similarity and mock juror judgments". Law and Human Behavior. 19 (6): 545–567. doi:10.1007/bf01499374. hdl:2027.42/45313. S2CID 143678468.</ref>, harassment<ref>Schiebinger, Londa (1999). "Has Feminism Changed Science?". Signs. Harvard University Press. 25 (4): 1171–5. doi:10.1086/495540. {{PMID|17089478}}.</ref>, lack of role models<ref>Pell, A N (1996). "Fixing the leaky pipeline: women scientists in academia" (PDF). Journal of Animal Science. 74 (11): 2843–8. doi:10.2527/1996.74112843x. ISSN 0021-8812. {{PMID|8923199}}. S2CID 3087722.</ref> and psychological limitations<ref>Preston, Anne Elizabeth (2004). Leaving science : occupational exit from scientific careers. Russell Sage Foundation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. {{#isbn:0-87154-694-9}}. LCCN 2003065968. OCLC 53814057. OL 8348363M.</ref> due to these pre-established structures. == References == nurkhg05ofsjk257s8tpattf514o12l Talk:Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Lights will Guide You Home: The Sociological and Environmental Impact of Light in Cities 1 421766 4673059 3791347 2026-09-30T06:54:25Z Jcb 90773 4673059 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Discussion Page== ===Comments after Zoom meeting on 14th Dec=== Should we remove the gender part altogether? Because it shows conflict of priorities even within sociology. But idk. Also for the conclusion, I added a part about London's strategy, and as for the last sentence I think it should be the start of a paragraph where we talk about power, maybe in the decision making (overt) power of the people who actually implement the recommendations? Or also the latent power of education? Only 3% of people in a study by the city of london (found in the same strategy paper) considered that health was an important factor of urban lighting for example. https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/assets/Services-Environment/public-realm-city-lighting-strategy.pdf Finally, if we were to find a solution to this urban lighting problem, it would resolve the power problem, and help us identify it more clearly. What do you think it is? ===Comments after Zoom meeting on 13th Dec=== First part: - Explaining what psychology is not necessary. <br> - Still not sure what do you mean by “yields latent power over urban planning”. Most power is latent… I think we should be more specific here. What form does this latent power hold? <br> - “and subsequently” — though “subsequently” is a nice words, saying “and” is enough <br> - I would change “visceral” barrier to instinctive barrier. <br> - “encourage a sociological perspective shift” - is it needed? Wouldn’t it be enough to just say “a catalyst to encourage a “collective efficacy” within a neighbourhood.”<br> - “a sense of” is quite vague <br> The content of the psychology part is actually describing Sociology, except for the part on emotion. Therefore, we decided to link it together. This way we’re not boiling down psychology to feelings of safety, without discussing mental health and sleep deprivation. I changed “Furthermore, this issue needs to be addressed by Psychology experts in an attempt to RECTIFY this sense of vulnerability and inability to recognise potential offenders and their facial expressions.” to “Furthermore, this issue needs to be addressed by psychology experts in an attempt to ABATE (could also be “mitigate”) this sense of vulnerability and inability to recognise potential offenders and their facial expressions. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 21:26, 13 December 2020 (UTC) Urban lighting and economic growth - This section is not referenced enough and I would paraphrase “intrinsically linked” since “intrinsically” implies strong correlation and “linked” very weak one.   Conclusion — needs more development. I’ll try working on it. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 21:26, 13 December 2020 (UTC) ===General Discussion=== I'm almost done with my contributions, I just have a few aspects to go over. For the moment, the general to-do list would be : -put all the referencing in the right format : I agree. Could you have a look at the references I have done? I am using this format: {{cite journal |vauthors= |date= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date=}}. I am also, not sure how to use the same reference twice throughout the text. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 12:00, 12 December 2020 (UTC) -make sure all the parts work collectively to demonstrate the role of power and are coherent with their disciplines :We should set up a Zoom call and read out loud what we have written. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 12:00, 12 December 2020 (UTC) -improve the intro and conclusion -reduce the word count [[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 16:01, 11 December 2020 (UTC) Morning, I have added a few resources and statements I have extracted from them to the wikichapter page. I hope that's alright, obviously it can be completely changed with and deleted! Just think it is good to get something down. I found a really great page for searching for articles and research papers actually from UCL so the link is here: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/. I found some great writing on lighting and the perceived safety of pedestrians. Have you found any really interesting articles or papers? oh and the title is a work in progress!![[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 12:38, 24th of November 2020 (UTC) (UTC) : This is also an interesting page on "Cities at night": https://citiesatnight.org/index.php/light-pollution/ [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 11:30, 2 December 2020 (UTC) I really like the title! I think the previous one was good too: maybe we could look at 3 disciplines? I liked the idea of psychology as well. I've just found some links which I'll put here but haven't really looked into them yet: http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610450/index.pdf (a thesis about ppls experience of urban lighting) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244016629708 ( a research paper about emotions and urban lighting) https://www.academia.edu/17306672/People_s_Perception_of_Urban_Lighting_in_Public_Space (another research paper abt ppl's perception) https://www.buildingsandcities.org/zh/insights/reviews/urban-lighting-for-people-evidence-based-lighting-design-review.html (review of a book about urban lighting) https://theestablishment.co/the-shocking-connection-between-street-harassment-and-street-lighting-5db8497ef653/index.html (an article abt harrassment and its links to lighting) https://womeninlighting.com/images/uploads/misc/Govil_Aditi_Paper.pdf (a paper about women's experience of cities) https://www.actionaid.org.uk/campaign/campaigning-works/ending-street-harassment-the-safe-cities-for-women-campaign#:~:text=ActionAid's%20Safe%20Cities%20for%20Women%20Campaign&text=We%20campaign%20in%2020%20countries,culture%20of%20violence%20against%20women. (Safe Cities for Women Campaign) https://theconversation.com/more-lighting-alone-does-not-create-safer-cities-look-at-what-research-with-young-women-tells-us-113359 (link between safety and lights)[[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 13:55, 29 November 2020 (UTC) Hi! That’s great – starting is the most important. Light in the Cities is an excellent example of a problem that has been approached from different disciplinary perspectives. Therefore, I agree that we could talk about it from 3 different angles: '''1. Environmental Health and functioning of ecosystems''', eg. disruption of wildlife breeding and migration patterns; decreased melatonin secretion and increased risk of some cancers (https://shibbolethsp.jstor.org/start?entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fshib-idp.ucl.ac.uk%2Fshibboleth&dest=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26327931&site=jstor) ecological and evolutionary implications for animal and plant populations (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268230 Birds grounded by lighting along roads is an increasing anthropogenic threat, light-induced mortality (https://shibbolethsp.jstor.org/start?entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fshib-idp.ucl.ac.uk%2Fshibboleth&dest=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26607663&site=jstor) '''2. Psychology and human well-being''' '''3. Inter-related socio-economic consequences'''. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 16:06, 25 November 2020 (UTC) After delving into this issue, I cannot believe how important light is for the environment and for humanity. Another discipline, which isn't entirely a named discipline which is taught but could be argued to be becoming one is light therapy. This could be another aspect of artificial lighting that we research as more and more people are using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_therapy light therapy] to cure Seasonal Affected Disorder, neonatal jaundice, skin disorders like psoriasis and vitiligo. So as to structuring our argument: - I think the title should be a question e.g "Is Artificial Light Usage Negatively Affecting Us? The Power of Artificial Light over Society and Our Environment". Environment kind of encompasses both the ecological and the social environments we are planning to discuss? : I am afraid these titles are too broad to tackle in our Wikibook chapter. We need to specify the question more. For example, let's focus on artificial light only at night in cities. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 13:22, 29 November 2020 (UTC) - the first section of our essay backing up the question for example: Yes this is true as seen in these research projects, scientific articles etc relating to BIOLOGICAL - CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS, ecological and evolutionary implications for animal and plant populations (From Julia's suggestions!). - the second section should be the counter argument SOCIOLOGICAL IMPACTS discussing potential safety improvements, blue lighting in public toilets reducing heroin use and in train station's reducing suicide rates, lower rates of road accidents. HOWEVER, I have found that quite a lot of the articles I have read do not note particularly large differences in safety or crime rates after adding lighting. Also, we could discuss lighting in the workplace and how that affects productivity levels and worker happiness.https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@americas/@ro-lima/@sro-port_of_spain/documents/presentation/wcms_250198.pdf - ALSO, could talk about up and coming subdiscipline of light therapy, phototherapy and its positive and proven effects of improving Seasonal Affected Disorder, neonatal jaundice, skin disorders like psoriasis and vitiligo. - then we conclude and summarise our agreed mutual middle ground for the disciplines in relation to artificial lighting usage. What do you two think? This is just a suggestion. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 19:04, 25th of November 2020 (UTC) : Whether artificial light has an impact on crime rates is actually a hot topic in criminology/urban planning, there doesn't seem to be a consensus. This thesis has a whole section on it (http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610450/index.pdf) but I don't know if I agree with it. It would be interesting to study the literature on this, perhaps not all of it but the most recent findings? I think it's more relevant to the sociological issue rather than the psychological. Darkness: Cons: crime, security, xenophobia (fear of the unknown), women in the city; Pros: sleep/health (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627884/), animals, no light pollution, less energy waste Light: Cons: light pollution, roadkill, change in animal's behaviour (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-48118-z), Pros: feeling of security, less crime, economics, emotions? (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244016629708) A middle ground exists: motion sensors, different types of light... (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285056237_Urban_city_lights_Light_pollution_as_one_of_the_effects_of_incorrectly_designed_external_illumination_How_can_a_successful_lighting_masterplan_diminish_its_impact) Related to Power: Government officials make choice? Lobbying? Coercion with light? Related to History: Environmental science is a relatively new discipline (or rather, its importance has been recognized only recently)[[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 14:38, 1 December 2020 (UTC) Related to Evidence: Related to Truth: Problem: what is more important? Your own experience feels more true: questionnaire for BAScers etc : It links to truth from humanities perspective and constructivism. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 14:07, 29 November 2020 (UTC) Street lighting such as streetlamps are not the only source of urban lights and light pollution, should we talk about private lights/advertisement lights/stores that are lit during the night? [[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 14:38, 1 December 2020 (UTC) There is also a potential cultural/historical perspective in terms of the night sky's cultural and historical significance (and stargazing), and the cultural/historical significance of city lights (like New York's Time Square or Paris being referred to as the "City of Lights"). Another cultural perspective is that of the illumination of important and historical buildings, which sometimes is even of artistic importance. Finally, there is the cultural association of light with progress/knowledge/technology/the future in our society. Are you guys interested in this? [[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 14:38, 1 December 2020 (UTC) Some studies show there is a significant difference in feelings of safety related to urban lights between men and women, but others don't. I don't know if I should focus on the psychological influences of light on people's emotions in general or focus on a gendered perspective. Also, @purplerain24 (I don't know how to mention ppl) you might be interested in some economic analysises of the Urban Lighting topic in the book I borrowed from the library, I'll pass it to you![[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 15:22, 1 December 2020 (UTC) : I'm also interested! It might be relevant to my discussion about increased energy consumption.[[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 11:24, 2 December 2020 (UTC) I have started doing more specific research on the environmental impacts of light and although I have expected this, I am shocked by how much it is overlooked and not inluded in policy making. I plan on tackling 3 main negative effects: (1) Human health and sleep (2) Wildlife (3) Increased energy consumption. As for the "issue" between the disciplinary perspectives, I would argue it links to "Evidence" (as sociologists and policy-makers don't place enough value on scientific research?). Let me know what you think so we can move this chapter under the right heading on a main page. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 11:24, 2 December 2020 (UTC) : I think that, while evidence is definitely linked to it, it's not the main tension. I would argue that it's either power or truth, because the psychological/sociological side builds upon people's perception, like feelings of safety, which everyone experiences and holds as true (darkness representing unsafety and the unknown). That vision therefore has more power and is considered more in policy making than the environmental side, which while it has a mirror view of reality, which is widely accepted nowadays, it is not very well-known.[[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 13:05, 2 December 2020 (UTC) :: They're all linked in some way or another. I had a look at my notes from the lecture on truth and I believe we could argue how disciplines have their own ideas of understanding the type of knowledge they produce and what they VALUE. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 14:54, 2 December 2020 (UTC) After meeting the other day and discussing whether it is related to power or evidence, I agree with Aveniform's conclusion on Power. Have you watched this week's upcoming power lecture? It reminded me a lot of the types of boundary-crossing we are addressing in our wikichapter! [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 18:38 5th of December (UTC) Hi, after watching this week's upcoming lecture of the utility of Power within economic and ecologic disciplines it has made me more aware that our issue might be mainly associated with power. I think this struggle between sociological, psychological and ecological disciplines is who holds the most power, who holds it through ownership of resources and the ability to mastermind and control how those resources are used such as light. Therefore, the distinctive disregard for ecological impacts (as the rate of light pollution is ever increasing) is undermined due to a power imbalance between the disciplines. The economical, social and psychological aspects of this issue - I think we could argue that the psychological impact of light within cities for safety is actually to increase economic growth, culture and tourism due to more people coming out at all times of day, more consumption and circulation occur. This is why ecological affects are overlooked and there is this tension that remains unresolved. What do you think? [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 18:39 5th of December 2020 (UTC) : yess I completely agree, I think the economic part is super important because people in power tend to prioritize it (I feel like we should talk about lighting in stores overnight for instance) citing resource dependency. Also people feeling safer is good for politicians, even though we don't know how much of an actual impact it has on crime (latent dimension). A way to solve it might be for environmental scientists to use a more powerful language. [[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 14:20, 7 December 2020 (UTC) :: Agreed - I would argue that power plays out through light pollution policies and discuss the priorities of decision-makers and their non-decision making power. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 07:29, 10 December 2020 (UTC) Do you guys know how to change the title without erasing the chapter? [[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 16:12, 7 December 2020 (UTC) ===Introduction=== I feel like the introduction is a bit biased towards environmental science. I think we should focus more on the tension between disciplines and how power influences that tension. [[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 10:25, 9 December 2020 (UTC) In the introduction, "Our deteriorating ecological environment is a pressing issue and there are three dominant disciplines: environmental science, sociology and psychology" I think it should be "environmental health science", since it's important to discuss its imapcts on human health. Also, as for conclusion, this paper calls out for the connection of research among different disciplines: https://www.jstor.org/stable/envirevi.23.1.14 and we could use it. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 10:12, 10 December 2020 (UTC) : great idea, I highly recommend you edit the intro and conclusion to reflect this! [[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 11:37, 11 December 2020 (UTC) Previous intro: Nighttime lighting is a defining feature of economic development within countries to improve safety and perhaps also consumption and tourism.<ref>https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/tracking-light-space-innovative-ways-measure-economic-development</ref> However, the environmental health science impact is rife and there lies a clear tension between the overuse of lighting, the question of necessity and its quantitative and quantitative uses. Our deteriorating environment is a pressing issue and there are three dominant disciplines: Environmental Health Science, Sociology and Psychology who are disputing the significance and necessity of artificial lighting for society. The definition of light pollution is “the inappropriate or excessive use of artificial light”.<ref>https://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/</ref> In a 2003 journal, Cozens stated that the UK government had recently allocated £300 million to the improvement of street lighting in relation to lighting and the psychological and physical protection of societal wellbeing. Therefore, the concept of power is exercised in terms of who holds the authority to implement action and the competition and abrasion of disciplinary arguments. Overt power can be observed through the consequent action of those disputes.<ref>Dahl, Robert A., The Concept of Power , Behavioral Science, 2:3 (1957:July) p.201</ref> Although there is currently no consensus on how to measure light pollution, this study in 2017 estimated that light pollution increased by 2% per annum from 2012 to 2016 <ref>https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/11/e1701528</ref>.The effect of urban lighting on the rate of crime, feeling of safety and the behavioural and physiological impacts on wildlife and ecosystems have been contentious issues across the disciplines. ===Psychology section - AS OF 13TH OF DECEMBER THIS HAS BEEN ADDED TO THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE=== What is interesting to notice is that the psychological perspective could easily argue for both sides of the tension between environmental health and sociology (effect on circadian rhythms vs safety in the city). We could try to bring it in as a 3rd discipline that could shed more light on both arguments. As for the title, in this article (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268230) they mentioned the significance of the night and how we should learn how to “manage darkness” which I believe nicely links all 3 approaches. Also, I don’t see yet how we attribute the tension between the disciplines to the issue of power, but I guess it’s just a matter of doing more research.[[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 16:06, 25 November 2020 (UTC) Psychologically, warmer lights feel safer, colder lights feel more unsafe and less inviting. (just a note) : It's important to mention this since the majority of lights in cities are cold, which is quite contradictory to the fact that they are supposed to make us feel safe. On the other hand, from ecological perspective it doesn't seem to make much difference: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432256?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Light%20pollution&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DLight%2Bpollution%26sd%3D2010%26refreqid%3Dexcelsior%253Ac636becdc3d851d77c075b19a5e75476&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187_SYC-5188%2F5187&refreqid=fastly-default%3A718557709c35589b9522fc6bf9b5a92b [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 11:24, 2 December 2020 (UTC) :: Interestingly, however, blue light does decrease melatonin production more effectively compared to light at longer wavelengths (more yellow/orange/red), so it has both psychological and physiological effects on humans. I've just finished my contribution to it on the main page. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 12:06, 12 December 2020 (UTC) Hey, this section in the Psychological part I think could be more valuable in the Sociological section: "According to Matsui, over 85% of women 'always' fear being a victim of street crime.[13] This data conflicts with the concerns of ecology as lighting has strong negative effects on wildlife, migration and mating habits. Therefore, this rising tension exposes power polarities between societal and ecological debate. Hannah Arendt theorised that power can never be attributed to the act of a single individual, but of the group that implements, builds and stimulates the agency of the act within the community.[14] Therefore, power is created through the implementation of lighting’s influence, galvanisation and alteration of social dynamics at night." - the Arendt quotation I think is particularly resonant in terms of implementing policies and the power surrounding that authority. I have been editing the Psychology section this evening and I am struggling to find evidence for society's qualms about night lighting. If you find any other resources or studies please post them below. I think a few more examples could help it flow better.[[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 20:00 9th of December 2020 (UTC) : I think, in terms of the psychology section, you should mostly focus on the effect light has on individual behaviour, because the sociology section builds on that and talks more about the societal level. It would be interesting to talk more about emotions and their connection with light, and even with different types of light (because the question is also, how do we design urban lighting well so it improves quality of life and doesn't affect the environment too much)[[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 11:37, 11 December 2020 (UTC) : I completely agree with this. I think I have been branching out too far and I need to be a lot more precise about Psychology itself. I will from now on rewrite my section relating it specifically to the individual and the emotions and effects of urban lighting. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 23:24 11th of December 2020 (UTC) So should my comments on the improvement of light for the environment, since there are many studies that say safety isn't that largely affected by very high amounts of urban lighting, relate to how Psychology AS A DISCIPLINE can the positive psychological benefits of decreased lighting improving circadian rhythms and emotions through that? therefore, both disciplines can find a middle ground in relation to their tension? [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 23:25 11th of December 2020 (UTC) Also, I changed the location of one of the pictures and added it to the environmental section which deals with light pollution. I think the pictures in the psychology section should perhaps focus more on pictures of streets that look scary vs pictures that don't and what their differences are. (If these can be found) [[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 16:05, 11 December 2020 (UTC) : I agree I will search for one today! [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 14:10 12th of December 2020 (UTC) Good evening, I have read through the proposed comments on the psychology section and I am very much absorbing them into my writing. I am rewriting my section after reanalysing the rubric and guidance for the wikichapter as I don't think my section is as concise and accurate as it needs to be for Psychology specifically. My writing blurred the boundaries between Sociological and Psychological studies. In order to discuss the precise arguments surrounding urban light I am going to focus on the emotions and feelings of safety conjured by different types of lighting. I will use more journal articles discussing emotion and feeling rather than physiological symptoms. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 23:18 11th of December 2020 (UTC) Hello, I have rewritten my section, ssychology, and tried to link it more to the issue of power. I have taken evidence predominantly from sources which discuss very specific Psychological topics to ensure there is relatively no cross over between the Psychological and Sociological arguments. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 14:11 12th of December 2020 (UTC) In the introduction to psychology section I wouldn't begin it with: "Psychology focusses on the external setting's effect on a person's behaviour and emotions." as it doesn't really encapsulate what psychology does as there are many different schools of thought. [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 17:32, 13 December 2020 (UTC) Scratching the psychological perspective and including it within the sociological perspective works a lot more cohesively and can be easily transferred. This will help with decreasing the word count to get to 1200. Currently we are on 1400. After our Zoom call, we managed to gauged a more success and flowing argument and delete unnecessary sentences. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 19:57 13th of December 2020 (UTC) ===Socio-economic section=== As for the "safety" argument, are we discussing nighttime driving in the end? [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 07:58, 10 December 2020 (UTC) : Probably not, because as of now I've talked more about gender and economic growth. I think the first section on the Feminist protest group needs to either be removed or transferred to later in the second paragraph. Urban lighting isn't mentioned and it uses quite a lot of words without relating it back to the title! Very interesting but not as focussed for such a short word limit. I hope this is ok. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 19:26 13th of December 2020 (UTC) : I think the rest of the argument for gender inequality in the streets is very useful at heightening and strengthening the tensions between the environmental health discipline. This contributes to the diminished power of minorities, again showing power imbalances between society and policy makers.[[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 20:02 13th of December 2020 (UTC) I have changed "Urban lighting is at the core of many power struggles in society: feelings of safety, inequality, protection." to "Urban lighting is at the core of many power imbalances in society: feelings of safety, inequality, protection." but I am afraid this sentence should be rephrased or just deleted in full (since we're not really showing in-depth understanding of what we're saying). [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 10:11, 14 December 2020 (UTC) ===Environmental Health section=== I have been reading through this section and there is a lack of discussion about power. I will have a look at it now and locate places I could add comments on power in but could you two also have a scan of it? Thank you. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 13:15 13th of December 2020 (UTC) This reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112959/ "Nighttime lighting and wealth are so intrinsically linked that it is used to measure GDP and compare countries according to their wealth." Nighttime lighting didn't use to measure GDP, this article only proposes such solution. They mention "a variety of applications at the sub-national level focused on sub-Saharan Africa." [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 08:26, 14 December 2020 (UTC) Hi! I just changed the first sentence because sociology doesn't just pursue safety in cities :) [[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 10:53, 14 December 2020 (UTC) ===Conclusion=== I changed the conclusion and proposed a shorter intro, trying to be more clear about the role of power in our work (I didn't delete the previous one though). What do you think? Also, I finished my part pretty much (haven't managed to speak about effects on crime prevention though). Our word count is now at about 1600 (with the new intro) so we need to reduce/cut some parts. As it stands, the socio-economic section is at around 550 words, psychology at around 500 and environmental science at around 350 I think. [[User:Aveniform|Aveniform]] ([[User talk:Aveniform|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aveniform|contribs]]) 15:42, 11 December 2020 (UTC) I found an interesting article discussing how citizen science might help in monitoring light pollution, which we can indicate as one of the possible solutions to the problem. Here's the link: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv550cf2.31 [[User:Whygrowup|Whygrowup]] ([[User talk:Whygrowup|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Whygrowup|contribs]]) 18:51, 11 December 2020 (UTC) : Instead of stating "urban lighting aspects" maybe we should label these as disciplinary viewpoints or standpoints to really drive the focus of disciplinary tension. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 23:18 11th of December 2020 (UTC) I have deleted 2 sentences from the conclusion as they required citation to back up the claims. We do not need to resolve these tensions within this essay so I think the maximum amount of words will be put to better use when this section is deleted. Thanks! [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 10:11 14th of December 2020 (UTC) CONCLUSION - too focussed on the ecological side of the argument rather than balanced ending. The perspectives of Sociology and Ecology have highlighted the conflicts within the existing power dynamic of urban lighting in cities. While activists argue light pollution is the most straightforward issue to minimise[37], it is a much more complex problem. From an ecological perspective, the conclusion is clear: governments should introduce laws limiting illumination from the cities[38]. However, the final decision often disproportionately reflects the fear of forgoing commercial gains rather than preserving human health and the ecosystem. London's urban lighting strategy which prioritises sustainability is more akin to a set of recommendations than an urban lighting policy.[39] Some attribute this tension to the lack of well-developed connections between "research, policy and practice". [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 12:49 14th of December 2020 (UTC) == REDONE Conclusion - PURPLERAIN24 == The perspectives of Sociology and Ecology have highlighted the conflicts within the existing power dynamic of urban lighting in cities. While activists argue light pollution is the most straightforward issue to minimise<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Berg R |date=2009 |title=GETTING SERIOUS ABOUT LIGHT POLLUTION |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26327931|journal=Journal of Environmental Health |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=46-48|access-date=8.12.2020}}</ref>, it is a much more complex problem. From an ecological perspective, the conclusion is clear: governments should introduce laws limiting illumination from the cities<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Falchi F, et al. |date=2011 |title=Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.029 |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=92 |issue=10 |pages= 2714-2722|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.029|pmid=21745709 |access-date=12.12.2020}}</ref>. However, the final decision often disproportionately reflects the fear of forgoing commercial gains rather than preserving human health and the ecosystem. London's urban lighting strategy which prioritises sustainability is more akin to a set of recommendations than an urban lighting policy.<ref>Spiers and Major. City of London Lighting Strategy. 2018. accessed: 2020. accessed by: https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/assets/Services-Environment/public-realm-city-lighting-strategy.pdf</ref> Some attribute this tension to the lack of well-developed connections between "research, policy and practice". <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaston K, et al. |date= |title=Benefits and costs of artificial nighttime lighting of the environment |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/envirevi.23.1.14 |journal=Environmental Reviews |volume=23 |issue=1|pages=14-23|access-date=12.12.2020}}</ref> However, there is strong evidence to demonstrate lighting's positive emotional and reassuring impact on societal mental wellbeing. Perhaps, a "collective efficacy" can be achieved towards improving awareness of urban lighting's positive and negative effects. This could instigate more improved discussions between the disciplines to create the most suitable middle ground urban lighting designs. == Useful Links and Resources == - good article! http://cescos.fau.edu/observatory/lightpol-environ.html starting point?[[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 13:12 29th of November 2020 (UTC) - https://www.jstor.org/stable/24432256 Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Light%20pollution&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DLight%2Bpollution%26sd%3D2010%26refreqid%3Dexcelsior%253Ac636becdc3d851d77c075b19a5e75476&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187_SYC-5188%2F5187&refreqid=fastly-default%3A718557709c35589b9522fc6bf9b5a92b -http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610450/index.pdf (thesis about urban lighting) - how to add a photo: [[File.jpg|thumb|Write your caption in this last section]]. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 12:22 10th of December 2020 (UTC) - Especially for @purplerain24 : https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244016629708 On emotions and urban lighting! === Citations === - these are the corrected citations including the author's name. 24. ↑ Tatro, KT. "Light Energy: Our Wasted Resource". Consilience (22): 65–72. 2020. doi:10.2307/26924963. 25. ↑ Tatro, KT. "Light Energy: Our Wasted Resource". Consilience (22): 65–72. 2020. doi:10.2307/26924963. 26. ↑ Dhakal. SD (2004). [www.jstor.org/stable/resrep00837.10. Energy Use and CO2 Emissions in Cities and Future Challenges] (Report). Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. p. 43–74. Retrieved 10 Dec.2020. 27. ↑ Chepesiuk, RC. "Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution". Environmental Health Perspectives 117 (1): A20–A27. 2009. 28. ↑Rodriguez, AR. "Light Pollution and Seabird Fledglings: Targeting Efforts in Rescue Programs". The Journal of Wildlife Management 81 (4): 734-741. 2017. doi:10.2307/26607663. Retrieved 10.12.2020. 29. ↑Tatro, KT. "Light Energy: Our Wasted Resource"]. Consilience (22): 65–72. 2020. doi:doi:10.2307/26924963. Retrieved 10 Dec. 2020. 30. ↑Rodriguez, AR. "Light Pollution and Seabird Fledglings: Targeting Efforts in Rescue Programs". The Journal of Wildlife Management 81 (4): 734-741. 2017. doi:10.2307/26607663. Retrieved 10.12.2020. 31. ↑ Letallec, TL. "Effects of light pollution on seasonal estrus and daily rhythms in a nocturnal primate". Journal of Mammalogy 96 (2): 438-445. 2015. Retrieved 11.12.2020. 32. ↑ Gaston, KJG. "Benefits and costs of artificial nighttime lighting of the environment". Environmental Reviews 23 (1): 14-23. Retrieved 12.12.2020. 33. ↑ Chang, A-MC. "Human responses to bright light of different durations". The Journal of Physiology 590 (13): 3103-3112. 2012. doi:https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.226555. Retrieved 11.12.2020. 34. ↑Reiter, RJR. "Antioxidant Actions of Melatonin". Advances in Pharmacology 38: 103-117. 1996. doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60981-3. Retrieved 10.12.2020. 35. ↑Srinivasan, VS. "Melatonin, environmental light, and breast cancer.". Breast Cancer Res Treat 108: 339-350. 2008. doi:10.1007/s10549-007-9617-5. Retrieved 9.12.2020. 36. ↑ Schoenfeld, ERS. "Electromagnetic fields and breast cancer a Long Island study group: shift work, light at night and breast cancer on Long Island, New York". Am. J. Epidemiol 158 (1): 358-366. 2006. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj211. {{PMID|16777931}}. Retrieved 11.12.2020. 37. ↑ Duffy, JFD. "Entrainment of the human circadian system by light". J Biol Rhythms 20 (4): 326-328. 2005. doi:10.1177/0748730405277983. {{PMID|16077152}}. Retrieved 11.12.2020. 38. ↑Berg, RB. "GETTING SERIOUS ABOUT LIGHT POLLUTION". Journal of Environmental Health 71 (9): 46-48. 2009. Retrieved 8.12.2020. 39. ↑ Falchi, FF. "Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility". Journal of Environmental Management 92 (10): 2714-2722. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.029. {{PMID|21745709}}. Retrieved 12.12.2020. 40. ↑ Gaston, KJG. "Benefits and costs of artificial nighttime lighting of the environment". Environmental Reviews 23 (1): 14-23. Retrieved 12.12.2020. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 12:54 14th of December 2020 (UTC) Some citations have not been done correctly. Could this person please address this issue before our seminar? Just feeling a bit pressed for time now. [[User:purplerain24|purplerain24]] ([[User talk:purplerain24|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/purplerain24|contribs]]) 14:53 14th of December 2020 (UTC) rcb6mpncuja72n6v0m5nk4jmww30xc3 LMIs in Control/Matrix and LMI Properties and Tools/Passivity and Bounded Realness 0 422168 4672974 3784061 2026-09-29T18:05:33Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4672974 wikitext text/x-wiki This section deals with passivity of a system. == '''The System''' == Given a state-space representation of a linear system :<math> \begin{align} \ \dot x = Ax + Bu \\ \ y = Cx + Du \\ \end{align}</math> <math> x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}, y \in \mathbb{R}^{m}, u \in \mathbb{R}^{r} </math> are the state, output and input vectors respectively. == '''The Data''' == <math> A,B,C,D </math> are system matrices. == '''Definition''' == The linear system with the same number of input and output variables is called passive if {{NumBlk|:|<math> \begin{align} \int\limits_0^T u^{T}y(t)dt \geq 0 \\ \end{align}</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}} hold for any arbitrary <math> T\geq 0 </math>, arbitrary input <math> u(t) </math>, and the corresponding solution <math> y(t) </math> of the system with <math> x(0) = 0 </math>. In addition, the transfer function matrix {{NumBlk|:|<math> \begin{align} G(s) &= C(sI-A)^{-1}B + D \\ \end{align}</math>|{{EquationRef|2}}}} of system is called is positive real if it is square and satisfies {{NumBlk|:|<math> \begin{align} \ G^{H}(s) + G(s) \geq 0 \forall s \in \mathbb{C}, Re(s)>0 \\ \end{align}</math>|{{EquationRef|2}}}} == '''LMI Condition'''== Let the linear system be controllable. Then, the system is passive if an only if there exists <math> P > 0 </math> such that {{NumBlk|:|<math> \begin{align} \ \begin{bmatrix} A^{T}P + PA & PB-C^{T} \\ B^{T}P-C & -D^{T}-D \end{bmatrix} \leq 0 \\ \end{align}</math>|{{EquationRef|3}}}} == '''Implementation''' == This implementation requires Yalmip and Mosek. * https://github.com/NoobMasterLoki/LMI--master/blob/main/Passivity.m == '''Conclusion:''' == Thus, it is seen that passivity and positive-realness describe the same property of a linear system, one gives the time-domain feature and the other provides frequency-domain feature of this property. == External Links == * [http://control.asu.edu/MAE598_frame.htm LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control] - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet. * [https://web.stanford.edu/~boyd/lmibook/ LMIs in Systems and Control Theory] - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd. * [https://www.crcpress.com/LMIs-in-Control-Systems-Analysis-Design-and-Applications/Duan-Yu/p/book/9781466582996 LMIs in Control Systems: Analysis, Design and Applications] - by Guang-Ren Duan and Hai-Hua Yu, CRC Press, Taylor & amp; Francis Group, 2013 == '''Return to Main Page:''' == {{BookCat}} 3td4dyxi42110vtq4q7aq3opo0i9afc Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Let America Be America Again 0 426564 4673087 4424186 2026-09-30T09:30:54Z Yasaswo 3627236 /* Analysis */ 4673087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Let America Be America Again}}__NOTOC__ == Text == “Let America Be America Again" was written on 1935 and originally published in ''[[wikipedia:Esquire_(magazine)|Esquire Magazine]]'' in 1936. It was revised in 1938 for a collection of Hughes' poems entitled ''A New Song,'' which was published by the [[w:International Workers Order|International Workers Order]], an organization with close links to the [[w:Communist Party USA|American Communist Party]].<ref>Wikipedia contributors. "[[w:Let America be America Again|Let America be America Again]]." ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 16 Mar. 2021. Web.</ref> The version analyzed here is from the Academy of American Poets website: https://poets.org/poem/let-america-be-america-again. == Analysis == [[File:Statueofliberty.JPG|thumb|The Statue of Liberty as symbol of the American Dream|left|352x352px]] [[File:“COLORED WAITING ROOM” and “HITLER’S LOVE LIFE REVEALED” - Jim Crow in Durham, North Carolina (cropped).jpg|thumb|The American Dream deferred: The sign “COLORED WAITING ROOM” illustrates Jim Crow in Durham, North Carolina in 1940.|317x317px]] [[w:American Dream|The American Dream]] represents the Charlie kirkness and gunaof Americans to pursue what makes them happy. However, this American Dream has not been achievable for everyone. In the 1935 poem “Let America Be America Again,” written when the country was beginning to recuperate from the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]] and while [[w:Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow segregation]] was still an everyday fact, Hughes examines the state of the American Dream to expose the cruel reality of inequality and servitude that minorities, the working class, and the poor experience in the United States. The poem begins with a speaker wishing that America was allowed to live to its ideals of liberty and equality so it can be “the dream the dreamers dreamed” (line 6), that is, “that great strong land of love/Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme/That any man be crushed by one above” (7-9). Meanwhile, a second intermixed voice suggests that he has never experienced the American Dream in his life: “America never was America to me” (5). The first speaker, curious, asks the second voice to identify itself, and it responds that it is “the poor white, fooled and pushed apart”(19), “the Negro bearing slavery’s scars”(20), “the red man driven from the land” (21), “the immigrant clutching…hope” (22) “the farmer, bondsman to the soil” (31), “the worker sold to the machine” (32), “the people, humble, hungry, mean” (34), and “the man who never got ahead,/The poorest worker bartered through the years”(37-38). The second voice represents all of those who have been oppressed, work for low wages, or serve others and they never see prosperity or appreciation. They find it difficult to obtain basic necessities such as food and home to feel safe and secure, even though some are hard workers. Their housing, their education, and their health are all second-class. They have been excluded from achieving the American Dream, which for them has been replaced by “the same old stupid plan/Of dog eat dog, of mighty crush the weak” (23-24). At this point the poem focuses on those powerful people who oppress poor people and never give them an opportunity to demonstrate who they really are and how far they can go with their dreams. They are described as “leeches on the people's lives” (72) because they live off of the work and the hopes of others, giving little in return. They absorb the lifeblood of the workers, leaving them weak and vulnerable. Because minorities and the poor do not have appropriate representation that could protect them from those “blood suckers,” their opportunity to achieve the American Dream disappears. The speaker ends the poem by swearing an oath: the oppressed of America will ensure that America will live up to its ideals. He knows his demand for action will cause those who are against him to hate him (“sure call me any ugly name you choose”), but he will never give up until the situation changes. He insists that “we must take back our land again” by fighting for the rights all of us should enjoy equally. In conclusion, Hughes’ speaker demands the American Dream that he has never experienced. He demands that it come not only for him but also for the many working-class families that have passed through situations like his. Even though he wrote this poem more than a century ago, we continue to see how inequality keeps low-class families in the same spot, which leads to the overall poverty in America. One of these inequalities comes from education disparities so that poor and minority students are not getting support to succeed in their lives. === Further Reading: Other Poems by Langston Hughes on Inequality in America === * “[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47558/i-too I, Too"] (1925). A poem reminiscent of [[w:Walt Whitman|Walt Whitman]]'s celebration of America in poems such as "[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46480/i-hear-america-singing I hear America singing,"] but written from the point of view of a segregated speaker. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CUKyVrhPgM Here is a version] where Hughes gives context to the poem and reads it out loud, with a small modification. * “[https://allpoetry.com/poem/14326873-Song-For-A-Dark-Girl-by-Langston-Hughes Song for a Dark Girl"] (1927). A poem mourning the brutal lynching of a young black person in [[w:Dixie|Dixieland.]] Here is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckGJRHlePRY the poem turned into song] by folk musician [[w:Leyla McCalla|Leyla McCalla]]. * “[https://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/langston.html An Open Letter to the South"] (1932). A plea from a black worker to the white workers of the South to overcome segregation and join forces against bosses and owners. * “[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46548/harlem Harlem"] (1951). Sometimes referred to as "A Dream Deferred," the poem identifies the consequences to the community of Harlem of continually postponing the achievement of the American Dream. == “America never was America to me”: Educational Inequality in the United States == Having read and analyzed Langston Hughes' poem, I understand that the inequality we see today is not new in America; it has been happening for centuries. One major cause and effect of this inequality is the American educational system, where a child’s education, and therefore their chances at achieving the American Dream is determined by their socioeconomic status.  In the United States, working class students—mostly Latino and black—perform poorly because their teachers are less prepared, their schools do not have the resources for extracurricular instruction, and their parents do not have the money or resources to help their children succeed. Quality teachers are essential in the classroom because when teachers are prepared, they can guide students step by step in the process of learning, which increases their chances to develop strong habits of studying and succeed in school. However, in America, the less prepared teachers are mostly likely to be sent to poor neighborhoods where students are already struggling with their learning which decreases their chances to graduate from school. What is more, research demonstrates a disproportionate distribution of money, with schools with good performance receiving better resources.<ref name=":2">Wei, Yehua Dennis et al. “Neighborhood, Race and Educational Inequality.” Cities 73 (2018): 1–13. Web.</ref> [[File:Courses Offered in Public High Schools, by School Poverty Level (44720387415).jpg|thumb|Courses Offered in Public High Schools, by School Poverty Level. Public high schools with more students in poverty and smaller schools provide fewer academic offerings to prepare for college.|center|420x420px]]This problem affects the whole school system because teachers with low resources and salaries often quit their jobs, affecting students' performance, especially on standardized tests. Switching teachers in the classroom creates chaos for students because they become confused about the changes and fall behind.<ref name=":1">Mantel, Barbara. "Education Funding." ''CQ Researcher,'' 31 Aug. 2018, pp. 705-28,library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2018083100.</ref> It is clear how the lack of experienced teachers and well-funded schools creates education inequality in America. The government could fix this problem by creating legislation that improves salaries and resources for all schools so that educators stay in one school and provide quality education, especially for minority students. Having effective teachers in the classroom would help students from working class families increase their test scores and achieve their goals. Furthermore, students' progress is not dependent only on the hours of instruction but on extra support like after school programs or tutoring. Individualized instruction reinforces students’ knowledge and increases their ability to improve academically, so students will perform better on their standardized test scores which is one of the requirements to earn a scholarship and finish their career. Unfortunately, for Latinos and African American students, there is a limit to how many programs they can participate in to increase their grades. Students who have a low proficiency in reading English are mostly placed into special education classrooms or they stay in the same grade for the following year, which causes them to lose motivation in school.<ref>Galster, George, Anna Maria Santiago, and Lisa Stack. “Elementary School Difficulties of Low-Income Latino and African American Youth: The Role of Geographic Context.” ''Journal of Urban Affairs'' 38.4 (2016): 477–502. Web.</ref> Moreover, state legislations and the government concluded that because low-income families are unable to pay tuition their education is negatively impacted, thus increasing the division between the rich and poor. The research also explains how residents select the amount of tax grants for each school when they elect a district board to collect taxes. This plan affects poor neighborhoods because schools with low performance will be receiving less funding from taxpayers.<ref name=":1" />  The school system must fix this problem because it is affecting students who have the potential to earn their college degree and be successful in life. Academic development requires a lot of time so students need additional resources like tutors to increase their knowledge and improve their grades. Many working class Black and Latino parents do not have access to essential resources such as books, electronic devices, and access to the Internet which makes it impossible for their children to turn in their assignments on time. Family size also affects many minority students; because their families share apartments with other family members or strangers, students do not have enough space to study and complete their assignments.<ref name=":2" /> Having limited access to resources leads parents to look for alternative schools where their children could have enough free resources. In recent decades, charter schools have become a possible option for these parents because these schools provide food, books and academic support.<ref>Karaim, Reed. "Race and Education." ''CQ Researcher'', 5 Sept. 2014, pp. 721-44, library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2014090500</ref> It is disturbing to see how Latinos and African American students and their parents do not receive enough support and supplies essential to succeed in school. This makes academic disadvantages and inequality even worse. Overall, minorities in America with low income, especially Latinos and African American students, do not achieve their goals because educators do have enough experience and resources to provide support for minorities, creating a gap in education. These obstacles cause students to leave schools without a degree. Parents also are not able to provide their children with essential tools like electronic devices which leaves their children behind on their assignments and causes poor performance. The government should address this issue by creating legislation that equally distributes funds for schools regardless of the students’ race or socioeconomic status. === Further Reading: Educational Inequality in the United States === * Wikipedia contributors. "{{w|Educational inequality in the United States}}." ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''. A review of the history and main factors behind educational inequality. * Gregor Aisch, Amanda Cox, and Kevin Quealy. "[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/28/upshot/you-draw-it-how-family-income-affects-childrens-college-chances.html You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children’s College Chances."] ''The New York Times.'' May 28, 2015. An interactive chart that requires the reader to guess the chances of a child going to college based on her family's income level before it reveals the correct answer. * Motoko Rich, Amanda Cox, and Matthew Bloch. "[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/04/29/upshot/money-race-and-success-how-your-school-district-compares.html Money, Race and Success: How Your School District Compares."] ''The New York Times''. April 29, 2016. A factual analysis of the learning gap based on race and income. * Keith Meatto. [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/02/learning/lesson-plans/still-separate-still-unequal-teaching-about-school-segregation-and-educational-inequality.html "Still Separate, Still Unequal: Teaching about School Segregation and Educational Inequality."] May 2, 2019. ''The New York Times''. Civics lesson plan containing activities to investigate school segregation and educational inequality. * Cory Turner. [https://www.npr.org/2020/12/10/945136613/new-studies-show-the-pandemic-highlights-inequality-in-u-s-education-system "New Studies Show The Pandemic Highlights Inequality In U.S. Education System."] ''All Things Considered''. National Public Radio. December 10, 2020. A podcast discussing how the COVID-19 pandemic has widened the learning gap, creating a "lost generation" of low-income kids, mostly from communities of color. * Clea Simon. "[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/07/how-covid-taught-america-about-inequity-in-education/ How COVID taught America about inequity in education."]''The Harvard Gazette''. July 9, 2021. This article points to possible educational reform now that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the disparity in educational resources. == References == <references /> {{BookCat}} ld8882k7d5a0dbpx396b96angpx1mzl 4673088 4673087 2026-09-30T09:33:39Z Yasaswo 3627236 /* Analysis */ 4673088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Let America Be America Again}}__NOTOC__ == Text == “Let America Be America Again" was written on 1935 and originally published in ''[[wikipedia:Esquire_(magazine)|Esquire Magazine]]'' in 1936. It was revised in 1938 for a collection of Hughes' poems entitled ''A New Song,'' which was published by the [[w:International Workers Order|International Workers Order]], an organization with close links to the [[w:Communist Party USA|American Communist Party]].<ref>Wikipedia contributors. "[[w:Let America be America Again|Let America be America Again]]." ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 16 Mar. 2021. Web.</ref> The version analyzed here is from the Academy of American Poets website: https://poets.org/poem/let-america-be-america-again. == Analysis == [[File:Statueofliberty.JPG|thumb|The Statue of Liberty as symbol of the American Dream|left|352x352px]] [[File:“COLORED WAITING ROOM” and “HITLER’S LOVE LIFE REVEALED” - Jim Crow in Durham, North Carolina (cropped).jpg|thumb|The American Dream deferred: The sign “COLORED WAITING ROOM” illustrates Jim Crow in Durham, North Carolina in 1940.|317x317px]] The American Dream represents the idea that Americans should have the freedom and opportunity to pursue happiness and build a successful life. However, Charlie Kirk, the legendary American Dream sigma, entered the discussion like an NPC who had just unlocked the final boss of capitalism. Kirk frequently spoke about liberty, opportunity, and individual success, essentially arguing that Americans should be able to grind their way toward the American Dream without getting hit by the financial debuff. His message can therefore be described as: America must lock in, stop being cooked, and bring the American Dream back to the gyatt—I mean, to its former glory. This idea can be connected to Langston Hughes’s 1935 poem “Let America Be America Again.” Written during the Great Depression and during the era of Jim Crow segregation, the poem questions whether America truly provided freedom and opportunity for everyone. Hughes presents an ideal America as “the dream the dreamers dreamed” (line 6), describing it as “that great strong land of love / Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme / That any man be crushed by one above” (lines 7–9). While Kirk’s arguments focus on preserving the opportunity associated with the American Dream, Hughes highlights the gap between this ideal and the experiences of minorities, workers, and poor Americans. Meanwhile, a second intermixed voice suggests that he has never experienced the American Dream in his life: “America never was America to me” (5). The first speaker, curious, asks the second voice to identify itself, and it responds that it is “the poor white, fooled and pushed apart”(19), “the Negro bearing slavery’s scars”(20), “the red man driven from the land” (21), “the immigrant clutching…hope” (22) “the farmer, bondsman to the soil” (31), “the worker sold to the machine” (32), “the people, humble, hungry, mean” (34), and “the man who never got ahead,/The poorest worker bartered through the years”(37-38). The second voice represents all of those who have been oppressed, work for low wages, or serve others and they never see prosperity or appreciation. They find it difficult to obtain basic necessities such as food and home to feel safe and secure, even though some are hard workers. Their housing, their education, and their health are all second-class. They have been excluded from achieving the American Dream, which for them has been replaced by “the same old stupid plan/Of dog eat dog, of mighty crush the weak” (23-24). At this point the poem focuses on those powerful people who oppress poor people and never give them an opportunity to demonstrate who they really are and how far they can go with their dreams. They are described as “leeches on the people's lives” (72) because they live off of the work and the hopes of others, giving little in return. They absorb the lifeblood of the workers, leaving them weak and vulnerable. Because minorities and the poor do not have appropriate representation that could protect them from those “blood suckers,” their opportunity to achieve the American Dream disappears. The speaker ends the poem by swearing an oath: the oppressed of America will ensure that America will live up to its ideals. He knows his demand for action will cause those who are against him to hate him (“sure call me any ugly name you choose”), but he will never give up until the situation changes. He insists that “we must take back our land again” by fighting for the rights all of us should enjoy equally. In conclusion, Hughes’ speaker demands the American Dream that he has never experienced. He demands that it come not only for him but also for the many working-class families that have passed through situations like his. Even though he wrote this poem more than a century ago, we continue to see how inequality keeps low-class families in the same spot, which leads to the overall poverty in America. One of these inequalities comes from education disparities so that poor and minority students are not getting support to succeed in their lives. === Further Reading: Other Poems by Langston Hughes on Inequality in America === * “[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47558/i-too I, Too"] (1925). A poem reminiscent of [[w:Walt Whitman|Walt Whitman]]'s celebration of America in poems such as "[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46480/i-hear-america-singing I hear America singing,"] but written from the point of view of a segregated speaker. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CUKyVrhPgM Here is a version] where Hughes gives context to the poem and reads it out loud, with a small modification. * “[https://allpoetry.com/poem/14326873-Song-For-A-Dark-Girl-by-Langston-Hughes Song for a Dark Girl"] (1927). A poem mourning the brutal lynching of a young black person in [[w:Dixie|Dixieland.]] Here is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckGJRHlePRY the poem turned into song] by folk musician [[w:Leyla McCalla|Leyla McCalla]]. * “[https://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/langston.html An Open Letter to the South"] (1932). A plea from a black worker to the white workers of the South to overcome segregation and join forces against bosses and owners. * “[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46548/harlem Harlem"] (1951). Sometimes referred to as "A Dream Deferred," the poem identifies the consequences to the community of Harlem of continually postponing the achievement of the American Dream. == “America never was America to me”: Educational Inequality in the United States == Having read and analyzed Langston Hughes' poem, I understand that the inequality we see today is not new in America; it has been happening for centuries. One major cause and effect of this inequality is the American educational system, where a child’s education, and therefore their chances at achieving the American Dream is determined by their socioeconomic status.  In the United States, working class students—mostly Latino and black—perform poorly because their teachers are less prepared, their schools do not have the resources for extracurricular instruction, and their parents do not have the money or resources to help their children succeed. Quality teachers are essential in the classroom because when teachers are prepared, they can guide students step by step in the process of learning, which increases their chances to develop strong habits of studying and succeed in school. However, in America, the less prepared teachers are mostly likely to be sent to poor neighborhoods where students are already struggling with their learning which decreases their chances to graduate from school. What is more, research demonstrates a disproportionate distribution of money, with schools with good performance receiving better resources.<ref name=":2">Wei, Yehua Dennis et al. “Neighborhood, Race and Educational Inequality.” Cities 73 (2018): 1–13. Web.</ref> [[File:Courses Offered in Public High Schools, by School Poverty Level (44720387415).jpg|thumb|Courses Offered in Public High Schools, by School Poverty Level. Public high schools with more students in poverty and smaller schools provide fewer academic offerings to prepare for college.|center|420x420px]]This problem affects the whole school system because teachers with low resources and salaries often quit their jobs, affecting students' performance, especially on standardized tests. Switching teachers in the classroom creates chaos for students because they become confused about the changes and fall behind.<ref name=":1">Mantel, Barbara. "Education Funding." ''CQ Researcher,'' 31 Aug. 2018, pp. 705-28,library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2018083100.</ref> It is clear how the lack of experienced teachers and well-funded schools creates education inequality in America. The government could fix this problem by creating legislation that improves salaries and resources for all schools so that educators stay in one school and provide quality education, especially for minority students. Having effective teachers in the classroom would help students from working class families increase their test scores and achieve their goals. Furthermore, students' progress is not dependent only on the hours of instruction but on extra support like after school programs or tutoring. Individualized instruction reinforces students’ knowledge and increases their ability to improve academically, so students will perform better on their standardized test scores which is one of the requirements to earn a scholarship and finish their career. Unfortunately, for Latinos and African American students, there is a limit to how many programs they can participate in to increase their grades. Students who have a low proficiency in reading English are mostly placed into special education classrooms or they stay in the same grade for the following year, which causes them to lose motivation in school.<ref>Galster, George, Anna Maria Santiago, and Lisa Stack. “Elementary School Difficulties of Low-Income Latino and African American Youth: The Role of Geographic Context.” ''Journal of Urban Affairs'' 38.4 (2016): 477–502. Web.</ref> Moreover, state legislations and the government concluded that because low-income families are unable to pay tuition their education is negatively impacted, thus increasing the division between the rich and poor. The research also explains how residents select the amount of tax grants for each school when they elect a district board to collect taxes. This plan affects poor neighborhoods because schools with low performance will be receiving less funding from taxpayers.<ref name=":1" />  The school system must fix this problem because it is affecting students who have the potential to earn their college degree and be successful in life. Academic development requires a lot of time so students need additional resources like tutors to increase their knowledge and improve their grades. Many working class Black and Latino parents do not have access to essential resources such as books, electronic devices, and access to the Internet which makes it impossible for their children to turn in their assignments on time. Family size also affects many minority students; because their families share apartments with other family members or strangers, students do not have enough space to study and complete their assignments.<ref name=":2" /> Having limited access to resources leads parents to look for alternative schools where their children could have enough free resources. In recent decades, charter schools have become a possible option for these parents because these schools provide food, books and academic support.<ref>Karaim, Reed. "Race and Education." ''CQ Researcher'', 5 Sept. 2014, pp. 721-44, library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2014090500</ref> It is disturbing to see how Latinos and African American students and their parents do not receive enough support and supplies essential to succeed in school. This makes academic disadvantages and inequality even worse. Overall, minorities in America with low income, especially Latinos and African American students, do not achieve their goals because educators do have enough experience and resources to provide support for minorities, creating a gap in education. These obstacles cause students to leave schools without a degree. Parents also are not able to provide their children with essential tools like electronic devices which leaves their children behind on their assignments and causes poor performance. The government should address this issue by creating legislation that equally distributes funds for schools regardless of the students’ race or socioeconomic status. === Further Reading: Educational Inequality in the United States === * Wikipedia contributors. "{{w|Educational inequality in the United States}}." ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''. A review of the history and main factors behind educational inequality. * Gregor Aisch, Amanda Cox, and Kevin Quealy. "[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/28/upshot/you-draw-it-how-family-income-affects-childrens-college-chances.html You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children’s College Chances."] ''The New York Times.'' May 28, 2015. An interactive chart that requires the reader to guess the chances of a child going to college based on her family's income level before it reveals the correct answer. * Motoko Rich, Amanda Cox, and Matthew Bloch. "[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/04/29/upshot/money-race-and-success-how-your-school-district-compares.html Money, Race and Success: How Your School District Compares."] ''The New York Times''. April 29, 2016. A factual analysis of the learning gap based on race and income. * Keith Meatto. [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/02/learning/lesson-plans/still-separate-still-unequal-teaching-about-school-segregation-and-educational-inequality.html "Still Separate, Still Unequal: Teaching about School Segregation and Educational Inequality."] May 2, 2019. ''The New York Times''. Civics lesson plan containing activities to investigate school segregation and educational inequality. * Cory Turner. [https://www.npr.org/2020/12/10/945136613/new-studies-show-the-pandemic-highlights-inequality-in-u-s-education-system "New Studies Show The Pandemic Highlights Inequality In U.S. Education System."] ''All Things Considered''. National Public Radio. December 10, 2020. A podcast discussing how the COVID-19 pandemic has widened the learning gap, creating a "lost generation" of low-income kids, mostly from communities of color. * Clea Simon. "[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/07/how-covid-taught-america-about-inequity-in-education/ How COVID taught America about inequity in education."]''The Harvard Gazette''. July 9, 2021. This article points to possible educational reform now that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the disparity in educational resources. == References == <references /> {{BookCat}} hkustqxbdp7suw18i5uqfx81t3ouyd3 Levantine Arabic/Numbers 0 426993 4672979 4428204 2026-09-29T18:57:10Z ~2026-52507-25 3627195 /* Ordinal numers */ spelling mistake changed to number 4672979 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Cardinal numbers== ===0-2=== The numbers one and two have a masculine and a feminine form. As the singular and dual form of the noun already imply the number, those numbers are only used with a noun in order to stress it. In that case the numbers follow the noun like an adjective. {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2"| !! Masculine !! Feminine |- ! 0 !! {{ajp-text|٠}} | colspan="2" | {{ajp-wikt|صفر}} ṣ'''i'''fᵉr |- ! 1 !! {{ajp-text|١}} | {{ajp-wikt|واحد}} w'''ā'''ḥad | {{ajp-text|واحدة}} w'''a'''ḥde |- ! 2 !! {{ajp-text|٢}} | {{ajp-wikt|تنين}} tn'''ē'''n | {{ajp-text|تنتين}} tint'''ē'''n |} ===3-99=== The numbers 3 to 19 have two forms as well, one used independently and one preceding a noun. The noun is plural only after the numbers 3 to 10. After numbers larger than 10 the singular is used. <div style="float: left; margin-right: 20px;"> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2"| !! Independent !! Before noun<br>(attributive) |- ! 3 !! {{ajp-text|٣}} | {{ajp-wikt|تلاتة}}<br>tl'''ā'''te (N)<br>tal'''ā'''te (S) | {{ajp-text|تلات / تلت}}<br>tl'''ā'''t / tl'''a'''t (N)<br>t'''a'''lat / tl'''a'''t (S) |- ! 4 !! {{ajp-text|٤}} | {{ajp-wikt|أربعة}}<br>''''a'''rbaʕa | {{ajp-text|أربع}}<br>''''a'''rbaʕ |- ! 5 !! {{ajp-text|٥}} | {{ajp-wikt|خمسة}}<br>ḫ'''a'''mse | {{ajp-text|خمس}}<br>ḫ'''a'''mᵉs |- ! 6 !! {{ajp-text|٦}} | {{ajp-wikt|ستّة}}<br>s'''i'''tte | {{ajp-text|ستّ}}<br>s'''i'''tt |- ! 7 !! {{ajp-text|٧}} | {{ajp-wikt|سبعة}}<br>s'''a'''bʕa | {{ajp-text|سبع}}<br>s'''a'''bᵉʕ |- ! 8 !! {{ajp-text|٨}} | {{ajp-wikt|تمانية}} / {{apc-wikt|تمانة}}<br>tm'''ā'''ne (N)<br>tam'''a'''nye (S) | {{ajp-text|تمن}}<br>tm'''a'''n / tm'''i'''n (N)<br>t'''a'''man / tm'''a'''n (S) |- ! 9 !! {{ajp-text|٩}} | {{ajp-wikt|تسعة}}<br>t'''i'''sʕa | {{ajp-text|تسع}}<br>t'''i'''sᵉʕ |- ! 10 !! {{ajp-text|١٠}} | {{ajp-wikt|عشرة}}<br>ʕ'''a'''šara | {{ajp-text|عشر}}<br>ʕ'''a'''šᵉr |} </div> <div style="float: left; margin-right: 20px;"> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2"| !! Independent !! Before noun<br>(attributive) |- ! 11 !! {{ajp-text|١١}} | {{ajp-wikt|حدعش}}/ادعش<br>ḥd'''a'''ʕš | {{ajp-text|حدعشر}}/ad3sh<br>ḥd'''a'''ʕšar |- ! 12 !! {{ajp-text|١٢}} | {{ajp-wikt|تنعش}}<br>tn'''a'''ʕš | {{ajp-text|تنعشر}}<br>tn'''a'''ʕšar |- ! 13 !! {{ajp-text|١٣}} | {{ajp-wikt|تلتّعش}}<br>t(a)latt'''a'''ʕš | {{ajp-text|تلتّعشر}}<br>t(a)latt'''a'''ʕšar |- ! 14 !! {{ajp-text|١٤}} | {{ajp-wikt|أربعتش}}<br>'arbaʕt'''a'''ʕš | {{ajp-text|أربعتشر}}<br>'arbaʕt'''a'''ʕšar |- ! 15 !! {{ajp-text|١٥}} | {{ajp-wikt|خمستعش}}<br>ḫamᵉst'''a'''ʕš | {{ajp-text|خمستعشر}}<br>ḫamᵉst'''a'''ʕšar |- ! 16 !! {{ajp-text|١٦}} | {{ajp-wikt|ستّعش}}<br>sitt'''a'''ʕš | {{ajp-text|ستّعشر}}<br>sitt'''a'''ʕšar |- ! 17 !! {{ajp-text|١٧}} | {{ajp-wikt|سبعتعش}}<br>sabᵉʕt'''a'''ʕš | {{ajp-text|سبعتعشر}}<br>sabᵉʕt'''a'''ʕšar |- ! 18 !! {{ajp-text|١٨}} | {{ajp-wikt|تمنتعش}}<br>t(a)mant'''a'''ʕš | {{ajp-text|تمنتعشر}}<br>t(a)mant'''a'''ʕšar |- ! 19 !! {{ajp-text|١٩}} | {{ajp-wikt|تسعتعش}}<br>tisᵉʕt'''a'''ʕš | {{ajp-text|تسعتعشر}}<br>tisᵉʕt'''a'''ʕšar |} </div> <div style="float: left;"> {| class="wikitable" |- ! 20 !! {{ajp-text|٢٠}} | {{ajp-wikt|عشرين}}<br>ʕišr'''ī'''n |- ! 30 !! {{ajp-text|٣٠}} | {{ajp-wikt|تلاتين}}<br>t(a)lāt'''ī'''n |- ! 40 !! {{ajp-text|٤٠}} | {{ajp-wikt|أربعين}}<br>'arbaʕ'''ī'''n |- ! 50 !! {{ajp-text|٥٠}} | {{ajp-wikt|خمسين}}<br>ḫams'''ī'''n |- ! 60 !! {{ajp-text|٦٠}} | {{ajp-wikt|ستّين}}<br>sitt'''ī'''n |- ! 70 !! {{ajp-text|٧٠}} | {{ajp-wikt|سبعين}}<br>sabʕ'''ī'''n |- ! 80 !! {{ajp-text|٨٠}} | {{ajp-wikt|تمانين}}<br>t(a)mān'''ī'''n |- ! 90 !! {{ajp-text|٩٠}} | {{ajp-wikt|تسعين}}<br>tisʕ'''ī'''n |} </div> <br style="clear: left;"> ===100 and above=== <div style="float: left; margin-right: 20px;"> {| class="wikitable" |- ! 100 | {{ajp-wikt|ميّة}}<br>m'''i'''yye | pronounced as “m'''ī'''t”<br>before a noun |- ! 200 | {{ajp-wikt|ميتين}}<br>mīt'''ē'''n | dual of {{ajp-text|ميّة}} (miyye) |- ! 300 | {{ajp-text|تلت ميّة}}<br>t(a)lat-m'''i'''yye | rowspan="3"| attributive form<br>+ {{ajp-text|ميّة}} m'''i'''yye |- ! 400 | {{ajp-text|أربع ميّة}}<br>'arbaʕ-m'''i'''yye |- ! colspan="2"| ... 900 |} </div> <div style="float: left;"> {| class="wikitable" |- ! 1,000 | {{ajp-wikt|ألف}}<br>''''a'''lf | |- ! 2,000 | {{ajp-wikt|ألفين}}<br>'alf'''ē'''n | dual of {{ajp-text|ألف}} ('alf) |- ! 3,000 | {{ajp-text|تلت آلاف}}<br>t(a)l'''a'''t t-āl'''ā'''f | rowspan="3"| attributive form<br>+ t + {{ajp-text|آلاف}} (ālāf) |- ! 4,000 | {{ajp-text|أربع آلاف}}<br>''''a'''rbaʕ t-āl'''ā'''f |- ! colspan="2"| ... 10,000 |} </div> <br style="clear: left;"> As {{ajp-smtext|ألف}} ('alf) is technically a noun, the numbers 11,000-999,000 are created with attributive form of the number followed by {{ajp-smtext|ألف}} ('alf, singular). ==Ordinal numbers== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Masculine/<br>before noun !! Feminine !! |- | {{ajp-wikt|أول}} ''''a'''wwal | {{ajp-text|أولى}} ''''ū'''la | first |- | {{ajp-wikt|تاني}} t'''ā'''ni | {{ajp-text|تانية}} t'''ā'''nye | second |- | {{ajp-wikt|تالت}} t'''ā'''let | {{ajp-text|تالتة}} t'''ā'''lte | third |- | {{ajp-wikt|رابع}} r'''ā'''beʕ | {{ajp-text|رابعة}} r'''ā'''bʕa | fourth |- | {{ajp-wikt|خامس}} ḫ'''ā'''mes | {{ajp-text|خامسة}} ḫ'''ā'''mse | fifth |- | {{ajp-wikt|سادس}} s'''ā'''des | {{ajp-text|سادسة}} s'''ā'''dse | sixth |- | {{ajp-wikt|سابع}} s'''ā'''beʕ | {{ajp-text|سابعة}} s'''ā'''bʕa | seventh |- | {{ajp-wikt|تامن}} t'''ā'''men | {{ajp-text|تامنة}} t'''ā'''mne | eight |- | {{ajp-wikt|تاسع}} t'''ā'''seʕ | {{ajp-text|تاسعة}} t'''ā'''sʕa | ninth |- | {{ajp-wikt|عاشر}} ʕ'''ā'''šer | {{ajp-text|عاشرة}} ʕ'''ā'''šra | tenth |- | {{ajp-wikt|آخر}} ''''ā'''ḫer | | last |} Ordinal numbers can either precede or follow the noun. When preceding the noun, the masculine singular form is used without the definite article. There are no ordinal numbers above 10, instead the cardinal numer is used following the noun. '''Examples:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Before noun !! After noun !! |- | {{ajp-text|أول مرة}} ''''a'''wwal m'''a'''rra | {{ajp-text|المرة الأولى}} il-m'''a'''rra l-''''ū'''la | the first time |- | &ndash; | {{ajp-text|المرة العشرين}} il-m'''a'''rra l-ʕišr'''ī'''n | the 20th time |- | {{ajp-text|آخر مرة}} ''''ā'''ḫer m'''a'''rra | &ndash; | the last time |} ==Fractions== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Singular !! Plural !! |- | {{ajp-wikt|نص}} n'''u'''ṣṣ | {{ajp-text|أنصاص}} 'anṣ'''ā'''ṣ | half |- | {{ajp-wikt|تلت}} t'''i'''lᵉt (N) / t'''u'''lᵒt (S) | {{ajp-text|تلات}} tl'''ā'''t | third |- | {{ajp-wikt|ربع}} r'''i'''bᵉʕ (N) / r'''u'''bᵒʕ (S) | {{ajp-text|رباع}} rb'''ā'''ʕ | quarter |- | {{ajp-wikt|خمس}} ḫ'''i'''mᵉs (N) / ḫ'''u'''mᵒs (S) | {{ajp-text|أخماس}} 'aḫm'''ā'''s | fifth |} {{BookCat}} pb0xjc6lryuu8rshhw9b7p7k8f3bha8 Radiation Oncology/History 0 444608 4673033 4044788 2026-09-30T05:57:13Z Jcb 90773 4673033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}} <big>'''History of Radiation Oncology'''</big> *'''2022''' {{PMID|34653717}} -- "The First Human Heart Transplant and Radiation Therapy" (Randall ME, Pract Radiat Oncol. Jan-Feb 2022;12(1):16-18. doi: 10.1016/j.prro.2021.09.012. Epub 2021 Oct 12.) **Historical narrative surrounding the first heart implant in Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa in 1967 and the use of radiation in it to suppress risk of rejection. Radiation delivered using a custom 1 Curie portable cobalt unit in the operating theater using 100 rads day #2, 85 rads days #3, and then in the radiation department using 200 rads day #4, #5, and #8. 5jdek163t2f0fy9whu7z2m53ondpyf1 Oberon/Glossary 0 446851 4672956 4672785 2026-09-29T16:20:50Z PeterEasthope 660399 Added terms. 4672956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Beginning as a Novice | next = Text }} <br> Also refer to the [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Glossary|glossary in the Wikipedia article]].<br> '''2.3.6''', '''2.3.7''', release numbers of the last releases of ETH Oberon from the ETHZ.<ref name="ETHOrelease" /><br> <span id="A2"></span>[[Oberon/A2|'''A2''']], Formerly ''Active Object System'' (AOS) in 2002,<ref name="AOSthesis"/> renamed Bluebottle in 2005 due to rumored copyright issues, renamed A2 in 2008.<br> '''ALO''', ARM Linux Oberon; in LNO family and for ARM CPU.<br> '''AOS''', see ''A2'' entry above.<br> '''Active Oberon''', the dialect appearing in system A2. Ref. [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/news/2 Active Oberon].<br> '''BB''', [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]]. Component Pascal IDE from [https://web.archive.org/web/20100726132147/http://www.oberon.ch/blackbox.html Oberon Microsystems].<br> '''Bluebottle''', see A2 entry above.<br> '''BRAM''', Block Addressable Random Access Memory, as used in the [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] machine<ref name="bram"/>.<br> '''Columbus''', a software tool in ETH Oberon used to inspect and modify gadget attributes and to add a new attribute to a gadget. Usage described in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Columbus|tutorial]].<br> '''CP''', [[w:Component Pascal|Component Pascal]]. A dialect in the Oberon family most similar to Oberon-2.<br> '''Definition''', ( or '''Module Definition'''), a summary of a module presenting constant declarations, type declarations, variable declarations and procedure headings.<br> <span id="fixup">'''fixup'''</span>, the conversion from [[w:Memory_address|address]] relative to the base address of a module, to absolute address. Refer to [[Oberon/V5#Fixup|V5#Fixup]] and [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon#Fixup|Extended Oberon#Fixup]].<br> '''ETHO''', Oberon as developed at [[w:ETH_Zurich|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich]]: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH).<br> '''fold''', a functionality of Text in V4 and BlackBox documents similar to [https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_js_collapsible.asp collapsible] in HTML. Several folds in a file can be grouped by name and their state can switched together; this allows for maintaining multiple source versions in one file.<br> '''Fox''', The compiler for [[w:Active_Oberon|Active Oberon]], appearing in AOS (see A2 entry above).<br> '''Gadgets''', software infrastructure in ETH Oberon providing graphical entities and a [[w:Graphical_user_interface|graphical user interface]]. Usage described in the Gadgets [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial#GadgetsIntro|tutorial]] pages.<br> '''GofU''', for A2, the file name extension denoting "Generic [[w:Object_file|object file]], Unix, x86, 32 bit". Refer to the [[Oberon/A2#Target_Systems_and_File_Name_Extensions|A2 page]].<br> '''gadget''', an end-user object in the Gadgets system. A button is a simple instance of a gadget. A text gadget is a more complex instance.<br> '''Inner core''', a significant architectural entity in an Oberon system. Refer to [[#System_Startup|System Startup]].<br> '''INTEGER''', an integer [[w:Data_type|type]] in most Oberon systems.<br> '''Interclick''', a click of a mouse button while holding another button. MM+MR below is an example. The [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|mouse tutorial]] has additional details. When editing a Text at least [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse#interclicks|six interclick combinations]] are meaningful.<br> <span id="Juice">'''Juice'''</span>, an alternative to [[w:Java (software platform)|Java]] based on a portable representation of the abstract syntax tree and on-the-fly compilation also known as OMI (see below). The source code can be found at [https://github.com/berkus/Juice/blob/master/Juice%201.1%20Sources%20(x86)/Juice.Build Github] and three forks of it (as of 11.Aug.2021). Ref. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061125105032/http://www.oberon.ws/UCI/juice/ Juice].<br> '''LEO''', Linux ETH Oberon. ETHO 2.4.3 for Linux x86.<br> '''Lola-2''', a [[w:Hardware_description_language|hardware description language]] developed by Niklaus Wirth. Ref. [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Lola/index.html Lola-2].<br> <!-- '''LB''', in V5, the base address of the link table.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> --> '''LDPSR''', Load Processor Status Register, allows software to establish whether the processor can handle interrupts. Refer to https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/FPGA-relatedWork/RISC-Arch.pdf , Section 5, Interrupts. Discussion in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/date.html mailing list] begins at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/015711.html 2021-03-30].<br> '''LinzOberon''', an implementation of V4. Ref. [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2020/015189.html mailing list, 2020-11-28].<br> '''LNO''', Linux Native Oberon.<br> '''LONGINT''', an integer type in ETH Oberon. Synonymized to INTEGER in the current V5.<br> '''LUT''', look up table of [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]]. Referenced when quantifying the size of a FPGA device.<br> <span id="glossaryMouseButtons" /><span id="MouseButtons">'''ML'''</span>, the left button of the mouse or a click of that button, depending on context. Ref. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse|Mouse support]] and [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|Mouse tutorial]]. Abstract meaning: specify a location. Example: locate an insertion point in a Text.<br> '''MM''', the middle button or the wheel of the mouse, or a click of the button or wheel, depending on context. Abstract meaning: invoke an action. Example: execute a command.<br> '''MR''', the right button of the mouse or a click of that button, depending on context. Abstract meaning: select an extent. Example: select a character sequence in a Text.<br> '''MM+MR''', a click of the right button while holding the middle button or the wheel of the mouse. MR here is termed an "[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse#interclicks|interclick]]". In a Text, take the word under the mouse pointer as the name of a file and open the text editor on it.<br> '''MR+ML''', a click of the right button while holding the left button of the mouse. When editing a Text, select characters and delete them.<ref name="MR+ML"/><br> '''ML+MM+MR''', nullification of an inadvertent mouse click.<br> '''MT''', in ETH Oberon, the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/WebConfig#MT|mouse type configuration string]].<br> '''MT''', in V5, the constant address of the module table.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> '''NO''', Native Oberon. Runs on bare hardware rather than on another operating system.<br> '''native''', modifies the name of an Oberon system to indicate that it is installed on bare hardware; distinguishing from a subsystem such as UnixA2 installed atop a host system.<br> '''OLR''', Oberon Linux Revival. A version of NO which uses Linux as a [[w:Hardware_abstraction|HAL]] and runs on [[w:X86|x86]], [[w:ARM_architecture_family|ARM]], and [[w:Stanford_MIPS|MIPS]].<br> '''OP2''', a compiler with a 1-pass recursive descent parser. It generates an intermediate parse tree. See [[Oberon/compilers|Oberon/compilers]].<br> '''Oberon.Text''', a file in ETH Oberon and in A2O specifying system configuration.<br> '''Oberon Trilogy''', the three books ''Programming in Oberon'', ''The Oberon System'' and ''Project Oberon''; the first three books in the [[Oberon/Bibliography|bibliography]].<br> '''OMI/Slim binary''', (Oberon Module Interchange), a mechanism created by Michael Franz and Thomas Kistler allowing efficient portability of any module between differing systems. The language from this work was named Juice. Compare with Apple [[w:Fat binary|Fat binary]]. Slim binaries are mentioned in [[Oberon/compilers#OMI|compilers page]] in the section "Compiler deployment in ports no longer updated".<br> '''Outer core''', a significant architectural entity in an Oberon system. Refer to [[#System_Startup|System Startup]].<br> '''.odc''', the conventional file name extension for a [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox/Oberon-F]] file (short for Oberon DoCument) quite similar internally to Oberon Text format.<br /> <!-- '''PB''', in V5, the procedure base address. The base address of the procedure section of the current module.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> --> '''(** <em>any comment</em> *)''', appears in some module sources. It means that <em>any comment</em> is an exported comment. A tool named Def produces a module interface file with this comment included, thus enhancing internal documentation.<br> '''PACO''', PArallel COmpiler. Appears in ''A2''. Compiles each scope in an independent thread.<br> '''PICL''', a programming language for the [[w:PIC_microcontrollers|PIC microcontrollers]]. Ref. [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/PICL/index.html PICL].<br /> '''PIO''', [[Oberon/Bibliography#Books|''Programming in Oberon'']]<br> '''(** portable *)''', this comment in ETH Oberon marked a module where OMI/Slim binary code was portable across platforms. More generally, it means there were no SYSTEM dependencies or machine specificities. This exported comment appears in the documentation created by the above mentioned browser, Def, which was integrated into a tool called Watson in ETH Oberon.<br> '''Registry''', the content of Oberon.Text specifying file system aliases, sound adapter parameters, LinkSchemes, MIME types and etc.<br> '''RISC5''', The [[w:central processing unit|central processing unit]] (CPU) of Project Oberon 2013 based on Wirth's [[w:Reduced instruction set computer|RISC]] architecture.<ref name="RISC"/> Not to be confused with [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]].<br> '''SB''', in V5, the static base address. The base address for variables in the current module.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> '''SHORTINT''', an integer type in ETH Oberon. Not in V5.<br> '''SIZE''', a signed integer type pertaining to memory address in A2. The difference of two addresses can be negative. New numeric types appeared in rev.9475.<ref>[http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/news/1 Renaming of numeric types in A2]</ref><br> '''SP''', in V5, the stack pointer address.<ref name="storageLayout" /><br> <span id="Symbol">'''Symbol file'''</span>, a linearized excerpt of the symbol table of the compiler. The file contains descriptions of all exported objects. Ref. section 12.6.2 of [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ ''Project Oberon''], 2013 Edition. See also [[w:Symbol table|Symbol table]] in the Wikipedia.<br> '''UnixAOS''', Unix-based AOS, see A2 entry above.<br> '''Watson''', a tool capable of extracting a module definition from a definition file, module file, module Text or object file. Usage described in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Watson|tutorial]].<br> '''WTS''', Write To Script, refers to Write and Script variants of Text document and conversion of a Write Text to a Script Text. Write is in V4 and Script is in ETH Oberon.<br /> =Footnotes= {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="ETHOrelease">2.3.6 and 2.3.7 were the most frequently cited release numbers. [https://semver.org/ Semantic numbering] is hypothesized. The interpretation is Major.Minor.Patch. In this interpretation Ceres Oberon would be Major 1 and ETH Oberon, Major 2. Apparently Minor releases preceding 3 were limited to the ETH. 2.3.7 patches bugs in and is backward compatible to 2.3.6. Patch releases prior to 6 were also limited to ETH.</ref> <ref name="AOSthesis">{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Muller |first=Pieter Johannes |date=2002 |title=The active object system design and multiprocessor implementation |url=http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:26082/eth-26082-02.pdf |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich ([[w:ETH Zurich|ETH Zurich]])}}</ref> <ref name="bram">Explained further in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/oberon Oberon mailing list] at 2019-02-09.</ref> <ref name="MR+ML">A Text can include non-character objects. Any object in the selection is also deleted.</ref> <ref name="RISC">{{cite web |url=https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/FPGA-relatedWork/ |title=FPGA-related Work |last=Wirth |first=Niklaus |author-link=Niklaus Wirth |publisher=ETH Zurich |access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref> <ref name="storageLayout">Refer to section 8.1 , page 104 in [[#References|''Project Oberon'', 2013]].</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Beginning as a Novice | next = Text }} {{BookCat}} 87hjao2wbc0uxpzhov378s8udw3oiv4 4672961 4672956 2026-09-29T16:28:02Z PeterEasthope 660399 /* Footnotes */ Fixed the author-link for RISC-5. 4672961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Beginning as a Novice | next = Text }} <br> Also refer to the [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Glossary|glossary in the Wikipedia article]].<br> '''2.3.6''', '''2.3.7''', release numbers of the last releases of ETH Oberon from the ETHZ.<ref name="ETHOrelease" /><br> <span id="A2"></span>[[Oberon/A2|'''A2''']], Formerly ''Active Object System'' (AOS) in 2002,<ref name="AOSthesis"/> renamed Bluebottle in 2005 due to rumored copyright issues, renamed A2 in 2008.<br> '''ALO''', ARM Linux Oberon; in LNO family and for ARM CPU.<br> '''AOS''', see ''A2'' entry above.<br> '''Active Oberon''', the dialect appearing in system A2. Ref. [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/news/2 Active Oberon].<br> '''BB''', [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]]. Component Pascal IDE from [https://web.archive.org/web/20100726132147/http://www.oberon.ch/blackbox.html Oberon Microsystems].<br> '''Bluebottle''', see A2 entry above.<br> '''BRAM''', Block Addressable Random Access Memory, as used in the [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] machine<ref name="bram"/>.<br> '''Columbus''', a software tool in ETH Oberon used to inspect and modify gadget attributes and to add a new attribute to a gadget. Usage described in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Columbus|tutorial]].<br> '''CP''', [[w:Component Pascal|Component Pascal]]. A dialect in the Oberon family most similar to Oberon-2.<br> '''Definition''', ( or '''Module Definition'''), a summary of a module presenting constant declarations, type declarations, variable declarations and procedure headings.<br> <span id="fixup">'''fixup'''</span>, the conversion from [[w:Memory_address|address]] relative to the base address of a module, to absolute address. Refer to [[Oberon/V5#Fixup|V5#Fixup]] and [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon#Fixup|Extended Oberon#Fixup]].<br> '''ETHO''', Oberon as developed at [[w:ETH_Zurich|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich]]: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH).<br> '''fold''', a functionality of Text in V4 and BlackBox documents similar to [https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_js_collapsible.asp collapsible] in HTML. Several folds in a file can be grouped by name and their state can switched together; this allows for maintaining multiple source versions in one file.<br> '''Fox''', The compiler for [[w:Active_Oberon|Active Oberon]], appearing in AOS (see A2 entry above).<br> '''Gadgets''', software infrastructure in ETH Oberon providing graphical entities and a [[w:Graphical_user_interface|graphical user interface]]. Usage described in the Gadgets [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial#GadgetsIntro|tutorial]] pages.<br> '''GofU''', for A2, the file name extension denoting "Generic [[w:Object_file|object file]], Unix, x86, 32 bit". Refer to the [[Oberon/A2#Target_Systems_and_File_Name_Extensions|A2 page]].<br> '''gadget''', an end-user object in the Gadgets system. A button is a simple instance of a gadget. A text gadget is a more complex instance.<br> '''Inner core''', a significant architectural entity in an Oberon system. Refer to [[#System_Startup|System Startup]].<br> '''INTEGER''', an integer [[w:Data_type|type]] in most Oberon systems.<br> '''Interclick''', a click of a mouse button while holding another button. MM+MR below is an example. The [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|mouse tutorial]] has additional details. When editing a Text at least [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse#interclicks|six interclick combinations]] are meaningful.<br> <span id="Juice">'''Juice'''</span>, an alternative to [[w:Java (software platform)|Java]] based on a portable representation of the abstract syntax tree and on-the-fly compilation also known as OMI (see below). The source code can be found at [https://github.com/berkus/Juice/blob/master/Juice%201.1%20Sources%20(x86)/Juice.Build Github] and three forks of it (as of 11.Aug.2021). Ref. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061125105032/http://www.oberon.ws/UCI/juice/ Juice].<br> '''LEO''', Linux ETH Oberon. ETHO 2.4.3 for Linux x86.<br> '''Lola-2''', a [[w:Hardware_description_language|hardware description language]] developed by Niklaus Wirth. Ref. [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Lola/index.html Lola-2].<br> <!-- '''LB''', in V5, the base address of the link table.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> --> '''LDPSR''', Load Processor Status Register, allows software to establish whether the processor can handle interrupts. Refer to https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/FPGA-relatedWork/RISC-Arch.pdf , Section 5, Interrupts. Discussion in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/date.html mailing list] begins at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/015711.html 2021-03-30].<br> '''LinzOberon''', an implementation of V4. Ref. [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2020/015189.html mailing list, 2020-11-28].<br> '''LNO''', Linux Native Oberon.<br> '''LONGINT''', an integer type in ETH Oberon. Synonymized to INTEGER in the current V5.<br> '''LUT''', look up table of [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]]. Referenced when quantifying the size of a FPGA device.<br> <span id="glossaryMouseButtons" /><span id="MouseButtons">'''ML'''</span>, the left button of the mouse or a click of that button, depending on context. Ref. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse|Mouse support]] and [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|Mouse tutorial]]. Abstract meaning: specify a location. Example: locate an insertion point in a Text.<br> '''MM''', the middle button or the wheel of the mouse, or a click of the button or wheel, depending on context. Abstract meaning: invoke an action. Example: execute a command.<br> '''MR''', the right button of the mouse or a click of that button, depending on context. Abstract meaning: select an extent. Example: select a character sequence in a Text.<br> '''MM+MR''', a click of the right button while holding the middle button or the wheel of the mouse. MR here is termed an "[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse#interclicks|interclick]]". In a Text, take the word under the mouse pointer as the name of a file and open the text editor on it.<br> '''MR+ML''', a click of the right button while holding the left button of the mouse. When editing a Text, select characters and delete them.<ref name="MR+ML"/><br> '''ML+MM+MR''', nullification of an inadvertent mouse click.<br> '''MT''', in ETH Oberon, the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/WebConfig#MT|mouse type configuration string]].<br> '''MT''', in V5, the constant address of the module table.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> '''NO''', Native Oberon. Runs on bare hardware rather than on another operating system.<br> '''native''', modifies the name of an Oberon system to indicate that it is installed on bare hardware; distinguishing from a subsystem such as UnixA2 installed atop a host system.<br> '''OLR''', Oberon Linux Revival. A version of NO which uses Linux as a [[w:Hardware_abstraction|HAL]] and runs on [[w:X86|x86]], [[w:ARM_architecture_family|ARM]], and [[w:Stanford_MIPS|MIPS]].<br> '''OP2''', a compiler with a 1-pass recursive descent parser. It generates an intermediate parse tree. See [[Oberon/compilers|Oberon/compilers]].<br> '''Oberon.Text''', a file in ETH Oberon and in A2O specifying system configuration.<br> '''Oberon Trilogy''', the three books ''Programming in Oberon'', ''The Oberon System'' and ''Project Oberon''; the first three books in the [[Oberon/Bibliography|bibliography]].<br> '''OMI/Slim binary''', (Oberon Module Interchange), a mechanism created by Michael Franz and Thomas Kistler allowing efficient portability of any module between differing systems. The language from this work was named Juice. Compare with Apple [[w:Fat binary|Fat binary]]. Slim binaries are mentioned in [[Oberon/compilers#OMI|compilers page]] in the section "Compiler deployment in ports no longer updated".<br> '''Outer core''', a significant architectural entity in an Oberon system. Refer to [[#System_Startup|System Startup]].<br> '''.odc''', the conventional file name extension for a [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox/Oberon-F]] file (short for Oberon DoCument) quite similar internally to Oberon Text format.<br /> <!-- '''PB''', in V5, the procedure base address. The base address of the procedure section of the current module.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> --> '''(** <em>any comment</em> *)''', appears in some module sources. It means that <em>any comment</em> is an exported comment. A tool named Def produces a module interface file with this comment included, thus enhancing internal documentation.<br> '''PACO''', PArallel COmpiler. Appears in ''A2''. Compiles each scope in an independent thread.<br> '''PICL''', a programming language for the [[w:PIC_microcontrollers|PIC microcontrollers]]. Ref. [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/PICL/index.html PICL].<br /> '''PIO''', [[Oberon/Bibliography#Books|''Programming in Oberon'']]<br> '''(** portable *)''', this comment in ETH Oberon marked a module where OMI/Slim binary code was portable across platforms. More generally, it means there were no SYSTEM dependencies or machine specificities. This exported comment appears in the documentation created by the above mentioned browser, Def, which was integrated into a tool called Watson in ETH Oberon.<br> '''Registry''', the content of Oberon.Text specifying file system aliases, sound adapter parameters, LinkSchemes, MIME types and etc.<br> '''RISC5''', The [[w:central processing unit|central processing unit]] (CPU) of Project Oberon 2013 based on Wirth's [[w:Reduced instruction set computer|RISC]] architecture.<ref name="RISC"/> Not to be confused with [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]].<br> '''SB''', in V5, the static base address. The base address for variables in the current module.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> '''SHORTINT''', an integer type in ETH Oberon. Not in V5.<br> '''SIZE''', a signed integer type pertaining to memory address in A2. The difference of two addresses can be negative. New numeric types appeared in rev.9475.<ref>[http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/news/1 Renaming of numeric types in A2]</ref><br> '''SP''', in V5, the stack pointer address.<ref name="storageLayout" /><br> <span id="Symbol">'''Symbol file'''</span>, a linearized excerpt of the symbol table of the compiler. The file contains descriptions of all exported objects. Ref. section 12.6.2 of [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ ''Project Oberon''], 2013 Edition. See also [[w:Symbol table|Symbol table]] in the Wikipedia.<br> '''UnixAOS''', Unix-based AOS, see A2 entry above.<br> '''Watson''', a tool capable of extracting a module definition from a definition file, module file, module Text or object file. Usage described in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Watson|tutorial]].<br> '''WTS''', Write To Script, refers to Write and Script variants of Text document and conversion of a Write Text to a Script Text. Write is in V4 and Script is in ETH Oberon.<br /> =Footnotes= {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="ETHOrelease">2.3.6 and 2.3.7 were the most frequently cited release numbers. [https://semver.org/ Semantic numbering] is hypothesized. The interpretation is Major.Minor.Patch. In this interpretation Ceres Oberon would be Major 1 and ETH Oberon, Major 2. Apparently Minor releases preceding 3 were limited to the ETH. 2.3.7 patches bugs in and is backward compatible to 2.3.6. Patch releases prior to 6 were also limited to ETH.</ref> <ref name="AOSthesis">{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Muller |first=Pieter Johannes |date=2002 |title=The active object system design and multiprocessor implementation |url=http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:26082/eth-26082-02.pdf |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich ([[w:ETH Zurich|ETH Zurich]])}}</ref> <ref name="bram">Explained further in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/oberon Oberon mailing list] at 2019-02-09.</ref> <ref name="MR+ML">A Text can include non-character objects. Any object in the selection is also deleted.</ref> <ref name="RISC">{{cite web |url=https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/FPGA-relatedWork/ |title=FPGA-related Work |last=Wirth |first=Niklaus |author-link=w:Niklaus Wirth|publisher=ETH Zurich |access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref> <ref name="storageLayout">Refer to section 8.1 , page 104 in [[#References|''Project Oberon'', 2013]].</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Beginning as a Novice | next = Text }} {{BookCat}} ay4ll74k2x0mkgghu692t33njd5654q 4672965 4672961 2026-09-29T16:39:12Z PeterEasthope 660399 Added AntInFields. 4672965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Beginning as a Novice | next = Text }} <br> Also refer to the [[w:Oberon_(operating_system)#Glossary|glossary in the Wikipedia article]].<br> '''2.3.6''', '''2.3.7''', release numbers of the last releases of ETH Oberon from the ETHZ.<ref name="ETHOrelease" /><br> <span id="A2"></span>[[Oberon/A2|'''A2''']], Formerly ''Active Object System'' (AOS) in 2002,<ref name="AOSthesis"/> renamed Bluebottle in 2005 due to rumored copyright issues, renamed A2 in 2008.<br> '''ALO''', ARM Linux Oberon; in LNO family and for ARM CPU.<br> '''AOS''', see ''A2'' entry above.<br> '''Active Oberon''', the dialect appearing in system A2. Ref. [http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/news/2 Active Oberon].<br> '''[https://www.biometrische-gesellschaft.de/fileadmin/AG_Daten/BayesMethodik/workshops_etc/2002-12_Leipzig/Friedrich2002-slides.pdf AntsInFields]''', a software package for simulation and statistical inference on Gibbs fields.<br> '''BB''', [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox Component Builder]]. Component Pascal IDE from [https://web.archive.org/web/20100726132147/http://www.oberon.ch/blackbox.html Oberon Microsystems].<br> '''Bluebottle''', see A2 entry above.<br> '''BRAM''', Block Addressable Random Access Memory, as used in the [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]] machine<ref name="bram"/>.<br> '''Columbus''', a software tool in ETH Oberon used to inspect and modify gadget attributes and to add a new attribute to a gadget. Usage described in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Columbus|tutorial]].<br> '''CP''', [[w:Component Pascal|Component Pascal]]. A dialect in the Oberon family most similar to Oberon-2.<br> '''Definition''', ( or '''Module Definition'''), a summary of a module presenting constant declarations, type declarations, variable declarations and procedure headings.<br> <span id="fixup">'''fixup'''</span>, the conversion from [[w:Memory_address|address]] relative to the base address of a module, to absolute address. Refer to [[Oberon/V5#Fixup|V5#Fixup]] and [[Oberon/Extended_Oberon#Fixup|Extended Oberon#Fixup]].<br> '''ETHO''', Oberon as developed at [[w:ETH_Zurich|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich]]: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH).<br> '''fold''', a functionality of Text in V4 and BlackBox documents similar to [https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_js_collapsible.asp collapsible] in HTML. Several folds in a file can be grouped by name and their state can switched together; this allows for maintaining multiple source versions in one file.<br> '''Fox''', The compiler for [[w:Active_Oberon|Active Oberon]], appearing in AOS (see A2 entry above).<br> '''Gadgets''', software infrastructure in ETH Oberon providing graphical entities and a [[w:Graphical_user_interface|graphical user interface]]. Usage described in the Gadgets [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial#GadgetsIntro|tutorial]] pages.<br> '''GofU''', for A2, the file name extension denoting "Generic [[w:Object_file|object file]], Unix, x86, 32 bit". Refer to the [[Oberon/A2#Target_Systems_and_File_Name_Extensions|A2 page]].<br> '''gadget''', an end-user object in the Gadgets system. A button is a simple instance of a gadget. A text gadget is a more complex instance.<br> '''Inner core''', a significant architectural entity in an Oberon system. Refer to [[#System_Startup|System Startup]].<br> '''INTEGER''', an integer [[w:Data_type|type]] in most Oberon systems.<br> '''Interclick''', a click of a mouse button while holding another button. MM+MR below is an example. The [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|mouse tutorial]] has additional details. When editing a Text at least [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse#interclicks|six interclick combinations]] are meaningful.<br> <span id="Juice">'''Juice'''</span>, an alternative to [[w:Java (software platform)|Java]] based on a portable representation of the abstract syntax tree and on-the-fly compilation also known as OMI (see below). The source code can be found at [https://github.com/berkus/Juice/blob/master/Juice%201.1%20Sources%20(x86)/Juice.Build Github] and three forks of it (as of 11.Aug.2021). Ref. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061125105032/http://www.oberon.ws/UCI/juice/ Juice].<br> '''LEO''', Linux ETH Oberon. ETHO 2.4.3 for Linux x86.<br> '''Lola-2''', a [[w:Hardware_description_language|hardware description language]] developed by Niklaus Wirth. Ref. [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/Lola/index.html Lola-2].<br> <!-- '''LB''', in V5, the base address of the link table.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> --> '''LDPSR''', Load Processor Status Register, allows software to establish whether the processor can handle interrupts. Refer to https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/FPGA-relatedWork/RISC-Arch.pdf , Section 5, Interrupts. Discussion in the [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/date.html mailing list] begins at [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2021/015711.html 2021-03-30].<br> '''LinzOberon''', an implementation of V4. Ref. [http://lists.inf.ethz.ch/pipermail/oberon/2020/015189.html mailing list, 2020-11-28].<br> '''LNO''', Linux Native Oberon.<br> '''LONGINT''', an integer type in ETH Oberon. Synonymized to INTEGER in the current V5.<br> '''LUT''', look up table of [[w:Field-programmable_gate_array|FPGA]]. Referenced when quantifying the size of a FPGA device.<br> <span id="glossaryMouseButtons" /><span id="MouseButtons">'''ML'''</span>, the left button of the mouse or a click of that button, depending on context. Ref. [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse|Mouse support]] and [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Mouse|Mouse tutorial]]. Abstract meaning: specify a location. Example: locate an insertion point in a Text.<br> '''MM''', the middle button or the wheel of the mouse, or a click of the button or wheel, depending on context. Abstract meaning: invoke an action. Example: execute a command.<br> '''MR''', the right button of the mouse or a click of that button, depending on context. Abstract meaning: select an extent. Example: select a character sequence in a Text.<br> '''MM+MR''', a click of the right button while holding the middle button or the wheel of the mouse. MR here is termed an "[[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/mouse#interclicks|interclick]]". In a Text, take the word under the mouse pointer as the name of a file and open the text editor on it.<br> '''MR+ML''', a click of the right button while holding the left button of the mouse. When editing a Text, select characters and delete them.<ref name="MR+ML"/><br> '''ML+MM+MR''', nullification of an inadvertent mouse click.<br> '''MT''', in ETH Oberon, the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/WebConfig#MT|mouse type configuration string]].<br> '''MT''', in V5, the constant address of the module table.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> '''NO''', Native Oberon. Runs on bare hardware rather than on another operating system.<br> '''native''', modifies the name of an Oberon system to indicate that it is installed on bare hardware; distinguishing from a subsystem such as UnixA2 installed atop a host system.<br> '''OLR''', Oberon Linux Revival. A version of NO which uses Linux as a [[w:Hardware_abstraction|HAL]] and runs on [[w:X86|x86]], [[w:ARM_architecture_family|ARM]], and [[w:Stanford_MIPS|MIPS]].<br> '''OP2''', a compiler with a 1-pass recursive descent parser. It generates an intermediate parse tree. See [[Oberon/compilers|Oberon/compilers]].<br> '''Oberon.Text''', a file in ETH Oberon and in A2O specifying system configuration.<br> '''Oberon Trilogy''', the three books ''Programming in Oberon'', ''The Oberon System'' and ''Project Oberon''; the first three books in the [[Oberon/Bibliography|bibliography]].<br> '''OMI/Slim binary''', (Oberon Module Interchange), a mechanism created by Michael Franz and Thomas Kistler allowing efficient portability of any module between differing systems. The language from this work was named Juice. Compare with Apple [[w:Fat binary|Fat binary]]. Slim binaries are mentioned in [[Oberon/compilers#OMI|compilers page]] in the section "Compiler deployment in ports no longer updated".<br> '''Outer core''', a significant architectural entity in an Oberon system. Refer to [[#System_Startup|System Startup]].<br> '''.odc''', the conventional file name extension for a [[w:BlackBox Component Builder|BlackBox/Oberon-F]] file (short for Oberon DoCument) quite similar internally to Oberon Text format.<br /> <!-- '''PB''', in V5, the procedure base address. The base address of the procedure section of the current module.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> --> '''(** <em>any comment</em> *)''', appears in some module sources. It means that <em>any comment</em> is an exported comment. A tool named Def produces a module interface file with this comment included, thus enhancing internal documentation.<br> '''PACO''', PArallel COmpiler. Appears in ''A2''. Compiles each scope in an independent thread.<br> '''PICL''', a programming language for the [[w:PIC_microcontrollers|PIC microcontrollers]]. Ref. [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/PICL/index.html PICL].<br /> '''PIO''', [[Oberon/Bibliography#Books|''Programming in Oberon'']]<br> '''(** portable *)''', this comment in ETH Oberon marked a module where OMI/Slim binary code was portable across platforms. More generally, it means there were no SYSTEM dependencies or machine specificities. This exported comment appears in the documentation created by the above mentioned browser, Def, which was integrated into a tool called Watson in ETH Oberon.<br> '''Registry''', the content of Oberon.Text specifying file system aliases, sound adapter parameters, LinkSchemes, MIME types and etc.<br> '''RISC5''', The [[w:central processing unit|central processing unit]] (CPU) of Project Oberon 2013 based on Wirth's [[w:Reduced instruction set computer|RISC]] architecture.<ref name="RISC"/> Not to be confused with [[w:RISC-V|RISC-V]].<br> '''SB''', in V5, the static base address. The base address for variables in the current module.<ref name="storageLayout"/><br> '''SHORTINT''', an integer type in ETH Oberon. Not in V5.<br> '''SIZE''', a signed integer type pertaining to memory address in A2. The difference of two addresses can be negative. New numeric types appeared in rev.9475.<ref>[http://cas.inf.ethz.ch/news/1 Renaming of numeric types in A2]</ref><br> '''SP''', in V5, the stack pointer address.<ref name="storageLayout" /><br> <span id="Symbol">'''Symbol file'''</span>, a linearized excerpt of the symbol table of the compiler. The file contains descriptions of all exported objects. Ref. section 12.6.2 of [https://people.inf.ethz.ch/wirth/ ''Project Oberon''], 2013 Edition. See also [[w:Symbol table|Symbol table]] in the Wikipedia.<br> '''UnixAOS''', Unix-based AOS, see A2 entry above.<br> '''Watson''', a tool capable of extracting a module definition from a definition file, module file, module Text or object file. Usage described in the [[Oberon/ETH_Oberon/Tutorial/Watson|tutorial]].<br> '''WTS''', Write To Script, refers to Write and Script variants of Text document and conversion of a Write Text to a Script Text. Write is in V4 and Script is in ETH Oberon.<br /> =Footnotes= {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="ETHOrelease">2.3.6 and 2.3.7 were the most frequently cited release numbers. [https://semver.org/ Semantic numbering] is hypothesized. The interpretation is Major.Minor.Patch. In this interpretation Ceres Oberon would be Major 1 and ETH Oberon, Major 2. Apparently Minor releases preceding 3 were limited to the ETH. 2.3.7 patches bugs in and is backward compatible to 2.3.6. Patch releases prior to 6 were also limited to ETH.</ref> <ref name="AOSthesis">{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Muller |first=Pieter Johannes |date=2002 |title=The active object system design and multiprocessor implementation |url=http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:26082/eth-26082-02.pdf |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich ([[w:ETH Zurich|ETH Zurich]])}}</ref> <ref name="bram">Explained further in the [https://lists.inf.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/oberon Oberon mailing list] at 2019-02-09.</ref> <ref name="MR+ML">A Text can include non-character objects. Any object in the selection is also deleted.</ref> <ref name="RISC">{{cite web |url=https://www.inf.ethz.ch/personal/wirth/FPGA-relatedWork/ |title=FPGA-related Work |last=Wirth |first=Niklaus |author-link=w:Niklaus Wirth|publisher=ETH Zurich |access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref> <ref name="storageLayout">Refer to section 8.1 , page 104 in [[#References|''Project Oberon'', 2013]].</ref> }} <br> {{Navigation | Book = Wikibooks:Oberon | previous = Beginning as a Novice | next = Text }} {{BookCat}} cvbx0xp4ivlx5hq56d1oybtzwvdc4hb ORCID Advocacy Toolkit/contributors 0 450337 4672927 4539508 2026-09-29T13:25:19Z MareikeWehner 3503759 /* Current Members */ 4672927 wikitext text/x-wiki People who have contributed to this project: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !Role(s) !Contact / Socials |- |[[User:Adamvialsmoore|Dr Adam Vials Moore]] |[https://fairresconman.com FAIR Research Consultancy and Management] (Formerly Jisc) |Author Editor Organiser |[https://twitter.com/adam__moore @adam__moore][https://fediscience.org/@adam__moore @adam__moore@fediscience.org]https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2085-1908 |- |[[User:AOkpokam|Ay Okpokam]] |Jisc |Editor | |- |[[User:Christophercbrown|Christopher Brown]] |[https://www.jisc.ac.uk Jisc] |Editor |[mailto:Christopher.brown@jisc.ac.uk christopher.brown@jisc.ac.uk], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6884-9970 |- |[[User:Monica.Duke|Monica Duke]] |Jisc |Author Editor |https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2588-7544 |- |Shannon Searle |Cranfield |Contributor |s.searle@cranfield.ac.uk |- |Neil Jefferies |Oxford |Contributor |neil.jefferies@bodleian.ox.ac.uk |- |Alastair Arthur |[https://www.gla.ac.uk/stafflist/search/person/4eddede78492/ Glasgow] |Contributor |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5622-093X |- |Robyn Price |Imperial College London |Contributor |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5776-5256 |- |Lucy Ayre |University of Nottingham |Contributor | |- |Kirsty Wallis |UCL |Contributor |0000-0002-9570-6174 |- |Mareike Wehner |n/a |Contributor |<nowiki>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1999-2436</nowiki> |} Thanks to everyone else not mentioned here! == Editorial Board == === '''The ORCID Advocacy Toolkit Editorial Board (OAT-ED)''' === * Shapes UK-focused content for the ORCID Advocacy Toolkit * Reviews, commissions, and ensures content quality * Promotes ORCID adoption across the UK research community === Current Members === Interested in joining OAT-ed? Please email help@jisc.ac.uk ==== How to join OAT-ED ==== Jisc (UK ORCID Consortium) and the current Editorial Board invite further expressions of interest for the ORCID Advocacy Toolkit UK Editorial Board.Send a 250-word EoI to '''help@jisc.ac.uk''', with the subject ‘ORCID Advocacy editorial’, including: * Names & affiliations * Motivation & experience * Vision for the Toolkit * Community engagement approach * Resources & preferred term length '''More info:''' [https://jisc365.sharepoint.com/:w:/s/UKORCIDComSpace/EfMxo_UwgqFIjyr5mA_abWEBdS0BgfHY5UMgLTUnB9dYMQ?e=DojhMo Terms of Reference] on the UK ORCID Community Teams site. === 2024-2026 Members === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Role !Affiliation |- |Mareike Wehner |Editor in Chief |n/a |- |[[User:Adamvialsmoore|Dr Adam Vials Moore]] | |Formerly Jisc |- |Alastair Arthur | |University of Glasgow |- |Paloma Marín-Arraiza | |ORCID |- |Sarah Ormes | |University of Bath |- |Helen Clare | |Jisc |} {{BookCat}} {{Template:ORCID_Advocacy_Toolkit/Nav}} 0q49pp5x5bmaprwvhllxt7f0i0wd8ih 4672931 4672927 2026-09-29T13:28:23Z MareikeWehner 3503759 /* 2024-2026 Members */ 4672931 wikitext text/x-wiki People who have contributed to this project: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !Role(s) !Contact / Socials |- |[[User:Adamvialsmoore|Dr Adam Vials Moore]] |[https://fairresconman.com FAIR Research Consultancy and Management] (Formerly Jisc) |Author Editor Organiser |[https://twitter.com/adam__moore @adam__moore][https://fediscience.org/@adam__moore @adam__moore@fediscience.org]https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2085-1908 |- |[[User:AOkpokam|Ay Okpokam]] |Jisc |Editor | |- |[[User:Christophercbrown|Christopher Brown]] |[https://www.jisc.ac.uk Jisc] |Editor |[mailto:Christopher.brown@jisc.ac.uk christopher.brown@jisc.ac.uk], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6884-9970 |- |[[User:Monica.Duke|Monica Duke]] |Jisc |Author Editor |https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2588-7544 |- |Shannon Searle |Cranfield |Contributor |s.searle@cranfield.ac.uk |- |Neil Jefferies |Oxford |Contributor |neil.jefferies@bodleian.ox.ac.uk |- |Alastair Arthur |[https://www.gla.ac.uk/stafflist/search/person/4eddede78492/ Glasgow] |Contributor |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5622-093X |- |Robyn Price |Imperial College London |Contributor |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5776-5256 |- |Lucy Ayre |University of Nottingham |Contributor | |- |Kirsty Wallis |UCL |Contributor |0000-0002-9570-6174 |- |Mareike Wehner |n/a |Contributor |<nowiki>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1999-2436</nowiki> |} Thanks to everyone else not mentioned here! == Editorial Board == === '''The ORCID Advocacy Toolkit Editorial Board (OAT-ED)''' === * Shapes UK-focused content for the ORCID Advocacy Toolkit * Reviews, commissions, and ensures content quality * Promotes ORCID adoption across the UK research community === Current Members === Interested in joining OAT-ed? Please email help@jisc.ac.uk ==== How to join OAT-ED ==== Jisc (UK ORCID Consortium) and the current Editorial Board invite further expressions of interest for the ORCID Advocacy Toolkit UK Editorial Board.Send a 250-word EoI to '''help@jisc.ac.uk''', with the subject ‘ORCID Advocacy editorial’, including: * Names & affiliations * Motivation & experience * Vision for the Toolkit * Community engagement approach * Resources & preferred term length '''More info:''' [https://jisc365.sharepoint.com/:w:/s/UKORCIDComSpace/EfMxo_UwgqFIjyr5mA_abWEBdS0BgfHY5UMgLTUnB9dYMQ?e=DojhMo Terms of Reference] on the UK ORCID Community Teams site. === 2024-2026 Members === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Role !Affiliation |- |Mareike Wehner |Editor in Chief |n/a |- |[[User:Adamvialsmoore|Dr Adam Vials Moore]] | |Formerly Jisc |- |Alastair Arthur | |University of Glasgow |- |Paloma Marín-Arraiza | |ORCID |- |Sarah Ormes | |University of Bath |- |Helen Clare | |Jisc |} === Publications === Wehner, Mareike, Arthur, Alastair, and Vials Moore, Adam (2025), [[doi:10.36399/ag1cs624|'The ORCID Advocacy Toolkit: Towards a Community-Driven Resource',]] ''Scottish Journal of Open Research'', vol 1, https://doi.org/10.36399/ag1cs624<nowiki/>.{{BookCat}} {{Template:ORCID_Advocacy_Toolkit/Nav}} p63y3g6b69k84x2h4a7qd8b7wdmbgo6 Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive 4 4 455830 4673070 4672887 2026-09-30T08:10:52Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]] (ARCHIVE FULL) 4673070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == 205.118.123.63 == ;Username : {{user|205.118.123.63}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:205.118.123.63}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:47, 21 February 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 205.118.123.63 == ;Username : {{user|205.118.123.63}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:205.118.123.63}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:49, 21 February 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Abid Sidiq Ahanger == ;Username : {{user|Abid Sidiq Ahanger}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Abid Sidiq Ahanger}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 16:00, 25 February 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Aadit6 == ;Username : {{user|Aadit6}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Aadit6}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/AS2023]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/AS2023}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I am trying to insert the full skeleton code into the wikibooks page. This is the original code supplied by AQA available for computer science students but it will not allow me to insert it. ;Date and time : 09:18, 3 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 94.204.59.111 == ;Username : {{user|94.204.59.111}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:94.204.59.111}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Chess Opening Theory/1.e4/b5]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Chess Opening Theory/1.e4/b5}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I just wanted to correct grammar. The part that I wanted to correct said the the rook, while my edit changed it to the rook. ;Date and time : 09:41, 3 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{done}} – see [[Special:Diff/4240955]]. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:22, 4 March 2023 (UTC) == David Allencourt == ;Username : {{user|David Allencourt}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:David Allencourt}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[The History of the Armenians (Movses Khorenatsi)]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:The History of the Armenians (Movses Khorenatsi)}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Hello! I am attempting to add my translation of Movses Khorenatsi's work The History of the Armeniansp, which has long been used as a textbook of Armenian history. However it is getting caught in the filter. ;Date and time : 03:32, 6 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}}. {{re|David Allencourt}}, you are likely to face difficulty editing your text for a while, as you're being hit by a filter we have no control over. Feel free to continue submitting false positive requests for a while. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 05:58, 6 March 2023 (UTC) == 99.209.41.18 == ;Username : {{user|99.209.41.18}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:99.209.41.18}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 17:39, 7 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 99.209.41.18 == ;Username : {{user|99.209.41.18}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:99.209.41.18}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 17:43, 7 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == UhLukas 90 == ;Username : {{user|UhLukas 90}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:UhLukas 90}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Publishing error ;Date and time : 22:02, 8 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :You were correctly blocked. Your attempt to paste a set of Discord copyright material onto your user page was rightly detected as unconstructive. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:08, 9 March 2023 (UTC) == Andrewdav == ;Username : {{user|Andrewdav}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Andrewdav}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[page about Stephen William Grimsley]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:page about Stephen William Grimsley}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Adding factual data, including year of death ;Date and time : 10:11, 9 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Lachlan Peterson == ;Username : {{user|Lachlan Peterson}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Lachlan Peterson}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Transportation Deployment Casebook/2023/Vancouver SkyTrain]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Transportation Deployment Casebook/2023/Vancouver SkyTrain}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to create a page for an assignment, it started by not letting me upload images then it assused me of creating "Cannibis/CBD Spam" when I was writing about the Vancouver Skytrain. ;Date and time : 07:36, 11 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments * Wikibooks has several automated filters meant to prevent spam and vandals; sometimes these inadvertently catch non-spammers, especially very new users. I recommend making smaller edits at a time until you are eventually autoconfirmed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:57, 13 March 2023 (UTC) == Yunchenli == ;Username : {{user|Yunchenli}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Yunchenli}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 01:49, 13 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments * Wikibooks has several automated filters meant to prevent spam and vandals; sometimes these inadvertently catch non-spammers, especially very new users. I recommend making smaller edits at a time until you are eventually autoconfirmed. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 13 March 2023 (UTC) * I took a look at all of [[User:Yunchenli|your]] edits, but most of them are more or less irrelevant to the page you were trying to create. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 06:44, 22 March 2023 (UTC) == Robertbenjmin00 == ;Username : {{user|Robertbenjmin00}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Robertbenjmin00}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 05:53, 27 March 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{not done}} – you tried to fill your talk page with irrelevant self-promotional spam, which was rightly detected by the edit filter. Further attempts to spam your talk page may result in a loss of editing privileges. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 06:31, 27 March 2023 (UTC) == SomethingForDeletion == ;Username : {{user|SomethingForDeletion}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:SomethingForDeletion}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[360_Assembly/360_Family]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:360_Assembly/360_Family}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to add a link to wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/Platforms/S390X – this is information about how to use the QEMU open source package to emulate z/Architecture IBM mainframes, and hence is relevant to the topic of the book and its readers. The edit filter won't even let me put the URL on this page! ;Date and time : 20:05, 21 February 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> BTW, I realise someone is probably going to say "you can't because you are a new user please wait a few days". Can someone add the link for me? Also, wouldn't this edit filter be better if it took into account one's global contributions? A new user which has already made significant contributions on Wikipedia/etc is probably not a spammer. [[User:SomethingForDeletion|SomethingForDeletion]] ([[User talk:SomethingForDeletion|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SomethingForDeletion|contribs]]) 23:28, 21 February 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] I'm not savvy enough to know this, but is there any way to take into account someone's global edits in the edit filter? My guess is no, but you would know better. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 15 April 2023 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} Unless the filter itself is global, no. It is however possible to take into account global user groups, but that won't apply for the vast majority of users (it's useful for groups such as [[meta:GR|global rollback]] who can then use their rights here without being hit by the filter). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:03, 15 April 2023 (UTC) == 110.224.130.225 == ;Username : {{user|110.224.130.225}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:110.224.130.225}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Was adding one important guide about intellectual property ;Date and time : 11:03, 14 April 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{not done}}. You tried to add a link to a blog. That is not a reliable or useful source. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 21:09, 16 April 2023 (UTC) == 58.169.215.204 == ;Username : {{user|58.169.215.204}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:58.169.215.204}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 09:14, 21 April 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> Adding external links as required by my assignment and computer said no :For reference to other admins, this IP tried to paste the following under a "See also" section on [[Transportation Planning Casebook/Fast(er) Rail in NSW]]. I'll leave it to others as to whether these links are appropriate or not, as I'm a sysop primarily for anti-vandalism purposes. * Hawker Britton - Australia’s High-Speed Rail Network (History of High Speed Rail in Australia) (www.hawkerbritton.com/blog/2022/10/17/australias-high-speed-rail-network/) * A Profile of High Speed Railways - Internal Australian Government Brief (www.bitre.gov.au/sites/default/files/other_001_a_profile_of_high-speed_railways.pdf) * The Story of (non-existent) High-Speed Rail in Australia - Railways Explained (www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rjvnpeqaj5s&ab_channel=RailwaysExplained) :--[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:21, 21 April 2023 (UTC) :Thanks @[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]! For the IP, what is the purpose of including these external links as is? If it is for the purpose of references/citations, I'd recommend using the dedicated reference tool for that. I'm curious what the actual requirement in the assignment is. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:02, 21 April 2023 (UTC) ::Me too – and if these do have to be linked, is the YouTube link really necessary? (as someone who follows NSW HSR off-wiki, I also question if it's the one of the best off-wiki links) --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 12:05, 21 April 2023 (UTC) == Беспечная крыса == ;Username : {{user|Беспечная крыса}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Беспечная крыса}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Ada_Style_Guide/Programming_Practices]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Ada_Style_Guide/Programming_Practices}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : A big part of section 5 is missing. I'm appending the lost part. The part contains external links to Ada Reference Manual as adahome site. ;Date and time : 11:05, 21 April 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 78.3.89.31 == ;Username : {{user|78.3.89.31}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:78.3.89.31}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[False Friends of the Slavist/Croatian-Bosnian]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:False Friends of the Slavist/Croatian-Bosnian}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I'm trying to remove "sedmica" as Croatian translation of week, this word is never used for "week" in Croatian, only "tjedan". This is a false friend between Croatian and Serbian (and maybe Bosnian, no idea if Bosnian uses sedmica for week. ;Date and time : 21:12, 13 May 2023 (UTC) ;Comments See my response below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == 78.3.89.31 == ;Username : {{user|78.3.89.31}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:78.3.89.31}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[False Friends of the Slavist/Polish-Croatian]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:False Friends of the Slavist/Polish-Croatian}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to fix the "droga" false friend, current translation for Croatian is wrong. This should be placed instead: {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/FalseFriends|ff77 |Pol. '''''droga''''' |1. ''cesta'' ‘road’<br>2. ''put'' ‘way (of doing things)’ |Cr. '''''droga''''' |Pol. ''używka'' ‘illegal drug, narcotic’ |doba}} ;Date and time : 21:30, 13 May 2023 (UTC) ;Comments See my response below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == 78.3.89.31 == ;Username : {{user|78.3.89.31}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:78.3.89.31}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Can't report error while trying to add the meaning of "arch" for luk/łuk in Polish-Croatian false friends ;Date and time : 21:41, 13 May 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Well I'm done trying. If you fix this filter bump this thread. :Hello! My best guess about what happened is that you unwittingly tripped a global anti-vandalism filter since one of your edits contained profanity, and then repeated editing attempts tripped wikibooks-specific repeated vandalism filters. I'm not an expert on the edit filters, so someone with more experience may correct me. If you'd like to do more significant editing without the risk of tripping filters designed for IP vandals, you may wish to create an account. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:26, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == The Yennefer == ;Username : {{user|The Yennefer}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:The Yennefer}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Reading room/General}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to add link needed for deciding if the linked book can be added to wikibooks. ;Date and time : 16:34, 14 May 2023 (UTC) ;Comments :Hello! It looks like the filter caught you since there are restrictions on new users posting links in order to prevent vandalism. I will note that when I investigated the link you were trying to post, it was broken and didn't link to anything. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:27, 14 May 2023 (UTC) == Richard Vinke == ;Username : {{user|Richard Vinke}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Richard Vinke}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[<link to translate manual>]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:<link to translate manual>}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I try to add the following line, with external link to the end of the section "translate". To align an element to another element, the function align() can be used. See <external link>. ;Date and time : 13:46, 7 June 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Hello! It looks like you were trying to add a raw link to that page. To prevent link spamming, very new users are not permitted to do so; additionally, in that context, you may wish to use a citation instead. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:41, 7 June 2023 (UTC) == Gieyan81 == ;Username : {{user|Gieyan81}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Gieyan81}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 21:53, 15 June 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :this happens as you are a new editor trying to insert URLs (hyperlinks). Save the edit with no URLs initially. You can come back and add them, one or two at a time, and after a few days the system will recognise that you are not trying to spam. By the way, one of the links you tried to insert was to Wikipedia. There is a way of doing this without a URL: enter '''<nowiki>[[w:the wikipedia page name|a description]]</nowiki>''' [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 07:53, 16 June 2023 (UTC). == EP426 == ;Username : {{user|EP426}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:EP426}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Themes_in_Literature%2FIsolation_and_Community%2FThe_Deluded_Self&veswitched=1&oldid=0&veaction=edit]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Themes_in_Literature%2FIsolation_and_Community%2FThe_Deluded_Self&veswitched=1&oldid=0&veaction=edit}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Copy pasting sandbox wikibook into a blank and new wikibook provided by the professor, yet the system won't let me as it considers it a large edit. IP Large Edits ;Date and time : 09:18, 17 June 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Hello! My guess is that this is happening because you're a new user trying to make a large edit. I recommend breaking it up into multiple smaller edits to resolve the issue. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:45, 17 June 2023 (UTC) == 2A00:7660:271C:0:98A9:804F:A460:BD66 == ;Username : {{user|2A00:7660:271C:0:98A9:804F:A460:BD66}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2A00:7660:271C:0:98A9:804F:A460:BD66}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 11:51, 29 June 2023 (UTC) ;Comments I am filling in my chapter for a wiki book and I am unable to publish changes due to an editing filter :Hello—contributors who are not logged in are restricted in the size of their edits. I recommend making multiple smaller edits. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:04, 29 June 2023 (UTC) == 2A01:7C8:AAB2:30E:5054:FF:FE9A:5545 == ;Username : {{user|%7B%7Bsubst%3AREVISIONUSER%7D%7D%7Ctimestamp%3D%7B%7Bsubst%3ACURRENTTIMESTAMP%7D%7D}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:%7B%7Bsubst%3AREVISIONUSER%7D%7D%7Ctimestamp%3D%7B%7Bsubst%3ACURRENTTIMESTAMP%7D%7D}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 07:29, 4 August 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> I thinking ever link need alternative some of countries pastebin.com didn't work.}} == Amirx324 == ;Username : {{user|Amirx324}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Amirx324}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 14:57, 14 August 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :Thanks for drawing our attention to your spamming; you are now blocked. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:29, 14 August 2023 (UTC) == Teuxe == ;Username : {{user|Teuxe}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Teuxe}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[X86_Disassembly/Analysis_Tools]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:X86_Disassembly/Analysis_Tools}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I wanted to add a reference to ImHex which is a must-know free and open-source hex editor with lots of tools. ;Date and time : 13:54, 3 August 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{ping|Teuxe}} try writing the reference without the link (just remove the "https://" bit), then you or another user can add it back in sometime later. You will need to be autoconfirmed to add links to most pages. {{User:L10nM4st3r/sig.css}} 18:23, 3 August 2023 (UTC) :Done (but too quick, I wasn't logged in...). Thanks. [[User:Teuxe|Teuxe]] ([[User talk:Teuxe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Teuxe|contribs]]) 15:50, 18 August 2023 (UTC) == Aletheajohnn == ;Username : {{user|Aletheajohnn}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Aletheajohnn}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 05:34, 30 August 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Promotion like this is prohibited on Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:31, 30 August 2023 (UTC) == Tanbiruzzaman == ;Username : {{user|Tanbiruzzaman}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tanbiruzzaman}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Bob Baker Vs Rocky Marciano 2.3.56]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Bob Baker Vs Rocky Marciano 2.3.56}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was just reverting vandalism on the page, but triggered by the Filter description: Abuse 23 ;Date and time : 13:39, 3 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == to upper case method for c# == ;Username : {{user|212.219.48.125}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:212.219.48.125}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/202 4]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:A-level_Computing/AQA/Paper_1/Skeleton_program/202 4}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to put a method to convert to upper case for c# ;Date and time : 13:41, 15 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Tony Rose Orge-Monzales == ;Username : {{user|Tony Rose Orge-Monzales}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tony Rose Orge-Monzales}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[= '''Educational Developments in the Philippines''' =]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:= '''Educational Developments in the Philippines''' =}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Published my work with no external links ;Date and time : 09:46, 17 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 87.58.32.132 == ;Username : {{user|87.58.32.132}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:87.58.32.132}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/Future monarchs]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/Future monarchs}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : A few months after Elizabeth II died, I copied and repurposed some material about Charles III from this article into the article [[Wikijunior:Kings and Queens of England/The House of Windsor]]. When I tried deleting the now redundant Charles biography on "Future monarchs", it kept warning me that I was deleting large amounts of material. I wrote a message on the [[Wikijunior talk:Kings and Queens of England/Future monarchs|"Future monarchs" talk page]] asking someone else to delete the Charles bio, but no one has done so. I probably should have come here and asked for help back then, and I apologize for not doing that. I would appreciate if someone who is authorized to do so deleted the Charles bio at "Future monarchs". Thank you. ;Date and time : 06:56, 20 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments {{done}} Thanks for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:32, 20 September 2023 (UTC) == Fabrickator == ;Username : {{user|Fabrickator}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Fabrickator}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[[[Professionalism/Boston's Big Dig Project]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[Professionalism/Boston's Big Dig Project]]}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : rescue broken "boston.com" link with Wayback link ;Date and time : 16:43, 29 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Heads-up: I went to look at the wayback link in order to add it in manually for you, but it was broken. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:14, 30 September 2023 (UTC) == Adolfo Martin Fuentes == ;Username : {{user|Adolfo Martin Fuentes}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Adolfo Martin Fuentes}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[BASIC Programming]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:BASIC Programming}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was adding two links to normative documents ;Date and time : 15:23, 7 October 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Adolfo Martin Fuentes == ;Username : {{user|Adolfo Martin Fuentes}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Adolfo Martin Fuentes}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[BASIC_Programming/Introduction]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:BASIC_Programming/Introduction}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was creating a new page as a framework for subsequent editing ;Date and time : 18:59, 7 October 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Mikedavid.1525 == ;Username : {{user|Mikedavid.1525}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Mikedavid.1525}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I've made a slight modification to the text to enhance clarity and flow: here my updated text online Python editor and compiler that allows you to run your Python code without the need for any installation. With this convenient web-based tool, you can write, test, and execute Python code instantly. ;Date and time : 09:18, 8 October 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 92.17.242.176 == ;Username : {{user|92.17.242.176}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:92.17.242.176}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Ohio_7th_Grade_World_History/Spread_and_Impact_of_the_Black_Death]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Ohio_7th_Grade_World_History/Spread_and_Impact_of_the_Black_Death}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : orthographic and grammatical corrections. Also, plague is caused by a bacterium, not by a virus as wrongly stated in one of the sections of this article ;Date and time : 07:21, 18 October 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :What were you doing when you made the edit? <sup>&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]</sup> / <sub>[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]</sub> 08:00, 18 October 2023 (UTC) ::This was a good edit that fell foul of an edit filter because your account (or IP address in this case) is new. It was triggered by including the word "suck" which is a common word for vandals to insert. I have made the edit for you. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:16, 18 October 2023 (UTC) == Kdmz == ;Username : {{user|Kdmz}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kdmz}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Arabic/Online_resources]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Arabic/Online_resources}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Tried to add a new Arabic resource which presents an Arabic keyboard with a unique automatic diacritization feature and comprehensive Arabic grammar lessons from beginner to advanced levels but the edit triggered an automated throttle. ;Date and time : 18:45, 15 October 2023 (UTC) ;Comments :{{ping|Kdmz}} Post a link that isnt the actual link, so like this: '''example.com/example''' instead of '''https://example.com/example'''. Then another user who can post external links will/should come along and make it a link. <sup>&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]</sup> / <sub>[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]</sub> 08:08, 17 October 2023 (UTC) ::{{ping|Kdmz}} My original ping didnt work, now the issue has been fixed <sup>&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]</sup> / <sub>[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]</sub> 08:34, 17 October 2023 (UTC) :::Ok done [[User:Kdmz|Kdmz]] ([[User talk:Kdmz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kdmz|contribs]]) 19:14, 6 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Daeraxa == ;Username : {{user|Daeraxa}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Daeraxa}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Using_an_external_Editor_with_OpenSCAD]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Using_an_external_Editor_with_OpenSCAD}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Attempting to add links to the "Support of external editors" section in order to add the link to both the Pulsar editor homepage and the relevant package - particularly relevant as Pulsar is the only actively maintained and developed fork of Atom and has nearly all of Atom's original packages. No commercial link spamming here as Pulsar is completely FOSS and has no monetisation other than a few donation links on the webpage in order to try and offset hosting costs. (Unrelated but this page keeps prompting to hit a "Save page" button which does not appear to exist? This is in the instructions banner as well as in the acceptance for ToS and Privacy Policy). ;Date and time : 18:33, 12 September 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Sorry this got missed! I made the edit for you since there are restrictions on new/inexperienced users adding external links due to spam. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:35, 21 November 2023 (UTC) :Thanks for sorting that, part of the URL got missed (probably by me initially) so I've added it in and it seems to have let me do it. [[User:Daeraxa|Daeraxa]] ([[User talk:Daeraxa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Daeraxa|contribs]]) 03:06, 21 November 2023 (UTC) == 204.116.105.26 == ;Username : {{user|204.116.105.26}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:204.116.105.26}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Ancient History/Greece/Mycenaean Civilization]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Ancient History/Greece/Mycenaean Civilization}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : My friend tried to make a joke and put "I AM A DINOSAUR" on my other friend's computer and I was trying to change it back to "The Iliad" ;Date and time : 20:13, 4 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == O andras == ;Username : {{user|O andras}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:O andras}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[The_World_of_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/What_is_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/Legal_Perspective]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:The_World_of_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/What_is_Peer-to-Peer_(P2P)/Legal_Perspective}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : An external URL now results in HTTP 404, so I was replacing it with an archive.org version instead. ;Date and time : 18:52, 6 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Joris Darlington Quarshie == ;Username : {{user|Joris Darlington Quarshie}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Joris Darlington Quarshie}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Creating User:Joris Darlington Quarshie/Userscript/Chapter Progress Tracker]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Creating User:Joris Darlington Quarshie/Userscript/Chapter Progress Tracker}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was creating a page for a userscript i just created for wikibooks. ;Date and time : 11:42, 13 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments @[[User:Joris Darlington Quarshie]] It looks like you were flagged due to the presence of links in your edit, since new users have restrictions on adding links to pages. Would you like me to add the content for you? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:55, 16 December 2023 (UTC) == RandomEditin == ;Username : {{user|RandomEditin}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:RandomEditin}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=OpenSCAD_User_Manual/DXF_Extrusion]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Using_the_2D_Subsystem}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to fix link rot by replacing the link with a archived version. ;Date and time : 04:43, 20 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments I've fixed it for you. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:29, 20 December 2023 (UTC) == Helrasincke == ;Username : {{user|Helrasincke}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Helrasincke}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[LaTeX/Special_Characters#External_links]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:LaTeX/Special_Characters#External_links}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Triggered throttle whilst attempting to replace dead URLs with archived versions. Please rectify. Cheers ;Date and time : 11:19, 26 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments {{done}} cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:07, 26 December 2023 (UTC) == 213.175.171.242 == ;Username : {{user|213.175.171.242}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:213.175.171.242}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...d5/2._exd5/2...Qxd5/3._Ke2/3...Qe4]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Chess_Opening_Theory/1._e4/1...d5/2._exd5/2...Qxd5/3._Ke2/3...Qe4}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to add some content about the last move, but I got blocked by 'repeated vandalism attempts'. But, I was trying to add content to it! ;Date and time : 16:10, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 139.130.241.224 == ;Username : {{user|139.130.241.224}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:139.130.241.224}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Sandbox}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to experiment with the sandbox, but a filter said that my edit will not be published as it is considers it as vandalism. ;Date and time : 08:19, 3 January 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == SociableFish == ;Username : {{user|SociableFish}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:SociableFish}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[More C++ Idioms/Curiously Recurring Template Pattern]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:More C++ Idioms/Curiously Recurring Template Pattern}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to edit the CRTP page to add a simpler way you can do it in C++23 using explicit this parameter. Because people might not know what those 3 words mean, I wanted to make the 3 words link to the cppreference page about it. cppreference is the C++ reference wiki that most people use. ;Date and time : 19:24, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ;Comments Hi {{ping|SociableFish}} New users are restricted in their ability to add links in order to prevent spam. I'd recommend adding everything but the link, and then someone else can help you. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:08, 6 January 2024 (UTC) == 49.187.16.86 == ;Username : {{user|49.187.16.86}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:49.187.16.86}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Sandbox]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Sandbox}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I wanted to edit the Sandbox, isn't it a page for experimenting? Because it said that I am making unconstructive edits. Can you please fix this? ;Date and time : 03:05, 10 January 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]]:</span> do you know why this pinged a filter? It does seem like a reasonable use of the sandbox. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:22, 10 January 2024 (UTC) :{{re|Kittycataclysm}}, the IP hit filter 18 - that's a simple rate filter. Seemed like the user was trying to make (to the filter) quick edits; we should improve this. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:40, 12 January 2024 (UTC) ::Got it, thanks! Unfortunately, I'm not sure how to go about making this kind of change. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:23, 15 January 2024 (UTC) == Spindown == ;Username : {{user|Spindown}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Spindown}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[[[How to Solve the Rubik's Cube]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[How to Solve the Rubik's Cube]]}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was fleshing out part of the beginner methods section, since it had some material that was still in raw point form, and the instructions were incomplete. The link I provided, which triggered the spam filter, is a tutorial with diagrams that do a better job of explaining these steps. I would have added it as a citation, but I used a link to follow the style of the rest of the section. ;Date and time : 18:25, 12 January 2024 (UTC) ;Comments Hi {{ping|Spindown}}! I'd recommend using citations over simply inserting links. I believe it is more appropriate for the book format and the way the link is being used. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:28, 15 January 2024 (UTC) :I agree that citations would be better, however that clashes with the format of the existing text. [[User:Spindown|Spindown]] ([[User talk:Spindown|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Spindown|contribs]]) 21:35, 5 April 2024 (UTC) == 110.54.146.208 == --[[Special:Contributions/110.54.146.208|110.54.146.208]] ([[User talk:110.54.146.208|discuss]])media<math><math></math>~ ;Username : {{user|110.54.146.208}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:110.54.146.208}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 07:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Zoetanya == ;Username : {{user|Zoetanya}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Zoetanya}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Creating About the DAReS project]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Creating About the DAReS project}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : insert an external link to the project to provide more information on it for incoming Hackathon participants ;Date and time : 05:02, 26 January 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Fabrickator == ;Username : {{user|Fabrickator}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Fabrickator}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Replace link for "European Dream of Progress and Enlightenment" with wayback link : Sadly, it wouldn't allow including the url I was adding so had to delete it ... now I try to add it : : web.archive.org/web/20080410041858/http://history-world.org/age_of_enlightenment.htm ;Date and time : 03:16, 9 February 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 96.230.237.221 == ;Username : {{user|96.230.237.221}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:96.230.237.221}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was adding clarification about a calculator program that caused my class and I confusion. I was editing the "Editing TI-Basic 84 Programming/ A Basic Program for clarity in using quotation marks/ string markers to enclose the message and make the program function. ;Date and time : 01:24, 28 February 2024 (UTC) ;Comments I added the clarification for you. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 February 2024 (UTC) == TomKeane03 == ;Username : {{user|TomKeane03}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:TomKeane03}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Uploading my univeristy assignment as required. will not let me save. all my own work with appropriate in text referencing and bibliography. ;Date and time : 09:59, 4 March 2024 (UTC) ;Comments I believe this occurred because you are a new editor trying to make a large edit. Try making smaller edits. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:44, 4 March 2024 (UTC) == 223.24.187.153 == [[Special:Contributions/223.24.187.153|223.24.187.153]] ([[User talk:223.24.187.153|discuss]]) 16:22, 16 March 2024 (UTC) ;Username : {{user|223.24.187.153}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:223.24.187.153}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 16:22, 16 March 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 172.59.218.11 == ;Username : {{user|172.59.218.11}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:172.59.218.11}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : change lbs-ft to ft-lbs for every torque setting listed. ;Date and time : 12:30, 18 March 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Dmlsjournal == ;Username : {{user|Dmlsjournal}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Dmlsjournal}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 01:56, 1 April 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Raidarr == ;Username : {{user|Raidarr}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Raidarr}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[User_talk:Kittycataclysm]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User_talk:Kittycataclysm}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Attempted notification that KC's impersonator on miraheze is locked and recommending a usurption request if there is an interest in claiming that name on miraheze in the future. ;Date and time : 14:39, 11 April 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Rodejong == ;Username : {{user|Rodejong}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Rodejong}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[User_talk:Kittycataclysm]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User_talk:Kittycataclysm}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to notify Kittycataclysm, that the impersonator at Miraheze now has been globally locked, but what ever message I try to send, the message is blocked by Operator873's Filter. - The message is: →I am a MH Volunteer. FYI, this user requested a new wiki, Global permissions and Stewardship within a day. And He/She referred to this account. So by coincident [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] confirmed my suspicion. Said user account is now disabled. I hope this takes away the awkward feeling it must give to have an imposter using your on-wiki presence. Kind regards<nowiki>, ~~~~</nowiki>← Not even "This user has been globally locked at MH." can be posted in that topic. Don't know what goes on, but this is weird. ;Date and time : 14:17, 11 April 2024 (UTC) ;Comments {{ping|Leaderboard}} Do you know why this user and the user below encountered this issue with my talk page? The filter it tripped doesn't seem to be local. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:33, 11 April 2024 (UTC) :{{re|Kittycataclysm}}, it's a global filter maintained by {{re|Operator873}} - you probably can't see it because it's a hidden global filter. To Operator873: the filter message says that you intended to disable it, but you enabled it later. Can you adjust the filter to make use of global edit counts at least? Also, Kittycataclysm, you may want to apply for [[meta:AFH|abuse filter helper]] as that will allow you to view these global filters if this helps you in diagnosing these issues better (but it's optional). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:53, 11 April 2024 (UTC) ::{{re|Rodejong|Raidarr}} - pinging you with the explanation above. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:53, 11 April 2024 (UTC) :::Thank you very much. At least @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] was notified. And a problem discovered that can be dealt with. All in all "2 flies in one smack" [[User:Rodejong|Rodejong]] ([[User talk:Rodejong|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodejong|contribs]]) 08:19, 12 April 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] I cannot. I'm no longer a steward, nor meta sysop. I'd suggest requesting that filter be disabled on [[meta:Steward_requests/Miscellaneous|Meta:SRM]] for assistance. [[User:Operator873|Operator873]] ([[User talk:Operator873|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Operator873|contribs]]) 04:05, 12 April 2024 (UTC) == 114.77.81.207 == ;Username : {{user|114.77.81.207}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:114.77.81.207}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Transportation Planning Casebook/Cross River Rail]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Transportation Planning Casebook/Cross River Rail}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to edit my university assignment, the error is claiming I am adding a link, although I have not added any link in the main body, only using the cite/reference tool. If I attempt to submit with the reference removed, it claims I am adding unconstructive information. ;Date and time : 07:42, 26 April 2024 (UTC) ;Comments I'm not sure why this is getting flagged by the filter. {{ping|Leaderboard}} do you know what's going on here? My only recommendation would be to make an account. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:32, 26 April 2024 (UTC) :{{re|Kittycataclysm}} The links are the issue. I recommend the user to create an account, and reference properly (i.e, don't just put a bunch of links at the end). [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:11, 26 April 2024 (UTC) == 108.35.187.110 == ;Username : {{user|108.35.187.110}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:108.35.187.110}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Arab]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Arab}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Since this page had a lot of content removed (the boy’s name and most of the girl’s name section), I was trying to bring it back, but for some reason, it kept giving me an error. Can you bring the removed content back? ;Date and time : 14:44, 25 May 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Bkil == ;Username : {{user|Bkil}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Bkil}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[JavaScript/Bookmarklets]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:JavaScript/Bookmarklets}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Replace a broken link with a web.archive.org version ;Date and time : 23:54, 6 June 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Gberkolaiko == ;Username : {{user|Gberkolaiko}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Gberkolaiko}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Quantum Graphs]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Quantum Graphs}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Adding a reference to a published article. ;Date and time : 20:39, 19 April 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} Already done by the user. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC) == Hordes222 == ;Username : {{user|Hordes222}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Hordes222}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[User_talk:SHB2000]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User_talk:SHB2000}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I am trying to ask about creating a short page for the Irish Gambit (which would be Chess Opening Theory/1. e4 e5 2. Nf6 Nc6 3. Nxe5??). The page had been previously protected for vandalism, which triggered the filter, but my proposed edit is unrelated to said vandalism (see [[User:Hordes222/sandbox|my sandbox]] for what I would add). ;Date and time : 22:52, 6 May 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} Appears to now exist at [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nxe5]]. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC) == 92.29.137.45 == ;Username : {{user|92.29.137.45}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:92.29.137.45}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 15:14, 15 May 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{Not done}} Doesn't appear constructive, and you don't appear to have provided any summary to explain the edit. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC) == Bkil == ;Username : {{user|Bkil}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Bkil}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[User:Bkil]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:User:Bkil}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : tried to link to Wikipedia ;Date and time : 23:57, 6 June 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC) == TheMonkeyEatsBananas == ;Username : {{user|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:TheMonkeyEatsBananas}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:SHB2000]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:SHB2000}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was seeking to add a new message to SHB2000's unarchived discussion page to discuss the false report that I filed above. However, this resulted in this new message also being automatically removed. ;Date and time : 06:16, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{re|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} - can you try your previous edit on Physics again? Regarding the issue with {{re|SHB2000}}, the problem is that she (alongside a few other contributors) has been the target of harassment, which is why that edit was blocked. This will no longer happen once you get some experience. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:43, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :I've amended the abuse filter to set this wiki as an exception (in addition to enwikivoyage), but Leaderboard has said everything that you [TheMonkeyEatsBananas] need to know. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] Thank you for your reply. :Unfortunately with the Physics project, I didn't back up my work immediately before saving it. However, with about 20-30 minutes of spare time, I'll probably be able to attempt my edit again on the Unit 1 subpage of the project. I'll try this after I send this reply. :Also, regarding harassment of any user on Wikimedia, that's particularly awful, and I hope the broader community is seeking to find a solution to further limit and prevent such activity. [[User:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|TheMonkeyEatsBananas]] ([[User talk:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheMonkeyEatsBananas|contribs]]) 08:22, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::You can usually check the content of what you wrote before it was blocked on <span class="plainlinks>[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser=TheMonkeyEatsBananas Special:AbuseLog]</span>. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 09:06, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::Thank you. To note, I don't yet have the permissions for that as my account is still under four days old. I was able to rewrite what I had from the back-up and I ran into the same error, specifically "IP Large Edits." Would the best approach for transferring the content be to simply wait until I'm a confirmed user? [[User:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|TheMonkeyEatsBananas]] ([[User talk:TheMonkeyEatsBananas|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheMonkeyEatsBananas|contribs]]) 09:23, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::::Yeah, I would say just wait till July 9 and then you'll become an autoconfirmed user. Unfortunately, we don't have any bureaucrats on this wiki to manually confirm you. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 09:43, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::::{{re|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} A steward has overridden this for you - try now. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:15, 6 July 2024 (UTC) == LKreissig == ;Username : {{user|LKreissig}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:LKreissig}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Polyomino]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Polyomino}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Publishing has just been denied only because I mentioned the reputable online integer encyclopedia oeis.org. That is not any kind of commercial advertisement! ;Date and time : 23:53, 14 August 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :Just make the edit again with the URL omitted. Before doing so, make sure you name the page properly - it should be in a book, not a standalone page. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:34, 16 August 2024 (UTC) == TheMonkeyEatsBananas == ;Username : {{user|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:TheMonkeyEatsBananas}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Physics Explained Through a Video Game]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Physics Explained Through a Video Game}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : An introduction to classical mechanics with visual content from the website Bonk.io, a multiplayer physics game with a freely licensed policy for user-generated content. Although it uses examples from a video game as visual aids, the textbook only discusses real-world physics. The filtered edit was a transfer of Unit 1 of the textbook from the Bonk.io Wiki, a wiki under Fandom, Inc., to Wikibooks. To note, I am the only contributor of the original textbook content. My intention was to move the content from the Bonk.io Wiki to a more appropriate location and continue my work on the project here. Thank you for your consideration. ;Date and time : 22:06, 5 July 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{not done}} {{ping|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} The edit needs attribution. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC) == Kamui Kazi == ;Username : {{user|Kamui Kazi}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kamui Kazi}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[PSP/Translation_Projects]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:PSP/Translation_Projects}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Add my translation project to the list of active projects ;Date and time : 16:34, 24 September 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 18:57, 25 September 2024 (UTC) == 24.183.148.225 == ;Username : {{user|24.183.148.225}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:24.183.148.225}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 15:34, 23 July 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 18:52, 25 September 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Ternera|Ternera]] help block @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9]] ([[User talk:2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|discuss]]) 22:06, 12 October 2024 (UTC) ::Bring it up with them, not me. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 22:08, 12 October 2024 (UTC) :: (Note) This IP has a global block in /64. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:33, 13 October 2024 (UTC) :Hi [[Special:Contributions/41.122.132.102|41.122.132.102]] ([[User talk:41.122.132.102|discuss]]) 17:58, 5 November 2024 (UTC) == 75.172.52.200 == ;Username : {{user|75.172.52.200}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:75.172.52.200}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:38, 6 October 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{not done}} Please do not try to blank articles without a reason. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:35, 9 October 2024 (UTC) :Why you are not done😭😭😭😭 [[Special:Contributions/41.122.132.102|41.122.132.102]] ([[User talk:41.122.132.102|discuss]]) 18:00, 5 November 2024 (UTC) == Mdhor123 == ;Username : {{user|Mdhor123}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Mdhor123}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Added a bunch of shortcuts to the list, but wasn't allowed to add the source. ;Date and time : 09:28, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :As a new editor, adding an external link can trigger the edit filter like this. It wasn't the shortcuts that caused the problem, it was the URL. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:01, 4 November 2024 (UTC) == Tres Libras == ;Username : {{user|Tres Libras}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Tres Libras}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Anti-spam filter. ;Date and time : 00:22, 19 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> I understand that this abuse filter is in place to protect enwikibooks from spam. I was only trying to revert a problematic edit on XQuery/SPARQL Tutorial. I’m not a regular contributor here; I mainly focus on combating cross-wiki vandalism and monitoring small wikis. Best regards. : Looks like this was taken care of—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:51, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == Ab12gu == ;Username : {{user|Ab12gu}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Ab12gu}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[OpenJSCAD_User_Guide]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:OpenJSCAD_User_Guide}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : want to add openjscad link ;Date and time : 22:54, 10 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> * It does not look like you triggered any filters on that page? [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 01:51, 3 January 2025 (UTC) == 108.35.187.110 == ;Username : {{user|108.35.187.110}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:108.35.187.110}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I am trying to add a link to a page on this very wiki I was about to revise for the false positive, but the filter flagged me for using an external link. The page in question is the Arab names section of Writing Adolescent Fiction, which had a lot of names removed by a vandal. ;Date and time : 04:18, 21 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:10, 16 January 2025 (UTC) == 58.145.184.218 == ;Username : {{user|58.145.184.218}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:58.145.184.218}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 21:11, 17 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|ndefm}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:41, 16 January 2025 (UTC) == 192.0.217.147 == ;Username : {{user|192.0.217.147}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:192.0.217.147}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Chess_Opening_Theory/1._c4/1…c5/2._b4 I was trying to write a page about the Queen's Wing Gambit. That's it, hopefully I'm not an idiot. ;Date and time : 07:29, 22 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|alreadydone}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:49, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == 89.164.23.10 ah ffs, I was just trying to correct my spelling, but if wiki objects, whatever == ;Username : {{user|89.164.23.10}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:89.164.23.10}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 23:03, 2 January 2025 (UTC) ;Comments I've fixed this for you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 3 January 2025 (UTC) == 2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E == ;Username : {{user|2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2600:1700:25E0:2710:49AF:96EF:8A53:EA8E}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Huh? ;Date and time : 16:56, 30 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == 204.100.235.104 == ;Username : {{user|204.100.235.104}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:204.100.235.104}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Adding updated information about modems ;Date and time : 22:01, 11 December 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == AidenPrydeJF == ;Username : {{user|AidenPrydeJF}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:AidenPrydeJF}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Haskell/Getting set up]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Haskell/Getting set up}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Eliminated verbosity. Added links to Haskell Discord and IRC for Haskell environment installation assistance ;Date and time : 17:55, 1 January 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Jacobdgm == ;Username : {{user|Jacobdgm}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Jacobdgm}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[[[User:Jacobdgm]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[User:Jacobdgm]]}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Trying to add a link to my Wikipedia User page. I also tried to add a link to my personal website, similar to the link present on my Wikipedia User page, but even when I removed it, I continued to get the error message upon clicking "Publish". (Notably, I'm not even able to add a link to my Wikipedia User page [or, for that matter, my Wikibooks User page via URL] here. It's the same username, just in the Wikipedia domain.) I'm guessing the main reason I'm getting an error message is because my Wikibooks account wasn't activated until a few minutes ago, when I made an edit to a recipe. But it does seem a bit silly that I should not be able to link to other Wikipedia/Wikibooks pages... ;Date and time : 17:01, 31 January 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|defm}} The problem here is that you wrote the link to Wikipedia as https://..., which falls under the [[w:regular expression|regular expression]] for external links. I will look into the possibility of exempting links to Wikimedia projects from the filter. – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:49, 31 January 2025 (UTC) :We would rather prefer ''not'' using bare links and rather use relative URLs (i.e, [[wikipedia:]]) [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:30, 1 February 2025 (UTC) ::I do think we should allow bare links, since those are often used when linking to diffs or log entries (including on the local project). [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:34, 1 February 2025 (UTC) :::OK fair but that's not usually the case from my experience. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 03:02, 1 February 2025 (UTC) :::Are there not ways to link to these without bare linking? Like [[Special:Diff]]? It seems like unambiguously valid cases of bare-linking are rare, and discouraging bare-linking seems like a useful way to help reduce spamming. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 1 February 2025 (UTC) ::::Those options do exist, however it took me quite a while to learn about them when I was new to the Wikimedia movement, and new users are precisely those users to whom this filter applies. Equally, users might not be aware of interwiki links ([[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Archives/2024/December#Can_one_publish_single_articles_on_Wikibooks?|example]]), or the <code><nowiki>[{{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} edit]</nowiki></code> trick to link to a page's edit box (generally, only relatively advanced MediaWiki users are familiar with that one). Also, I find it hard to understand how exactly you could spam by linking to a Wikimedia project. Most spammers that we attempt to catch with this filter are attempting to use Wikimedia for [[w:search engine optimization|search engine optimization]] purposes, and linking to other Wikimedia projects seems like a very poor way of doing that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:05, 1 February 2025 (UTC) == 1.46.150.177 == ;Username : {{user|1.46.150.177}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:1.46.150.177}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : [[User:JJPMaster|I]] did not attempt to make this edit, but I found it while patrolling [[Special:AbuseLog]], and the "Repeated vandalism attempts" filter should not have applied. The user previously made two legitimate edits that were not caught by the filter a minute prior, but the RVA filter disallowed it. ;Date and time : 00:30, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Backofficeaccountant == ;Username : {{user|Backofficeaccountant}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Backofficeaccountant}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : i want a edit a external link on my main page as a reference . please allow my page to do it it is necessary because of copyrights. ;Date and time : 11:25, 15 February 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> i want a edit a external link on my main page as a reference . please allow my page to do it it is necessary because of copyrights. :You are trying to spam a link to your website, which isn't allowed. And now you are blocked, goodbye. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:30, 17 February 2025 (UTC) == Ujumrfr == ;Username : {{user|Ujumrfr}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Ujumrfr}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 15:42, 11 March 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:35, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == CBID2 == ;Username : {{user|CBID2}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:CBID2}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Open Source Wikibooks]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Open Source Wikibooks}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to add a section about Christine Peterson(she came up with the name "open source" and I felt that it was important to add this information to give her proper acknowledgment because she and other women in the open source community are often not acknowledged for their efforts). Unfortunately, I keep getting an error message anytime I try to publish it. Can anyone help me solve it? ;Date and time : 17:12, 11 April 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : The link you've included aside, I don't think the quote you tried to add about the origin of the term "open source" is particularly useful. Also, the page you attempted to edit is [[Open Source]], not [[Open Source Wikibooks]] (which doesn't exist). [[User:TTWIDEE|TTWIDEE]] ([[User talk:TTWIDEE|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TTWIDEE|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == Locahox603 == ;Username : {{user|Locahox603}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Locahox603}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 16:07, 11 May 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:33, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == Kcapoor == ;Username : {{user|Kcapoor}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kcapoor}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 03:37, 28 April 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:02, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 2A00:1E:DF03:1E01:D170:27F5:F15F:57E8 == ;Username : {{user|2A00:1E:DF03:1E01:D170:27F5:F15F:57E8}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2A00:1E:DF03:1E01:D170:27F5:F15F:57E8}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[[[OpenSCAD User Manual/Input Devices]]]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:[[OpenSCAD User Manual/Input Devices]]}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was trying to improve the OpenSCAD input device manual, and added some links to the Debian and Arch linux wikis. Nothing too objectionable. I did spend some time making sure I was improving that page, so it'd be nice if those changes are accepted. ;Date and time : 11:00, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|d}} Note that I removed the last sentence, which is unnecessary. Otherwise, your edit looked fine to implement. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:56, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 38.211.149.56 == ;Username : {{user|38.211.149.56}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:38.211.149.56}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 10:52, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:56, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 176.1.132.105 == ;Username : {{user|176.1.132.105}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:176.1.132.105}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Handbook_of_Management_Scales/Procedural_justice]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Handbook_of_Management_Scales/Procedural_justice}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : trying to add a source with a link via doi . org ;Date and time : 22:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|d|https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Handbook_of_Management_Scales/Procedural_justice&diff=prev&oldid=4519425}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 13:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC) == {{subst:136472 Makemake}} == ;Username : {{user|2601:2C6:580:1960:9DF8:EF8C:BD2D:E975}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:2601:2C6:580:1960:9DF8:EF8C:BD2D:E975}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[(1364720 Makemake]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:(1364720 Makemake}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I was editing it but it said "We are sorry, your edit can not be completed at this time. Your recent edits have repeatedly triggered the edit filter. To prevent users from repeatedly attempting to make unconstructive edits, your edit has been disallowed. If this is not your intention, we apologize for the inconvenience but please report this error and try your edit again later." ;Date and time : 21:58, 20 June 2025 (UTC) ;Comments The edit was blocked as likely vandalism. While you weren't attempting to vandalise, you were copying and pasting text from Wikipedia which is a breach of the site license. If you wish to import text from Wikipedia, please request an import at [[WB:RFI]] [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:35, 23 June 2025 (UTC) : Per the response above, I am marking as {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:00, 29 June 2025 (UTC) == Makerofjacket == Hello, I attempted to add an external link to makerofjacket.com as a relevant reference for leather fashion and design. The brand is mentioned in the context of leather skirt styles and is directly related to the subject. This is not promotional or spam content the link supports the topic and gives readers a source for further exploration. :It is spam, as is your username, so you are now blocked. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 13:21, 1 July 2025 (UTC) == 185.164.156.170 == ;Username : {{user|185.164.156.170}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:185.164.156.170}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 18:53, 27 June 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|d}} Though I'll put in a separate edit to fix your link, since it appears to be dead, and I've found a working one online. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:45, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == ValWinter == ;Username : {{user|ValWinter}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:ValWinter}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Swedish]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Swedish}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : I wanted to add the Swedish Phrasebook from Wikivoyage in the See Also section. Other WikiMedia sites related to the Swedish language were linked and I wanted to add this as well. My reason is through researching language acquisition people recommend using phrasebooks as a good starting place for learning essential grammar/words. If this is inappropriate I apologize and won't do it again. ;Date and time : 20:14, 1 July 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nd}} {{ping|ValWinter}} I don't think this needs to be in there, as the Swedish language sites are probably enough, but thank you for your contribution! [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:48, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :: For filter 7, this shouldn’t have tripped on Wikipedia URLs which are disallowed by another filter. I'll try to fix that filter later, and perhaps filter 44. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]])</span> 03:51, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :::{{ping|Codename Noreste}} I might suggest, by the way, that [[Special:AbuseLog/305229]] should not have been disallowed on this page, in the interests of allowing a user to report a perceived false positive to the noticeboard. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 04:12, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::Implementing a fix right now… <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]])</span> 04:15, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::: [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]]: {{EFFP|fixed|Codename Noreste}} I tested this, and the false positive hit did not match. I also excluded some Wikimedia domains in addition to <code><ref</code>. The filter should now trip if http is in added_lines then added_links. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]])</span> 04:24, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == MooseGooseTruce == ;Username : {{user|MooseGooseTruce}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:MooseGooseTruce}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[LaTeX/Installation]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:LaTeX/Installation}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Adding a link to the popular and well-maintained LaTeX plugin VimTeX to the Vim section. ;Date and time : 08:53, 17 July 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|nd|The filter is working correctly as it prevents new users from adding external links, but I am not sure if Github is considered acceptable to add such links to books}} <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 00:04, 21 July 2025 (UTC) == Kristien86 == ;Username : {{user|Kristien86}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kristien86}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep_Liberty/Suspension/Shocks_%26_Struts&veaction=edit&section=9]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep_Liberty/Suspension/Shocks_%26_Struts&veaction=edit&section=9}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Add an external link to Freedom Offroad USA - https://freedomoffroadusa.com/ ;Date and time : 20:53, 10 July 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :That was correctly blocked as probable spam. Please discuss on the page's talk page if you think there is value in adding the link [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 08:39, 11 July 2025 (UTC) : {{EFFP|nd}} <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 16:03, 11 July 2025 (UTC) :Freedom Offroad USA is a similar/competitor company with the others listed/linked to. We added a valuable section on the topic of the page. Can we please have the link added? [[User:Kristien86|Kristien86]] ([[User talk:Kristien86|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kristien86|contribs]]) 22:25, 29 July 2025 (UTC) == Tonyroberts2 == ;Username : [[:b:User:Tonyroberts2|Tonyroberts2]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Tonyroberts2|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Tonyroberts2|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Tonyroberts2|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Tonyroberts2}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Tonyroberts2}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Tonyroberts2}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Python_Programming/Excel]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPython_Programming%2FExcel}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPython_Programming%2FExcel&wpSearchUser=Tonyroberts2}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Adding a section for PyXLL (and Excel add-in mentioned on this page with no further information). Added a link to the PyXLL website (pyxll.com), which is consistent with other sections on this page. ;Date and time : 11:55, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Qbancoffee == ;Username : [[:b:User:Qbancoffee|Qbancoffee]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Qbancoffee|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Qbancoffee|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Qbancoffee|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Qbancoffee}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Qbancoffee}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Qbancoffee}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=DriveWire_4]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DDriveWire_4}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DDriveWire_4&wpSearchUser=Qbancoffee}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I'm trying to add content in the way of links and citations to a manual I am putting together for DriveWire 4 ;Date and time : 19:19, 11 October 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|f|Codename Noreste}} I went ahead and excluded a legitimate link, so it should not trigger the filter anymore. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:29, 12 October 2025 (UTC) == ~2025-60584-5 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2025-60584-5|~2025-60584-5]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2025-60584-5|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2025-60584-5|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2025-60584-5|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2025-60584-5}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2025-60584-5}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2025-60584-5}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Macedonian/Alphabet]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMacedonian%2FAlphabet}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMacedonian%2FAlphabet&wpSearchUser=%7E2025-60584-5}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Corrected the confusion between phonemic transcription (using the IPA standard and square brackets) and graphemic transcription (using local or international standards and angled brackets). Shortened and clarified some examples in the "notes" section as to not confuse the reader on sounds that cannot be approximated in the English language ;Date and time : 22:11, 13 September 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|f|Codename Noreste}} '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:28, 26 October 2025 (UTC) == NigoraJurayeva == ;Username : [[:b:User:NigoraJurayeva|NigoraJurayeva]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:NigoraJurayeva|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/NigoraJurayeva|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/NigoraJurayeva|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:NigoraJurayeva}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:NigoraJurayeva}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=NigoraJurayeva}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 18:41, 13 November 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:01, 15 November 2025 (UTC) == Imona61 == ;Username : [[:b:User:Imona61|Imona61]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Imona61|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Imona61|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Imona61|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Imona61}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Imona61}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Imona61}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:07, 13 November 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:54, 15 November 2025 (UTC) == Blogger-booster == ;Username : [[:b:User:Blogger-booster|Blogger-booster]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Blogger-booster|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Blogger-booster|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Blogger-booster|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Blogger-booster}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Blogger-booster}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Blogger-booster}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 12:24, 16 November 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nd}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 23:51, 16 November 2025 (UTC) == Aroaceattorney == ;Username : [[:b:User:Aroaceattorney|Aroaceattorney]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Aroaceattorney|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Aroaceattorney|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Aroaceattorney|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Aroaceattorney}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Aroaceattorney}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Aroaceattorney}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[canadian refugee procedure]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=canadian+refugee+procedure}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=canadian+refugee+procedure&wpSearchUser=Aroaceattorney}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was trying to add links of IRCC and CBSA's operational instructions and guidelines to the Home page of Canadian Refugee Procedure because I think it's useful for the readers to know how could the IRCC and/or CBSA handles an application. ;Date and time : 00:05, 21 December 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} – [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:29, 21 December 2025 (UTC) == ~2025-37703-14 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2025-37703-14|~2025-37703-14]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2025-37703-14|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2025-37703-14|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2025-37703-14|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2025-37703-14}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2025-37703-14}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks>[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2025-37703-14}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming/Platform/POSIX]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAda_Programming%2FPlatform%2FPOSIX}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAda_Programming%2FPlatform%2FPOSIX&wpSearchUser=%7E2025-37703-14}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Just trying to update a dead link. My last edit removed the old link, but soon afterward I found the new link. The new link is https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1003.5b/1429/ ;Date and time : 03:04, 3 December 2025 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|d|4605219}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:09, 21 December 2025 (UTC) == ~2026-96124 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-96124|~2026-96124]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-96124|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-96124|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-96124|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-96124}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-96124}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-96124}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Limit_of_functions]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Math_for_Non-Geeks%2F_Limit_of_functions}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Math_for_Non-Geeks%2F_Limit_of_functions&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-96124}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : The article is an English translation of this article: https://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Serlo%3A_EN%3A_Limit_of_functions&uselang=en One of my collaborators translated it on de.wikibooks.org, while erroneously leaving a large proportion of German text at the bottom:https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Math_for_Non-Geeks/_Limit_of_functions I copied the article here: https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks:_Grenzwert_von_Funktionen and I tried to remove the excess text, so the content is in sync with the original German article. ;Date and time : 17:49, 5 January 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|ad|Sascha Lill 95}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:55, 5 January 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-30281-5 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-30281-5|~2026-30281-5]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-30281-5|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-30281-5|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-30281-5|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-30281-5}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-30281-5}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-30281-5}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 21:12, 14 January 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:47, 18 January 2026 (UTC) == KT1234pro == ;Username : [[:b:User:KT1234pro|KT1234pro]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:KT1234pro|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/KT1234pro|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/KT1234pro|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:KT1234pro}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:KT1234pro}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=KT1234pro}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 06:54, 23 January 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:28, 24 January 2026 (UTC) == Standing Alone == ;Username : [[:b:User:Standing Alone|Standing Alone]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Standing Alone|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Standing Alone|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Standing Alone|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Standing Alone}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Standing Alone}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Standing+Alone}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[[[Python_Programming/Getting_Python|Python Programming]]]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BPython_Programming%2FGetting_Python%7CPython+Programming%5D%5D}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BPython_Programming%2FGetting_Python%7CPython+Programming%5D%5D&wpSearchUser=Standing+Alone}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Python_Programming/Getting_Python&diff=prev&oldid=4613227 change]] I was adding PyPy to the other distributions, and at the end, it mentioned the link to get the distribution. However, it seems that, due to spam prevention, the addition of external links is disabled. Could you please add this [[https://pypy.org/ link]] to that table? ;Date and time : 07:04, 23 January 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|d|diff}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 15:29, 26 January 2026 (UTC) == Davidlovechess == ;Username : [[:b:User:Davidlovechess|Davidlovechess]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Davidlovechess|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Davidlovechess|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Davidlovechess|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Davidlovechess}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Davidlovechess}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Pinyin]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Pinyin}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Pinyin&wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : deleting what i personally think is usless to the topic ;Date and time : 14:08, 4 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments :The edit was correctly blocked. A new editor deleting more than half the page because you "think is usless"[sic] was correctly identified as likely vandalism. I suggest you make smaller edits, and learn more about this project, before wading in to make large changes like this. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) </small> 17:38, 4 February 2026 (UTC) == Engmark == ;Username : [[:b:User:Engmark|Engmark]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Engmark|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Engmark|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Engmark|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Engmark}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Engmark}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Engmark}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[QEMU/Monitor]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=QEMU%2FMonitor}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=QEMU%2FMonitor&wpSearchUser=Engmark}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Update keys for QEMU 10.1.2 ;Date and time : 14:21, 31 January 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|done|4618023}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:07, 7 February 2026 (UTC) == X5DragonFire == ;Username : [[:b:User:X5DragonFire|X5DragonFire]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:X5DragonFire|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/X5DragonFire|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/X5DragonFire|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:X5DragonFire}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:X5DragonFire}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=X5DragonFire}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Print version]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+Animals%2FPrint+version}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+Animals%2FPrint+version&wpSearchUser=X5DragonFire}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was editng the print version of the Anatomy and Physiology of Animals page to be more print friendly, and in doing so copied the image from Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Cardiovascular System into that page in order to replace a non-print-friendly template. The description of that image has a link to what I assume is the original creator of that image on Flickr. My guess is that's what is getting flagged. ;Date and time : 22:49, 5 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|done|4618018}} [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 01:01, 7 February 2026 (UTC) == Davidlovechess == ;Username : [[:b:User:Davidlovechess|Davidlovechess]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Davidlovechess|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Davidlovechess|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Davidlovechess|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Davidlovechess}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Davidlovechess}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Classical_Chinese/Lesson_6]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Classical_Chinese%2FLesson_6}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Classical_Chinese%2FLesson_6&wpSearchUser=Davidlovechess}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : i was trying to replace the text ;Date and time : 10:06, 5 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments :{{EFFP|note}} I can verify that they are indeed making huge modifications to the lessons in [[Classical Chinese]], as the original texts were harder and longer, and many of the explanations for the original texts were incomplete. The texts that they use are simpler and are more useful as an introductory guide to Classical Chinese. [[Classical Chinese/Lesson 6]]'s text (“喜雨亭记”) was long and there is a huge table on the page; they are trying to replace the table with their own text. [[User:Jianhui67|'''<span style="color:#0E0">Jianhui67</span>''']]<sup> [[User talk:Jianhui67|<span style="color:#1E90FF">'''talk'''</span>]]<span style="color:red">★</span>[[Special:Contributions/Jianhui67|<span style="color:#1E90FF">'''contribs'''</span>]]</sup> 11:12, 5 February 2026 (UTC) :{{EFFP|d|4618085}} Consider it done, as there seems to be no objections to the content replacement, though you might want to see what you can do with the original text 喜雨亭记. [[User:Jianhui67|'''<span style="color:#0E0">Jianhui67</span>''']]<sup> [[User talk:Jianhui67|<span style="color:#1E90FF">'''talk'''</span>]]<span style="color:red">★</span>[[Special:Contributions/Jianhui67|<span style="color:#1E90FF">'''contribs'''</span>]]</sup> 17:07, 7 February 2026 (UTC) == WestenM86 == ;Username : [[:b:User:WestenM86|WestenM86]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:WestenM86|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/WestenM86|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/WestenM86|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:WestenM86}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:WestenM86}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=WestenM86}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Washington Metro]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Infrastructure+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+Casebook%2FWashington+Metro}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Infrastructure+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+Casebook%2FWashington+Metro&wpSearchUser=WestenM86}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : We are students who are just trying to figure out this system and make our start for this project made by our professor. We are allowed to do this by George Mason University. ;Date and time : 18:20, 20 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done|4620689}} I have added the text for you and moved the page to [[User:WestenM86/Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/Washington Metro]], but please do not try to remove {{tl|delete}} templates. – [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 12:42, 26 February 2026 (UTC) == VarastadDB == ;Username : [[:b:User:VarastadDB|VarastadDB]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:VarastadDB|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/VarastadDB|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/VarastadDB|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:VarastadDB}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:VarastadDB}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=VarastadDB}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[User:VarastadDerBedrosian]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3AVarastadDerBedrosian}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3AVarastadDerBedrosian&wpSearchUser=VarastadDB}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I am a new editor attempting to establish a biographical record for Varastad DerBedrosian, a computer scientist and founder of SecureUp Corp and GadgetWide Solutions. The initial "out of scope" flag likely triggered due to placeholder data from the account's setup phase. I am currently transitioning the content to a neutral, encyclopedic tone (WP:NPOV) and adding third-party citations to technical archives to verify the subject's historical impact on the cybersecurity and mobile utility sectors. I request the removal of the deletion tag to allow for these improvements in the Draft space. ;Date and time : 08:12, 28 February 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:28, 11 March 2026 (UTC) == Jon Peli Oleaga == ;Username : [[:b:User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Jon Peli Oleaga|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Jon Peli Oleaga}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Jon Peli Oleaga}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Jon+Peli+Oleaga}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[FORTRAN program for calculating representative parameters and operating conditions of AC overhead transmission lines]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=FORTRAN+program+for+calculating+representative+parameters+and+operating+conditions+of+AC+overhead+transmission+lines}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=FORTRAN+program+for+calculating+representative+parameters+and+operating+conditions+of+AC+overhead+transmission+lines&wpSearchUser=Jon+Peli+Oleaga}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I want to insert the code of the program and the input and output data of some examples; to show how data is entered and the coincidence of the results with what was said in the book of the Electric Power Researh Institute published 1n 1975 "Transmission Line Reference Book 345 kv and Above". I have generated all that information; directly or using the program.--[[User:Jon Peli Oleaga|Jon Peli Oleaga]] ([[User talk:Jon Peli Oleaga|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jon Peli Oleaga|contribs]]) 11:54, 11 March 2026 (UTC) ;Date and time : 11:54, 11 March 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Kingofnuthin == ;Username : [[:b:User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Kingofnuthin|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Kingofnuthin|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Kingofnuthin|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Kingofnuthin}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Kingofnuthin}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Kingofnuthin}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[America's voice]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=America%27s+voice}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=America%27s+voice&wpSearchUser=Kingofnuthin}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Needs removal of other deletion templates as i did a second CSD for previously deleted page. ;Date and time : 16:56, 25 March 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|fixed}} I changed a line of the filter so that certain user groups with <code>autoreview</code> are exempt. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:18, 27 March 2026 (UTC) == Dom32628 == ;Username : [[:b:User:Dom32628|Dom32628]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Dom32628|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Dom32628|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Dom32628|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Dom32628}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Dom32628}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Dom32628}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._c4/1...g5]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Chess_Opening_Theory%2F1._c4%2F1...g5}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Chess_Opening_Theory%2F1._c4%2F1...g5&wpSearchUser=Dom32628}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Added a link to Lichess.org in References. Lichess is free, open source and well regarded by the wiki community, showing the English Opening: Zilbermints Gambit. If there is a preferred referencing style to not reference lichess here, even if it is free & open source, let me know :) ;Date and time : 23:46, 27 March 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ~2026-21344-85 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-21344-85|~2026-21344-85]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-21344-85|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-21344-85|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-21344-85|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[I am looking to link the youtube videos corresponding to each episode]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=I+am+looking+to+link+the+youtube+videos+corresponding+to+each+episode}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=I+am+looking+to+link+the+youtube+videos+corresponding+to+each+episode&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : ;Date and time : 04:47, 12 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ~2026-21344-85 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-21344-85|~2026-21344-85]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-21344-85|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-21344-85|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-21344-85|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-21344-85}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[SJMFTVF/sandbox (keep as sandbox, is for Screen Junkies Movie Fights & TV Fights)]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=SJMFTVF%2Fsandbox+%28keep+as+sandbox%2C+is+for+Screen+Junkies+Movie+Fights+%26+TV+Fights%29}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=SJMFTVF%2Fsandbox+%28keep+as+sandbox%2C+is+for+Screen+Junkies+Movie+Fights+%26+TV+Fights%29&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-21344-85}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Looking to update info for about 80 episodes, including links to the associated youtube videos. This has been done for previous episode summaries. Also, I have no way to prove this, but I am the creator of the page. I don't have access to the email associated with the SJMFTVF account anymore. ;Date and time : 06:56, 12 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ~2026-22598-75 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-22598-75|~2026-22598-75]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-22598-75|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-22598-75|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-22598-75|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-22598-75}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-22598-75}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-22598-75}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[History Books/Who Was Alexander the Great/Introduction]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=History+Books%2FWho+Was+Alexander+the+Great%2FIntroduction}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=History+Books%2FWho+Was+Alexander+the+Great%2FIntroduction&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-22598-75}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : The page was tagged for speedy deletion due to being a subpage of a nonexistent book, but I have since created the parent books. However, it won’t let me remove the tag, now that the problem has been addressed. Leave the rest of this page intact. --> ;Date and time : 17:39, 12 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:15, 12 April 2026 (UTC) == Idavidmiller == ;Username : [[:b:User:Idavidmiller|Idavidmiller]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Idavidmiller|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Idavidmiller|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Idavidmiller|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Idavidmiller}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Idavidmiller}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Idavidmiller}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Maxima/Installation]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Maxima%2FInstallation}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Maxima%2FInstallation&wpSearchUser=Idavidmiller}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Revising this page as it is way too complex for the intended audience. The external links prevent copying extensive sections from project installation instruction pages. ;Date and time : 15:10, 20 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Idavidmiller|Idavidmiller]]:</span> I temporarily granted you confirmed user access so that the filter should not prevent you. It's in effect until Thursday, 10:14 AM CDT/15:14 UTC. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:16, 21 April 2026 (UTC) == Usp4pg == ;Username : [[:b:User:Usp4pg|Usp4pg]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Usp4pg|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Usp4pg|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Usp4pg|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Usp4pg}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Usp4pg}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Usp4pg}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Lentis/AI: More Human Than You Think]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Lentis%2FAI%3A+More+Human+Than+You+Think}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Lentis%2FAI%3A+More+Human+Than+You+Think&wpSearchUser=Usp4pg}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : It is saying the edits I am making are unconstructive even though I added actual content to prevent it from falsely deleting the page. It will not allow me to publish changes. This is for a class project, and I am just starting to get the skeleton done. ;Date and time : 14:56, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Usp4pg|Usp4pg]]:</span> I removed the tag as it was not a test page. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:12, 21 April 2026 (UTC) == LeventBulut == ;Username : [[:b:User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:LeventBulut|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/LeventBulut|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/LeventBulut|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:LeventBulut}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:LeventBulut}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=LeventBulut}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Objective+Projection%3A+Why+the+Brain+Never+Forgets+Some+Stories}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Objective+Projection%3A+Why+the+Brain+Never+Forgets+Some+Stories&wpSearchUser=LeventBulut}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I am the author of the Objective Projection methodology. I was trying to add a legitimate educational book to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0. The filter blocked my edits twice — once for external links, once for content volume. All content is my own original work written specifically for Wikibooks. The Turkish version of the same book is already live on tr.wikibooks.org Open license declaration at leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/ ;Date and time : 06:35, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]], the filters were working as intended, but I can adjust them. However, I've temporarily given you confirmed user access until 2026-04-29. Please note that this will exclude you from some commonly-hit filters, but not all of them to be exact. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:07, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == SHE-LOVES-BRIAN == ;Username : [[:b:User:SHE-LOVES-BRIAN|SHE-LOVES-BRIAN]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:SHE-LOVES-BRIAN|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/SHE-LOVES-BRIAN|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/SHE-LOVES-BRIAN|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:SHE-LOVES-BRIAN}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:SHE-LOVES-BRIAN}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=SHE-LOVES-BRIAN}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 14:35, 5 May 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|note}} You are autoconfirmed, which means the filter shouldn't trigger on you anymore, but not all of them to be exact. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:58, 15 June 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-32360-90 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-32360-90|~2026-32360-90]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-32360-90|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-32360-90|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-32360-90|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-32360-90}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-32360-90}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-32360-90}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5/3. Qh5/3...Qe7]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Chess+Opening+Theory%2F1.+e4%2F1...e5%2F2.+Bc4%2F2...Bc5%2F3.+Qh5%2F3...Qe7}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Chess+Opening+Theory%2F1.+e4%2F1...e5%2F2.+Bc4%2F2...Bc5%2F3.+Qh5%2F3...Qe7&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-32360-90}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Trying to add a language ([[:fi:Shakki/rnb1k1nr;ppppqppp;8;2b1p2Q;2B1P3;8;PPPP1PPP;RNB1K1NR w KQkq]]) was being flagged as unconstructive by the edit filter. ;Date and time : 15:57, 15 June 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|rf}} [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:57, 15 June 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-35089-83 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-35089-83|~2026-35089-83]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-35089-83|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-35089-83|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-35089-83|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-35089-83}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-35089-83}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-35089-83}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[[[Japanese/Kana]]]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BJapanese%2FKana%5D%5D}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=%5B%5BJapanese%2FKana%5D%5D&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-35089-83}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Tried replacing a dead link with a working version I found when I plugged the link into webarchive, since that's what I presumed I was meant to do when I found a dead link. ;Date and time : 01:27, 15 June 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|done}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:54, 15 July 2026 (UTC) == SeaDragon1 == ;Username : [[:b:User:SeaDragon1|SeaDragon1]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:SeaDragon1|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/SeaDragon1|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/SeaDragon1|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:SeaDragon1}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:SeaDragon1}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=SeaDragon1}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[User:SeaDragon1/UTM highlighting test]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3ASeaDragon1%2FUTM+highlighting+test}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=User%3ASeaDragon1%2FUTM+highlighting+test&wpSearchUser=SeaDragon1}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Attempted creation of page to test [[User:SeaDragon1/common.js]] (both attempted page creation content and <span style="font-family: monospace">common.js</span> were copied from [[w:Main Page|the English Wikipedia]]). ;Date and time : 23:26, 3 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|ad|SeaDragon1}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:40, 16 July 2026 (UTC) dhwhj41wxm1ng9buvvbnb7kky9p8d27 Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. Nc3 0 472293 4672953 4472003 2026-09-29T16:00:11Z Atiedebee 3523910 Updated formatting, added templates, theory table and added 4...Nc6 and 4...d6 as valid responses for Black. 4672953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Quaade gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C35]] |parent=[[../|King's gambit accepted]] }} == 4. Nc3 · Quaade Gambit == With 4. Nc3, the '''Quaade Gambit''', White ''indirectly'' defends against Black's threat of 4...g4 to kick away White's knight. Unlike the direct responses of [[../4. h4|4. h4]] and [[../4. Bc4|4. Bc4]], or the other indirect response of [[../4. d4|4. d4]], the move 4. Nc3 doesn't even seem to begin to defend against the threat of 4...g4, but it does. After 4...g4 5. Ne5 Qh4+ 6. g3 fxg3, the move 7. Qxg4 saves the day for White; best for Black is to trade queens and go into a queenless middlegame that is still incredibly tricky for Black. However, most people blunder with 7...g2+ 8. Qxh4 gxh1=Q, a tempting sequence that wins material but puts Black's king in severe danger. White is winning after 9. Qh5, threatening a Scholar's Mate. Black must find several only moves to defend an immediate mate, and even after a good defence, White's knight on c3 jumps to d5 with devastating effect, crushing Black. A better option after 4...g4 5. Ne5 is for Black to strike with 5...d5, immediately giving the pawn back. White still gets a very fun and violent attacking game. Instead of 5. Ne5, the move 5. Bc4 transposes to the '''McDonnell Gambit''', and the move 5. d4 transposes to the '''Sorensen Gambit'''--both with the intent to give up the knight on f3 and go for initiative. Despite 4...g4 being a very popular move and equal according to engine analysis, it scores poorly and is not played much at grandmaster level. Alternative moves have been found that have given Black better results according to game data bases. '''4...Nc6''' doesn't push the kingside pawns yet but seeks to develop Black's queenside and take some control over d4. White's usual response is to start undermining the kingside with 5. g3, leading to the sequence 5...g4 6. Nh4 f3 7. d4, with chances for both sides. '''4...d6''' gives White the centre after 5. d4, but leads to a line where White's objectively best move is to sacrifice a piece: 5...g4 6. Bxf4! gxf3 7. Qxf3 and White gets a ton of activity, but will have to make up for the piece with accurate attacking play. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |line1=4. ... g4 5. Ne5 Qh4+ 6. g3 fxg3 7. Qxg4 Qxg4 8. Nxg4 |line2=4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6. ... ... 7. ... g2+ 8. Qxg4 gxh1=Q 9. Qh5 |eval2={{Chess/not|++}} |name3=McDonnell Gambit |line3=4. ... ... 5. Bc4 |name4=Sorensen Gambit |line4=4. ... ... 5. d4 |line5=4. ... Nc6 5. g3 g4 6. Nh4 f3 7. d4 |line6=4. ... d6 5. d4 g4 6. Bxf4 gxf3 7. Qxf3 }} === See also === {{ChessFooter}} {{BookCat}} 79ixct9ywcggz6l4hfgpbrtk151suwt Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Introduction 0 476953 4673006 4671479 2026-09-30T02:18:53Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OCE Constitution: enabling condition, explicit criterion, no coercive causality 4673006 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == To introduce is never neutral. It is not merely to explain what follows, but to configure the threshold from which thought departs. This book does not open with a justification of its contents, but with a gesture: the gesture of placing thought inside matter, and matter inside philosophy — without appeal to exteriority, transcendence, or foundation. What unfolds here is not a survey of positions, nor an interpretative overview. It is a traversal — oriented by the conviction that ontology is not the study of what is, but the operation through which what is becomes thinkable. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity begins where metaphysics ends: in the trembling of form, in the excess of relation, in the refusal to posit a world behind the world. === Why "Emergence" and Not "Genesis" === The title of this book names an ontology of ''emergent'' complexity, and the word requires justification. The use of "emergence" adopted here does not oppose its use in complexity science as a designation for macro-properties that cannot be predicted from micro-components; it generalises the phenomenon across all levels of material organisation. Nor is it used in the dialectical sense — as a moment in a process that leads, by necessity, to a higher synthesis. "Emergence" names something more precise and more unsettling: the appearance, through materially conditioned reconfiguration, of operative capacities that were not present in the prior configuration of the field. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes such reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. When a resulting configuration crosses an operational threshold, the new capacity becomes effective without teleological direction, guarantee, or precedent in any transcendent order. The distinction from "genesis" is crucial. Genesis implies an origin — a point from which something unfolds according to a principle that was already operative, even if latent, at the beginning. Genesis is retrospective: it reads the end back into the beginning and treats the outcome as the realisation of a potentiality that was "always already" there. Emergence, in the OEC's sense, refuses this retrospection. Under conditions of operative excess, material reconfiguration is possible without being necessary. If reconfiguration occurs and the resulting configuration crosses an operational threshold, a capacity becomes effective that the prior organisation did not exercise. A molecular organisation may become capable of self-maintenance; a living organisation may become capable of symbolic inscription; symbolically mediated practices may compose an institution capable of reorganising a field of exposure. In each case, the new capacity is an effect of a materially conditioned reorganisation, not the manifestation of a hidden essence or a result contained in advance. This refusal of genesis is also a refusal of teleology. The real, as this book describes it, has no pre-written direction. It is not going anywhere. The emergence of complexity is not progress: operative excess makes material reconfiguration possible, but it neither makes it necessary, prescribes the resulting configuration, nor establishes a universal tendency towards greater complexity. Some emergent organisations persist; many do not. Those that persist do so not because they fulfil a purpose but because domain-specific relations and mechanisms — including functional couplings where these can be demonstrated — sustain their capacities for a time. When the relevant conditions change, configurations may persist, reorganise, or dissolve. There is no tragedy in this, and no redemption. There is an unstable field open to variation, within which a reorganisation counts as emergent only when a capacity unavailable to the prior organisation becomes operative at an operational threshold. === The Refusal of Metaphysical Security === This book does not offer comfort. It does not provide the reader with a foundation upon which to build certainties, nor a system that reconciles the dissonances of the real. It offers something different: a conceptual framework that takes the constitutive instability of the real as its point of departure and works through the consequences of that departure with as much rigour as it can achieve. The refusal of metaphysical security does not entail nihilism. The OEC's position is that no transcendent ground ever stood outside material variation. What the classical ontologies criticised here called "ground" was a retroactive symbolic construction: it stabilised a field of intelligibility by postulating an origin outside variation, although that postulate was itself produced within the symbolic ordering it claimed to ground (§3.2). To recognise this is not to despair; it is to acknowledge the absence of any exterior foundation and to think from within material variation. The consequences are demanding. If there is no transcendent ground, then every philosophical claim — including every claim made in this book — stands exposed to its own contingency. The categories developed here are not eternal truths; they are operative instruments, forged in and for a specific configuration of philosophical problems. They are valid insofar as they maintain correspondence with the material configurations they address while organising the field of inquiry with greater consistency and less metaphysical debt than the alternatives. They are revisable when they cease to do so. This is not relativism; it is the consequence of taking materialism seriously. === The Position Defended: Threshold Materialism === The position this book develops can be named with precision: threshold materialism. There is one material field, without ontological exterior. That field is constitutively unstable. Within it, operative excess makes material reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. When a resulting configuration crosses an operational threshold, capacities that did not exist in the prior organisation become effective, including capacities through which material systems inscribe differences, constitute symbols, and reorganise their own operations in ways that can produce new material configurations. The name marks a double delimitation. Against reductive physicalism, the operational threshold identifies genuine novelty: capacities that depend on antecedent material conditions but introduce concrete effects unavailable to the prior organisation and irreducible to the sum of its parts. Against dualism, panpsychism, and every vitalist generalisation of agency, the reorganised configuration remains material; nothing is added from outside, and no later capacity was present in advance as a latent form or blueprint. Three differences distinguish this position from its closest alternatives, and the book is organised to demonstrate them rather than to declare them. The first difference concerns emergence. Novelty does not result from the actualisation of possibilities conserved in a virtual plane, a pre-individual field, or any latent repertoire preceding the configuration. Emergence is materially conditioned, yet the new capacity is not precontained, specified, or guaranteed by the antecedent conditions. This claim distinguishes the framework from Simondon's pre-individual and from the Deleuzian virtual as developed by DeLanda. In relation to classical emergentism and complexity science, however, it does not oppose emergence; it generalises the phenomenon across all levels of material organisation rather than restricting it to transitions between fixed strata. Parts I and III carry the demonstration. The second difference concerns the symbol. A symbol is the material dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with a mark in singular inscription. Later occurrences recognised under that mark constitute additional symbolic instances, and the system establishes relations only between symbols. Representation is therefore material and immanent, not a bridge between ontologically separate domains. Symbolic reorganisation alters relations between symbols and may reorganise the system's operations or produce new material configurations, but it neither establishes relations between marks nor transforms them symbolically. Parts I, III and VI establish the chain from material difference through trace and singular inscription to the co-constitution of mark and first symbol, followed by the recognition of later occurrences under the available mark. The third difference concerns ethics. Vulnerability is the constitutive exposure of complex configurations to damage, loss, or disorganisation through the relations on which their persistence depends. When symbolically responsive systems appear, this shared exposure becomes a matter of decision: ethics consists in reorganising symbolic relations so as to guide material responses to concrete vulnerabilities. Part IV makes explicit and defends the relevant criteria, without appeal to transcendent principles and without deriving a norm from mere description. === The Architecture of the Book === This book is organised in seven Parts. Their sequence is cumulative but not evolutionary: later Parts depend on distinctions established earlier, while earlier commitments can be reread in light of later developments. The Parts do not function as steps towards a final metaphysical demonstration; they articulate connected regions of a single inquiry. Part I — ''Philosophical Commitments'' — establishes the founding gestures of the ontology: the refusal of metaphysical dualism and of the invention of two worlds, the material account of thought, the operative theory of the symbol, the rejection of ground, soul, and plan, the affirmation of matter as the only substrate, and the treatment of instability as a condition rather than a problem. These are not axioms from which theorems are derived; they are operative decisions that configure the terrain within which the rest of the work moves, and 1.6 names the position they compose: threshold materialism. Part II — ''Method and Style'' — draws the methodological consequences of these commitments. If thought is a material response to configurations of instability, then method cannot be a neutral procedure applied from outside. Thinking is analysed as singular response, listening as ontological exposure, and the refusal of redemption and teleology as the condition of a philosophy that does not reintroduce providence into the field. The manner of the book is itself a consequence of its ontology. Part III — ''Core Concepts'' — develops the conceptual mechanics of the framework: complexity as proliferation and organisation of relations, with operative excess treated as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form (3.1); emergence as the production of new capacities without origin and without virtual reserve (3.2); and order as a local, conditioned effect sustained by domain-specific relations and, where demonstrated, functional couplings within an unstable field (3.3). This Part is the most technically demanding and the most important for understanding how the position differs from other materialisms. Part IV — ''Ethical and Political Implications'' — shows how ethical and political questions arise within the material field, not as applications of transcendent principles. Vulnerability without centre is treated as a shared condition of exposure; ethics as the reorganisation of symbolic relations in response to concrete vulnerabilities; and politics beyond the subject as collective contestation and reorganisation of the material and symbolic arrangements through which agents and exposures become possible. The Part articulates and defends normative criteria for assessing such responses; it does not derive obligation from the mere fact of vulnerability. Part V — ''Critical Dialogues with Tradition'' — examines how selected classical ontologies privilege substance and final ground, how modern rationalism relocates the promise of order in reason and system, and how post-structuralism dismantles those centres while leaving recurrent ambiguities concerning material processes and accountable decision. Each dialogue identifies gains that can be retained and limits that require further displacement. Part VI — ''Lexicon and Variations'' — provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form, examines how the scope of its operators varies across scales and regimes without multiplying ontological realms, and offers guidance on how to read and use the terms as analytical tools. Part VII — ''Bibliography and Influences'' — documents the sources that have shaped the arguments and provides the references necessary for critical engagement. A Conclusion, placed before the bibliography, gathers what the traversal establishes: the position defended, the three differences demonstrated, and the limits that remain open. === What This Introduction Does Not Do === This introduction does not prepare the reader for closure. It prepares the reader for exposure. To write philosophically, within the framework developed here, is not to deliver truths from a position of security, but to sustain a mode of symbolic consistency in the face of instability. That is the function of this opening: not to summarise what will be said, but to make explicit the conditions under which saying becomes possible — when materially organised systems become capable of producing and reorganising symbols. The pages that follow do not derive their validity from any privileged lineage, demand no agreement, and offer no metaphysical security. They offer a space of conceptual risk, in which every distinction is operative, every concept is situated, and every emergence introduces properties or capacities that are not reducible to the sum of its material conditions or to a prior plan. Philosophical work, here, does not stand outside the field it interprets; it is a situated symbolic practice that can reorganise the relations through which that field becomes intelligible. {{BookCat}} dc14dpww7i47nafafdcgv79h9e6z8i0 Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism 0 476955 4673008 4671472 2026-09-30T02:25:21Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OCE Constitution: explicit criterion and enabling causality 4673008 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1.1 – Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism == === Introduction === A brain lesion can alter speech; an inscription on paper can preserve a relation after its writer has gone; a technical interface can change which distinctions become actionable. These changes occur through material supports, yet some inherited vocabularies assign the source or measure of meaning and intelligibility to an order not exhausted by material processes. The question that begins this chapter is therefore concrete: how can symbolic efficacy be real without adding an immaterial substance or an exterior principle? The target is not every distinction, every form of dualism, or the whole history of Western philosophy. It is a recurrent explanatory gesture within several philosophical lineages: one domain is granted priority as the source, ground, or measure of another. Where intelligibility, value, or meaning is secured in this way, material contingency is treated as derivative, deficient, or incapable of accounting for its own symbolic effects. The doctrines examined below are not interchangeable; the comparison concerns this restricted operation and the stabilising function it can perform. The refusal developed here does not move an already existing immaterial mind into matter. It requires thought, meaning, and knowledge to be explained through finite material organisations and relations. This does not reduce symbolic processes to simple mechanism, nor does it make complexity or recursion sufficient for thought or consciousness. It asks how materially organised systems can produce and reorganise symbolic relations without appeal to a second ontological domain. === The Dualist Architecture and its Stabilising Function === The target is not the whole history of Western philosophy, but a recurrent gesture within several of its lineages. Plato's distinction between intelligible Forms and the sensible world, Augustine's hierarchies of the eternal and the temporal and of soul and body, and Descartes's distinction between ''res cogitans'' and ''res extensa'' are not equivalent doctrines. In the restricted comparison made here, they share an assignment of explanatory or normative priority to an order not exhausted by mutable material processes (Plato 1997; Augustine 1991; Descartes 1996). Such an architecture can perform a symbolic stabilising function: it insulates the source or measure of intelligibility from the contingency of the material field. Kant complicates rather than simply repeats this gesture. The ''a priori'' conditions of possible experience do not constitute a second substance, and the noumenon marks a limit to cognition rather than another knowable world. Husserl's reduction likewise does not posit a second substance, but relocates constitutive priority in transcendental subjectivity. Heidegger explicitly refuses to treat Being as another being; the question raised from the present framework is therefore narrower: whether disclosure can be explained while its material conditions remain unspecified (Kant [1781] 1998; Husserl 1931; Heidegger [1927] 1962). Dualism is therefore treated here not merely as a logical error but as an ontological strategy. Its stabilising force lies in placing the source or measure of intelligibility beyond complete exposure to material contingency. The present framework refuses that priority because thought, meaning, and knowledge must be explained within the material processes that produce and reorganise symbolic relations. This refusal does not require describing the real as uniformly unstable: local organisations can persist, but no external foundation or final order guarantees them. === The Material Realisation of Concepts that Critique Dualism === Philosophies that reject classical substances may still leave open how their decisive operators are materially realised. Derrida's ''différance'' destabilises the priority of presence; Lacan analyses the subject as constituted within the Symbolic rather than preceding it; Levinas gives ethical priority to an alterity that resists possession. These are substantial gains, not disguised repetitions of one doctrine (Derrida [1967] 1997; Lacan 1981; Levinas [1961] 1969). The disagreement developed here is narrower. It asks whether the Derridean ''trace'', the Lacanian Symbolic, and Levinasian ethical exteriority have been sufficiently located in the material supports and relations through which they become operative. The claim is neither that these thinkers posit a second substance nor that their concepts are disguised repetitions of classical transcendence. It is that, within the present framework, an account remains incomplete wherever the material conditions through which these concepts operate remain unspecified. The present argument retains the instability of meaning, the role of symbolic relations in subject formation, and the ethical problem raised by alterity, while rearticulating their conditions and effects within finite material relations. This does not make obligation a direct consequence of material exposure: normative force depends on explicit criteria for evaluating possible responses. This is a contested interpretation and should be assessed against the cited works, not treated as a neutral summary of them. === Thought as a Materially Realised Process: Dialogue with Simondon === If there is no separate thinking substance, how are we to understand thought? The framework adopted here does not reduce thought to a cerebral epiphenomenon; it understands thought as a specific operation materially realised. In established human cases, thought is realised by a biossoma: a living biological body sensitive to material differences and capable of symbolic reorganisation. Thought should not, however, be attributed to every complex or recursively operating system. Complexity and recursion, separately or together, do not by themselves establish either thought or consciousness. Gilbert Simondon’s theory of individuation is an important ally because it does not treat the individual as a given substance. Individuation proceeds within a metastable field charged with tensions; the pre-individual is “more than one”, not a warehouse of ready-made forms (Simondon 2005). The divergence is therefore not based on the mistaken claim that Simondon posits a reserve of completed possibilities. It concerns the distinct explanatory role assigned to the pre-individual as that from which individuation draws, even though it is neither a separate substance nor merely a temporal “before”. The position developed here begins instead from presently configured matter whose unrealised compatibilities permit new functional couplings. Novelty requires neither a completed form hidden in advance nor a shapeless background awaiting form. Thought is therefore understood as a materially realised process: the production of difference through symbolic reorganisation. It is not a thing or a separate substance. Nor is it synonymous with operative excess. Operative excess designates the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. In a symbolically organised system, a reconfiguration that occurs can be symbolic; operative excess is its enabling causal condition, not thought itself. This account neither attributes thought to every complex system nor treats thought, or any isolated set of functional capacities, as a sufficient criterion of consciousness. === The Symbol as Material Representation, not Transcendent Reference === One consequential effect of this position is a redefinition of the symbol. In several metaphysical traditions, symbols — and, by extension, language — have been treated as media whose intelligibility depends on an immaterial idea, meaning, or essence. Some secularised accounts preserve a comparable architecture when mental or conceptual content is treated as ontologically prior to, and merely expressed by, its material vehicle. The present framework refuses that priority, not representation itself. A symbol is neither a window onto another world nor a carrier of immaterial content; it is a materially realised dimension of legibility and representation within an organised system. Material differences, including energetic differences, can occur independently of symbolic organisation. When an organised system discriminates a configuration as new or previously unknown, that event of discrimination constitutes a trace. The trace is ephemeral: it is neither a persistent mark nor a symbol. In a singular inscription, the system recognises the difference manifested in the trace under a protocol and stabilises the corresponding material configuration. This single operation, simultaneously material and symbolic, co-constitutes the mark and the first corresponding symbol. The mark is the stabilised, passive material configuration, made addressable and retrievable under the protocol. The symbol is the co-constituted material dimension that makes the mark legible and represents it within the system. The order “trace → inscription → mark + symbol” is analytical and functional, not chronological. Later occurrences of the same difference do not repeat the inscription. When the system recognises an occurrence as an instance of the available mark, that recognition constitutes an additional symbol. The system establishes relations only among symbols: recognition, comparison, relation, and reorganisation are operations of the organised system, not acts performed by the mark or symbol. Symbolic reorganisation materially recombines symbols and the relations among them; it neither repeats an inscription nor transforms a mark symbolically. If it produces a new material configuration that the system discriminates, that event constitutes a new trace, and a new singular inscription may co-constitute a new mark and its first corresponding symbol. Nothing in this account requires a realm of meanings beyond the material supports, protocols, and operations through which representation is realised. === Consequences of Immanence === Refusing metaphysical dualism does not eliminate difference. It removes the need to explain difference by dividing reality into material and immaterial realms. Differences arise and operate within heterogeneous material organisations, relations, and scales. Immanence entails neither uniformity nor universal instability: local organisations can acquire distinct properties, persist for different periods, and enter asymmetrical relations without ceasing to be material. This shift also affects knowledge, ethics, and politics. Knowledge is understood as materially realised symbolic organisation: situated, mediated, and open to correction. Ethics begins from shared material vulnerability rather than transcendental law, while requiring explicit and revisable criteria for evaluating possible responses. Politics concerns the material and symbolic organisation of collective relations and the effects of that organisation on the possibilities of action. None of these domains requires an ultimate foundation outside material relations. An immanent account does not replace dualism with a closed doctrine. Its concepts remain exposed to evidence, counterargument, and revision because no external guarantee secures their finality. Meaning is neither a ready-made property of the world nor a content received from beyond it; it is produced through materially realised symbolic operations. Without transcendent guarantees, responsible thought and action require their supports, criteria, and consequences to remain open to examination and correction. The absence of an exterior does not make the world uniform, stable, or complete; it means that no second world is required to account for the differences, meanings, and norms produced within this one. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This text introduces the first philosophical commitment of the ''Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity'': explanations of thought, meaning, and knowledge should not assign explanatory or normative priority to a domain outside material processes. This commitment is not a transcendent foundation or a condition of possibility exempt from examination. It is a constraint on the explanations developed in the book, and its adequacy depends on the work those explanations perform. The following sections test its consequences through the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Against the Invention of Two Worlds|critique of two-world architectures (1.2)]], the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject|material account of thought (1.3)]], the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent|analysis of the symbol (1.4)]], and the [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|rejection of external ground and teleology (1.5)]]. The present section therefore establishes a revisable point of departure, not an ultimate foundation for the ontology. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === Several influential lineages of Western philosophy have organised intelligibility through distinctions such as matter and thought, body and soul, or sensible and intelligible. These lineages do not form a single doctrine and do not exhaust Western philosophy. The structural problem arises when one pole is assigned explanatory or normative priority as the source, ground, or measure of the other. The question is therefore more precise than whether every distinction is dualistic. Can explanatory priority be withdrawn from an order placed beyond material processes without merely reversing the hierarchy? Can thought be explained as materially realised without reducing it to simple mechanism? Can the refusal of transcendence preserve genuine differences among material organisations, relations, and scales? === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The core thesis is that a dualistic architecture can perform a stabilising function by placing the source or measure of intelligibility beyond complete exposure to material contingency. This does not mean that every dualist doctrine was deliberately designed to secure philosophical authority, or that the relevant philosophers all make the same claim. It identifies a recurrent explanatory effect, not a common intention. The argument instead requires thought, symbols, knowledge, and ethical responsibility to be accounted for through finite material organisations and relations. Materiality is neither inert nor uniform: different organisations can acquire different properties and capacities. This claim does not entail that complexity or recursion, separately or together, is sufficient to establish thought or consciousness. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === The refusal of transcendence rejects explanatory appeals to an exterior order as the source or final measure of material processes. In established human cases, thought is realised by a biossoma: a living biological body capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term does not replace the mind/body distinction by naming another substance, nor does it attribute thought to every complex biological or technical system. Operative excess names the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations. It is not restricted to the symbolic domain and is not synonymous with thought. Thought is understood more specifically as the production of difference through symbolic reorganisation. The account of the symbol follows a distinct functional order: when an organised system discriminates a new material configuration, that event constitutes a trace; in the singular inscription, the system recognises that difference under a protocol and co-constitutes a passive mark and its first symbol; subsequent recognised occurrences constitute additional symbols. The system establishes relations among symbols and may reorganise those relations. Marks and inscriptions are not themselves symbolically reorganised. The engagements with Derrida, Lacan, and Levinas should not be read as assertions that ''différance'', the Symbolic, or ethical alterity simply reproduces classical transcendence. The narrower and explicitly contested question is whether the material supports and relations through which those concepts become operative have been sufficiently specified. Simondon is retained as an ally in the processual account of individuation and metastability. The divergence concerns the distinct explanatory role assigned to the pre-individual, not the caricature of a warehouse containing completed forms. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === The refusal of dualism is neither anti-rationalist nor a denial of thought. It also does not relocate an already existing immaterial mind inside matter. It reconstructs thought as a materially realised symbolic process while preserving the differences among kinds and scales of material organisation. Readers should therefore avoid three shortcuts. Material complexity should not automatically be classified as thought or consciousness. Symbolic organisation should not be projected onto matter in general. An insufficiently specified material explanation should not automatically be declared transcendent; it should first be treated as an explanatory question requiring investigation. A useful reading test is to ask: what material support, relation, protocol, or operation makes the concept effective? Does the account grant explanatory priority to something placed beyond those relations? Does it preserve the difference between material reorganisation in general and the exceptional regimes in which symbolic operations become possible? These questions test the argument without deciding its outcome in advance. {{BookCat}} 0y8eahm7nswby36rd1pzsg0yfajnb1i Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject 0 476957 4673010 4672499 2026-09-30T02:39:58Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OCE Constitution: explicit criterion and enabling causality 4673010 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1.3 – Matter Thinks — But Not Like a Subject == A thermostat changes its output after a temperature difference; a language user can recognise a public sign under an available mark, thereby constitute a local symbolic instance, relate it to other symbols, revise those relations, and let the revision alter later action. Both are material responses, but they do not display the same capacity. Rejecting an immaterial mind therefore does not license the claim that every material response is thought. The problem is to identify the functional transition without converting it into a transition between substances. This position converges partially with Gilbert Simondon’s theory of individuation, which treats the individual as the result of an ongoing process rather than as a given substance. His account begins from metastable conditions charged with pre-individual potentials, and the pre-individual is not simply a layer abandoned once individuation occurs: it remains associated with individuated being and can participate in further individuations (Simondon 2005). The disagreement developed here is therefore not that Simondon stores completed forms in advance or posits a merely chronological “before”. It concerns the explanatory status granted to pre-individual reality. The present account begins from materially configured relations whose available compatibilities are not exhausted by their current organisation, without assigning those compatibilities to a distinct pre-individual register. Spinoza offers a powerful non-dualist model in which Thought and Extension are attributes of one infinite substance. Their distinction does not divide that substance into two beings, and the attributes are not themselves modes. The divergence developed here is therefore not that Spinoza preserves a disguised dualism. It is that thought remains an attribute through which the one substance is eternally expressed, whereas the present account does not begin from substance or attributes. Thought is an emergent capacity of particular material organisations: it appears when a system can retain symbolic instances, establish and revise relations among them, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations (Spinoza [1677] 1996, 83). Deleuze’s philosophy of difference and becoming offers essential resources, but it also assigns a decisive explanatory role to the virtual. For Deleuze, the virtual is fully real rather than merely possible, and it is not a transcendent realm placed beyond the actual (Deleuze [1968] 1994, 208). The disagreement developed here is narrower: the production of novelty does not require a distinct virtual register as the genetic condition of actuality. According to an explicit criterion, relations within present material configurations can permit realisations that exceed the relations realised in an existing form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. Thought requires no virtual reserve; it emerges when material organisation acquires the capacity for symbolic operation. In every established human case, thought is realised by a living body rather than housed inside it. The term ''biossoma'' names a living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation. It is not a synonym for any complex system, and it should not be extended automatically to technical configurations. A non-biological system that appeared to satisfy comparable functional criteria would require its own empirical assessment as a possible case of post-biological symbolic emergence. The materialist claim fixes no conclusion in advance about consciousness or subjectivity in such a system. What must be refused is a hierarchy or transition between substances, not a functional transition within matter. When an organised system crosses the threshold of symbolic operation, it acquires the capacity to retain symbolic instances, establish and revise relations among them, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations. This transition introduces neither another substance nor another ontological realm. It identifies a change in what the material configuration can do. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Operative excess does not predetermine whether thought or some other capacity will emerge. Thought does not require an immaterial interior or a sovereign subject standing outside its operations. This does not abolish functional interiority or processes of subjectivation, and symbolic competence alone does not establish consciousness. Functional interiority designates a system's materially organised capacity to retain states or modifications arising from its activity and make them intervene in the modulation of subsequent operations. It can participate in the realisation of thought and subjectivation without being identical to either. Subjectivation names the formation of a position within symbolic and social relations. Consciousness remains a separate attribution governed by the evidential distinctions stated in Section 6.1; it is not a conclusion entailed by thought, functional interiority, or symbolic competence alone. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This is the third text of the ''Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity'', and it marks a turning point. After the refusal of dualism (Text I) and the dismantling of the two-worlds fiction (Text II), the focus shifts from critique to a positive account of how thought can emerge within material organisation. The text does not claim that matter universally thinks. It identifies a functional transition through which particular material organisations acquire capacities that simpler forms of response do not exercise. This transition clarifies how thought can be materially realised without invoking an immaterial thinking substance or a sovereign subject. At the same time, it preserves functional interiority, processes of subjectivation, and consciousness as distinct questions requiring their own criteria. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The central question is: how can thought be explained without separating a thinking substance from material organisation? Rejecting dualism does not justify treating every material response as thought. The task is therefore to identify the material operations that distinguish symbolic thought from simpler forms of responsiveness. Simondon, Spinoza, and Deleuze provide important non-dualist resources, but the disagreement developed here concerns the explanatory role assigned respectively to pre-individual reality, substance and attributes, and the virtual. These concepts are not treated as disguised versions of one doctrine or as straightforward forms of transcendence. The present account instead begins from particular material organisations, their current relations, and the compatibilities available within them. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The central thesis is that thought is an emergent capacity of particular material organisations. It becomes operative when a system can recognise public signs under available marks, thereby constitute local symbolic instances, establish and revise relations among symbols, and allow those revisions to alter its later operations. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes the relevant reconfiguration possible: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Operative excess does not, by itself, establish that thought or consciousness has emerged. Thought is therefore neither an external plane nor an invisible essence. It is a capacity realised through organised material relations. This displaces the immaterial or sovereign subject without abolishing functional interiority, subjectivation, or consciousness as distinct objects of inquiry. The reformulated question is not simply “who thinks?” but: “Which material operations allow an organised system to recognise public signs under available marks, constitute local symbolic instances, revise relations among symbols, and allow those revisions to alter what it can do?” === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === * '''Thought as an Emergent Material Capacity''': a capacity of particular material organisations to perform symbolic operations that modify their later activity. * '''Functional Interiority''': a system's materially organised capacity to retain states or modifications arising from its activity and make them intervene in the modulation of subsequent operations. It can participate in the realisation of thought and subjectivation without being identical to either, and it is not an immaterial interior. * '''Biossoma''': a living, sensitive material body capable of symbolic reorganisation; not a generic term for every complex system. * '''Symbolic Operation''': the recognition of public signs under available marks, the constitution of local symbolic instances, and the establishment and revision of relations among symbols. * '''Operative Excess''': the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. * '''Differentiated Philosophical Disagreements''': the OEC does not classify Simondon, Spinoza, or Deleuze as classical dualists. It questions whether individuation requires a distinct pre-individual register, whether thought should be understood as an attribute of one infinite substance, and whether novelty requires the virtual as a distinct explanatory register. The rejection of transcendence concerns any ontological domain exterior to spatiotemporal material reality. It does not deny temporal antecedents, the environment of a local organisation, distinctions between internal and external relations, or functional interiority. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === This text asks readers to relinquish the classical image of thought as the activity of an immaterial mind or sovereign subject. It does not eliminate every form of subjectivity or interiority. It relocates them within materially realised operations. Symbolic competence does not by itself establish consciousness, intention, or a sovereign subject. Each attribution requires its own evidence and criteria. Suggestions for further engagement in pedagogical contexts: * Compare the precise disagreements with Simondon, Spinoza, and Deleuze without reducing their positions to disguised dualism. * Contrast the response of a thermostat with the symbolic operations of a language user. * Examine why operative excess is an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining what will emerge. * Analyse the claim that thought is realised by a biossoma rather than housed inside it. Explain why this claim entails neither mind–body dualism nor the identity formula “the body is the mind”. * Distinguish the attribution of thought from the separate attribution of consciousness. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]]. {{BookCat}} pcs3plzekzh5k9000isxzplltqfftw7 Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/The Symbol Is Not Transcendent 0 476958 4673011 4671478 2026-09-30T02:43:12Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OCE Constitution: symbolic reconfiguration is enabled, not forced 4673011 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1.4 – The Symbol Is Not Transcendent == The previous section located thought within materially organised systems. A further problem now appears. If a symbol can represent an inscribed mark and participate in relations that allow a configuration no longer locally present to condition later operations, does this require a realm of meaning distinct from its physical support? The answer developed here is no. Symbols are materially realised, but their materiality does not reduce them to ink, sound, voltage, or neural activity considered in isolation. When a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, that event constitutes a trace. If the system recognises and singularly inscribes the manifested difference, the inscription co-constitutes a mark and its first corresponding symbol. Later occurrences recognised under the available mark constitute additional symbolic instances; they do not repeat the inaugural inscription. The system can then establish and revise relations among symbols. Representation remains materially real; transcendence is unnecessary. === Why the symbol can appear transcendent === Public signs can appear to exceed their immediate supports. The same word can appear in print, handwriting, speech, or an electrical state. A public sign is a materially stabilised configuration governed by shared conventions or codes. It may circulate among systems, but a capable receiving system constitutes a local symbolic instance only by recognising the occurrence under an available mark. A mathematical expression can likewise be materially instantiated in different ways and recognised within different systems. A legal document can condition what people may do only because people and institutions recognise its public signs as local symbolic instances and relate those symbols to rules and procedures. The document’s visible characters do not interpret, compare, command, or regulate by themselves. The relevant efficacy belongs to organised systems operating through locally constituted symbols. Two shortcuts follow from these examples. The first treats meaning as an ideal object that a material sign merely carries. The second denies representation by reducing a symbolic occurrence to an isolated physical description of its material configuration. Neither is adequate. The first separates meaning from its material operations; the second omits the system-relative recognition through which a public sign becomes a local symbolic instance and enters into relations with other symbols. Derrida uses the trace to unsettle the priority of pure presence; Lacan gives the Symbolic a constitutive role in the formation of the subject; Heidegger examines language as a site of disclosure (Derrida 1982; Lacan 1981; Heidegger 1971). The three concepts perform different philosophical functions and should not be treated as versions of one doctrine or as straightforward immaterial substances. Derrida’s trace must also be distinguished from the trace defined here. In the present framework, a trace is the ephemeral event through which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration before recognition and inscription. The shared word does not establish conceptual identity. The criticism tested here is therefore narrower. It asks whether trace, symbolic order, and linguistic disclosure can be reconstructed through the material supports, relations, and operations that make them effective, without leaving those conditions explanatorily secondary. The disagreement concerns explanatory priority; it does not collapse the three projects into one. === From difference to symbol === The relevant sequence begins before there is a symbol. A material difference occurs as a variation in a field, object, signal, gesture, or other material configuration. When an organised system discriminates that difference as a new or previously unknown configuration, the event of discrimination constitutes a trace. If the system then recognises the manifested difference under a material protocol and singularly inscribes it, that inscription co-constitutes a passive mark and its first corresponding symbol. The mark is the materially stabilised configuration. Its passivity is relational: it does not recognise, interpret, compare, or establish relations. The first symbol is the material dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with the mark. A later occurrence recognised under the already inscribed mark constitutes an additional symbol without repeating the inaugural inscription. The system can establish and revise relations among symbols and, through those relations, modulate its subsequent operations. Discrimination, recognition, reference, and error must be kept distinct. Discrimination occurs when a capable system encounters a material difference as new or previously unknown; that event constitutes a trace. In the inaugural case, recognition occurs within the singular inscription that co-constitutes the mark and its first corresponding symbol. Once a mark is available, recognition of a later occurrence under that mark constitutes an additional symbolic instance rather than a new inscription. Reference is situated: through locally constituted symbols, the system can make the marked configuration relevant to other symbolic operations, including when that configuration is not present at the current location. Error remains possible. An occurrence may be recognised under the wrong mark, or a correct recognition may be related to other symbols in a way that supports a failed prediction or intervention. Material realisation explains how representation operates; it does not make representation infallible. Persistence alone does not make a difference symbolic. A pattern in a rock is not a symbol in itself. If a system discriminates that pattern as a new or previously unknown configuration, the discrimination constitutes a trace. If the system recognises and singularly inscribes the manifested difference, the inscription co-constitutes a new mark and its first corresponding symbol. If the system instead recognises the occurrence under a mark already available, the occurrence constitutes an additional symbolic instance. The relevant questions must therefore remain distinct: which organised system discriminates the difference; under which protocol is the manifested difference recognised and inscribed; which mark and symbol are thereby co-constituted; and what subsequent symbolic operations become possible? === Representation without an ideal realm === A symbol represents a mark. The representational relation is internal to a materially organised process: the mark, the symbol, the recognising system, the protocol, and the later effects all require material realisation. Nothing has to cross from an ideal domain into a physical one. Representation is therefore preserved, but its scope is specified. A symbol is not a miniature copy of an external object and does not contain an immaterial meaning. By relating symbols, a system can nevertheless make a non-local or no-longer-present configuration relevant to its current operations. A clinical system can recognise public signs preserved in a medical record as local symbolic instances and relate those symbols to a present decision. A user can recognise the public signs on a map as local symbolic instances and use their relations to orient action towards a place that is not visible. Successive material occurrences of mathematical signs can be recognised under available marks, allowing a system to preserve and operate upon relations across different supports. The absence involved in these cases is local or temporal, not ontological. The represented configuration may exist elsewhere or may belong to a past material event. In either case, present operation depends on material supports, applicable protocols, available marks, and locally constituted symbols. No domain outside spatiotemporal material reality is required. === Formal abstraction does not require another realm === Formal languages present a harder case because the same relation can be preserved across materially different occurrences. Repeatability does not make the relation immaterial. Public mathematical signs circulate through conventional notations, while each capable system recognises their occurrences under available marks and constitutes local symbolic instances. What persists across media is the reproducibility of operations under explicit rules, not an entity detached from material realisation. A proof is therefore not a sequence of inscriptions in the technical sense used here. Its signs may occur in writing, speech, memory states, or computation. Occurrences recognised under available marks constitute symbolic instances; only a genuinely new and discriminated configuration can occasion a trace and an inaugural inscription. The proof is valid when each transformation follows the applicable rules and preserves the inferential relation between its steps. Formal necessity can thus be treated through materially realised and publicly checkable operations without reducing it to the accidental properties of a particular support. Materialism does not entail instrumentalism. Symbols can carry content and support knowledge because systems use them to represent marks and to establish relations open to correction by further operations. Their reality and epistemic force depend on those material relations; neither is exhausted by immediate practical usefulness. === What performs the reorganisation? === It is tempting to attribute comparison or reorganisation directly to a symbol. That formulation is too compressed. A mark is passive in the relational sense: it does not recognise, interpret, compare, or establish relations. A symbol is a material instance of legibility and representation. The organised system performs operations by establishing and modifying relations among symbols. The attribution of agency depends on this distinction. A warning icon on a screen is a public sign; it does not inspect the situation or decide what to do. Within an organisation of sensors, software, users, protocols, and institutions, the sign may be recognised under an available mark and constitute local symbolic instances. The relevant systems can then relate those symbols to response procedures and modify subsequent action. The effect is real, but it belongs to the organised coupling and cannot be assigned to the isolated sign. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes symbolic reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which symbolic form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. If reconfiguration occurs, the system may reorganise relations among symbols. The resulting operations may produce new configurations; if a system discriminates one of them as new or previously unknown, that event constitutes a new trace, and a new inscription may follow. The inscriptions themselves are not reorganised. Operative excess does not guarantee that the result will be meaningful or true, or that it will persist. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This is the fourth section of Part I, extending the argument from thought (§1.3) to the symbol. If thought is materially realised rather than the activity of a separate substance, the symbol must also be located within material operations. The section retains representation but makes it immanent: a symbol represents a materially inscribed mark and can be related by the system only to other symbols. It is the section that most directly confronts the transcendent treatment of reference in semiotics and philosophy of language. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is whether representation can be explained without making the symbol a bridge to an immaterial essence, signified, or sense. Merely saying that a symbol stands for something leaves its material support and efficacy unexplained; denying representation altogether would obscure how an occurrence is recognised under an established mark. The challenge is therefore to distinguish immanent representation from transcendent reference and to state which entities can enter symbolic relations. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The thesis is that a trace occurs when a capable system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration. In the inaugural inscription, a passive mark and the first symbol are co-constituted. The symbol represents that mark within the system; later recognised occurrences produce further symbol instances rather than reinscribing the mark. The system can relate symbols to other symbols, and those relations may reorganise subsequent operations. Representation and operation are therefore complementary and materially realised. The discussion of formal languages shows that their generality does not free them from material supports and protocols. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === The key concepts are trace as discrimination of novelty, singular inscription, mark as the passive and recoverable material configuration, symbol as the materially realised instance that represents a mark, and relations between symbols as the locus of symbolic reorganisation. The mark does not interpret, compare, relate, or revise. Representation is therefore fallible: a later occurrence can be recognised under an established mark and still be misclassified, because reference depends on material discrimination and revisable symbolic criteria rather than infallible access to an object. Functional absence and formal languages can be analysed through materially supported symbols without invoking an immaterial domain. The section engages critically with Derrida, Lacan, and Heidegger while preserving the differences among their projects. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === Readers should attend to three distinctions. First, trace precedes inscription as the event of discriminating novelty. Second, inaugural inscription co-constitutes a mark and a first symbol rather than producing them in separate stages. Third, the symbol represents the mark, while the organised system establishes relations only among symbols. The pedagogical test is to identify, in a concrete case, the discriminated difference, the inscription protocol, the passive mark, the symbol instances, and the system that relates them. ==== Learning orientation ==== After reading this section, the reader should be able to: * distinguish a material difference, a trace, a mark, a public sign, and a symbol; * explain how an inaugural inscription co-constitutes a mark and its first corresponding symbol; * explain why later occurrences recognised under an available mark constitute additional symbols without repeating the inaugural inscription; * state why marks are passive and why recognition, relation, and reorganisation belong to the system operating through symbols; * defend representation without introducing an immaterial signified; * explain how a system can use an available mark and locally constituted symbols when the configuration that occasioned the inaugural inscription is no longer locally present; * identify the evidence required before describing a process as symbolic. The guiding question is: '''How can a material system use an available mark and relations among locally constituted symbols when the configuration that occasioned the inaugural inscription is no longer locally present, without transferring meaning to another world?''' ==== Worked example: a laboratory alert ==== Consider a laboratory system that monitors temperature. # A sensor changes state in response to a material variation. 2. The organised system discriminates the changed state as a new or previously unknown configuration relevant to the experiment; that discrimination constitutes a trace. 3. During calibration, the system recognises the manifested difference under a material protocol and singularly inscribes it. The inscription co-constitutes a materially preserved mark and its first corresponding symbol. 4. Later readings recognised under that mark constitute additional symbolic instances without repeating the inaugural inscription. 5. The system relates those symbols to other symbols concerning time, sample identity, tolerance, and response procedure. 6. The system may then display a public warning sign. Trained users can recognise that sign under available marks and thereby constitute local symbolic instances. They can then relate those symbols to response procedures that modify their actions. The alert is not an immaterial meaning attached to a coloured shape, and the shape does not act by itself. Its efficacy depends on a material-symbolic organisation in which public signs are locally recognised as symbols and integrated into further symbolic relations. ==== Common confusions ==== {| class="wikitable" ! Statement ! It does not mean |- | Symbols are materially realised | A physical description of their isolated support is a complete symbolic explanation |- | Public signs can circulate among systems | Symbols constituted locally in one system are transferred intact to another |- | A symbol represents a mark | Meaning exists in an ideal realm, or the symbol resembles an external object |- | Marks are relationally passive | Marks are unreal, physically inert, or causally irrelevant as material configurations |- | Organised systems establish relations among symbols | Every responsive system is symbolic, or symbolic relations operate independently of a system |- | Operative excess can make symbolic reconfiguration possible without making it necessary | Inscriptions are reorganised, or the resulting symbolic form is predetermined |- | A represented configuration may be locally or temporally absent | The configuration belongs to a second ontological domain outside spatiotemporal material reality |} ==== Check your understanding ==== * Why is a persistent material pattern not automatically a mark or a symbol? * What is co-constituted in an inaugural inscription? * Why does the recognition of a later occurrence under an available mark not repeat that inscription? * Why can a public sign circulate while a symbol remains local to the system in which it is constituted? * Which operations belong to the organised system, and why can they not be attributed to a mark or an isolated symbol? * Under what conditions can operative excess make symbolic reconfiguration possible, which relations may the system reorganise, and why are inscriptions themselves not reorganised? * How can a system use relations among symbols to make a locally or temporally absent configuration relevant to present operations without introducing transcendence? === Transition === Locating symbolic operations within materially organised systems removes the need to posit an immaterial source of meaning. The conclusion does not by itself establish that material order lacks a plan fixed in advance; antiteleology is a separate commitment requiring its own argument. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan|Section 1.5]] examines whether order and function can remain real without being treated as evidence of a final purpose. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]]. {{BookCat}} e29hn42qzkjpzwtv66l5twtvtrvv464 Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/No Ground, No Soul, No Plan 0 476959 4673012 4671474 2026-09-30T02:44:19Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OCE Constitution and remove deficit-based teleology 4673012 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1.5 – No Ground, No Soul, No Plan == Several influential Western philosophical lineages have explained order by reference to final causes, providential design, historical consummation, or cosmic convergence. Aristotle’s unmoved mover, Augustine’s providential history, Hegel’s self-realisation of Spirit, and Teilhard de Chardin’s convergence of evolution towards spirit are not versions of one doctrine. They nevertheless offer distinct cases in which becoming is interpreted through an antecedent end or governing order treated as fixing what the material process must become (Aristotle 1984a, 1072b; Augustine 2003; Hegel [1807] 1977; Teilhard de Chardin [1955] 1959). Dualism can support this teleological imaginary, but it does not entail it. Where an ideal or eternal order is treated as the origin and norm of a material and temporal one, becoming can be read as movement towards completion. Matter then appears either as the vehicle of a prescribed development or as an obstacle to it. Because finality can also be conceived as immanent, however, rejecting two worlds cannot carry the antiteleological argument by itself. An additional commitment is therefore required: no cosmic finality or pre-written programme governs material becoming. ‘Ground’ here means an ultimate basis outside or beneath the field that would secure the whole; it does not mean a local material support or enabling condition. ‘Soul’ means an immaterial substance, while ‘plan’ means an antecedent programme imposed upon the course of the real. This refusal leaves local design and biological function untouched. Organised systems can formulate projects and produce arrangements directed towards situated ends; those ends are material effects of the systems concerned, not instructions written into reality as a whole. Spinoza’s critique of final causes already exposes the projection of human purposes onto nature (Spinoza [1677] 1996, 25–29). The present position retains that anti-finalist force without adopting his substance–attribute architecture. Material becoming is not an evolution towards spirit. Nor does it express divine intention or conceal a truth awaiting revelation. Antiteleology does not imply chaos. Material order can arise and persist wherever functional couplings sustain consistent relations under specific conditions. A designed object may serve a local purpose, and an organism may possess functions shaped by selection; neither fact establishes a purpose governing matter as a whole. Coherence is achieved rather than guaranteed. When supporting relations alter, a configuration may persist in another regime. It may instead dissolve or reorganise. Operability and symbolic sense must remain distinct. Non-symbolic organisations can be functionally effective without meaning anything. Sense arises only in systems capable of locally constituting symbols and relating them. It is materially realised and remains open to correction; it is not an echo of essence. The absence of global purpose therefore leaves both symbolic content and non-symbolic efficacy intact. Contingency here is structured, not absolute indeterminacy. Physical constraints and available compatibilities delimit what can occur; historical relations condition which configurations arise. When, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, operative excess is established as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations; operative excess neither selects the result in advance nor guarantees its persistence. Contingent outcomes remain causally conditioned without being destined. The antiteleological commitment excludes any model in which becoming fulfils a destination fixed in advance. It therefore contests readings of Hegelian development as necessary progress towards reconciliation, as well as theological eschatologies (Hegel [1807] 1977). Bergson requires a different diagnosis. He rejects a prearranged programme and radical finalism, yet retains an original impetus expressed through divergent tendencies rather than through a final state fixed in advance (Bergson 1911). The present position agrees that novelty is not prearranged but does not invoke such an impetus as a general explanatory principle. Kauffman’s account of coevolution explicitly denies a master choreographer while asking whether coevolving systems tend towards the edge of chaos (Kauffman 1995, 223). Such models need not be teleological. The problem begins when scale-specific dynamics are promoted into a universal tendency towards higher order. Direction must be demonstrated at the scale under study rather than projected retrospectively onto the process. No ultimate ground, immaterial soul, or pre-written plan governs the field. Material configurations emerge through local compatibilities and functional couplings. Some persist provisionally; others dissolve or reorganise as conditions change. No destination waits inside the process. The question is now material rather than teleological: what can matter do, and why is the instability that prevents final closure also a condition of further organisation? == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === Section 1.5 adds an independent antiteleological commitment to the refusals established in Sections 1.1–1.4. The rejection of dualism, two-world ontologies, an immaterial thinking substance, and a transcendent symbol excludes several traditional supports of teleology, but it does not by itself refute every possible account of immanent finality. This section therefore performs a further operation: it separates material order from any antecedent purpose governing becoming as a whole. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is not whether purposes, functions, or directional processes exist at particular scales. Organised systems can formulate projects; designed objects can serve purposes; organisms can possess functions shaped by selection; and specific dynamics may exhibit demonstrable direction. The question is whether any of these local facts warrants the stronger claim that matter, life, or history is governed by a destination fixed in advance. Aristotle, Augustine, Hegel, and Teilhard de Chardin offer different philosophical systems rather than versions of a single doctrine. They are brought together here only because each provides a distinct case in which becoming is interpreted through an antecedent end or governing order treated as fixing what the material process must become. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === No ultimate ground outside or beneath the material field secures the whole. No immaterial soul directs material organisation, and no pre-written plan determines what becoming must accomplish. This does not remove local material supports, enabling conditions, biological functions, or situated purposes. It denies their promotion into evidence of a purpose governing reality as a whole. Order can arise where functional couplings sustain consistent relations under specific conditions. These processes are neither arbitrary nor destined. Physical constraints delimit what can occur, while historical relations condition which configurations actually arise. When, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, operative excess is established as the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations; operative excess does not select the result beforehand or guarantee that the resulting organisation will persist. Emergence must therefore not be identified with survival. A configuration may emerge and dissolve, persist provisionally, or reorganise into another regime. Persistence is one possible history of an emergent configuration, not the definition or measure of emergence itself. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === * '''Ultimate ground:''' a basis outside or beneath the material field that would secure the whole. Its rejection does not deny local supports or enabling conditions. * '''Antiteleology:''' the refusal of a destination or governing purpose inscribed in material becoming as a whole. It does not deny local direction when that direction is demonstrated. * '''Local purpose and function:''' projects and purposes formulated by organised systems, together with functions arising within specific material and evolutionary histories. None constitutes an instruction governing reality as a whole. * '''Functional coupling:''' the process by which materially organised processes reciprocally constrain or enable one another and make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity under stated conditions. A coupling may sustain, regulate, extend, transform, or help produce a capacity; it is not synonymous with emergence or guaranteed stabilisation. * '''Structured contingency:''' historical singularity operating within material constraints. What occurs is causally conditioned without being prescribed by a final destination. * '''Operative excess:''' the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form, making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary or predetermining its result. * '''Operability and symbolic sense:''' non-symbolic organisations can be functionally effective without meaning anything. Sense arises only where an organised system can constitute symbols and establish relations among them. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === The decisive distinction is one of scale and explanatory status. A local function does not establish a cosmic purpose. A directional process observed under particular conditions does not demonstrate a universal tendency. A material support is not an ultimate ground, and causal constraint is not destiny. The chapter must therefore be protected from several common misreadings: {| class="wikitable" ! The chapter claims ! It does not claim |- | There is no ultimate ground | Material organisations lack local supports |- | There is no cosmic plan | Organised systems cannot formulate projects |- | Contingency is structured | Events occur without causes or constraints |- | Emergence is not predetermined | Whatever persists counts as emergent |- | Functional couplings make an identifiable contribution to a specified capacity | Every junction, order, or stabilisation is a functional coupling |- | Global purpose is unnecessary | Symbolic meaning or non-symbolic efficacy is unreal |} The absence of a cosmic plan also does not, by itself, establish an ethics of responsibility. It removes an external guarantor, but ethical responsibility requires its own argument concerning vulnerability, response, and the consequences of materially situated action. Suggestions for further engagement: * Distinguish global teleology, local design, biological function, and scale-specific direction. * Examine whether a model of self-organisation demonstrates direction at the scale studied or projects it retrospectively onto the process. * Compare Bergson and Kauffman without classifying either position as straightforwardly teleological. * Exercise: identify a scientific, political, or historical explanation that assumes an inevitable outcome, then reformulate it in terms of constraints, local compatibilities, functional couplings, and open results. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]]. {{BookCat}} pbghw1ml3apnrtqixoeme8gmtaqy5yu Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem 0 476962 4673013 4671444 2026-09-30T02:45:56Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OCE Constitution; distinguish instability from enabling causality 4673013 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1.7 – Instability as a Condition, Not a Problem == A crystal may preserve an ordered lattice for an immense interval; a flame persists only while matter and energy continue to flow; a legal institution may retain its name while its rules and practices change. These cases involve different processes, but their persistence has the same basic ontological form: a dynamic equilibrium among relations that sustains a local organisation. Durability does not make any of them self-sufficient. Stability is real, yet it is achieved within conditions that neither explain nor guarantee themselves. Instability is therefore not the opposite of order. It names the absence of a final guarantee that a material configuration will continue to hold. A configuration may be regular, robust, and predictable and still be unstable in this precise sense, because its persistence depends on relations whose conditions can vary. The point is not that everything changes rapidly or continuously. It is that no local order is exempt from the material relations through which it exists. === Instability, tension, and local order === The material field is constituted by relations and tensions; instability characterises the provisional status of the configurations composed within it. The distinction matters. Instability is not a hidden force underneath every event, and it is not another name for constitutive tension. It describes the fact that an achieved organisation can be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved when the relations that sustain its dynamic equilibrium change. A bridge, an organism, a language, and a star persist over different intervals and through different processes. Loads and material resistance matter to a bridge; metabolism and regulation to an organism; repeated symbolic use to a language; gravitational and thermodynamic relations to a star. These differences require domain-specific explanation. They do not alter the common mechanism: in each case, persistence is the continuing compatibility of relations within determinate limits. A mountain, an organism, an institution, or a concept is not literally the same kind of entity, but each remains identifiable only while the relevant relations maintain a workable dynamic equilibrium at the scale under consideration. This account neither denies stability nor redescribes it as illusion. It explains why stability can be genuine without becoming absolute. Persistence is not necessarily active regulation: a crystal and a cell do not maintain themselves in the same way. What they share is the dependence of their realised order on a configuration of material relations. To say that a configuration is unstable is thus to say that its capacity to persist has conditions, not that its dissolution is imminent. === Against the privilege of permanence === Influential metaphysical traditions have treated permanence as the measure of full reality and change as a subordinate problem. The positions involved are not identical: Platonic intelligibility, Aristotelian form, Cartesian certainty, Kantian conditions of experience, and Hegelian reconciliation perform different philosophical tasks. The recurrent hierarchy addressed here appears wherever the stable or invariant is allowed to ground the changing while remaining protected from its contingency. The OEC reverses neither term and makes no cult of flux. It refuses the assumption that order must be secured by something more real than the relations that compose it. Stability requires no immutable substance behind the configuration. It consists in the temporary compatibility of processes that may continue for a moment or for geological durations. “Temporary” here means without final guarantee, not necessarily brief. Simondon's account of metastability and Prigogine's analysis of dissipative structures are important interlocutors because both show that organised persistence need not be identified with static equilibrium (Simondon 2005; Prigogine 1997). The OEC nevertheless does not derive a general ontology from one scientific regime, nor adopt a pre-individual field as an antecedent reserve. Far-from-equilibrium dynamics describe specific physical systems; metastability illuminates forms of individuation. The more general claim made here is narrower: every realised order is local, relational, and conditionally sustained. === What instability does and does not explain === Instability must not be used as a dramatic synonym for disorder, randomness, volatility, fragility, or deterministic chaos. Disorder is relative to an identified pattern or organisation; randomness is defined within a statistical or epistemic model; volatility concerns the rate or magnitude of observable change; fragility concerns low resistance to a relevant perturbation; deterministic chaos concerns sensitive dependence within specified dynamics. A configuration may be ontologically unstable while remaining ordered, predictable, slow-changing, and robust. For the same reason, instability does not by itself explain novelty. It permits variation because no configuration is absolutely closed against changes in its relations, but it does not force a reorganisation and does not determine what a variation will produce. Many perturbations are absorbed within an existing dynamic equilibrium; others dissolve the configuration; still others alter it without producing a new operative capacity. The affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible is operative excess, not instability. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. A new capacity is emergent when a materially conditioned reorganisation crosses an operational threshold and its effects become operative. Instability, operative excess, threshold, and emergence therefore answer different questions: whether persistence is finally guaranteed; whether materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the current form under the stated criterion; where a new capacity becomes operative; and which concrete effects establish that it has emerged. A stone exposed to erosion is unstable without that fact alone establishing operative excess. A research programme confronted by reproducible results may exhibit both when, under an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in its established conceptual organisation. In neither case does instability predetermine the result. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. === Dynamic equilibrium without romanticising disruption === Because persistence is a dynamic equilibrium, variation is not external to order. Relations can change while an organisation remains identifiable, provided that their compatibility continues to sustain the relevant capacity. This applies at every level, although the processes and evidential criteria differ. Physical cohesion, biological regulation, institutional reproduction, and conceptual consistency are not interchangeable mechanisms; they are different realisations of the same basic condition of local persistence. This generalisation does not license the conclusion that greater instability is desirable. Disruption can destroy capacities, erase memory, sever support, and concentrate harm. An ecosystem may lose indispensable relations faster than new couplings can form. An institution may be destabilised in ways that remove protections without producing a more responsive order. Ethical and political assessment must therefore examine which capacities are sustained or destroyed and how exposure is redistributed; novelty is not equivalent to improvement. The claim that instability is a condition, not a problem, has a precise limit. It rejects the metaphysical demand that the real justify change against an imagined norm of permanence. It does not deny practical problems caused by unstable conditions, nor does it convert collapse into a creative principle. Material configurations can persist, vary, reorganise, or dissolve. Their outcomes depend on concrete relations, not on a universal preference for either stability or change. === Closing Part I: seven commitments, one field === Part I has composed a single position through seven connected commitments: the refusal of metaphysical dualism and of a duplicated world; the location of thought within materially organised systems; the account of symbols as immanent material operations; the rejection of transcendent ground, soul, and plan; the affirmation of matter as the only substrate without physicalist reduction; and the recognition that every local order persists without a final guarantee. Instability completes this architecture by preventing material monism from hardening into a metaphysics of inert substance. These commitments are not premises from which the remainder of the book follows deductively. They delimit the field in which its concepts must be tested. Part II asks how inquiry should proceed when thought is itself a situated material operation within the same field it seeks to understand. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This is the final section of Part I and serves as a bridge to Part II. It consolidates the founding commitments by addressing the status of instability itself. Whereas the previous sections established what the OEC refuses (dualism, two worlds, transcendent symbols, ground, and teleology) and what it affirms (matter as the only substrate), this section explains why every local order lacks a final guarantee of persistence. Instability is not a defect added to an otherwise self-sufficient configuration; it names the conditional status of material organisation. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is that influential lineages of Western ontology have repeatedly treated instability as something to be mastered, contained, or explained away. Classical substance ontologies often subordinated change to permanence; strands of modern rationalism sought to control contingency through method and system; some post-structuralist arguments treat instability chiefly through undecidability. These tendencies do not exhaust any period or tradition. The question is more precise: what changes if instability is treated not as a deviation from order but as a condition within which orders emerge and persist? === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The thesis is that stability is a real dynamic equilibrium within relations whose continuation is not absolutely guaranteed. Instability permits variation, but it neither makes reconfiguration necessary nor produces novelty by itself. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form; emergence occurs when a resulting reorganisation crosses an operational threshold and a new capacity becomes effective. Order is therefore not the opposite of instability. It is a local, conditioned achievement within a material field open to variation. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === The central concept is instability as the absence of a final guarantee of persistence, distinguished from constitutive tension, defect, disorder, and chaos. Dynamic equilibrium names the basic mechanism by which different material organisations persist: their processes differ, but in each case a workable compatibility among relations sustains a local order. Operative excess is more specific. It occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in a present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Stability is therefore compatible with instability, and instability is compatible with the absence of operative excess. The section also connects forward to functional coupling (§3.3.3) and threshold (§§1.3 and 4.1). === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === This section is crucial for avoiding two contrary misreadings. The first assumes that the emphasis on instability denies or devalues order. The second makes instability itself a universal creative force. The OEC affirms neither. Local order is real, and its dynamic equilibrium may be extremely durable; novelty requires the more specific relation among operative excess, reorganisation, threshold, and emergent capacity. Readers should also distinguish the general ontological mechanism from the processes that realise it in each domain. A flame, an organism, an institution, and a concept persist through different relations, but each exemplifies conditioned persistence rather than self-sufficient permanence. ==== Learning orientation ==== After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to: * distinguish instability from chaos, randomness, and visible volatility; * explain conditional stability without reducing it to illusion; * separate instability from operative excess; * explain why instability permits novelty without causing or guaranteeing it; * show how this chapter completes the seven commitments of Part I. The guiding question is: '''What makes a stable configuration real without making its stability absolute?''' ==== Worked example: a candle flame ==== A candle flame appears as a stable object, but it is a maintained pattern and therefore a clear case of dynamic equilibrium. # Wax melts and is transported through the wick. # Fuel vapour interacts with oxygen. # Heat sustains further melting and combustion. # The visible form persists while these processes remain coupled. # Remove fuel or oxygen, or alter the conditions sufficiently, and the flame disappears. The flame is neither unreal nor permanent. Its stability consists in the continued reproduction of a pattern through flow. It offers a simple model of local order. Organisms and institutions realise the same basic mechanism of conditioned dynamic equilibrium through different processes and require additional concepts that the flame does not instantiate. Now change scale. A laboratory can keep the flame burning under controlled conditions for a long interval. The increased stability results from further couplings — equipment, monitoring, procedures, and intervention — not from escape from instability. Control extends a local order; it does not confer metaphysical permanence. ==== Check your understanding ==== * Can something be stable for millions of years and still be unstable in the sense used here? * Why does unpredictability alone not establish ontological instability? * What is the difference between instability and operative excess? * Why does instability permit novelty without being its affirmative cause? * Which additional capacities distinguish an institution from the candle-flame example? === Transition === [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response|Section 2.1]] begins the methodological part of the book: thought is approached as a situated response within the same unstable field, not as observation from outside it. For the materialist commitment on which this chapter depends, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Matter as the Only Substrate|Section 1.6]]. {{BookCat}} pzvqjhhvbq3mfizt5jy39l9719g7hd0 Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Thought as Singular Response 0 476963 4673014 4671428 2026-09-30T02:50:03Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: remove deficit and coercion, state explicit criterion and contingent reconfiguration 4673014 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2.1 – Thought as Singular Response == Part I established a material field without an external ground or final guarantee. The methodological question is therefore how thought can respond to a particular configuration without forcing it through a conceptual grid whose conclusions are fixed in advance. The answer developed here is the singular response: an intervention whose form is constrained by the phenomenon, its history, its scale, the available evidence, and the resistance it offers to existing distinctions. A singular response is neither a private opinion nor an improvisation without rules. It remains answerable to evidence, valid inference, conceptual consistency, counterexamples, and the consequences of the distinctions it introduces. Singularity removes a guarantee in advance; it does not remove standards of assessment. === Against Method as Recipe === Descartes sought rules capable of directing reason reliably, whereas Hegel treated method as inseparable from the movement of the concept (Descartes 1996, 3; Hegel [1812–1816] 1969, 28). These projects differ profoundly and should not be reduced to one doctrine. The concern developed here is narrower: a procedure becomes inadequate when it determines in advance which differences can count and how every problem must be resolved. The argument is not directed against method in science, logic, history, or philosophy. Reproducible procedures, explicit criteria, and valid inference are indispensable within their domains. It rejects the elevation of one method into a universal form that makes every phenomenon an illustration of the framework. A disciplined inquiry may use several methods while allowing the object to determine which are relevant. Inquiry begins by describing the phenomenon in terms appropriate to its field. It then identifies the resistance that existing distinctions cannot resolve, tests whether a new operator is necessary, formulates the smallest distinction capable of answering that resistance, and confronts the result with mechanisms, evidence, alternative explanations, and counterexamples. A concept should enter because the inquiry needs it, not because an author wishes to display allegiance to a vocabulary. The refusal of a universal recipe is consequently not a refusal of rational discipline. It increases the burden of justification: the inquiry must show both why inherited distinctions fail and why the proposed reorganisation is preferable to the available alternatives. === Singularity: Of the Configuration, Not of the Subject === The singularity belongs first to the material configuration of the problem, not to the originality of the thinker. Two investigators may answer the same configuration differently, but their proposals are not equally adequate merely because both are situated. Each can be asked whether it preserves the relevant evidence, identifies a mechanism rather than renaming a difficulty, distinguishes what is supported from what remains uncertain, survives plausible counterexamples, and renders the problem more intelligible and testable. Response must also be distinguished from reaction. A reaction may reproduce an established pattern automatically. A response, in the technical sense used here, is a materially situated reorganisation of symbolic relations through which a system addresses the configuration under inquiry. Simondon's account of individuation clarifies how metastability can sustain transformation without presupposing a completed form (Simondon 2005, 215). The present argument retains that attention to tension without assuming that every tension is destined for resolution. Operative excess names a relevant causal condition when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. In thought and inquiry, the comparison can concern symbolic operations that the current conditions permit and those realised in the existing symbolic organisation. This condition makes a reconfiguration of response possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs, and whether its result is invention, revision, suspension, or failure, depend on the full set of materially active relations. Neither truth nor success follows from its occurrence. No substrate should be declared capable of thought by definition. In established human cases, thought is realised by a biossoma — a living, sensitive body capable of symbolic reorganisation — together with technical supports, languages, and institutions. Claims about non-biological thought require independent evidence of inscription, recognition through symbols, relations among symbols, recursive modulation, and effects on subsequent action. Complexity or adaptive output alone is insufficient. Objectivity here means answerability to what resists the inquiry. It requires no view from nowhere, but it does require more than agreement or subjective conviction. Laruelle's critique of philosophical sovereignty is relevant to this limit because it challenges philosophy's claim to legislate over its object (Laruelle 1996, 21). The argument does not adopt non-philosophy as a method; it retains the more limited demand that philosophical categories remain exposed to revision. === Consequences for Philosophical Writing === The form of philosophical writing participates in the response. A text should make visible the movement from resistance to attempted explanation, from the grounds for conceptual reorganisation to the distinction introduced, and from that distinction to its consequences. Its rhythm and organisation are not neutral, but neither must every page invent a unique format. Headings, tables, examples, and pedagogical devices may help a reader reconstruct the argument, but they remain subordinate to it and cannot replace the philosophical development that licenses the distinctions. Three tests govern this practice: internal consistency, material correspondence, and operative adequacy. The first asks whether the distinctions coexist without contradiction. The second asks whether the claims remain answerable to the evidence and mechanisms of the case. The third asks whether the response reorganises the problem without concealing relevant differences or adding unnecessary metaphysical commitments. Operative power cannot replace truth. A concept may be rhetorically or practically productive and still misdescribe a phenomenon. Conversely, a careful description may force revision of one of the framework's own operators. That possibility is not a weakness but the practical meaning of exposure to the real. The decisive test is therefore functional and epistemic: does the form allow the phenomenon to resist the framework, and does the resulting account remain criticisable? Thought is singular when it follows the organisation of its problem; it is rigorous when another investigator can challenge each step. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This is the opening section of Part II, which addresses method and style after Part I has established the book's ontological commitments. It introduces thought as a singular response: an intervention whose form is constrained by the phenomenon, its history, scale, evidence, and resistance to existing distinctions. The section does not reject method. It rejects the elevation of one procedure into a universal recipe whose conclusions are fixed before the inquiry encounters its object. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is methodological but has ontological consequences. Without an external guarantee, how can philosophy avoid both dogmatic procedure and arbitrary improvisation? A singular response must remain answerable to evidence, valid inference, conceptual consistency, counterexamples, and the consequences of its distinctions. The loss of a universal recipe therefore increases the burden of justification. The inquiry must show where an inherited distinction fails, why a new operator is required, and how the proposed reorganisation fares against mechanisms, evidence, and alternatives. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === Philosophical thought operates as a singular response to the specific configuration of a problem. Singularity belongs first to that configuration, not to the originality or private standpoint of the thinker. The response may introduce a new distinction, but its adequacy depends on whether it preserves the relevant evidence, identifies mechanisms, survives counterexamples, and renders the problem more intelligible and testable. In symbolic inquiry, operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which answer results depend on the full set of materially active relations; operative excess neither determines the answer nor guarantees its truth. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === - '''Singularity''' belongs to the material configuration of the problem rather than to an unconstrained subject. - '''Response''' is a materially situated symbolic reorganisation constrained by the configuration addressed and answerable to evidence and argument; it is not an automatic reaction. - '''Internal consistency''' tests whether the proposed distinctions can coexist without contradiction. - '''Material correspondence''' tests whether claims remain answerable to the evidence and mechanisms of the case. - '''Operative adequacy''' tests whether the response reorganises the problem without concealing relevant differences or adding unnecessary metaphysical commitments. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === Readers should follow the movement of the argument: phenomenon or resistance, attempted explanation, grounds for conceptual reorganisation, justified distinction, and consequence. Interpretation, logical analysis, empirical method, and historical inquiry remain available when the problem requires them; none is a universal procedure imposed on every case. Pedagogical devices may help reconstruct this movement, but they cannot substitute for it. A table or list is useful only after the philosophical text has performed the work that makes its distinctions intelligible. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]]. {{BookCat}} 43jkh6sqxtgw83jtirmbjx1sigpcs7h Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/Listening as Ontological Exposure 0 476964 4673015 4671429 2026-09-30T02:59:18Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align the operative-excess definition with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion and non-coercive reconfiguration 4673015 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2.2 – Listening as Ontological Exposure == Section 2.1 described thought as a singular response. Such a response is impossible if a system merely repeats what its existing categories already permit. Something in the encounter must be able to alter the organisation through which the encounter becomes legible. This chapter calls that condition ''listening''. Listening is a technical term whose scope extends beyond hearing, but it cannot name every form of causal sensitivity. A system listens in the relevant sense when it can discriminate a material difference, inscribe a new difference or recognise an occurrence through an available symbol, and allow the resulting symbolic relations to condition later operations. The difference does not reorganise the system by itself; the system may reorganise relations among symbols in response to what it has discriminated and recognised. Exposure is material; transformation is possible but never guaranteed. === Listening and the Revisability of Interpretation === Hermeneutic traditions establish that understanding begins within a historical horizon rather than from a neutral standpoint. Gadamer's "fusion of horizons" and Ricoeur's account of interpretation make prior formation part of the event of understanding (Gadamer [1960] 2004, 305; Ricoeur 1991, 88). Phenomenology, including Merleau-Ponty's embodied perception and Nancy's analysis of resonance, likewise displaces the model of a detached spectator (Merleau-Ponty 1962, 235; Nancy 2007, 11). The present account retains situatedness, embodiment, historical mediation, and transformation. Its disagreement concerns explanatory priority. Listening is not first the achievement of a sovereign subject who later incorporates meaning; it is a materially realised alteration in the symbolic organisation through which a subject may itself be formed. This does not disprove consciousness or interpretation. It denies only that a conscious subject must be treated as the unchanging origin of the operation. An acoustic signal can cause a physical response without becoming symbolic. A microphone changes an electrical state, a reflex alters movement, and a thermostat switches an output. Such processes can be complex and effective, but causal sensitivity alone does not establish listening. The relevant process requires discrimination of a difference, inscription or recognition through symbols, relations between that symbol and others, and a possible modification of later operations through those relations. Exposure means that the system does not control in advance which differences will matter. It does not mean access to an unmediated reality. Instruments, bodies, languages, prior concepts, and institutions shape what can be discriminated. Nor is exposure passive. Preserving a difference long enough for it to challenge an established interpretation may require comparison, suspension, and revision. The contrast is between imposition, where the grid determines the result, and exposure, where the grid can itself be modified by what it fails to integrate. === The Materiality of Listening: Biossoma and Technical Mediation === In established human cases, listening is realised by a ''biossoma'': a living, sensitive body capable of symbolic reorganisation. The body is not a container that receives a message and passes it to an immaterial mind. Perception, memory, affect, language, and action participate in one materially organised process. Technical systems can extend, filter, record, and transform this process. A stethoscope, database, or language model may participate in a listening arrangement. Participation does not settle whether the technical component listens in the full sense. That attribution requires evidence of inscription, recognition through symbols, relations among symbols, and self-modifying effects at the level assigned to the system. Complexity, responsiveness, or fluent output is not a sufficient shortcut. Consider a clinician confronted by a laboratory result that conflicts with an expected diagnosis. Reception occurs when the result enters the record. Automatic reaction dismisses it as error because it does not fit the current category. Listening begins when the anomaly is preserved and related to symptoms and prior results, allowing the clinician to revise the relations among diagnostic symbols, repeat a test, or suspend judgement. Interpretation remains present; listening names the more specific event in which its symbolic organisation becomes revisable under material resistance. Perspectivist and more-than-human approaches caution against making the human standpoint the measure of every signifying process (Viveiros de Castro 2014, 45; Kohn 2013, 32). The same caution applies here, but no organism, collective, or technical system is declared symbolic by analogy alone. The criteria must be demonstrated at the level at which listening is attributed. === Listening as Pre-Ethical Exposure === Listening can prepare ethical judgement because it allows another configuration to resist assimilation. Glissant's defence of opacity and Moten's work on non-sovereignty are relevant here: both challenge the reduction of alterity to what an established framework can already grasp (Glissant [1990] 1997, 83; Moten 2003, 12). Exposure is nevertheless not yet ethics. A system can be altered and still act destructively. Ethical assessment requires symbolic recognition of effects, available alternatives, conflicts, and distributions of vulnerability. It asks who becomes more exposed, whose difference is erased, which capacities are sustained, and which relations can be reorganised without converting the other into an instance of the same. This distinction blocks a naturalistic shortcut. The material fact that systems affect one another does not generate an obligation by itself. It establishes the field within which responsibility can become symbolically operative. The ethical problem begins when a symbolically capable system can relate effects, alternatives, and vulnerabilities, not whenever any causal reconfiguration occurs. Writing can prolong listening when it preserves the resistance that obliged the inquiry to change. It fails when the encounter leaves every operator and conclusion exactly as they were before the evidence was considered. The relevant test is not whether a text appears open or disoriented, but whether its symbolic organisation is genuinely revisable. Listening therefore joins material exposure to epistemic discipline. It neither abandons interpretation nor turns receptivity into a moral virtue. It names the capacity of a symbolically organised system to revise relations among symbols in response to material resistance. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === Section 2.1 described thought as a singular response constrained by the configuration of a problem. Section 2.2 identifies a condition of such a response: the symbolic organisation through which a phenomenon becomes intelligible must remain revisable under material resistance. The chapter calls this capacity ''listening''. The term extends beyond hearing but does not name every form of sensitivity or causal reaction. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is to explain how an encounter can revise interpretation without imagining either a sovereign thinker imposing form on passive matter or an unmediated reality entering a passive receiver. Instruments, bodies, languages, concepts, and institutions shape what can be discriminated. The question is whether the organisation produced through those mediations can itself change when it fails to integrate a material difference. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === Listening is a materially realised symbolic capacity. A system listens in the relevant sense when it can discriminate a difference, inscribe a new difference or recognise an occurrence through an available symbol, establish relations among symbols, and allow those relations to condition later operations. The material difference does not interpret or reorganise the system. Reorganisation belongs to the capable system operating through symbolic relations. It may revise, suspend, or retain its prior account; listening makes revision possible but does not guarantee it. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === - '''Causal sensitivity''' is a material response to a difference; it does not by itself establish listening. - '''Listening''' requires demonstrated symbolic operations capable of modifying later activity. - '''Exposure''' means that the system cannot determine in advance which differences will matter; it does not mean unmediated access to the real. - '''Interpretation''' remains present but becomes revisable rather than sovereign. - '''Operative excess''' is not a synonym for every encounter. It occurs only when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether it occurs and which result emerges depend on the full set of materially active relations. - '''Hesitation''' can suspend an automatic response without guaranteeing a better one. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === Readers should distinguish reception, reaction, and listening. A result can be recorded without revising an interpretation; a system can react effectively without symbolic capacity; a symbolically capable system listens only when the discriminated and recognised difference can enter relations that affect later operations. The connection with Part IV is conditional rather than automatic. Listening can prepare ethical judgement by preserving a difference against premature assimilation, but material exposure does not generate an obligation by itself. Ethical assessment requires the further symbolic articulation of effects, alternatives, and distributions of vulnerability. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]]. {{BookCat}} 8x8yfl6lym4lyg9vdhq3ncd0mi9hq75 Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Method and Style/No Redemption, No Teleology 0 476965 4673016 4671430 2026-09-30T03:01:06Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, affirmative causality, and contingent reconfiguration 4673016 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2.3 – No Redemption, No Teleology == The rejection of ontological teleology means that reality as a whole has no destination inscribed in advance. It does not mean that organisms lack functions, agents cannot pursue goals, designed systems have no set points, inquiry cannot reach conclusions, or outcomes cannot improve under explicit criteria. These distinctions are necessary if an anti-teleological ontology is not to become a denial of ordinary causal explanation and practical orientation. Ontological teleology directs a process towards an end built into reality. A local goal is a represented outcome that guides an agent or designed system. Biological function attributes a contribution to a trait or process within an organism, lineage, or system. Teleonomy describes apparently goal-directed organisation through natural mechanisms such as selection, development, and feedback. Progress names improvement relative to an explicit criterion. None of the latter four entails the first. === Disguised Teleologies: From Spirit to Silicon === Redemption is stronger than change, hope, or purposive action. It organises a process around the recovery of a lost wholeness, fulfilment in a final reconciliation, or escape from a deficient condition. Some readings of Hegel treat reconciliation in this way, and Teilhard de Chardin explicitly interprets evolution through convergence towards an Omega Point (Hegel [1807] 1977, 69; Teilhard de Chardin [1955] 1959, 262). Other thinkers cannot be placed under the same description without a separate argument. Overcoming in Nietzsche, retrieval of the question of Being in Heidegger, messianic interruption in Benjamin, historical emancipation in Marx, and technological futures in contemporary writing perform different conceptual functions (Marx [1867] 1990; Heidegger [1927] 1962; Nietzsche 2006; Benjamin 1999; Harari 2016; Bostrom 2014). A responsible critique must identify the precise mechanism by which a text converts an end into the measure of the process. The label ''redemption'' cannot replace that analysis. The practical test is whether the account makes the present intelligible through a completed future that the process is said to realise. Where this occurs, the future functions as an origin in reverse. Where it does not, disagreement with a project or hope is insufficient to classify it as teleological. === Teleology in Scientific Discourse === Biology can ask what a structure does and how it contributes to an organism or lineage without claiming that a future purpose caused that structure to appear. Accounts of selection, development, inheritance, constraint, and causal role offer distinct explanations of function, and debates about their scope cannot be settled by treating functional language as a disguised survival of final causes (Mayr 1988, 1997). To say that a wing has a function in flight does not mean that flight reached backwards in time and produced wings. Nor does a present use by itself explain the history of a trait. Current causal role, evolutionary history, level of attribution, and evidence distinguishing function from accidental utility are separate questions. The same discipline applies beyond biology: a thermostat may have a designed set point, an institution may adopt a target, and a person may act for a reason without matter as a whole sharing any of those ends. Evolution is not a ladder. It can produce local trends, increasing complexity in some lineages and simplification in others. No general hierarchy follows in which later means higher, complexity means value, or humanity constitutes life's destination (Gould 1996). Emergence is likewise non-evaluative: a new capacity may enlarge operations while increasing fragility, dependence, or harm. Prediction and progress remain legitimate when their conditions and criteria are stated; neither amounts to prophecy or universal ascent. === Insistence Without Destination === The alternative to teleology is not purposelessness but insistence: persistence and reorganisation without convergence towards a predetermined end. This claim must be stated conditionally. Material systems can persist, transform, stabilise locally, or cease. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Operative excess is an affirmative causal condition of emergence, not a deficit and not the name of collapse. It participates causally by making reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which concrete form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Crisis or failure may accompany or follow this process, but neither causes it. No dramatic rupture should be converted into a universal motor of novelty. Precedence, by contrast, is the retrospective inference that an emerged form was already contained in its antecedents. Teleology projects the same error forward by treating the later form as the destination of the earlier process. Conditioned emergence avoids both claims: antecedent conditions enable and constrain novelty without necessarily specifying it exhaustively, and the later result neither causes nor validates the process that preceded it. This account permits warranted conclusions without promising final closure. A calculation can be completed, an empirical claim confirmed, and an argument justified. What remains open is the wider field: conclusions depend on conditions, evidence may change, and new questions can reorganise what appeared settled. The absence of redemption blocks the conversion of a result into a standpoint exempt from revision; it does not diminish the pursuit of truth. === Ethics Without Redemption === Ethical orientation does not require a promised end of history. Symbolically capable systems act within relations that distribute vulnerability, protection, voice, and possibilities of repair. They can compare consequences, recognise conflicts, revise norms, and pursue local improvements. The absence of cosmic guarantee makes these judgements more exposed, not meaningless. A goal must therefore be stated, its effects examined, and those affected allowed to resist its categories. Butler's account of precarious life, Mbembe's analysis of violence, and Glissant's defence of opacity offer different resources for this work; they should not be collapsed into one doctrine of salvation or its refusal (Butler 2004, 2005; Mbembe 2003, [2013] 2017; Glissant [1990] 1997). No future state absolves present decisions. Equally, rejecting teleology does not absolve inquiry from distinguishing repair from damage. Ethical judgement remains local, revisable, and criticisable, but it is not arbitrary: it must articulate the criteria by which an intervention redistributes vulnerability, capacity, and exposure. Part II therefore closes without a universal recipe or promised reconciliation, but not without method, truth, or orientation. Its discipline is to make each response answerable to the configuration it reorganises and to keep every conclusion within the conditions that warrant it. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This final section of Part II develops the methodological consequences of the antiteleological commitment introduced in Section 1.5. It distinguishes a cosmic or historical destination fixed in advance from biological function, local goals, warranted conclusions, and progress under explicit criteria. The distinction allows Part II to close without a universal recipe or promised reconciliation, but not without method, truth, orientation, or the possibility of completing a particular argument. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is the unargued passage from local direction to universal destination. A trait can have a biological function, an agent can pursue a goal, and an inquiry can reach a justified conclusion without implying that matter, life, or history is moving towards a final state. The same discipline applies to philosophical criticism. Hegelian reconciliation, theological eschatology, Nietzschean overcoming, Heideggerian retrieval, Benjaminian interruption, and technological projections perform different functions. None should be classified as redemptive or teleological without identifying the exact mechanism by which a future end becomes the measure of the process. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The central thesis is that no destination inscribed in reality governs material becoming. This does not prohibit local ends, conclusions, or improvements. It requires each of them to state its scale, conditions, criteria, and evidence. Insistence names persistence and reorganisation without convergence towards a predetermined end. Operative excess supplies an affirmative causal condition of emergence when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; its occurrence and result depend on the full set of materially active relations. Neither concept turns novelty into progress or guarantees a desirable result. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === - '''Ontological teleology''' assigns a destination to reality or to a process as part of its structure. - '''Local goal''' is a represented outcome guiding an agent or designed system; it does not become the goal of the wider material field. - '''Biological function''' can be explained through causal role, selection, development, inheritance, or constraint without future causation. - '''Progress''' is improvement relative to an explicit criterion; it does not establish universal ascent. - '''Redemption''' organises a process around recovered wholeness, final reconciliation, or escape from a deficient condition. - '''Insistence''' names persistence and reorganisation without a destination fixed in advance. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === Readers should not oppose truth to openness. A calculation may be completed, an empirical claim confirmed, and an argument justified, while remaining dependent on evidence and conditions that can later be revised. The absence of cosmic guarantee does not weaken the pursuit of truth; it prevents a warranted result from becoming a standpoint exempt from criticism. For each claim of direction, readers should ask: whose end is represented, at what scale, through which mechanism, and under which criterion? They should also distinguish what the process produces from what an observer retrospectively treats as its destination. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]]. {{BookCat}} eyozu3f1dveam7krscgtyp3ffveumbb Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/I - The Refusal of Linear Complexity 0 476966 4673017 4671424 2026-09-30T03:09:21Z DavidCota64 3507033 Reconstruct operative excess throughout 3.1.1 under the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, material scope, and non-coercive causality 4673017 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.1.1 – The Refusal of Linear Complexity == Complexity is not a linear property, nor does it emerge as if each structure had to restart its path from zero. Its historical accumulation is acknowledged and retroactively legible, even though it is not guided by any extrinsic vector or external purpose. The Ontology of Emergent Complexity rejects both the teleology of progress and the illusion of an absolute beginning. Complexity is historically cumulative — yes — but this accumulation does not proceed by mere addition; rather, it unfolds through successive reorganisations of complex matter. There is no leap from nothing, but neither is there a straight line: there is folding, displacement, and creative iteration over what is already structured. This chapter opens Part III by establishing what the framework means by “complexity”, a term with legitimate but non-equivalent uses across several disciplines. The argument first separates quantitative and computational measures from claims about emergent capacity, then defines operative excess across structural and symbolic forms without making it a synonym for complexity or variation, and finally places these distinctions in dialogue with complexity theory. === Complexity as Quantity: The Insufficiency of Measurement === Some accounts reduce complexity to growth in the number of elements, interactions, or informational variables. General systems theory, however, cannot fairly be reduced to component counting: Bertalanffy's central contribution was to emphasise organisation, openness, and relations across systems (Bertalanffy 1968, 32). Quantitative measures remain legitimate for specified questions. The philosophical mistake is to infer emergent novelty from “many parts” alone. A complicated machine may be difficult to describe without acquiring a new capacity at the scale under study. Kolmogorov complexity measures the length of the shortest description capable of generating an object, whereas Shannon entropy measures uncertainty over a distribution of messages (Kolmogorov 1965, 3; Shannon 1948, 379). These are not defective versions of one ontological concept; they answer different formal questions. Neither incompressibility nor high entropy, by itself, demonstrates reorganisation, emergence, symbolic operation, or consciousness. Conversely, signals and networks can be complex in their relevant technical senses without exhausting the philosophical question asked here. Network science measures degree distributions, clustering, path lengths, and other relations that can support powerful causal explanations when joined to mechanisms and dynamics (Barabási 2002; Watts 2003). Such measurements do not automatically establish a new system-level capacity. The relevant question is which organisation the measured relations sustain, under what conditions, and what counterfactual difference their alteration makes. === Operative Excess in Structural and Symbolic Forms === The present framework uses ''emergence'' when a materially organised threshold gives rise to a new capacity at a stated scale. It uses ''operative excess'' for the causal condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. This affirmative causal condition makes reconfiguration possible; whether it occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Complexity, emergence, and operative excess must therefore be distinguished without separating emergence from its affirmative material motor. Operative excess names an opening of material realisability, not a lack, residue, or external energy. In a structural organisation, the comparison concerns relations whose realisation current material conditions permit and relations realised in the present form. Where symbolic operations exist, it can concern their materially realised symbolic organisation. In both cases, the criterion of comparison must be explicit. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. It does not predetermine the resulting configuration, imply that every material configuration is symbolic, or make every change an emergence. Thermodynamic entropy and operative excess belong to different explanatory registers. Entropy is a precisely defined state function whose interpretation depends on the physical ensemble and process under study; it should not be reduced to disorder or a universal drift towards homogeneity. Operative excess is not a competing physical magnitude. It describes the condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present form, and it cannot be inferred from non-equilibrium conditions alone. Genome size, gene count, behavioural repertoire, and organisational differentiation measure different features and do not form one ladder of development. Gould's ''Full House'' challenges the inference from local trends or exceptional maxima to an intrinsic direction of evolution (Gould 1996, 58). Evolution can preserve, transform, simplify, and recombine earlier organisations. None of this licenses the conclusion that complexity always grows or that biological evolution is an accumulation of operative excess. === Dialogue with Complexity Theory: Morin, Prigogine, Kauffman === Morin's paradigm of complexity resists mechanistic reduction and emphasises recursive interactions, organisation, and the relation between parts and wholes (Morin [1990] 2008). The present framework retains this resistance while declining to infer a harmonising totality from systemic interdependence. Claims of reorganisation must remain local to specified configurations and mechanisms. Prigogine's work on dissipative structures demonstrates that ordered patterns can be sustained under far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 10). This result concerns specified physical regimes. It supports neither a universal ontology of instability nor, by itself, a claim of operative excess. In chemical or biological matter, operative excess must be established by stating the criterion, identifying the relations whose realisation the current conditions permit and those realised in the present form, and then determining independently whether reconfiguration occurs. Cross-domain comparison remains possible only when the mechanisms and scale of the analogy are stated. Kauffman's work investigates how self-organisation may contribute to biological order alongside selection (Kauffman 1993, 173). “Edge of chaos” is a model-dependent description, not a universal location where complexity occurs. The appropriate question is whether a given system exhibits a transition in dynamics and a new capacity under specified conditions, not whether order and disorder lack every boundary in principle. The refusal of linear complexity is therefore a refusal to infer universal progress from increase under one measure. Historical accumulation, simplification, loss, recombination, and threshold effects can coexist. A claim of emergence must identify a new capacity, its material conditions, the scale at which it operates, and the evidence that distinguishes it from mere complication or surprise. Thought, in this model, does not emerge as the climax of an evolutionary line, but as an operative fold over pre-existing material. To think is to rearticulate inherited tensions within a new regime of legibility — symbolic when that operation relates materially instantiated symbols. Hence, there is no evolution without bifurcation, no thought without operative discontinuity. The history of complex matter is made of strata, layers, and recesses — not of an arrow. Even so, these layers allow the recognition of historical patterns of transformation, without implying prior orientation or final direction. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This subsection begins the detailed development of Part III. It distinguishes four questions that subsequent chapters require the reader to keep separate: how complexity is measured, whether a process is non-linear, whether a new capacity has emerged, and whether operative excess is present as a causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Section 3.1.2 will apply this discipline to material and symbolic relations; Section 3.1.3 will apply it to continuity and stability. The subsection does not oppose the OEC to a single “standard scientific usage”. Complexity has several legitimate technical meanings. The philosophical task is to prevent a measure designed for one question from becoming an unsupported conclusion about another. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is not measurement itself. Shannon entropy, Kolmogorov complexity, network measures, and systems descriptions answer different questions and can provide indispensable evidence. The error begins when high entropy, low compressibility, numerous components, or dense connections are taken by themselves to demonstrate emergent novelty. The chapter therefore asks what additional evidence is required before moving from a quantitative or formal description to an ontological claim about a new material capacity. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The central thesis is that quantitative increase does not by itself establish qualitative transformation. Non-linearity can alter the relation between a change and its effects without producing a new capacity. Emergence is the stronger claim that a materially organised configuration has crossed a threshold and can now perform an operation unavailable to the prior organisation at the scale under study. Operative excess names an affirmative causal condition of the relevant reorganisation: according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which result emerges depend on the full set of materially active relations. Complexity, non-linearity, emergence, and operative excess are related, but none is a synonym for the others. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === - '''Measured complexity''' describes a specified feature under a stated formalism; it does not independently establish emergence. - '''Non-linearity''' means that effects need not vary proportionally with their conditions; it is neither a synonym nor a sufficient criterion for emergence. - '''Emergence''' requires a new capacity at a determinate scale, verified through the effects it introduces into the field of possible operations. - '''Operative excess''' occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. The symbolic case is one application of the operator, not its exclusive domain. - '''Historical accumulation without a ladder''' allows inheritance, simplification, loss, recombination, and threshold effects without projecting a universal ascent towards greater complexity or value. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === When encountering a claim about complexity, readers should ask four separate questions. What has been measured? Is the process non-linear? Which new capacity is alleged to have emerged, and at what scale? Under which explicit criterion do materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form, if operative excess is being claimed? The chapter's examples should be used to practise these distinctions, not to rank systems on a single ladder. A complicated configuration may remain within the same operational regime; a simpler reorganisation may cross a threshold and produce a new capacity. The argument is established by the organisation, mechanism, scale, and effects, not by the dramatic appearance or descriptive difficulty of the case. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]]. {{BookCat}} em4mte1cvlfiniozxqudqeyqh22uk8e Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/II - Relational Tension as Ontological Principle 0 476967 4673018 4671426 2026-09-30T03:11:46Z DavidCota64 3507033 Distinguish relational tension from operative excess and align the latter with the OEC Constitution 4673018 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.1.2 – Relational Tension as Ontological Principle == A cell boundary depends on exchanges it regulates; a legal category depends on documents, institutions, and acts of recognition; a tree remains distinct from soil and fungi while depending on both. These cases resist a choice between isolated things and an undifferentiated web. Material configurations do not first exist as fully self-sufficient things and only later acquire connections. Before anything else, a distinction must be made: in the physical universe, there are countless forms of material organisation that are not symbolic — from the formation of galaxies and solar systems through gravitational action to the configuration of magnetic fields. These structures result from fundamental forces and organise matter according to stable principles, but they do not operate through inscription or internal codified reorganisation. Their existence and relations do not depend on observation. A situated portion of that reality becomes concrete for an observing system when it is observed or captured; it becomes conceptually intelligible only when a symbolically capable system represents and relates what has been captured. Observation establishes the concrete without, by itself, adding the formalism through which the concrete may later be known and explained. The framework acknowledges material relations that require no symbolisation — dependence, transfer, constraint, coupling, composition, and incompatibility — and symbolic relations established by systems capable of inscription and recognition. The word ''relation'' is not reserved for the symbolic regime. What distinguishes symbolic relation is that materially instantiated symbols are related in ways that can modulate subsequent operations. === Relation as Foundation Without Foundation === Relations are not merely external links added to self-sufficient substances. The relata involved in a process can be partly constituted, constrained, or transformed by their relations. This ontological priority should not be misstated as temporal priority: concrete relations require materially organised participants even when those participants acquire their determinate capacities only within the relation. Simondon's account of individuation provides an important parallel: the individual is not a fully constituted substance before the processes through which it becomes determinate (Simondon 2005, 35). The present framework retains this processual insight while treating every relation as materially instantiated. It does not replace the pre-individual with a universal asymmetry between symboliser and symbolised, because many individuating relations are not symbolic at all. This position must be carefully distinguished from the ontic structural realism of Ladyman and Ross, who argue that "there are no things, only structures" (Ladyman and Ross 2007, 130). While sharing the rejection of substance ontology, the OEC diverges on a decisive point: structural realism retains the concept of structure as a formal-mathematical entity — a set of relations definable independently of any material substrate. The OEC rejects this formalism. Relations, in the OEC, are materially realised dependencies, transfers, constraints, couplings, compositions, or incompatibilities. There is no relation without material realisation. Inscription is required only when a capable system discriminates and recognises a new difference within a symbolic regime; it is not a condition of material relation in general. The distinction is between a structuralism of form and a materialism of operative relation. === Tension, Not Harmony === Symbolic relation introduces a specific sequence. A material difference becomes a trace when a capable system discriminates it as a new or previously unknown configuration. In the inaugural inscription, a passive mark and the first symbol are co-constituted. The mark is the stabilised material configuration; it does not recognise, compare, or act. The symbol is the materially realised instance through which the mark becomes legible to the system. Later occurrences recognised under that mark produce additional symbol instances rather than reinscribing the mark. The system, not the mark, relates symbols and can allow those relations to modulate further operations. Tension names an incompatibility, gradient, or unresolved constraint within a material configuration. It may be reduced, sustained, redistributed, or intensified. In a symbolic system, a discriminated difference may participate in materially active relations that make symbolic reorganisation possible. Tension alone neither establishes operative excess nor makes any response necessary; whether symbolic reorganisation occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Material relations do not cease to exist when no symbolic reorganisation follows. This formulation opens productive philosophical dialogues. Merleau-Ponty's genetic phenomenology, particularly in ''Le visible et l'invisible'' (Merleau-Ponty 1964a, 138), treats the body as a sensitive locus constituted through its relations with the visible rather than as a static given. Foucault's ''L'Archéologie du savoir'' directs attention towards the material and institutional conditions under which statements become available and related within a discursive formation (Foucault 1972, 132). Neither account supplies the OEC's concepts of inscription, mark, or symbol; the comparison concerns the displacement of a self-sufficient subject and the material conditions of legibility. The OEC retains representation as a materially realised symbolic operation. A material configuration does not become reorganised merely because it is observed or symbolised. A capable system discriminates a difference, may inscribe it through the co-constitution of a mark and a first symbol, and can subsequently reorganise relations among symbols. The mark remains passive, and the material configuration represented is not thereby transformed. If symbolic reorganisation produces a new material configuration which the system discriminates, that event constitutes a new trace and may lead to a new singular inscription. In Glissant, relation is not reducible to connection but is associated with tremor and the destabilisation of closed identity (Glissant [1990] 1997, 56). In Deleuze, relations participate in the production of difference through immanent variation rather than functioning as attributes added to completed terms (Deleuze [1968] 1994, 72). The OEC retains the challenge to self-sufficient identity while refusing to make symbolic reorganisation the model of every material relation. Material relations can constitute and transform configurations without inscription. Symbolic reorganisation is a specific emergent regime in which a capable system alters relations among materially instantiated symbols in response to differences it has discriminated and recognised. Network models can represent either pre-specified nodes or processes in which nodes and capacities change through interaction. The ontological claim is not that relation exists before every relatum, but that many identities and capacities are relational achievements. Systems differ: some persist structurally, some regulate deviations, and some reorganise relations among symbols. No one regime should be universalised. Structural equilibrium, metastability, regulation, and symbolic revisability describe different regimes of persistence. Exposure to change can matter without becoming the universal source of stability. Complexity is not itself a threshold of symbolic relation; symbolic capacity requires the additional mechanisms of discrimination, inscription, recognition, and relations among symbols. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === Section 3.1.1 distinguished measured complexity, non-linearity, emergence, and operative excess. This subsection now asks what kind of relations compose, constrain, or transform material configurations. It distinguishes material relation from symbolic relation and prepares Section 3.1.3, where continuity and stability are separated. The sequence prevents two reductions. Material relations do not depend on a symbolic observer, but symbolic relations are not merely another name for physical interaction. Each regime requires its own operations and evidence. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is to avoid choosing between self-sufficient things and an undifferentiated web. Material participants are required for every concrete relation, yet their determinate capacities can depend on the relations through which they are composed and maintained. A second problem concerns knowledge. A material organisation exists independently of observation. A situated portion of it becomes concrete for an observing system when it is observed or captured. Conceptual intelligibility requires the further operation of a symbolically capable system. Observation does not create the real, and the concrete does not already include the formalism later used to represent and explain it. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The central thesis is that many identities and capacities are relational achievements. Ontological priority is explanatory rather than chronological: a concrete relation requires materially organised participants, even when those participants acquire their determinate capacities only within that relation. Material relations include dependencies, transfers, constraints, couplings, compositions, and incompatibilities. Symbolic relation is a specific emergent regime. It requires a capable system to discriminate a new material configuration, recognise and singularly inscribe the manifested difference, and subsequently establish relations among symbols. Inscription is therefore not a condition of material relation in general. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === - '''Material relation''' names a materially realised dependence, transfer, constraint, coupling, composition, or incompatibility that requires no prior symbolisation. - '''Concrete''' is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material observing system. It is not yet, for that reason alone, symbolic or theoretical. - '''Symbolic relation''' exists when a capable system establishes relations among materially instantiated symbols and allows those relations to modulate later operations. - '''Inaugural inscription''' co-constitutes a passive mark and its first corresponding symbol. Later recognised occurrences constitute additional symbols; they do not reinscribe or reorganise the mark. - '''Relational tension''' names an incompatibility, gradient, or unresolved constraint. It must not be confused with operative excess, which occurs only when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === For any case, readers should first identify the material participants and the dependencies or constraints that relate them. They should then ask whether observation has made a portion of the real concrete for a system and whether symbolic operations have actually occurred. The existence of a material relation does not establish inscription; the presence of tension does not establish operative excess; and a symbol never reorganises anything in isolation. A useful comparison is to analyse a magnetic field, a living boundary, and a legal category. All involve material relations. Only the latter two may involve regulation, and only a suitably organised system can establish relations among symbols. The analytical gain lies in identifying the additional operations rather than describing every relation as already symbolic. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]]. {{BookCat}} n314wrurouip44lwex7bh4hn2mg004w Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Complexity, Relation, Excess/III - Stability Is Not Continuity 0 476968 4673109 4671427 2026-09-30T11:01:45Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align all operative-excess passages in 3.1.3 with the OEC Constitution and remove agentive response and coercion 4673109 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.1.3 – Stability Is Not Continuity == Stability is not identical with continuity, but neither term excludes the other. Continuity is material persistence through time and need not be motionless repetition. Stability is the persistence of a configuration or capacity under a stated range of perturbations and at a stated scale. It can result from structure, regulation, or symbolic mediation; a stable configuration can persist without operative excess being established. === The Illusion of Continuity === Claims of identity through time operate under different criteria. A person changes biologically and symbolically while retaining many material continuities; a species is tracked through populations and lineages rather than one fixed essence; an institution can persist through turnover of members and revision of practices. None of these examples proves that continuity is illusory. Each requires an account of what persists, what changes, and which scale and criterion support the attribution of identity. These cases combine continuity and stability differently. A person's biossoma preserves material and organisational continuities while memory, narrative, and social recognition contribute symbolic forms of identity. A species persists through genealogical relations and population processes. An institution depends on people, documents, infrastructures, rules, and practices whose coupling may preserve some capacities while transforming others. Reorganisation is possible without being continuous or required in every interval. This distinction must be carefully separated from Alfred North Whitehead's process metaphysics, with which it shares certain superficial features. Whitehead rejected substance in favour of "actual occasions of experience" — momentary events that perish immediately upon coming into being, such that all continuity is the inheritance of one occasion by another (Whitehead [1929] 1978, 29). The OEC accepts the rejection of substance but diverges from Whitehead on two points. First, Whitehead's "occasions of experience" retain a proto-subjectivist dimension — each occasion has a "subjective aim" that orients its becoming. The OEC rejects all forms of proto-subjectivity: there is no aim, no orientation, no experiential interiority at the fundamental level of material reorganisation. Second, Whitehead's scheme remains cosmological in aspiration — it seeks to describe the ultimate structure of all reality. The OEC is not cosmology; it is an ontology of operative configurations, and it makes no claims about the ultimate nature of physical reality as such. === Stability as Functional Coupling === The symbolic designates a materially realised regime in which a capable system discriminates a difference, inscribes or recognises it through symbols, establishes relations among those symbols, and allows those relations to modulate subsequent operations. Symbolic reorganisation does not result from fracture or failure as a cause. Where, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present symbolic form, operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which symbolic form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Functional coupling, developed in §3.3.3, explains one important class of stability: two or more processes constrain or enable one another in a way that sustains a specified capacity. Not every stability requires active modulation; structural arrangement can suffice within suitable conditions. Every attribution must state the perturbations, scale, and interval relative to which the configuration is stable. Stability may be structural, regulated, or symbolically mediated, and these modes can overlap. A crystal can be structurally stable under suitable conditions. Homeostatic processes can counter deviations. Symbolically capable systems can recognise occurrences under marks and reorganise relations among symbols. DNA participates in biochemical coding practices as described by biological theory, but calling DNA itself a symbolic system requires an explicit account of the system and level to which discrimination and symbol relations are attributed. The distinction becomes clear in the phenomenon of homeostasis. In living systems, to maintain oneself means to adjust, not to preserve identity. Homeostatic stability results from non-symbolic functional modulation, in which living matter reorganises internal equilibria in response to variations (Morin 1980, 274). Simondon's account of metastable individuation — where stability is the result of internal resolution of incompatibilities (Simondon 2005, 215) — resonates here. The OEC accepts this plasticity but does not assign a distinct explanatory status to a pre-individual field as a common origin. It begins instead from presently configured matter. Where, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form, operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. This operator applies across material levels; the asymmetry between a system that symbolises and what it symbolises arises only in the specific regime of symbolic organisation. Canguilhem's reading is also invoked: the normal is not statistical regularity but normative capacity in the face of the unforeseen (Canguilhem 1966, 92). A persistent objection must be addressed: do not the laws of physics themselves constitute permanent features of reality? If so, does not the OEC's claim that "stability is not continuity" fail at the most fundamental level? The OEC's response is twofold. First, the status of physical laws is an open question in physics itself: whether laws are eternal regularities, emergent features of the universe's history, or descriptions of local operative regimes remains debated (Smolin 2013, 92). The OEC does not need to resolve this debate; it only needs to note that the permanence of physical laws is not self-evident. Second, even if physical laws are permanent, this does not undermine the OEC's claim, which concerns the ontological status of configurations, not of the principles that govern material interaction. A law may be permanent while every configuration it governs is transient. The distinction between laws and configurations is precisely the distinction between the conditions of operative reorganisation and the operative reorganisations themselves. The relevant dialogues require different distinctions. Prigogine's work on dissipative structures shows that ordered patterns can be sustained under specified far-from-equilibrium conditions (Prigogine and Stengers [1979] 1984, 10). The OEC retains that result without treating instability or collapse as a universal creative origin; operative excess must be demonstrated by stating the criterion and identifying the materially realisable relations and the relations realised in the present form that the criterion compares. Latour's distribution of agency across heterogeneous networks draws attention to material participation (Latour 2005, 12), but causal participation alone does not establish symbolic operation. Symbolic status requires evidence of discrimination, inscription, recognition through symbols, relations among symbols, and their effects on subsequent operations. Harman's emphasis on object identity provides a contrasting account of persistence (Harman 2011, 5); the OEC instead explains stability through conditional organisation. Haraway's analyses of sympoiesis foreground interdependence and multispecies composition (Haraway 2016, 45); the OEC asks which concrete couplings sustain each configuration without presuming harmony, symbolic organisation, or one mechanism across all cases. Stability is not the negation of change. Some configurations persist because they reorganise; others persist because their structure remains compatible with prevailing conditions. Continuity, regulation, and symbolic revision are distinct resources. The common point is conditionality: no finite configuration carries a final guarantee of persistence, but this absence of guarantee does not imply perpetual change, chaos, or the need for continuous self-reorganisation. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This subsection completes Section 3.1 by separating continuity from stability. Section 3.1.1 rejected a linear ladder of complexity; Section 3.1.2 distinguished material and symbolic relations. Section 3.1.3 now asks how a configuration or capacity can persist without being treated as an invariant substance. The distinction prepares the later account of functional coupling and local order. It also prevents persistence, regulation, and symbolic revision from being treated as one mechanism. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is the equation of stability with unchanged continuity. A configuration may remain materially continuous while changing its capacities, or preserve a capacity while replacing many of its components. Conversely, structural continuity does not show how the configuration responds to a relevant perturbation. The attribution of stability must therefore identify what persists, the perturbations under consideration, the relevant scale, and the interval of assessment. This does not imply that every stable configuration actively regulates itself or continuously consumes new inputs. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === Continuity is material persistence through time. Stability is the persistence of a specified configuration or capacity under a stated range of perturbations. Stability may be structural, regulated, or symbolically mediated, and these modes can overlap. Functional coupling explains an important class of stability, but not every case. A structural arrangement can remain stable under suitable conditions without active modulation. Homeostatic regulation can counter deviations. A symbolically capable system can revise relations among symbols. In every case, stability is conditional without thereby being unreal or merely apparent. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === - '''Continuity''' names material persistence through time; it does not require motionless identity. - '''Stability''' names persistence under specified perturbations, at a stated scale and interval. - '''Structural stability''' can arise from an arrangement remaining compatible with prevailing conditions. - '''Regulated stability''' uses functional processes to counter or accommodate deviations. - '''Symbolically mediated stability''' involves a capable system recognising occurrences through symbols and altering relations among symbols. - '''Operative excess''' is not required for every stable configuration. It occurs only when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === Readers should ask four questions when stability is attributed. What exactly persists? Against which perturbation? At what scale? Through which material mechanism? These questions distinguish a crystal lattice, homeostasis, institutional persistence, and symbolic revision without forcing them into one model. The subsection prepares the analysis of local order in Section 3.3. If different configurations persist through different conditional mechanisms, their stability does not establish a universal principle of order. It identifies a local achievement whose conditions and limits must be demonstrated. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]]. {{BookCat}} hd0p1w1msxzziidh4k66f5havlpfri6 Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/I - The Regime of Precedence 0 476971 4673116 4671431 2026-09-30T11:19:16Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold 4673116 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.2.1 – The Regime of Precedence == A code repository precedes a running application, and a seed precedes a mature plant. Neither fact shows that the earlier configuration already contains every later operation in finished form. The regime of precedence begins when temporal or causal priority is converted into a sufficient ontological ground. Several influential philosophical lineages explain novelty through antecedent substances, principles, conditions, conflicts, or historical formations. These explanatory roles are not equivalent, and the diagnosis advanced here is not a universal claim about Western philosophy. The regime of precedence begins only when an antecedent is made sufficient to specify the identity and capacities of the later configuration, so that novelty becomes the fulfilment, derivation, or retrospective confirmation of what was already there. This is not merely a matter of language but of philosophical architecture. In moving away from theological creation, several traditions retained models in which novelty is intelligible only as the unfolding of a prior principle, sufficient reason, dialectical necessity, or transcendental condition (Aristotle 1984a, 71; Leibniz 1989, 210; Hegel [1807] 1977, 179). Derrida's ''différance'' complicates rather than simply repeats this architecture (Derrida [1967] 1997, 41). The present objection is not that explanation requires conditions; any material explanation does. It is that conditions are sometimes treated as if they already contained the complete identity and capacities of what later emerged. The classical cases already require differentiation. Anaximander's ''apeiron'' functions as that from which things arise and to which they return, whereas Heraclitean conflict concerns the tension through which an ordered world persists rather than a separate substance containing its results (Kirk and Raven 1957, 105; Freeman 1949, 254). Plato assigns explanatory priority to intelligible Forms in relation to visible things, while Aristotle distinguishes several senses of cause and principle and gives the unmoved mover a final-causal role (Plato 1997, 41d; Aristotle 1984a, 1072b). The present criticism does not treat these doctrines as one account of origin. It asks, in each case, whether the relevant antecedent or principle explains the conditions of a process or makes the later form derivative from an order already sufficient to determine it. Modern accounts redistribute the explanatory work. Descartes seeks certainty through the thinking subject; Leibniz formulates the principle of sufficient reason; Kant locates the conditions of possible experience in ''a priori'' forms (Descartes 1996, 17; Leibniz 1989, 210; Kant [1781] 1998, 154). A transcendental condition is not a temporal cause or a hidden plan, and it does not by itself contain the empirical identity of what appears. The narrower question is whether the relevant conditions are treated as necessary constraints on intelligibility or as a sufficient explanation of the concrete capacities that later become operative. Hegel cannot be reduced to an initial lack awaiting repair. Determinate negation makes development internal to the transformation of a form rather than dependent on an external model (Hegel [1807] 1977, 179). The disagreement concerns the systematic role of that development: whether a later determination becomes intelligible within a movement whose moments acquire their place through the whole, and whether this makes novelty part of an ultimately integrative trajectory. Twentieth-century critiques complicate rather than merely preserve precedence. Freud relates psychic formation to conflict, repetition, and repression; Heidegger displaces causal origin through the temporality of existence; Derrida's ''différance'' contests pure presence; Nancy thinks existence through being-with; Foucault analyses subjects within historically specific practices and formations (Freud [1920] 1955, 60; Heidegger [1927] 1962, 184; Derrida [1967] 1997, 41; Nancy 1991, 39; Foucault 1972, 63). These projects cannot be reduced to a shared logic of lack. The question posed from the present framework is whether their distinct operators can be materially specified in a way that identifies how a genuinely new capacity crosses a threshold, rather than redescribing it solely through an antecedent field, difference, or historical condition. The cases examined here reveal a recurrent risk: novelty can be redescribed as synthesis, detour, deviation, or delay until its distinctive capacities disappear from the explanation. The criticism does not demand operativity without cause. It demands that causal history and enabling conditions be distinguished from a foundation said to specify the later result exhaustively. What remains difficult to articulate is the appearance of a capacity that follows materially from a history without being completely described by that history. Heidegger's ''Ereignis'', Derrida's ''différance'', and Foucault's discontinuity offer different resources for resisting simple derivation and cannot be collapsed into one logic of aftermath (Heidegger [1927] 1962, 248; Derrida [1967] 1997, 41; Foucault 1972, 141). The question is whether their resources permit a materially conditioned novelty whose organisation is not preformed as a latent identity. The framework neither replaces absence with fullness nor structure with flux. It does not reject the historical question of where a configuration came from; it rejects the conversion of that history into a sufficient ground. Operative excess is present when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It is an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Emergence occurs when a materially conditioned reconfiguration crosses an operational threshold and a new capacity becomes operative. Antecedent conditions enable and constrain the transition without specifying the concrete result in advance. Operative excess is therefore an affirmative causal motor of emergence across structural and symbolic material organisations; it is neither a symbolic exception nor an agent. This is not an update of vitalism. Material heterogeneity remains open to causal investigation even when no single causal chain exhausts a complex transition. Emergence is not necessarily the resolution of contradiction, collapse, or lack. It is a conditioned reorganisation in which a new capacity appears at an identifiable scale and must be established through its operations and effects. No finality or redemptive logic follows. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This subsection opens Section 3.2 by introducing the regime of precedence. The term does not name temporal sequence or causal explanation as such. It names the conversion of an antecedent condition, principle, or history into a sufficient ground that is said to specify the identity and capacities of what later emerges. The following subsections examine different versions of this conversion and progressively separate enabling conditions from a foundation that precontains the result. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is not that philosophy explains the present through its history or an effect through its causes. Material explanation requires antecedent conditions. The problem arises when those conditions are made sufficient to determine the later form, causing novelty to appear as derivation, fulfilment, or retrospective confirmation. The historical examples perform different explanatory functions. Substance, sufficient reason, transcendental conditions, dialectical development, repression, ''différance'', and historical formation must not be treated as versions of one doctrine. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The section does not deny temporal priority, causal history, or enabling conditions. It rejects the inference that a later capacity must already have existed in completed or latent form because its emergence depended on earlier configurations. Emergence remains materially conditioned. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form. Whether reconfiguration occurs depends on the full set of materially active relations. Emergence occurs when a reconfiguration crosses an operational threshold and a new capacity becomes operative. Antecedent conditions enable and constrain the transition without specifying its concrete result in advance. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === - '''Temporal or causal precedence''' states that one configuration or process occurred earlier or contributed to another; this is not yet an ontological foundation. - '''Regime of precedence''' arises when priority is made sufficient to determine the later identity or capacity. - '''Retroactive origin''' reads the achieved result back into its antecedents as if they had already specified it. - '''Enabling condition''' makes a transition possible and constrains it without necessarily fixing the result. - '''Operative excess''' supplies an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === Asking where a configuration came from is legitimate and often necessary. Readers should instead test the answer: does it identify material conditions and mechanisms, or does it make the later result appear already complete in its antecedents? Could the same conditions have supported more than one outcome? Which new capacity appeared, at what scale, and through which reorganisation? The inquiry should combine historical and present-tense questions: which relations enabled the transition, which threshold was crossed, and which relations now sustain the resulting capacity? Refusing precedence does not erase history; it prevents history from becoming destiny. For bibliographic details, see [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|References]]. {{BookCat}} 4dm79e8u6p8gbym8zxu83s13gatsix7 Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/II - The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity 0 476972 4673119 4671447 2026-09-30T11:19:16Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold 4673119 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.2.2 – The Classical Substrate: Substance and Necessity == One recurrent strategy in classical ontology makes the new intelligible by subordinating it to what precedes it. On this reading, what appears is explained as consequence, actualisation, or conformity to an anterior principle. The problem is not that classical thought formed a single doctrine, nor that every appeal to antecedent conditions cancels novelty. It arises when the prior condition is treated as already containing the identity of what later appears. From Anaximander's ''apeiron'' to Aristotle's unmoved mover, from Heraclitean conflict to Platonic Forms, classical accounts assign different roles to anterior principles, causes, and intelligible structures (Kirk and Raven 1957, 105; Freeman 1949, 254; Plato 1997, 41d; Aristotle 1984a, 1072b). These positions should not be treated as one doctrine. The shared question is whether the antecedent merely enables and constrains the new or whether the later form is understood as the realisation of an identity already contained in what preceded it. When the second alternative is adopted, novelty is converted into the expression of a codified necessity. The problem is not that an event can be traced to causes — causal traceability is indispensable — but that explanation becomes retrospective containment: whatever occurred is redescribed as what had to occur. Such retrospective necessity confuses a warranted reconstruction of conditions with the claim that those conditions contained a complete model of the result. A materialist account can preserve causes, dispositions, and constraints while accepting that their organisation at a threshold produces capacities not attributable to any component in isolation. The target is therefore not substance or anteriority as such but the belief that everything that begins must make explicit what was already implicit. Emergence is a local, conditioned reconfiguration rather than the execution of a preformed identity. It can respond to prior relations without being reducible to a replay of them. Matter is not a passive substrate awaiting the realisation of form. Material configurations vary, couple, and cross thresholds under causal constraints. A new organisation may appear before failure, during crisis, or through gradual integration; no single narrative of saturation or collapse governs every emergence. The philosophical proposition is consequently not a denial of beginnings. Material processes have beginnings, causes, and earliest documented stages. An “origin” becomes problematic when a later symbolic narrative selects one such point and treats it as a sovereign foundation that contained the whole subsequent organisation. To think in this context is both to reconstruct what gave rise to a configuration and to test which capacities cannot be explained by component history alone. Operative listening keeps the explanatory scheme revisable when the evidence resists it. The error lies not in temporal regression as a research method but in turning precedence into ontological superiority. Something can continue material processes while acquiring a capacity that is not a mere repetition of them. A material disposition constrains what can occur without serving as a complete plan of the result. The OEC locates the transition more precisely. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. It makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. If a reconfiguration crosses an operational threshold and a new capacity becomes effective, emergence has occurred. The antecedent configuration is causally indispensable, but it is not thereby an ontologically superior model in which the emergent capacity already existed in completed form. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This subsection is the first historical test of the regime of precedence introduced in §3.2.1. It compares distinct classical accounts of anterior principle, cause, form, and necessity in order to isolate one recurrent risk: treating what precedes a configuration as if it already contained the complete identity of what later emerges. Section 3.2.3 will examine how related explanatory demands are reformulated in modern philosophies of foundation and structure. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is how to reconstruct causes and antecedent conditions without converting explanation into retrospective necessity. Anaximander, Heraclitus, Plato, and Aristotle do not offer one theory and do not assign the same role to origin, conflict, form, or cause. The comparison asks a narrower question of each case: does the antecedent enable and constrain the later organisation, or is the later treated as the execution of an identity already present in what came before? === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The thesis separates causal conditioning from ontological preformation. Material processes have beginnings, causes, constraints, dispositions, and histories. None of these facts entails that a later capacity was completely specified in advance. A configuration can continue antecedent processes and nevertheless acquire, through reorganisation at a threshold, a capacity that cannot be attributed to its components in isolation. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === The key distinction is between precedence and ontological superiority. Precedence concerns temporal or causal order; ontological superiority is the additional claim that the earlier principle contains, grounds, or measures the identity of the later configuration. Operative excess names an affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form. Whether reconfiguration occurs depends on the full set of materially active relations. An operational threshold is crossed when a new capacity becomes effective. These concepts preserve causal explanation while rejecting the inference from “conditioned by” to “already contained in”. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === Readers should avoid two shortcuts. The first treats every classical appeal to cause, form, or potency as a denial of novelty; the second assumes that acknowledging emergence requires abandoning causal reconstruction. The section supports neither conclusion. A useful reading exercise is to take a claimed origin and ask separately what it causally enables, what it constrains, and whether the later capacity is being inferred as a preformed result. The decisive question is: '''when does a legitimate account of antecedent conditions become a retrospective claim that the outcome had to be what it became?''' {{BookCat}} rptlldj25xltg31whxqu152i3rp7d1l Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/III - Modernity’s Continuation: Foundation and Structure 0 476973 4673120 4671449 2026-09-30T11:19:17Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold 4673120 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.2.3 – Modernity's Continuation: Foundation and Structure == Several modern philosophies relocate rather than simply abolish the demand for foundation. The differences among them are decisive: epistemic certainty, sufficient reason, transcendental conditions, and dialectical development are not interchangeable doctrines. The comparison made here concerns one restricted question: whether the framework that makes an event intelligible is also taken to determine in advance the identity of what can appear. Descartes seeks a secure beginning for knowledge in the certainty of the ''cogito'' (Descartes 1996, 17). This is an epistemological foundation, not a transcendental theory of material emergence. Its relevance to the regime of precedence lies in the order of justification: later claims acquire warrant through a starting point whose certainty is meant to resist doubt. The OEC does not deny the need for reasons; it asks whether a foundational sequence of reasons should also govern the ontology of novelty. Leibniz's principle of sufficient reason states that no fact is true or existent without a sufficient reason why it is so rather than otherwise (Leibniz 1989, 210). This does not mean that every fact is deductively available to finite knowers. The pressure relevant here is instead the expectation of complete intelligibility in principle. If a sufficient reason is interpreted as an exhaustive specification of the result, emergence is reduced to what a completed account would reveal as already determined. The OEC preserves causal and explanatory reason while refusing that stronger inference. Kant transforms the problem by asking for the ''a priori'' conditions under which objects of experience are possible for us (Kant [1781] 1998, 154). The categories are neither substances nor empirical causes, and Kant's position does not imply that experience cannot surprise. The narrower divergence is that transcendental conditions determine the general form under which something can count as an object of possible experience, whereas the OEC investigates how new material capacities become operative before and independently of their complete symbolic articulation. Hegel's dialectic gives contradiction, mediation, and historical development a constitutive role, and it cannot be reduced to static foundationalism (Hegel [1807] 1977, 69). It offers a powerful account of how determinate forms transform through their relations. The critical question is whether the new retains genuine contingency when its place can be retrospectively comprehended within the self-development of the whole. The disagreement concerns systematic necessity, not the bare use of contradiction or mediation. Modern foundation and structure thus present several different versions of the regime of precedence. Structure is not itself a philosophical error: material organisations have structures, and those structures enable as well as constrain. The problem begins when the conditions of intelligibility, justification, or systemic development are treated as a complete ontological model of what can emerge. The framework rejects the demand that every novelty conform to a preformed conceptual or ontological model. Emergence does not exceed all conditions: it is materially conditioned. What it exceeds is the claim that those conditions supply an exhaustive description, a sufficient guarantee, or a fixed identity of the capacity that appears. To emerge is not necessarily to realise a latent structure or to produce instability. It is to acquire a new capacity at a threshold of organisation. Structures can enable the transition as well as constrain it; inquiry must identify their material role rather than dismissing them as containment. What is at stake is an ontology of intelligibility in which some meanings and capacities arise with new organisations. Emergence is not a universal motor and does not by itself establish symbolic organisation or thought. Those stronger attributions require evidence of inscription, relations among symbols, recursive modulation, and effects on subsequent operations. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This subsection follows the classical cases of §3.2.2 by asking how several modern systems reformulate the demand for explanatory precedence. Descartes, Leibniz, Kant, and Hegel are compared through different problems — certainty, sufficient reason, transcendental conditions, and dialectical development — rather than treated as instances of one doctrine. Section 3.2.4 will then examine critiques that displace substantial origin through history, trace, archive, and relation. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is whether a framework that makes knowledge or experience intelligible must also determine the identity of every material novelty. Descartes orders justification from a secure epistemic beginning; Leibniz affirms sufficient reason without reducing it to what finite knowers can deduce; Kant specifies conditions of possible experience rather than empirical causes; Hegel makes mediation and development internal to the concept. The section asks where each contribution ends and the stronger claim of ontological preformation would begin. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The thesis is not that modern philosophy simply repeats classical substance. It is that distinct modern accounts can be read through a recurrent risk: turning conditions of justification, intelligibility, or development into an exhaustive model of the capacities that may emerge. The OEC retains reasons, structures, mediation, and material conditions while denying that they supply a complete identity or guarantee of the result in advance. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === The key distinctions are epistemic foundation versus material cause; sufficient reason versus finite deduction; transcendental condition versus empirical mechanism; and dialectical intelligibility versus a predetermined material outcome. Emergence is materially conditioned: operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form; whether reconfiguration occurs depends on the full set of materially active relations; and a new capacity becomes emergent at an operational threshold. Structure can enable this transition and is not rejected merely for preceding it. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === This subsection prepares §5.2, but it must not replace four philosophers with a single narrative called “modernity”. Readers should ask of each argument what kind of precedence is at issue, what it legitimately explains, and whether a further inference to ontological predetermination has been made. A useful comparison is to place the same emergent case under four questions: what warrants knowledge of it, what explains why it occurred, under what conditions it becomes an object of experience, and whether its place in a larger development makes its concrete form necessary. The questions are related, but their answers are not interchangeable. {{BookCat}} 8crsrrxwbsqymff1dcyr9e9oz7it4iu Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/IV - Critical Displacement without Abandonment 0 476974 4673115 4671450 2026-09-30T11:19:16Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold 4673115 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.2.4 – Critical Displacement without Abandonment == Several twentieth-century critiques displaced rather than simply abolished questions of origin. Trauma, repression, forgetting, trace, archive, and dispositif do not perform the same function, and none should be treated as a disguised foundation without analysis. Their value lies precisely in showing how subjects and meanings depend on histories that are neither transparent nor sovereign. Freud's accounts of repetition, repression, and deferred action show how psychic novelty can be organised by a history that is not consciously available (Freud [1920] 1955). The present disagreement is limited: such mechanisms should not become a universal model in which every novelty is only the return or deformation of an earlier content. Heidegger's history of Being and analysis of concealment make disclosure inseparable from a historical horizon (Heidegger [1927] 1962). This supplies a warning against claims of unmediated presence. It does not, by itself, establish that every material emergence is the return of what was withdrawn. Derrida's critique of presence establishes that repetition and difference inhabit every signifying identity and that inscription never begins from pure self-presence (Derrida [1967] 1997). The present framework retains this insight for symbolic systems while refusing to infer that material novelty in general is merely belated writing. Nancy's ''being-in-common'' resists substantial enclosure by making coexistence constitutive (Nancy 1991). This relation to exposure is retained; the account developed here adds the need to identify concrete material couplings and the capacities they sustain rather than treating exposure alone as an explanation of emergence. Foucault's archives and dispositifs show how fields of visibility, statement, and action are historically organised (Foucault 1972). Such conditions can explain why a novelty becomes legible and efficacious without entailing that the novelty was fully encoded in the prior regime. These critical resources displace substantial origin without abandoning history, mediation, or relationality. The present argument should not seek a “positivity without network”, because material emergence always depends on relations. It asks instead when a relational history enables a capacity it did not contain as a complete specification. The framework therefore retains critical displacement without promoting absence, repression, forgetting, or structure into a total foundation. Matter can reconfigure under specific conditions in ways that produce a capacity not reducible to return, echo, or supplement. The new remains materially related to its antecedents even where it cannot be exhaustively reintegrated into their prior description. Anteriority, causal reconstruction, and records remain legitimate conditions of inquiry. What is refused is their conversion into an ontological debt that cancels novelty. Thought operates in the present through material inheritances and revisable reconstructions; there is no absolute presence outside those relations. To say that something emerges is to claim that a materially conditioned reorganisation produces a new capacity at a threshold. In the OEC, operative excess makes such reorganisation possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. Whether reorganisation occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Prior symbolic inscription is required only where the capacity itself is symbolic. Operative excess is an affirmative causal motor of emergence, not a synonym for all causation, change, complexity, or variation. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === After the classical and modern cases in §§3.2.2–3.2.3, this subsection examines twentieth-century critiques that already displace substantial origin. Freud, Heidegger, Derrida, Nancy, and Foucault introduce different accounts of deferred action, historical disclosure, trace, coexistence, archive, and dispositif. The subsection asks what these resources explain and where they should not be generalised into a complete ontology of material emergence. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is how to preserve history, mediation, repetition, exposure, and organised fields of legibility without making every novelty the return, deformation, or delayed manifestation of what preceded it. The thinkers discussed do not secretly repeat one foundation. Each demonstrates a different way in which subjects, meanings, or statements depend on relations they do not sovereignly control. The critical question is whether a specific account of symbolic or historical formation can be extended to material emergence in general. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The thesis retains critical displacement without converting absence, repression, forgetting, trace, exposure, or structure into a universal ground. Material novelty remains related to antecedent configurations and can be reconstructed through records and causes. It is nevertheless emergent when a materially conditioned reorganisation produces a new operative capacity that the prior configuration did not contain as a complete specification. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === The key distinctions are symbolic history versus material emergence; enabling relation versus exhaustive specification; and critical displacement versus total explanation. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form; it does not make reconfiguration necessary. Prior inscription is required only where the capacity at issue is symbolic. This prevents Derrida's analysis of signification, for example, from being silently generalised into a theory of every material transition. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === Readers should evaluate each interlocutor separately. Ask what domain the concept was designed to explain, which evidence supports its use there, and what additional argument would be required to extend it. A useful exercise is to compare a case of deferred symbolic recognition with a non-symbolic material transition: both have histories, but only the first necessarily involves inscription and interpretation. The subsection's discipline is neither to abandon the critical traditions nor to let their vocabularies decide every case in advance. {{BookCat}} eerqdfmjq3fhbga6a33vivjqxl6p4ck Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/V - The Irruption Without Ground 0 476975 4673118 4671452 2026-09-30T11:19:16Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold 4673118 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.2.5 – The Irruption Without Ground == In an autocatalytic network, reactions that were separately possible can become mutually sustaining once a material organisation reaches the relevant conditions. The example does not abolish chemistry or causal history; it raises a narrower question: when does a conditioned change justify saying that a new capacity has become operative? Irruption without ground names that appearance without treating any antecedent as a complete blueprint. There is a point at which philosophies organised by foundation hesitate: the conception of something emerging without an antecedent that guarantees its identity. This does not mean an event without causes or relations. It means a positive capacity whose concrete form was not completely specified by what preceded it and cannot be reassigned to a sovereign origin after the fact. The framework suspends origin as a sovereign explanatory concept, not material history. What emerges does not result as a conclusion follows deductively from premises: antecedent conditions constrain the process without necessarily specifying it. The event has causes and conditions but no prior plan that guarantees its identity. Emergence is inaugural only in the restricted sense that a capacity becomes operative which was not previously realised at that level of organisation. === What "Without Ground" Means — And What It Does Not Mean === The claim that emergence occurs “without ground” invites immediate misunderstanding and must be delimited. It does not mean emergence in a vacuum, without a material context, causal history, pre-existing configuration, or enabling conditions. Matter does not emerge from nothing. “Without ground” means that no antecedent is promoted into a sufficient foundation that contains, specifies, and guarantees the later capacity. Conditions can have real explanatory force while remaining insufficient for an exhaustive reduction. The distinction is between causal explanation and ontological preformation, not between conditions and explanation. Abiogenesis illustrates the required discipline without proving the thesis in advance. Research investigates chemical environments, catalytic surfaces, self-maintaining networks, heredity, and compartmentalisation as possible conditions and mechanisms for transitions towards living organisation. Current explanatory incompleteness is not evidence of ontological irreducibility. The philosophical claim must instead be tested against a successful account: even if every relevant mechanism were described, would the capacity of the organised system be attributable to any component in isolation, or would it belong to their thresholded coupling? Kauffman's work on self-organisation supplies hypotheses for this inquiry rather than a licence to declare order “free” (Kauffman 1993, 173). === Possibility Without Reserve === One clarification remains, because the argument will be pressed on its modal vocabulary: what does it mean to say that something ''can'' emerge, if there is no reservoir of possibilities in which the "can" would be housed? The answer is that modal talk, in this framework, does not name a stock of pre-existing possibilia. "Possible" is an operative predicate of actual configurations: it names the compatibilities that a present arrangement sustains — the couplings it could enter, given its tensions and thresholds — without those couplings existing anywhere as waiting entities. Compatibilities are not beings held in reserve; they are relational properties of what is actually there, in the way that a surface's capacity to be scratched is a property of the surface and not a ghostly scratch subsisting beside it. When a threshold is crossed and a new capacity appears, it is therefore imprecise to say that the capacity "was possible" in the sense of pre-existing its emergence: what pre-existed were compatibilities, and the capacity is what their reorganisation produced. Modal statements are themselves symbolic operations — retrospective or anticipatory inscriptions that track the dispositions of actual configurations, always revisable, never windows onto a domain of unrealised worlds. The framework thus keeps the full use of "can", "could", and "might" while refusing their reification, against real possible worlds (§1.2) as much as against the virtual reserve: modality is a manner of describing the actual, not a second region of being. The regime of precedence can survive even where rupture is affirmed if every novelty is reduced to aftermath. Simondon's pre-individual field and Glissant's poetics of relation offer different alternatives to substantial origin and should not be treated as equivalent grounds (Simondon 2005, 78; Glissant [1990] 1997, 15). The present divergence is narrower: metastability and relation are enabling conditions, but neither should be treated as a reservoir in which the identity of every later form already resides. The alternative refuses a latent field or virtual reservoir in which the identity of what emerges would already be contained. Material conditions precede and causally contribute to every emergence. They delimit and enable what can happen without necessarily specifying or guaranteeing the new capacity. Emergence therefore comes from its conditions without relating to them as a programmed output: it occurs as their reorganisation at a threshold whose effects must be demonstrated. === Irruption as Material Process === This conception modifies rather than abandons explanation. Inquiry reconstructs causes, conditions, mechanisms, thresholds, and effects while resisting the retrospective fiction that the outcome was completely contained in its antecedents. Philosophy remains interpretive and criticisable; it does not merely adhere to whatever imposes itself. Irruption, as conceived here, is material throughout. Matter crosses thresholds through causal interactions among configurations and environments, without requiring a plan, programme, or final end. Conditions outside a local organisation can be causally decisive; what they need not provide is a complete symbolic or structural specification of the result. Reconfiguration can produce a new condition without recovering a former one. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the present form. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which form results depend on the full set of materially active relations. This condition is neither a missing foundation nor a stock of finished possibilities; it identifies an opening of material realisability within the actual configuration. The philosophical cost of this position is high. It demands that we abandon the notion that reality must be made completely intelligible by origin, and accept instead that intelligibility is a local achievement of symbolically organised inquiry. When operative excess is established in a present symbolic organisation, thought may participate in reconfiguration by reorganising relations among symbols. This response neither reveals a hidden plan nor dispenses with the reconstruction of what preceded it. Emergence does not self-validate. A claim of emergence is warranted only when evidence identifies the relevant conditions and threshold, establishes a new capacity, and shows why the capacity cannot be assigned to the components independently at the scale in question. Reorganisational effects are evidence to be examined, not authority exempt from criticism. In this ontology, sovereign origin gives way to threshold. Causes, histories, and mechanisms remain indispensable, while no ''archē'' or final plan is required. The task is to explain when a material organisation acquires a capacity that could not operate before the relevant relations were established. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This subsection articulates the OEC's positive concept of emergence: the irruption without ground. After the preceding subsections diagnosed and displaced the regime of precedence, this one states what the OEC proposes in its place: emergence as the appearance of genuinely new operative capacities within the field, without prior determination. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is the intelligibility of novelty: if there is no founding origin or template, how can the new be understood? An account of emergence must examine antecedent constraints and the operative conditions under which a threshold was crossed, while resisting the temptation to treat the outcome as though it had already been specified by those conditions. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === Emergence is irruption in a delimited sense: it is not the unfolding of a completed form stored in a virtual or latent reserve, but a materially conditioned reorganisation that becomes possible under operative excess and in which a new capacity becomes effective at a threshold. Operative excess neither makes the reorganisation necessary nor determines its result. Unpredictability is not the criterion of emergence. A transition may be modelled or anticipated without the later capacity having existed in advance as a finished identity. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === Irruption names the appearance of a new operative capacity without a sovereign ground. “Without ground” excludes an antecedent that completely specifies and guarantees the result; it does not exclude causes, histories, environments, or enabling conditions. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present form, thereby making reconfiguration possible. The operational threshold is crossed when the new capacity becomes effective, and the claim must be warranted by its concrete effects rather than by surprise or explanatory incompleteness. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === Readers should test the distinction against cases whose mechanisms can be investigated: the emergence of living organisation from chemistry or of institutional capacities from coordinated practices. Ask what preceded the transition, under which explicit criterion materially realisable relations exceeded the relations realised in the present form, where a new capacity became operative, and which effects demonstrate it. Explanatory gaps do not prove emergence, and successful prediction does not disprove it. Claims about consciousness require the separate criteria stated in §6.1 rather than inference from complexity alone. {{BookCat}} 8v4glegprv9b96it4lhqkz8c2702hbn Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/VII - Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence 0 476977 4673117 4671459 2026-09-30T11:19:16Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OEC Constitution: explicit criterion, contingent reconfiguration, and independent emergence threshold 4673117 wikitext text/x-wiki == 3.2.7 – Affirmation: From Precedence to Insistence == A railway signalling fault can recur after its first incident has been repaired. Identifying the earliest failure may be historically necessary, but it does not explain why the fault continues under later conditions. The case directs attention from what came first to what remains operative. The preceding sections call this displacement a move from precedence to insistence. === The limit of precedence === Temporal precedence is indispensable in many explanations. Fuel must be present before combustion; prior training affects later performance; an institution inherits procedures from earlier decisions. The present analysis does not dispute such dependencies. A '''regime of precedence''' arises when “earlier than” is silently transformed into “ontologically more fundamental than”. A cause, condition, or historical event is then treated as if it already contained the identity and capacities of the later configuration. A later event is identified, an earlier condition is reconstructed, and that condition is interpreted as the event's true origin. The novelty is thereby reduced to the unfolding of what was supposedly there all along. This reconstruction can erase emergence. Conditions constrain and enable, but they need not specify the complete operation that later becomes possible. A history of components is necessary for explanation; it is not always sufficient to explain the capacities of their organised coupling. The point is not to replace retrospective explanation with attention to an isolated present. Present configurations are sedimented histories. The point is to prevent history from becoming destiny. === The concept of insistence === '''Insistence''' names the continued operative presence of a relation, pressure, configuration, or unresolved difference through renewed material operations. What insists does not persist because it was first. It persists because couplings keep reproducing it, because a pressure remains unintegrated, or because the configuration continues to generate effects that require response. The definition covers two related cases. A configuration insists when renewed material operations maintain its operative consistency under changing conditions. A difference or pressure insists when its effects remain active without being integrated into the current organisation. Neither case makes insistence a hidden force. The analysis must identify what continues, through which material supports, with which effects, and over what interval. Insistence is not repetition, although recurrent operations can sustain it; altered operations may continue the same operative configuration. It is more specific than persistence, because it directs attention to the renewed work or pressure through which continuation remains effective. It is not inertia, since active adjustment and reorganisation may be required. Nor is it operative excess: an excess may insist, but insistence does not by itself establish that, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in the present form. Even where operative excess is established, it makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Finally, insistence does not abolish precedence; what came first may be causally relevant without being what remains operative. The term should not be applied automatically to every durable object. A rock may persist, but calling its persistence “insistence” is analytically useful only when an ongoing operative relation or pressure has been identified and the concept distinguishes something that “persistence” alone would leave obscure. === Material and symbolic cases === In a living organism, continued viability depends on renewed exchange, repair, regulation, and adjustment. The organism does not endure as an unchanged substance. Its configuration insists through operations that preserve a range of organisation while components and conditions change. In an institution, a rule insists through documents, software, training, budgets, sanctions, expectations, and repeated decisions. Its historical origin may explain how it began. Its present material supports explain how it continues. If those supports are altered, the rule may cease to operate even while its founding text remains. In a symbolic inquiry, an anomalous result can insist when later tests reproduce effects not represented in the accepted framework. The anomaly is not important because it came first; it becomes important because it continues to constrain interpretation and action. Here insistence and operative excess may intersect when, according to an explicit criterion, the symbolic relations made realisable by the continuing results exceed the relations realised in the available symbolic organisation. These cases are not claims that one mechanism operates identically in biology, institutions, and science. They show how the same question can be specified differently: what must keep happening for this configuration or pressure to remain operative? === Insistence is not a new ground === A concept introduced to displace origins can easily become another origin. If insistence were described as a universal energy, law, or motor behind all change, it would repeat the structure it is meant to criticise. Insistence has no independent existence behind configurations. It is an analytical operator for continued operation in a determinate case. It does not explain by itself. Saying “the system insists” is incomplete until the relations, supports, repetitions, corrections, and effects are described. For the same reason, insistence should not replace causal analysis. A complete inquiry may need to reconstruct the antecedent conditions that made the configuration possible, identify any threshold that was crossed, and specify the relations or couplings sustaining its current operation. It may also need to determine what remains unintegrated, which effects continue despite attempts to suppress or absorb them, and what kind of reorganisation would alter the pattern. Precedence and insistence are not mutually exclusive observations. The displacement concerns explanatory privilege: no antecedent is assumed to contain the later capacity, and no present configuration is understood without the operations that sustain it. === Against the objection of irrationalism === If novelty is not fully specified by what preceded it, does explanation become impossible? No. The objection confuses determination with intelligibility. An emergent capacity can be studied through its material conditions, threshold, organisation, and effects. What is refused is the stronger claim that a complete account of prior components would, by itself, make the new capacity deductively inevitable. Explanation can be constrained, evidence-based, and revisable without treating the future as already contained in the past. Intelligibility is often partly retrospective. Once a new capacity operates, inquiry can identify relations that were necessary, compare cases, and refine models. Retrospective analysis does not prove that the capacity was preformed. It shows how a singular outcome became materially possible. Kuhn’s account of scientific change and Bachelard’s account of epistemological rupture offer useful analogies: new conceptual organisations can alter the standards by which evidence is interpreted. This framework does not convert those histories of science into an ontological proof. They illustrate how intelligibility can itself be reorganised. === The ethical dimension === Insistence has ethical relevance when a material pressure, injury, exclusion, or unregistered effect continues to demand symbolic response. The demand is not morally authoritative merely because it persists. Harmful institutions and dominating classifications can insist as effectively as neglected vulnerabilities. Ethical evaluation therefore requires more than attention to what insists. It asks how a possible response would redistribute exposure, maintain capacities for response and repair, preserve heterogeneity, and remain open to contestation. Insistence identifies what cannot responsibly be treated as resolved; it does not decide the response in advance. '''Hesitation''' becomes important here. It suspends an automatic answer long enough to determine whether the current symbolic framework can register the continuing pressure. '''Decision''' then reorganises relations without the guarantee that every consequence is known. These operators are developed in Part IV. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This is the final subsection of §3.2. It introduces insistence as a corrective to the explanatory privilege of precedence, not as its replacement. Precedence asks what came before and remains indispensable to causal history; insistence asks what continues to operate now, through which supports and effects. The distinction completes the critique of sovereign origin and prepares §3.3 on local order. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === How can inquiry preserve antecedent causes without assuming that the earliest condition contains the identity of the later configuration? The section answers by adding a second analytical axis. A history explains how a configuration became possible; insistence identifies the operations or pressures through which something remains effective. Neither axis becomes a universal principle. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === Insistence names the continued operative presence of a configuration, relation, pressure, or unresolved difference through renewed material operations. It can involve functional coupling, repeated support, adjustment, or effects that remain unintegrated, but none of these mechanisms should be assumed in advance. What insists matters because of what continues to operate, not because it was first. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === The key distinctions are precedence versus explanatory privilege, persistence versus insistence, repetition versus renewed operation, and insistence versus operative excess. An excess may insist, but insistence alone does not establish that, according to an explicit criterion, materially realisable relations exceed the relations realised in a present form. Operative excess makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Harmful institutions can also insist, so the concept carries no automatic ethical authority. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === Readers should note that insistence is not mere stubbornness or repetition; it is the ongoing maintenance of a configuration under changing conditions. A railway network, for example, persists not because its founding moment governs every journey but because tracks, signalling, labour, energy, rules, and repairs continue to couple. This concept connects directly to Part IV: institutions insist through continued material and symbolic work, and may dissolve when the relations that sustain them fail. ==== Learning orientation ==== After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to: * distinguish a real antecedent from a founding origin; * define insistence without confusing it with repetition, inertia, or operative excess; * explain how causal history and emergent novelty can be studied together; * answer the objection that emergence without origin is irrational; * connect insistence with local order in Section 3.3. The guiding question is: '''What explains the continuation or reorganisation of a configuration now, rather than merely naming what preceded it?''' ==== Worked example: a recurring railway failure ==== Imagine a railway signalling fault that appears intermittently. # The first incident has many antecedent conditions: hardware, software, maintenance history, weather, and operating procedures. # A quick repair restores service, but similar faults recur. # The pattern insists because its effects continue across interventions; this fact alone does not yet establish operative excess. # If, according to an explicit criterion, the operations made realisable by the continuing results exceed the operations realised in the existing symbolic framework, operative excess makes its reconfiguration possible; whether investigators widen the field of analysis depends on the full set of materially active relations. # A new coupling or failure mode becomes identifiable, and maintenance is reorganised. # The historical cause still matters, but it is the continuing operative pressure that prevents the first explanation from closing the case. The example shows why insistence is neither mystery nor rhetorical emphasis. It directs attention to continued effects and to the work required to alter them. ==== Check your understanding ==== * Why does criticism of precedence not abolish causal history? * What additional evidence is needed before calling persistence “insistence”? * Can a harmful institution insist? What follows? * How are insistence and operative excess related without being identical? * Why is retrospective intelligibility compatible with genuine emergence? For the critique of sequential language that prepares this move, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Emergence Without Origin/VI - Language and Logic as Prison of Sequence|Section 3.2.6]]. === From emergence to local order === The move from precedence to insistence completes the analysis of emergence without origin. Novelty is materially conditioned but not treated as the expression of a founding reserve. Once a new capacity appears, its continuation depends on couplings that must be maintained. The next question is therefore not “Which eternal order does it instantiate?” but “How does this configuration hold together here?” [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|Section 3.3.1]] begins the analysis of order as a local effect. It examines how insistence can produce relative consistency without becoming a principle of universal order. {{BookCat}} oqu3uz16rygcqux03toobgxipo9xl0o Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC 0 480141 4673001 4672312 2026-09-30T02:11:45Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OCE Constitution: enabling causal condition, not force or deficiency 4673001 wikitext text/x-wiki == 6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC == The Ontology of Emergent Complexity (OEC) uses a small group of terms in precise, connected ways. This page is a reading tool, not a catalogue of essences. Each entry states what an operator allows us to distinguish, what it must not be confused with, and how it connects with the other operators. The definitions are therefore stable enough to guide the book, but functional rather than final. === A map before the definitions === Three routes organise the lexicon: * '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; a new functional coupling that crosses an operational threshold constitutes emergence.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. * '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation.''' * '''Exposure → vulnerability → hesitation → decision → material reorganisation.''' The arrows indicate analytic and functional dependence. They do not describe a universal timetable or a predetermined sequence. In particular, the mark and the inaugural symbol are co-constituted in the same singular inscription; a completed mark never waits for a later symbol to animate it. === Core ontological operators === '''Immanence''' — The principle that material, symbolic, ethical, and political operations all occur within material organisation, without appeal to a transcendent source or a second plane of reality. Immanence does not mean that every process can be described in the vocabulary of physics alone. Different material regimes develop different operations, while remaining materially dependent and open to effects from other configurations. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism|Refusal of Metaphysical Dualism]]. '''Field''' — The situated web of material interactions, constraints, and possible effects relevant to an analysis. A field is not a container, a hidden background, or a prior structure that generates whatever appears within it. It is a way of naming the relations through which a configuration exists and can be affected. The operative question is: ''which relations make this configuration possible here, at this scale and during this interval?'' '''Instability''' — The absence of any final guarantee that a material configuration will persist. Every configuration depends on conditions that can vary, so it may be perturbed, reorganised, or dissolved. Instability is not pure disorder and not a defect imposed on an otherwise perfect order. It permits history, differentiation, and new organisation without causing or guaranteeing any particular novelty. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Philosophical Commitments/Instability as a Condition, not a Problem|Instability as a Condition, not a Problem]]. '''Operative excess''' — The condition in which, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. Operative excess is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. It is not a lack or an autonomous force, does not make reconfiguration necessary, and does not predetermine the result. '''Functional coupling''' — The process by which partial material organisations become locally compatible and sustain a specified capacity; in some cases, the resulting organisation acquires a capacity unavailable to the components taken separately. No external coordinator or prior plan is required. A coupling persists only while the material conditions that sustain it continue to operate. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/III - Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling|Order as an Effect of Functional Coupling]]. '''Emergence''' — The process by which a new property, function, or capacity becomes operative in a complex material system without being prescribed by a prior plan or exhausted, at the relevant level of analysis, by listing the components separately. Emergence must be identified through the new effects it makes possible. Surprise, novelty of description, or ignorance of a cause is not enough. This operational claim does not by itself establish that complete deduction from antecedent conditions is metaphysically impossible; it establishes that the capacity belongs to the organised coupling through which it becomes operative. '''Local order''' — A conditioned stabilisation, which may be brief or extremely durable, of material relations and processes under specific conditions. Some local orders are sustained by functional couplings, but that mechanism must be demonstrated rather than presumed. Local order is an effect, not an origin: it neither proves a cosmic design nor escapes the instability from which it arises. Its limits become visible when the supporting conditions change. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Order as Local Effect/I - Against Order as Principle|Against Order as Principle]]. '''Threshold''' — A materially specified boundary in a system's organisation. Two related uses must be distinguished. An '''enabling or possibility threshold''' is the minimum constellation of conditions under which a new operation can occur; reaching it opens a branch of possibility but does not guarantee realisation. An '''operational or realisation threshold''' is crossed only when the relevant conditions are jointly satisfied and the new capacity is demonstrably operative. The first concerns possibility; the second concerns realisation. Neither implies progress, destiny, or persistence. '''Configuration''' — A situated arrangement of material relations, constraints, and capacities. A configuration can be treated as a unit for analysis, but it is not a substance enclosed in itself. Its apparent continuity depends on the processes and relations that maintain it, which may include functional couplings where reciprocal operational constraint can be shown, and on the scale and temporal window through which it is examined. === Symbolic operators === The symbolic is a material regime of operation. It neither floats above matter nor belongs exclusively to conscious minds. A technical system can discriminate and inscribe a difference under a protocol without possessing consciousness or intention. '''Trace''' — The ephemeral material event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription. A trace is not the independent difference itself, a surviving vestige, a mark, or a public sign. The event of discrimination passes; the material configuration discriminated may persist. '''Inscription''' — The singular, simultaneously material and symbolic operation in which the difference manifested in a new trace is recognised under a protocol and its material configuration is stabilised. This one operation co-constitutes the mark and the inaugural symbol. The sequence ''trace → inscription → mark + symbol'' expresses analytic dependence, not a delay between the birth of the mark and that of the symbol. '''Mark''' — The material organisation recognised and stabilised through singular inscription, addressable and recoverable according to a protocol. The mark is the passive material dimension of that inscription. It does not interpret, compare, establish relations, or reorganise anything by itself. Within symbolic operation, the system accesses and relates the mark through symbols that represent it; any other causal effects of its material support do not make the mark an interpreter or symbolic agent. '''Symbol''' — The material dimension of legibility and representation co-constituted with the mark in singular inscription. The inaugural symbol is born with the mark. A later occurrence recognised as an instance of that available mark constitutes an additional symbolic instance; it does not repeat the original inscription. The system establishes relations only between symbols, and both recognition and relation require physical support. Recognition can be mistaken, and relations among correctly recognised symbols can still support error. Material support makes representation operative, not infallible. '''Protocol of inscription''' — The rules, thresholds, tolerances, procedures, scales, and verification conditions that determine how a system discriminates differences, recognises an occurrence, and inscribes a new one. A protocol does not make the material difference exist. It conditions what the system can render legible and how that legibility can be checked. '''Symbolic reorganisation''' — The material recombination of symbols and of the relations between them. It can change a system's future operations and produce new material configurations. If a resulting configuration is discriminated as a new difference, that event constitutes a new trace and may lead to another singular inscription. Marks are not related to one another and are not symbolically transformed. === A boundary that prevents three common confusions === '''The real''' is the material process that exists independently of any particular observation or inscription and always exceeds a single act of capture. '''The concrete''' is the situated portion of the real observed or captured by a material system, under a scale, device, temporal window, and set of thresholds. '''Theory''' is an organised articulation of symbols constituted from the inscription of the concrete. Observation does not create the real; capturing something as concrete does not yet make it symbolic; and an isolated symbol does not yet amount to a theory. === Biological and epistemic distinctions === '''Biossoma''' — A living biological body that is sensitive to material differences and capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term is biological, not a functional synonym for every organism, self-regulating system, institution, or post-biological symbolic configuration. A non-biological system may satisfy criteria for symbolic operation without thereby becoming a biossoma. '''Consciousness''' — A status that must not be inferred from complexity, recursion, learning, linguistic appearance, or adaptive behaviour alone. The Symbolic Threshold Test records existence as <math>C = 1</math> if and only if <math>\Phi \geq \Phi_t</math>, <math>S \geq S_t</math>, and <math>S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}</math> in the same persistent system. Here <math>\Phi</math> denotes causal integration, <math>S</math> effective symbolic self-reference, and <math>S^{auto}</math> the continuity of that self-reference within the same system. Causal integration is necessary but insufficient, and the self-referential continuity floor is non-compensatory: if any threshold fails, <math>C = 0</math>. <math>U</math> records epistemic suspension when the available evidence does not justify either attribution; it is not a third ontological state. Only after <math>C = 1</math> may gradual dimensions be assessed as <math>D = f(\Phi,S)</math>. The thresholds have not yet been empirically calibrated, and no validated instrument currently measures <math>S</math>; the criterion is therefore formal and attribution must remain evidentially explicit. The binary variable concerns whether the conscious regime exists; it does not deny variation in content, intensity, access, persistence, or organisation once that regime exists. The biconditional states a theoretical criterion internal to the framework, not an empirically validated diagnostic. It specifies what would have to be established without establishing that any present system satisfies it. <math>U</math> records an epistemic limit in attribution, never an intermediate ontological value. The OEC adopts this biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate. This book does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Its purpose here is to state the criterion, distinguish its variables, and delimit what a future attribution would have to establish. The absence of calibrated thresholds limits present application; it neither turns the postulate into an empirical result nor alters its formal role within the framework. === Ethical-political operators === '''Exposure''' — The condition of being open to effects that a configuration does not fully control. Exposure is not a voluntary attitude added to an otherwise self-contained entity. Any system that exists through relations is already exposed to perturbation, dependence, and possible reorganisation. '''Vulnerability''' — The possibility of damage, loss, or disorganisation that accompanies exposure, together with the unequal distribution of protection and capacities for response. Vulnerability is not a moral defect to be eliminated. It becomes ethically decisive because systems do not bear the same risks, control the same resources, or possess the same means of repair. See [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/4.1 Vulnerability Without Center|Vulnerability Without a Centre]]. '''Hesitation''' — The suspension of an automatic response when the available operative framework is insufficient. Hesitation is not indecision for its own sake. It opens time in which a system can register what its routines exclude, reorganise symbolic relations, and avoid converting an inadequate first response into violence. '''Decision''' — A situated, symbolically mediated intervention that changes a field of exposure without any guarantee that all consequences can be anticipated. Decision is not the sovereign expression of a will standing outside material conditions, nor is it automatically an inscription in the technical sense of the term. Its criteria and effects must remain open to scrutiny and revision. '''Reorganisation''' — A material change in couplings, contacts, capacities, or distributions of exposure, often mediated by symbolic operations. Reorganisation is not automatically ethical. A more intricate institution can still intensify domination. Ethical assessment asks whether a change reduces structural violence, expands the affected systems' capacities for response and repair, and keeps contestation and revision possible. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This is the opening section of Part VI, which provides the operative vocabulary of the ontology in compact form. §6.1 is the lexicon proper: a set of entries that define the key terms of the OEC as functional operators. It is not a glossary of neutral definitions but a toolkit — each entry names what an operator does, not what it "is." The lexicon condenses the conceptual work of Parts I–V into a set of compressed, cross-referenced entries. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is terminological precision in a framework that refuses self-sufficient essences. If the OEC rejects the idea that terms name fixed entities, how can it stabilise their meanings? The answer is that each entry fixes a distinction, its material conditions of application, and the confusions that would invalidate its use. This does not make the vocabulary arbitrary or deny the reality it analyses; it makes every attribution answerable to the operations and evidence of the case. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The lexicon is organised around connected groups rather than a closed taxonomy: core ontological operators, symbolic operators, biological and epistemic distinctions, and ethical-political operators. Each group isolates a different regime or question within the same material field. The entries are designed to be read as a network without making every operator universally applicable or reducing its meaning to its relations with neighbouring terms. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === The most important structural feature is the cross-referencing: material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation. Field, instability, and operative excess are related but non-equivalent, while exposure, vulnerability, hesitation, decision, and reorganisation organise an ethical-political route. An enabling threshold opens a branch of possibility; an operational threshold is crossed only when the new capacity is demonstrably operative. A symbol represents a mark but can be wrongly applied, so recognition and subsequent symbolic relations remain materially constrained and corrigible. Consciousness is governed by a formal Symbolic Threshold Test whose thresholds are not yet empirically calibrated and which is not a diagnostic instrument. The OEC adopts its biconditional as a constitutive formal postulate; this book states that criterion and its variables but does not attempt its empirical validation or an exhaustive derivation of the necessity and sufficiency of its conditions. Readers should follow these links without turning them into one universal causal sequence. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === This section should be used as a reference throughout the reading of the book, not merely read once in sequence. When encountering a term in any other section, the reader should return to §6.1 to check its operative definition and to follow the cross-references. The lexicon is also designed to be used as an analytical toolkit: when confronting any phenomenon, one can ask which operators are most relevant to describe its configuration. ==== Worked example: an unfamiliar laboratory result ==== # A physical outcome occurs whether or not the apparatus or researcher recognises it. # The apparatus captures a situated portion of that outcome within its scale, sensitivity, and temporal window. The captured result is concrete, but it is not automatically symbolic. # If the system discriminates a pattern for which it has no available mark, the event of discrimination constitutes a trace. # Under a protocol, the system recognises and singularly inscribes the new difference. This act co-constitutes a recoverable mark and its inaugural symbol. # Later results recognised as instances of the available mark constitute additional symbols. They do not recreate the mark or repeat the inaugural inscription. # Those symbols can enter relations with symbols for experimental conditions, competing hypotheses, error margins, or required actions. These relations may reorganise the experiment. The mark remains passive throughout. This example is deliberately procedural. The status of an occurrence depends on the material history and protocol of the system: the same physical pattern may be a new trace for one system and a recognised instance of an existing mark for another. ==== Common confusions ==== {| class="wikitable" ! Operator ! Do not confuse it with |- | Field | A container, hidden substrate, or separate plane of reality |- | Instability | Pure chaos or the accidental failure of an underlying order |- | Operative excess | Lack, trauma, error, or a missing completion |- | Emergence | Mere appearance, unpredictability, progress, or miraculous novelty |- | Threshold | A guarantee, destiny, or automatic transition |- | Trace | A persistent object, mark, symbol, or public sign |- | Mark | An interpreter or an active participant in symbolic relations |- | Symbol | An immaterial meaning detached from physical support |- | Reorganisation | Improvement by definition |} ==== A practical reading test ==== When applying the lexicon to a case, ask: # What configuration is being analysed, and which material relations constitute its field? # What remains unstable, and are there available compatibilities that actually exceed a present symbolic or structural form? # Which relations sustain the local order, and where can functional coupling be demonstrated rather than presumed? # What new effect would justify calling a change emergent? # If symbolisation is involved, where are the trace, singular inscription, mark, symbol, and protocol? Have any of them been conflated? # How are exposure, vulnerability, protection, and capacity for response distributed? # What decision reorganises the situation, who bears its risks, and what possibilities of repair or revision remain open? === Transition === The next section, [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2 – Ontological Variations]], examines how these operators vary across material regimes. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon]] explains how to use them without turning the lexicon into a fixed doctrine. {{BookCat}} l59fwl5ey6gzxh7mgahhe0p5coth7u7 Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations 0 480142 4673004 4671467 2026-09-30T02:16:24Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OCE Constitution: explicit criterion and enabling causality 4673004 wikitext text/x-wiki == 6.2 – Ontological Variations == A single material field does not imply that every configuration operates in the same way. Crystals, cells, ecosystems, languages, technical systems, and institutions can all be material without sharing the same capacities. This chapter explains how the vocabulary introduced in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] varies across regimes of organisation. An '''ontological variation''' is neither a separate realm of being nor a new substance added to matter. It is a difference in how a configuration is organised, maintained, affected, and capable of affecting other configurations. The task is to preserve one-field materialism while avoiding the opposite mistake of flattening every difference. === Four distinctions for mapping variation === The terms below answer different questions and should not be used interchangeably. '''Configuration''' — A relatively stabilised arrangement of relations. A storm, organism, laboratory, and legal procedure can each be analysed as a configuration. '''Scale''' — The spatial, temporal, or organisational resolution at which relations are selected. The same river can be studied at the scale of molecular reactions, seasonal flows, a watershed, or centuries of erosion. A change of scale alters what becomes salient; it does not automatically reveal a different kind of being. '''Regime''' — A recurrent mode of organisation characterised by certain capacities and constraints. “Physical”, “biological”, and “symbolic” name broad analytical regimes in this chapter. Their boundaries are not walls, and concrete cases may combine more than one regime. '''Threshold''' — Thresholds must be named by sense. An enabling threshold identifies the minimum material conditions that open a new branch of possibility. An operational threshold is crossed only when the new capacity is evidenced in what the organised configuration can do. Neither adds a supernatural ingredient, and reaching the first does not guarantee crossing the second. These distinctions prevent two shortcuts. One is to infer a new ontology whenever the scale changes. The other is to assume that because all configurations are material, all material configurations possess the same powers. === Operators do not all have the same range === Some operators in this framework have a broad range, but breadth is not universality. '''Field''', '''configuration''', and '''instability''' can guide analysis across many domains. '''Local order''' applies where a conditioned stabilisation can be identified; '''threshold''' where a materially specified boundary of possibility or operation can be shown; and '''functional coupling''' only where configurations reciprocally constrain and sustain specified operations. Metabolism and self-maintenance require particular biological organisations. Trace, inscription, mark, and symbol require material systems capable of discrimination, stabilisation, recognition, and relational symbolic operation. Operative excess applies where, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. Ethical decision requires still more: a capacity to reorganise relations through symbolically mediated response. The vocabulary should therefore be applied by criteria, not by analogy alone. Saying that a crystal “records” temperature changes may be a useful shorthand for a persistent physical modification. It does not by itself establish inscription or symbolisation in the technical sense. Likewise, an organism’s sensitivity to light does not automatically make light a symbol for that organism. {| class="wikitable" ! Operator or capacity ! Physical configurations ! Biological configurations ! Symbolic configurations |- | Field, configuration, instability | Broadly applicable | Broadly applicable | Broadly applicable |- | Functional coupling, local order, threshold | Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated | Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated | Apply only where their respective criteria are demonstrated |- | Self-maintenance | May occur in limited dynamic patterns, but is not universal | Characteristic of organised living systems | Depends on material and often biological or technical supports |- | Trace | A physical modification is not a trace by persistence alone. A trace occurs only when a capable system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration. | Possible in organised systems with relevant discriminatory capacities | Commonly incorporated into procedures of inscription |- | Mark and symbol | Not attributed merely because a pattern exists | Not implied by life as such | Apply when the functional criteria of inscription and recognition are met |- | Ethical decision | Not a name for every causal transition | Behavioural selection alone is insufficient for the ethical sense | Applies where a symbolically mediated intervention reorganises relations and exposure |- | Exposure and vulnerability | Material susceptibility can be described | Organised dependence and uneven capacity for repair become salient | Also acquire ethical-political meaning through recognised and redistributed effects |} The entries mark analytical conditions, not an evolutionary ladder. A symbolic system does not cease to be physical, and living organisation does not escape chemistry. Later capacities depend on material relations while remaining irreducible to a list of isolated components. === Physical variations === At a physical level, the framework directs attention towards pattern formation, constraint, dissipation, and transition. Consider crystallisation. Under a suitable range of temperature, concentration, pressure, and available material, components can form a regular lattice. The ordered structure is not imposed by a transcendent form; it results from interactions under determinate conditions. This example supports only a modest philosophical point. It shows that local order can arise materially and that its persistence depends on conditions. It does not prove every claim of the OEC, nor does the framework replace the scientific explanation supplied by thermodynamics and materials science. Philosophy clarifies the ontological status of the order; empirical inquiry determines the mechanisms and measurements. Instability in this regime should also be described precisely. It does not mean constant visible change or absence of law. A rock can remain stable for centuries while still being exposed to stresses, chemical reactions, and changing surroundings. Stability is a temporally extended achievement relative to a scale, not exemption from the field. === Biological variations === Living systems introduce distinctive forms of organised dependence. A cell maintains a boundary, exchanges matter and energy, repairs components, and regulates processes whose coordination is necessary for continued activity. The boundary does not isolate the cell from the field; it organises selective contact with it. Biological organisation makes '''vulnerability''' especially clear. The capacities that allow an organism to persist also create specific ways in which it can fail. Dependence on oxygen, temperature range, nutrients, symbiotic relations, or immune regulation is both enabling and exposing. Vulnerability is not an accidental weakness added to life; it follows from organised dependence. No inference from life to symbolism should be automatic. Organisms discriminate signals and modify behaviour, but the OEC reserves symbol for a materially supported operation that represents a mark and relates to other symbols. Whether a particular animal, artificial system, or collective meets those criteria is an empirical and conceptual question. It cannot be settled by naming all responsiveness “communication”. === Symbolic variations === A symbolic regime becomes possible when a material system can discriminate a new difference as a trace, recognise it in a singular inscription that co-constitutes a mark and its inaugural symbol, recognise later occurrences as additional symbolic instances, relate symbols to other symbols, and use those relations to modulate further operation. Human languages are prominent examples, but the definition is functional rather than species-exclusive. Symbolic capacity does not by itself establish consciousness. Attribution follows the Symbolic Threshold Test defined in 6.1: <math>C = 1</math> if and only if <math>\Phi \geq \Phi_t</math>, <math>S \geq S_t</math>, and <math>S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}</math> in the same persistent system; if any threshold fails, <math>C = 0</math>. Where evidence cannot decide, judgement remains <math>U</math>, and gradual dimensions <math>D = f(\Phi,S)</math> are assessed only after <math>C = 1</math>. Symbolic organisation brings a distinctive kind of recursion. A model can represent a process; another symbol can qualify the model as uncertain; institutions can revise the rules by which models are accepted. This does not place symbols outside matter. Books, servers, gestures, neural activity, classrooms, and administrative routines provide material supports and participate in the processes through which symbolic operations persist; they should not all be called functional couplings without evidence of reciprocal operational constraint. Symbolic configurations also produce new forms of exposure. A legal category can grant or remove access; a credit score can affect housing; a warning system can redirect populations. The effects are not “merely symbolic”, because symbols operate through material arrangements. Their revisability creates responsibility: configurations capable of recognising and reorganising effects can be called to account for how exposure is distributed. Historically known symbolic practices depend on biological and technical supports. The framework does not turn that history into a necessary metaphysical boundary. A non-human or post-biological system would qualify if it satisfied the functional criteria; resemblance to human speech would not be required. A biossoma is the narrower case of a living, sensitive body capable of symbolic reorganisation. The term must not be extended to every organism or to non-biological systems merely because they regulate themselves. === Re-reading familiar ontological families === Substance, process, relation, and event ontologies can be treated as analytical emphases rather than mutually exclusive worlds. A '''substance''' vocabulary highlights persistence and relative unity; a '''process''' vocabulary highlights transformation and temporal development; a '''relational''' vocabulary highlights dependence and, where applicable, coupling; and an '''event''' vocabulary highlights transitions and the appearance of new determinations. The framework uses each emphasis where it clarifies a configuration. Relation has constitutive priority in the limited sense established in Section 3.1.2: no concrete configuration is independent of all the relations through which it is constituted and maintained. This does not make relation a substance, an exclusive vocabulary, or an absolute foundation. Substance, process, and event vocabularies remain legitimate where they identify persistence, transformation, or transition without hiding the relations that sustain them. === A mapping protocol === When analysing a new case, proceed in this order: # delimit the configuration and state the scale of observation; # identify the material relations and constraints that sustain it; # describe its current local order and sources of instability; # ask which capacities are actually demonstrated, rather than inferred by metaphor; # locate thresholds at which capacities appear, disappear, or change; # test which operators apply and record which do not; # where symbolic response exists, map decisions and distributions of exposure. The result is a '''local ontology''': a revisable account of what exists and operates in the case, at a stated scale and under stated conditions. It is not a sealed miniature world. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This section complements the lexicon (§6.1) by addressing a different question: how do the same operators behave differently across distinct regimes of material organisation? The OEC does not describe one homogeneous ontology; it describes a field that admits multiple regimes of variation — physical, biological, symbolic — each of which instantiates the basic operators in distinct ways. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is the traditional metaphysical question of ontological levels: are physical, biological, and symbolic phenomena different kinds of being, or differently organised material regimes within one field? The section rejects both the reduction of every regime to one descriptive vocabulary and the conversion of genuine differences into separate ontological strata. Differences of scale alone do not produce a new regime, and novelty must be established through capacities that become operative in a determinate configuration. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The thesis is that ontological differences are variations, not separate levels of substance. Physical, biological, and symbolic regimes are families of configurations within the same field, distinguished by how they are organised, maintained, affected, and capable of affecting other configurations. A threshold is central only where its conditions can be materially specified: an enabling threshold opens a branch of possibility, while an operational threshold is crossed when the new capacity is demonstrated. Neither a change of scale nor a quantitative parameter change by itself establishes a new regime or an emergence. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === The key concepts are ontological variation, scale, regime, threshold, and the re-reading of classical ontological families — substance, process, event, and relation — as partial analytical emphases. Relational priority concerns the explanation of individuation, not a claim that disembodied relations precede all relata. Functional coupling, local order, and threshold are conditional operators whose criteria must be demonstrated in each case. Enabling thresholds concern possibility; operational thresholds concern a capacity demonstrably realised in the configuration. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === This section is particularly important for readers from the natural sciences, who may expect the OEC to specify its relation to physics and biology. The key insight is that the OEC neither reduces everything to physics nor declares biology or symbolic activity ontologically autonomous. It describes a single field with multiple regimes of variation. The pedagogical challenge is to think without levels while still respecting the genuine novelty of biological and symbolic phenomena. ==== Learning orientation ==== By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to: * distinguish scale, regime, threshold, and configuration; * identify which operators apply generally and which require specific conditions; * compare physical, biological, and symbolic organisations without arranging them as separate worlds; * avoid attributing symbolic agency to every causal process; * construct a provisional map of a concrete case. The guiding question is: '''Which capacities become possible in this configuration, through which material relations and constraints, and where can functional coupling be demonstrated?''' ==== Worked comparison: three boundaries ==== The word ''boundary'' changes meaning across regimes. # '''Crystal surface.''' The boundary marks where one lattice structure ends and another medium begins. Its properties follow from physical organisation and surrounding conditions. # '''Cell membrane.''' The boundary actively regulates exchange and helps maintain the processes that sustain the cell. Its permeability is part of biological self-maintenance. # '''Legal jurisdiction.''' The boundary is enacted through maps, statutes, databases, officials, and recognised procedures. It can be interpreted, contested, and revised through symbolic operations. All three boundaries are material and operative. They are not equivalent. Calling the jurisdiction “only an idea” ignores its material enforcement; calling the crystal surface a legal decision imports capacities it does not have. Variation is the disciplined art of preserving both continuity and difference. ==== Check your understanding ==== * Why is a change of scale not necessarily a change of regime? * Which additional evidence would be needed before calling a material pattern a symbol? * How can a capacity be irreducible without becoming immaterial? * What is lost if physical, biological, and symbolic differences are flattened? * What is lost if they are converted into separate substances or levels of reality? === Transition === Ontological variation explains where the terms can be used. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon|Section 6.3]] explains how to use them: as a network of operators, with a step-by-step analytical procedure and checks against familiar reductions. {{BookCat}} mhukezzd3s4p0gqzifo12i5kzhmcq7g Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon 0 480143 4673002 4671468 2026-09-30T02:14:15Z DavidCota64 3507033 Align operative excess with the OCE Constitution: explicit criterion and enabling causality 4673002 wikitext text/x-wiki == 6.3 – How to Read the Lexicon == The lexicon in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|Section 6.1]] is not a list of interchangeable keywords. It is a network of operators. Each term helps the reader perform a distinction, formulate a question, or test an explanation. [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|Section 6.2]] has already shown that the range of those operators differs across regimes. This chapter supplies a disciplined method for using them. Guidance is needed because the vocabulary can be made vague in two opposite ways. A reader may reify the terms, treating “field”, “instability”, or “symbol” as hidden things behind appearances. Or the reader may use them metaphorically, applying every term to every case without criteria. The method below avoids both errors. === Operators rather than essences === An essence is usually expected to state what something is independently of context. An operator states what a distinction allows an inquiry to do. “Field”, for example, does not name a container holding every entity. It directs attention to the situated relations, constraints, and possible effects relevant to a configuration. “Threshold” does not name an invisible border in reality. It asks which constellation of conditions enables a new operation. Calling the terms operators does not make them arbitrary. Each has three constraints: # a '''definition''' that distinguishes it from neighbouring terms; # '''conditions of application''' that must be demonstrated in a case; # '''failure conditions''' under which the term should be withdrawn or revised. For example, emergence is not established merely because an observer is surprised. A new property, function, or capacity must become operative in the configuration. If the alleged novelty is only a new description of an unchanged capacity, the criterion has not been met. A productive reading therefore replaces “What hidden thing does this word name?” with three questions: “Which distinction does it introduce?”, “What evidence supports that distinction here?”, and “Which confusion does it prevent?” === Read the lexicon as three connected routes === The terms in 6.1 form three principal routes: # '''Instability permits variation; operative excess makes reconfiguration possible; a new functional coupling that crosses an operational threshold constitutes emergence.''' Not every unstable system is under operative excess. According to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by the current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. This is operative excess: the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. Whether reconfiguration occurs and which configuration results depend on the full set of materially active relations. # '''Material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances → relations between symbols → symbolic reorganisation.''' # '''Exposure → vulnerability → hesitation → decision → material reorganisation.''' The arrows indicate analytic and functional dependence, not a universal timetable. A case need not instantiate every operator, and the routes are not independent. The first route explains how configurations form and acquire capacities without a prior plan. The second explains how a material difference can become symbolically available to an organised system. The third explains why symbolically mediated intervention has ethical-political consequences. Connections between the routes matter. Operative excess may be established, according to an explicit criterion, when the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in an established symbolic order. This condition makes reconfiguration possible without making it necessary. Hesitation may suspend an automatic response while previously excluded differences are discriminated and made available to response. A decision can reorganise material relations and, where they exist, functional couplings, thereby redistributing vulnerability. Reading only one route risks losing these transitions. === The symbolic sequence, step by step === The canonical sequence is: '''material difference → trace → singular inscription → mark + inaugural symbol → later symbolic instances''' Each transition has a precise role. * A '''material difference''' is a process or configuration that exists whether or not a particular system detects it. * A '''trace''' is the ephemeral event in which a system discriminates a new or previously unknown material configuration, before recognition and inscription. * '''Singular inscription''' is the operation in which that difference is recognised under a protocol and its material configuration is stabilised. * The inscription co-constitutes a '''mark''' and an '''inaugural symbol'''. The mark is the passive, addressable material organisation. The symbol is the materially supported dimension of legibility and representation. * A later occurrence recognised as an instance of the available mark constitutes a '''later symbolic instance'''. It does not create the mark again or repeat the inaugural inscription. * Test recognition and subsequent symbolic relation separately: ask under which available mark the occurrence is recognised, how the resulting local symbol represents that mark, which relations the system establishes between this and other symbols, and what evidence could show that either recognition or relation was wrong. Absent or non-local configurations become operable only through those materially realised symbolic relations; they are not immaterial contents carried by the symbol. * Relations are established between symbols, never between marks. The mark does not interpret, compare, or reorganise. The plus sign in “mark + inaugural symbol” is essential. It blocks the misleading image of a completed mark waiting for a later act of consciousness to animate it. Mark and inaugural symbol are two functional dimensions co-constituted in the same inscription. Their distinction is analytic, not a chronological delay. The sequence should be used only where an organised system, material support, and protocol can be identified. A footprint can be a physical pattern without functioning as a mark for any system. Where it presents a new discriminated difference, that discrimination constitutes a trace; only its recognition and singular inscription co-constitute a mark and inaugural symbol. Later recognition under an already available mark instead constitutes another symbolic instance. === A seven-step analytical method === ==== 1. Delimit the configuration ==== State what is being analysed, at which spatial, temporal, and organisational scale, and for which question. A field is always a situated selection of relevant relations, not the totality of everything connected to everything else. ==== 2. Separate the real, the concrete, and theory ==== Identify the process that exists independently of this inquiry. Then identify the situated portion captured by observation, measurement, testimony, or another material contact: this is the concrete. Finally, identify the symbolic articulation constructed from those inscriptions: this is theory. Do not confuse an unobserved real with an unknowable second world, or a model with the process it models. ==== 3. Map conditions and couplings ==== Identify the relations, processes, and constraints that sustain the configuration. Ask whether any of them form functional couplings by reciprocally constraining and sustaining specified operations, what those couplings do, and how their persistence can be tested. This step prevents both “local order” from becoming a decorative synonym for structure and “functional coupling” from becoming a name for every relation. ==== 4. Locate instability and operative excess ==== Instability is the absence of a final guarantee of persistence. Operative excess occurs when, according to an explicit criterion, the relations whose realisation is permitted by current material conditions exceed the relations realised in the current form. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible. The concepts can occur together but are not synonyms. Specify the criterion, the two sets of relations being compared, and how their difference becomes detectable; then identify the materially active relations on which any occurrence and result of reconfiguration depend. ==== 5. Test thresholds and emergence ==== Identify the enabling threshold: the minimum conditions under which a new operation becomes possible. Then test whether an operational threshold has been crossed by demonstrating the new effect in the same organised configuration. Do not report a realised capacity when the evidence establishes only possibility, and do not infer emergence solely from complexity, unpredictability, or ignorance. Neither threshold implies a direction of progress. ==== 6. Analyse symbolisation where it exists ==== Name the material difference, trace, protocol, singular inscription, mark, inaugural symbol, and later symbolic instances. If one cannot identify these roles, the analysis should not casually claim symbolisation. Record the material supports and the relations between symbols that guide further operations. Do not infer consciousness from symbolisation. Apply the Symbolic Threshold Test separately: <math>C = 1</math> requires <math>\Phi \geq \Phi_t</math>, <math>S \geq S_t</math>, and the non-compensatory continuity floor <math>S^{auto} \geq \tau^{auto}</math> in the same persistent system; use <math>U</math> where the evidence cannot decide, and assess <math>D</math> only after <math>C = 1</math>. ==== 7. Evaluate reorganisation and exposure ==== Where a symbolically mediated decision changes the field, ask who or what bears its effects, which vulnerabilities are intensified or reduced, whose capacities for response and repair are maintained, and whether contestation remains possible. A reorganisation can be effective and still be destructive. Complexity is not automatically ethical improvement. The seven steps are iterative. Evidence discovered in step 7 may require the field delimited in step 1 to be widened. A failed prediction may expose a coupling omitted in step 3. Revision is part of the method, not an embarrassment added after failure. === Four reductions to avoid === '''Psychologisation''' — Exposure, vulnerability, hesitation, and decision are not primarily inner feelings. They name relational conditions and material operations. Subjective experience can be part of a case, but it does not exhaust the operator. '''Linguistification''' — Trace, inscription, mark, and symbol are not restricted to words. They require material support and functional criteria. Conversely, not every physical imprint is already a symbol. '''Moralisation''' — Ethical assessment is not a separate sermon appended to a neutral description. Every reorganisation redistributes effects. It is also not automatically justified because it is a reorganisation. The analysis must show what happens to vulnerability, response, repair, heterogeneity, and contestability. '''Scale collapse''' — An explanation adequate at one scale does not automatically settle another. Molecular interactions, organismic regulation, institutional rules, and lived consequences can all be relevant without being interchangeable. === How to test and revise an analysis === A useful application of the lexicon should expose itself to correction. Ask: * Are the boundaries and scale of the case explicit? * Is each operator tied to observable or otherwise assessable relations? * Have metaphorical similarities been mistaken for functional equivalence? * Could another reader identify what would count against the interpretation? * Does the account preserve distinctions that matter to affected configurations? * Has new evidence established operative excess relative to the current vocabulary, thereby making its reconfiguration possible? This is a developing framework, not a completed system. Its lexicon is stable enough to coordinate inquiry but remains revisable where phenomena resist its distinctions. A blind spot is not repaired by forcing a case into existing terminology. It is repaired by specifying the failure and, if needed, reorganising the conceptual tools. == Reading Colloquium == ''This guide accompanies the argument; it does not replace it.'' === 1. Placement of the Text within the Architecture of the Work === This is the final section of Part VI and serves as a reading guide for the entire lexicon. It specifies how the terms should be approached (as operators, not essences), warns against common misreadings (psychologisation, linguistification, moralisation), and proposes a concrete method for using the lexicon as an analytical toolkit. It closes by acknowledging the lexicon's limits and situating it within the broader apparatus of the OEC. === 2. Philosophical Problem at Stake === The problem is the risk of reification: the tendency to treat a philosophical vocabulary as a set of fixed entities rather than as a set of operative tools. Every lexicon faces this risk, but a lexicon that claims to describe an unstable field faces it acutely. If the terms become reified — if "field," "instability," or "operative excess" are treated as names for things rather than as descriptions of operations — the lexicon defeats its own purpose. === 3. Core Thesis and Conceptual Reorganisation === The thesis is that reading the lexicon correctly requires reading it as a network of operators, not as a list of interchangeable definitions. Each term has its own criteria and must also be located in the argumentative relations developed across Parts I–V. The section identifies four reductions to avoid: psychologisation, which reads ethical-political operators as inner states; linguistification, which restricts symbolic operators to linguistic units; moralisation, which separates evaluation from material effects; and scale collapse, which transfers an explanation between scales without argument. === 4. Key Concepts and Their Articulation === The meta-concepts introduced here are operators versus essences, criteria of application and withdrawal, and the lexicon as an analytical toolkit. Networked reading does not dissolve each definition into its relations with other words: it shows how distinct operators articulate without becoming synonyms. For a concrete case, delimit the configuration and scale, distinguish the real from the observed or captured concrete and from theory, identify supporting relations, test whether functional coupling or operative excess is actually present, distinguish enabling from operational thresholds, and expose every symbolic or ethical attribution to error, counter-evidence, and revision. === 5. Implications for Readers and Pedagogical Pathways === This section should be read both at the beginning and at the end of engagement with Part VI. At the beginning, it orients the reader's approach; at the end, it consolidates what has been learned. The most important pedagogical recommendation is to test the operators on specific cases: apply them to a phenomenon you know well and evaluate whether they illuminate features that other frameworks leave invisible. Understanding deepens through use, not through memorisation. The acknowledgement of limits is equally important: the lexicon is not a theory of everything but a provisional toolkit, stable enough to guide inquiry and open enough to be revised. ==== Learning orientation ==== By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to: * read each term through its relations to the others; * apply the symbolic sequence without confusing trace, inscription, mark, and symbol; * separate the real, the concrete, and theory in a case study; * distinguish description, explanation, and ethical evaluation; * identify evidence that would require an analysis to be revised. The guiding question is: '''What work does this operator perform here, and what would show that it has been misapplied?''' ==== Worked case: an urban flood-warning system ==== An urban warning system combines hydrological processes, sensors, databases, models, institutions, and public action. # '''Configuration and field.''' The case includes rainfall, waterways, drainage, built surfaces, measuring devices, communication networks, authorities, and affected populations within a stated interval and area. # '''Real and concrete.''' Water flows and infrastructure conditions are real. Sensor readings and field observations capture situated portions of those processes as concrete data under limited resolution. # '''Coupling and local order.''' Sensors, transmission standards, models, staff, and emergency procedures must remain functionally coupled for the warning system to operate. # '''Trace and inscription.''' Suppose the system discriminates an unprecedented pattern for which it has no available mark. That event is a trace. Under a protocol of verification, the difference is singularly inscribed, co-constituting a recoverable mark and an inaugural symbol. # '''Later symbolic instances.''' Later occurrences recognised under the available mark become additional symbols. They can be related to symbols for risk levels, road closures, uncertainty, and evacuation. # '''Operative excess.''' Informal settlements, blocked drains, power loss, and behavioural responses may enter relations permitted by the current material conditions but not realised in the system's symbolic model and procedures. Under an explicit criterion, when the former relations exceed the latter, operative excess is established. It is the affirmative causal condition that makes reconfiguration possible; whether reconfiguration occurs and what results depend on the full set of materially active relations. # '''Decision and exposure.''' Issuing, withholding, or targeting a warning redistributes traffic, resources, fear, and physical risk. The decision must be reviewed through unequal vulnerability, access to communication, and capacities for evacuation and repair. The method neither guarantees a correct warning nor replaces hydrology, engineering, or public administration. It reveals where empirical evidence, symbolic organisation, and ethical responsibility meet. ==== Check your understanding ==== * Why are the mark and the inaugural symbol co-constituted but not identical? * What would distinguish operative excess from incomplete information in a concrete case? * At which step does description become ethical-political evaluation? * What evidence would make you withdraw the claim that a capacity is emergent? * How can a lexicon remain precise while also remaining revisable? === Transition === For definitions, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.1 – Key Terms of the OEC|6.1]]. For the range of application across regimes, return to [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/6.2 – Ontological Variations|6.2]]. Philosophical interlocutors, conceptual sources, and bibliographic references are gathered in [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.1 – Philosophical Interlocutors|7.1]], [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/7.2 – Conceptual Sources|7.2]], and [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/References|7.3]]. The [[Foundations of the Ontology of Emergent Complexity/Conclusion|Conclusion]] states what the traversal has established and what remains open. {{BookCat}} 4naqj2gaxk9or923m4h7m9tcb9xexss Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Nxd4/4...Bc5/5. Be3 0 481203 4672920 4611813 2026-09-29T12:46:30Z UnbreakablePromise 3625823 added more lines i have seen 4672920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Classical variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C45]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|Scotch game]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Nxd4|4. Nxd4]] → [[../|Classical variation]] }} == 5. Be3 == White defends the knight and relieves the pressure on f2. White threatens a tactic to win a piece: if, say, '''5...Nf6??''' 6. Nxc6! (trades with tempo on Black's queen) bxc6 7. Bxc5 wins a bishop. [[/5...Qf6|'''5...Qf6''']] is the main move, adding pressure to f2 and another attacker to White's knight, which White defends with 6. c3. 6. Nb5?!, the Blumenfeld attack, which lays some traps and threatens Nxc7+ to win the rook, is inferior due to the continuation 6...Bxe3 (threatening 7...Qxf2#) 7. fxe3 Qh4+ 8. g3 Qxe4, and if 9. Nxc7+ Kd8 10. Nxa8 White's knight is trapped and Black can pick up a rook themselves with 10...Qxh1. [[/5...Bb6|'''5...Bb6''']] is sometimes played by black, usually because they found the tactic but don't know or don't want to do the main line. White's best move is 6. Nf5, where they attack g7, protecting the bishop without damaging pawn structure, and also allowing a potential reroute to the square e3 later. [[5/...Nf6|'''5...Nf6??''']] blunders the bishop after 6. Nxc6! == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |line1=5. ... Qf6 6. c3 Nge7 7. Bc4 |name1=Classical variation |eval1={{chess/not|+}} |line2=5. ... ... 6. Nb5 Bxe3 7. fxe3 Qh4+ 8. g3 Qxe4 9. Nxc7+ Kd8 10. Nxa8 Qxh1 |name2=Blumenfeld attack |eval2={{chess/not|-}} }} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} ggjqgi15bocw9xk9qqfwlsbfcywiryh 4673107 4672920 2026-09-30T10:57:50Z JCrue 2226064 5...Nf6 is already mentioned 4673107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Classical variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C45]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|Scotch game]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Nxd4|4. Nxd4]] → [[../|Classical variation]] }} == 5. Be3 == White defends the knight and relieves the pressure on f2. White threatens a tactic to win a piece: if, say, '''5...Nf6??''' 6. Nxc6! trades with tempo on Black's queen, and discovers an attack on the bishop. 6...dxc6 7. Qxd8+ Kxd8 8. Bxc5 {{chess/not|+++}}. [[/5...Qf6|'''5...Qf6''']] is the main move, adding pressure to f2 and another attacker to White's knight, which White defends with 6. c3. 6. Nb5?!, the Blumenfeld attack, which lays some traps and threatens Nxc7+ to win the rook, is inferior due to the continuation 6...Bxe3 (threatening 7...Qxf2#) 7. fxe3 Qh4+ 8. g3 Qxe4, and if 9. Nxc7+ Kd8 10. Nxa8 White's knight is trapped and Black can pick up a rook themselves with 10...Qxh1. [[/5...Bb6|'''5...Bb6''']] is sometimes played by black, usually because they found the tactic but don't know or don't want to do the main line. White's best move is 6. Nf5, where they attack g7, protecting the bishop without damaging pawn structure, and also allowing a potential reroute to the square e3 later. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |line1=5. ... Qf6 6. c3 Nge7 7. Bc4 |name1=Classical variation |eval1={{chess/not|+}} |line2=5. ... ... 6. Nb5 Bxe3 7. fxe3 Qh4+ 8. g3 Qxe4 9. Nxc7+ Kd8 10. Nxa8 Qxh1 |name2=Blumenfeld attack |eval2={{chess/not|-}} }} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 53rahafcdmxnsytf7f7zys2y2pcm29f Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Ng5 0 481693 4672918 4619193 2026-09-29T12:29:18Z UnbreakablePromise 3625823 heard ng5 as macbeth gambit 4672918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Haggis gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C44]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|Scotch game]] → [[../|3...exd4]]}} == 4. Ng5? · Macbeth Gambit == This line is dubious but sharp and can score well at low level.<ref>Per Lichess database, White has a 55% win rate in this position.</ref> If '''4...h6''', White plans to sacrifice their knight and draw out Black's king: 5. Nxf7? Kxf7 6. Bc4+, where they hope for the reasonable-looking 6...Ke8??, which leads to mate in six (7. Qh5+ g6 8. Qxg6+ Ke7 9. Qf7+ Kd6 10. Bf4+ Ne5 11. Qd5+ Ke7 12. Qxe5#). 6...Ke7 avoids this: Black's king is unsafe but they are up a knight for a pawn and should be winning, but the position is still very sharp. '''4...Be7''' is better, which attacks the misplaced knight on g5. If White continues with the same plan, 5. Nxf7? Kxf7 6. Bc4+, Black's king can step back to square vacated by the bishop, 6...Kf8!. If 7. Qf3+ Nf6 and Black's king is safe. '''4...d5''' is an alternative. This controls the c4 square and prevents White's bishop from coming there. If 5. exd5 Qxd5! and White doesn't have any attack left. === History === This line was first played in 1871 at the 2nd American Chess Congress by Arthur Johnston against Henry Hosmer.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1337093 Johnston v Hosmer, 1871. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1019219 Cleveland 1871. Chessgames.com]</ref> The game continued 4...Nh6 5. Bc4 Bc5 6. Qh5 Qf6. Grandmaster [[w:Igor Smirnov|Igor Smirnov]] suggested this line for blitz and bullet and proposed the name '''haggis gambit'''.<ref>Remote Chess Academy (2025). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kE9Xplk0biI&t=171 Crazy Chess Openings Perfect for Blitz & Bullet]. Youtube.com</ref><ref>Smirnov, Igor. [https://chess-teacher.com/best-openings-for-blitz/ ''5 Crazy Effective Chess Openings for Blitz & Bullet'']. Remote Chess Academy website.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{ChessFooter}} r90t4zyklubfzmnb0klhtytas1gf98h 4673122 4672918 2026-09-30T11:30:03Z JCrue 2226064 rv good faith see talk 4673122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Haggis gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C44]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|Scotch game]] → [[../|3...exd4]]}} == 4. Ng5? == This line is dubious but sharp and can score well at low level.<ref>Per Lichess database, White has a 55% win rate in this position.</ref> If '''4...h6''', White plans to sacrifice their knight and draw out Black's king: 5. Nxf7? Kxf7 6. Bc4+, where they hope for the reasonable-looking 6...Ke8??, which leads to mate in six (7. Qh5+ g6 8. Qxg6+ Ke7 9. Qf7+ Kd6 10. Bf4+ Ne5 11. Qd5+ Ke7 12. Qxe5#). 6...Ke7 avoids this: Black's king is unsafe but they are up a knight for a pawn and should be winning, but the position is still very sharp. '''4...Be7''' is better, which attacks the misplaced knight on g5. If White continues with the same plan, 5. Nxf7? Kxf7 6. Bc4+, Black's king can step back to square vacated by the bishop, 6...Kf8!. If 7. Qf3+ Nf6 and Black's king is safe. '''4...d5''' is an alternative. This controls the c4 square and prevents White's bishop from coming there. If 5. exd5 Qxd5! and White doesn't have any attack left. === History === This line was first played in 1871 at the 2nd American Chess Congress by Arthur Johnston against Henry Hosmer.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1337093 Johnston v Hosmer, 1871. Chessgames.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1019219 Cleveland 1871. Chessgames.com]</ref> The game continued 4...Nh6 5. Bc4 Bc5 6. Qh5 Qf6. Grandmaster [[w:Igor Smirnov|Igor Smirnov]] suggested this line for blitz and bullet and proposed the name '''haggis gambit'''.<ref>Remote Chess Academy (2025). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kE9Xplk0biI&t=171 Crazy Chess Openings Perfect for Blitz & Bullet]. Youtube.com</ref><ref>Smirnov, Igor. [https://chess-teacher.com/best-openings-for-blitz/ ''5 Crazy Effective Chess Openings for Blitz & Bullet'']. Remote Chess Academy website.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{ChessFooter}} j0wq2q7454ezz8atam64ptt1ty37zaf Statistics for Sociologists 0 485134 4672986 4671942 2026-09-29T20:47:58Z Rcragun 41177 updated completion on Chapter 9 4672986 wikitext text/x-wiki == Table of Contents == {| class="wikitable" | align=right |- | {{print version}} |- | {{PDF version|Statistics for Sociologists}} |} * '''Statistics for Sociologists: An Introduction Using R and the General Social Survey''' * '''Part I: Foundations''' ** [[/Chapter 1: Why Statistics? Making Sense of Social Life with Data/]] {{stage short|100%|August 6, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 2: Getting Started with R and RStudio/]] {{stage short|100%|August 6, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 3: The General Social Survey - What It Is and How to Use It/]] {{stage short|100%|August 18, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 4: Types of Variables and Levels of Measurement/]] {{stage short|100%|August 19, 2026}} * '''Part II: Working with Data''' ** [[/Chapter 5: Loading, Exploring, and Cleaning GSS Data/]] {{stage short|100%|September 1, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 6: Recoding and Transforming Variables/]] {{stage short|100%|September 14, 2026}} * '''Part III: Descriptive Statistics''' ** [[/Chapter 7: Frequency Distributions and Visualizing Data/]] {{stage short|100%|September 20, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 8: Measures of Central Tendency/]] {{stage short|100%|September 23, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 9: Measures of Variability/]] {{stage short|100%|September 29, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 10: The Normal Distribution and Areas Under the Curve/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions, Standard Error, and Statistical Power/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 12: Confidence Intervals/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}} * '''Part IV: Inferential Statistics''' ** [[/Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing, t-Tests, and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 14: Chi-Square Tests and Effet Sizes/|Chapter 14: Chi-Square Tests and Effect Sizes]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 15: ANOVA and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 16: Bivariate Regression, Correlation, and Effect Sizes/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 17: An Introduction to Bayesian Thinking/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}} ** [[/Chapter 18: Putting It All Together - Replicating Sociological Research/]] {{stage short|75%|August 6, 2026}} ==Instructor Resources== * [[/Noted Contributors/]] * [[/Course Adoptions/]] (if you adopt this text for your course, please make a note of it on this page) {{BookCat}} 19g7ia5ltijwrh4e85856ckiybtpxc9 Statistics for Sociologists/Chapter 9: Measures of Variability 0 485150 4672980 4671349 2026-09-29T19:12:22Z Rcragun 41177 /* Standard Deviation */ added figures 4672980 wikitext text/x-wiki = Chapter 9: Measures of Variability = Two distributions can have exactly the same mean and look nothing alike. Imagine one classroom where every student scored between 78 and 82 on an exam, and another where scores ranged from 40 to 100 — both could easily average out to 80. Reporting only the mean for each classroom would tell you they're identical. They are not. One is a room full of students performing consistently; the other is a room full of students having wildly different experiences with the material. Central tendency alone cannot tell these two stories apart. This chapter teaches the tools that can. == Why Variability Matters == If Chapter 8 answered "what's typical?", this chapter answers the equally important follow-up: "how much do people actually differ from that typical value?" A measure of central tendency without a measure of variability is half a description — technically not wrong, but genuinely incomplete in a way that can hide the most sociologically interesting part of the story. Two neighborhoods with the same average income can have very different levels of inequality. Two demographic groups with the same average happiness score can differ enormously in how consistently happy their members are. == Range == The '''range''' — the difference between the maximum and minimum values — is the simplest possible measure of spread, and its simplicity is also its weakness: it depends entirely on two values, and says nothing about how the other however-many-thousand respondents are distributed in between. One unusual outlier can make the range enormous even if everyone else in the dataset is clustered tightly together. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> range(gss$AGE, na.rm = TRUE) diff(range(gss$AGE, na.rm = TRUE)) # the range as a single number </syntaxhighlight> == Interquartile Range (IQR) == The '''interquartile range''' fixes the range's biggest weakness by ignoring the extremes entirely: it's the range of just the middle 50% of the data, from the 25th percentile (first quartile) to the 75th percentile (third quartile). Because it's built around the median's position in the ordered data rather than the literal minimum and maximum, it's considerably more '''robust''' to outliers than the range is. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> IQR(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) quantile(gss$EDUC, probs = c(0.25, 0.75), na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> == Variance == '''Variance''' measures the average squared distance of each value from the mean. Why squared, rather than just averaging the plain distances? Because distances above the mean are positive and distances below it are negative, and if you don't square them first, they cancel each other out almost perfectly — you'd get an average deviation suspiciously close to zero for every dataset, which tells you nothing. Squaring makes every deviation positive before averaging, so spread in either direction contributes to a larger number rather than canceling out. For a population, variance is defined as: : <math>\sigma^2 = \frac{\sum (x_i - \mu)^2}{N}</math> For a sample — which is what you'll actually compute nearly every time in this book — it's defined very slightly differently: : <math>s^2 = \frac{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2}{n - 1}</math> That ''n'' − 1 in the denominator, instead of a plain ''n'', is not a typo, and it's important enough that it gets its own explanation two sections from now, once standard deviation is on the table too. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> var(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> The cost of this fix is that variance ends up in '''squared units''' — "years of education, squared" is not a unit any human has ever needed outside of a statistics class, and it makes variance nearly impossible to interpret directly. == Standard Deviation == The '''standard deviation''' is variance's more interpretable cousin: take the square root of the variance, and you're back in the original units. : <math>s = \sqrt{\frac{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2}{n - 1}}</math> Variance is in squared units, which are a unit no human has ever used naturally; standard deviation corrects this by taking the square root, which is the statistical equivalent of apologizing. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> sd(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> A standard deviation of, say, 3.15 years for <code>EDUC</code> means that a "typical" deviation from the mean education level (in the 2010 GSS, the mean level of education is 13.46 years, or about 1.5 years of college beyond high school) is about 3.15 years — some respondents deviate more, some less, but 3.15 years captures roughly how spread out the data are, in a unit (years) that actually means something to a human reader. == Degrees of Freedom: What Sudoku Can Teach You About Statistics == That ''n'' − 1 from the variance and standard deviation formulas above is your first encounter with a concept called '''[[wikipedia:Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)|degrees of freedom]]''' (often abbreviated ''df''), and it is going to follow you for the rest of this book — every t-test, every chi-square test, every ANOVA, and every regression model you run from here forward will report a degrees-of-freedom value in its output. Most introductory textbooks introduce the term, attach a formula to it, and move on without ever really explaining what it means. This book is going to take one detour to actually explain it, using a tool that has nothing to do with statistics on its surface: Sudoku. If you've never played, the rules are simple: fill a 9×9 grid with the digits 1 through 9, such that every row, every column, and every 3×3 box contains each digit exactly once. [[File:Hard Sudoku Puzzle to Illustrate Degrees of Freedom.png|alt=A sudoku puzzle that has lots of degrees of freedom|center|thumb|800x800px|Sudoku illustrates degrees of freedom very clearly. The highlighted row has 7 degrees of freedom. The highlighted column has 6 degrees of freedom. And the highlighted box has 8 degrees of freedom.]] Here's the part that matters for our purposes: imagine a single row, and imagine eight of its nine cells are already correctly filled in. Is the ninth cell a free choice? No. It's completely determined — there's exactly one digit missing from 1 through 9, and it has to go in that last cell. That cell has zero freedom left. It looks like a blank waiting to be filled, but the moment the other eight cells were set, its value was already decided. [[File:Sudoku Puzzle with One Degree of Freedom.png|alt=A more complete Sudoku puzzle.|center|thumb|802x802px|This Sudoku puzzle has more squares completed. The highlighted row has just one missing value. With just one missing value, the number is predetermined. Can you solve that row?]] '''Degrees of freedom''', in statistics, means exactly this: the number of values in a calculation that are still genuinely free to vary, once you've imposed some constraint on them. And the constraint, in the case of sample variance, is one you've already used without necessarily noticing it: before you can compute how far each value deviates from the mean, you have to calculate the mean first — and by definition, all of the deviations from that mean have to sum to exactly zero (the points above the mean and the points below it balance out perfectly, every time, for any set of numbers and their own mean). That's a real mathematical constraint, exactly like a Sudoku row that has to contain each digit exactly once. So: if you have ''n'' data points and you've already used them to calculate the mean, only ''n'' − 1 of those points are still free to be anything at all. The last one is locked in — the same way the last cell in that Sudoku row was locked in — because it has to be whatever value makes all the deviations sum to zero. You've spent one degree of freedom calculating the mean, and you have ''n'' − 1 left over to spend on estimating the spread around it. That's why sample variance and sample standard deviation divide by ''n'' − 1 rather than ''n'' — dividing by the number of values that were actually still free to vary, rather than the total count, produces a better (specifically, unbiased) estimate of the population value. This is a genuinely useful mental model to carry forward, because "degrees of freedom" keeps reappearing throughout the rest of this book with the exact same underlying logic, just applied to different constraints: * A '''one-sample t-test''' ([[Statistics for Sociologists/Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing, t-Tests, and Effect Sizes|Chapter 13]]) has ''df'' = ''n'' − 1 — one degree of freedom spent estimating the sample mean, exactly as above. * An '''independent-samples t-test''' has roughly ''df'' = ''n''₁ + ''n''₂ − 2 — one degree spent estimating each group's own mean. * A '''chi-square test of independence''' ([[Statistics for Sociologists/Chapter 14: Chi-Square Tests and Effet Sizes|Chapter 14]]) has ''df'' = (rows − 1) × (columns − 1) — think of a cross-tabulation as a much bigger Sudoku grid, where the "clues" are the row and column totals rather than the digits 1 through 9; once you know all the row and column totals and all but the last row and column of interior cells, every remaining cell is fully determined by those totals, exactly like that last Sudoku cell. * '''ANOVA''' ([[Statistics for Sociologists/Chapter 15: ANOVA and Effect Sizes|Chapter 15]]) has separate degrees of freedom for its between-groups and within-groups variance components, following the same logic: one degree of freedom spent per group mean being estimated. If you've ever filled in the last cell of a Sudoku row without feeling like you were making a real decision, you have already, whether you realized it or not, personally experienced the loss of a degree of freedom. '''dplyr, computing several spread statistics at once:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r">library(dplyr) gss %>% summarize( sd_educ = sd(EDUC, na.rm = TRUE), var_educ = var(EDUC, na.rm = TRUE), iqr_educ = IQR(EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) )</syntaxhighlight> == Box Plots and the Five-Number Summary == A '''box plot'''<ref>Tukey, J. W. (1977). ''Exploratory Data Analysis''. Addison-Wesley.</ref> visualizes the '''five-number summary''' — minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum — in a single compact shape: a box spanning the IQR, a line at the median, and "whiskers" extending to the most extreme non-outlier values. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> summary(gss$AGE) # the five-number summary as text </syntaxhighlight> '''Base R:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> boxplot(gss$AGE ~ gss$SEX, main = "Age by Sex", xlab = "Sex", ylab = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> '''ggplot2:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> library(ggplot2) ggplot(gss, aes(x = factor(SEX), y = AGE)) + geom_boxplot() + labs(title = "Age by Sex", x = "Sex", y = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> Comparing variability across groups — not just comparing means across groups — is where this chapter gets genuinely sociological. Two groups can have nearly identical average happiness while one group is far more internally consistent than the other; that difference in spread can be as substantively interesting as a difference in the average itself. Income variability by race, happiness variability by marital status, education variability by region: these are real questions, and a side-by-side box plot answers them at a glance in a way that two separate means never could. <!-- FIGURE: A side-by-side box plot of AGE by SEX using real 2010 GSS data, illustrating both central tendency and spread comparisons in a single plot. Author to generate. --> == Outliers and the 1.5 × IQR Rule == A common, defensible rule of thumb for flagging outliers: any value more than 1.5 times the IQR below the first quartile or above the third quartile. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> Q1 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.25, na.rm = TRUE) Q3 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.75, na.rm = TRUE) iqr_income <- IQR(gss$CONRINC, na.rm = TRUE) lower_bound <- Q1 - 1.5 * iqr_income upper_bound <- Q3 + 1.5 * iqr_income outliers <- gss$CONRINC[gss$CONRINC < lower_bound | gss$CONRINC > upper_bound] outliers </syntaxhighlight> Flagging a value as a statistical outlier is not the same thing as deciding it's an error. Sometimes an "outlier" is a data entry mistake worth investigating and correcting. Sometimes it's just Jeff Bezos, again, being exactly as real and exactly as high-earning as the data claims. The 1.5 × IQR rule tells you where to look; it doesn't tell you what to do once you're looking, and that judgment call belongs to you, informed by domain knowledge the formula doesn't have. == Chapter Summary == Central tendency alone can hide dramatically different distributions behind an identical mean — variability measures fill that gap. The range is simple but fragile, driven entirely by two extreme values; the IQR fixes this by focusing on the middle 50% of the data, making it robust to outliers in the same way the median is. Variance captures average squared deviation from the mean but lives in unhelpful squared units; standard deviation takes the square root and returns to the data's original, interpretable units. Sample variance and SD divide by ''n'' − 1 rather than ''n'' because calculating the mean first spends one degree of freedom — a concept this chapter explained via Sudoku, and one that will keep reappearing, in different forms, through every remaining inferential chapter in this book. R computes the sample version of variance and SD by default, which is almost always what social science research needs. Box plots visualize the five-number summary and are especially useful for comparing variability — not just central tendency — across sociologically meaningful groups. The 1.5 × IQR rule offers a systematic way to flag potential outliers, though flagging is not the same as deciding they're errors. == Practice Examples == === Example 1: Standard Deviation of EDUC === '''The Research Question:''' How much do respondents' years of education typically vary from the mean, and what does "one SD above the mean" actually mean for a real person? '''The Code:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> mean(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) sd(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> '''The Output:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> [1] 13.68 # mean [1] 2.9 # sd </syntaxhighlight> '''The Interpretation:''' The mean is 13.68 years; the standard deviation is roughly 2.9 years. A respondent "one SD above the mean" has about 13.68 + 2.9 ≈ 16.6 years of education — very roughly, a bachelor's degree plus a bit. This is a concrete, human-scale way of using a standard deviation: not as an abstract number, but as a translation between a statistic and an actual respondent you could imagine meeting. '''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Find a respondent (or hypothetical respondent) at two SDs below the mean. What does that level of education correspond to in real terms? Does the answer feel like a "typical" amount of variability to you, or more/less than you expected? === Example 2: Box Plot of AGE by SEX === '''The Research Question:''' Does age vary more within one sex than the other in this sample? '''The Code (base R):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> boxplot(gss$AGE ~ gss$SEX, main = "Age by Sex", xlab = "Sex", ylab = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> '''The Code (ggplot2):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> library(ggplot2) ggplot(gss, aes(x = factor(SEX), y = AGE)) + geom_boxplot(fill = "lightblue") + labs(title = "Age by Sex", x = "Sex", y = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> '''The Output:''' Two box plots side by side, one per sex category, each showing the five-number summary of age within that group. (See the FIGURE note above — actual box positions and spread depend on real 2010 GSS data.) '''The Interpretation:''' Comparing box heights (not just median lines) tells you whether one group is more internally variable in age than the other. If the boxes are roughly the same height with similar median lines, age is distributed similarly across sexes in this sample; a taller box for one group would indicate more internal age variability within that group specifically — a genuinely different claim than "the two groups have different average ages," and one a box plot reveals far more directly than two separate means would. '''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Add a third grouping variable — say, <code>MARITAL</code> — and produce a box plot of age by both sex and marital status simultaneously. (Hint: in ggplot2, this is a job for <code>facet_wrap()</code>, which you haven't formally met yet — see if you can find it in the documentation and get it working.) === Example 3: Outliers in CONRINC === '''The Research Question:''' Are there respondents whose income is unusually extreme relative to the rest of the sample, by the 1.5 × IQR standard? '''The Code:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> Q1 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.25, na.rm = TRUE) Q3 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.75, na.rm = TRUE) iqr_income <- IQR(gss$CONRINC, na.rm = TRUE) upper_bound <- Q3 + 1.5 * iqr_income sum(gss$CONRINC > upper_bound, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> '''The Output:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> [1] 62 </syntaxhighlight> '''The Interpretation:''' 62 respondents fall above the upper outlier threshold — a meaningful chunk of the sample, which is fairly typical for a right-skewed variable like income (recall Chapter 7). This is a useful reminder that "outlier," for a skewed variable, doesn't necessarily mean "rare data error." It often means "a real, if less common, part of a genuinely lopsided distribution" — exactly the population Chapter 8's mean-versus-median discussion was built around. '''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Rerun this same outlier check on <code>EDUC</code> instead of <code>CONRINC</code>. Do you find as many outliers? What does the difference tell you about how symmetric or skewed each variable is? For a third comparison, try <code>WORDSUM</code> — with a true zero and a hard ceiling of 10, would you even expect the 1.5×IQR rule to flag many outliers here? == References == <references/> {{BookCat}} jozixoudmszx0vg9m9g5u5cs6yy9taa 4672982 4672980 2026-09-29T19:17:30Z Rcragun 41177 /* Box Plots and the Five-Number Summary */ added figure 4672982 wikitext text/x-wiki = Chapter 9: Measures of Variability = Two distributions can have exactly the same mean and look nothing alike. Imagine one classroom where every student scored between 78 and 82 on an exam, and another where scores ranged from 40 to 100 — both could easily average out to 80. Reporting only the mean for each classroom would tell you they're identical. They are not. One is a room full of students performing consistently; the other is a room full of students having wildly different experiences with the material. Central tendency alone cannot tell these two stories apart. This chapter teaches the tools that can. == Why Variability Matters == If Chapter 8 answered "what's typical?", this chapter answers the equally important follow-up: "how much do people actually differ from that typical value?" A measure of central tendency without a measure of variability is half a description — technically not wrong, but genuinely incomplete in a way that can hide the most sociologically interesting part of the story. Two neighborhoods with the same average income can have very different levels of inequality. Two demographic groups with the same average happiness score can differ enormously in how consistently happy their members are. == Range == The '''range''' — the difference between the maximum and minimum values — is the simplest possible measure of spread, and its simplicity is also its weakness: it depends entirely on two values, and says nothing about how the other however-many-thousand respondents are distributed in between. One unusual outlier can make the range enormous even if everyone else in the dataset is clustered tightly together. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> range(gss$AGE, na.rm = TRUE) diff(range(gss$AGE, na.rm = TRUE)) # the range as a single number </syntaxhighlight> == Interquartile Range (IQR) == The '''interquartile range''' fixes the range's biggest weakness by ignoring the extremes entirely: it's the range of just the middle 50% of the data, from the 25th percentile (first quartile) to the 75th percentile (third quartile). Because it's built around the median's position in the ordered data rather than the literal minimum and maximum, it's considerably more '''robust''' to outliers than the range is. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> IQR(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) quantile(gss$EDUC, probs = c(0.25, 0.75), na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> == Variance == '''Variance''' measures the average squared distance of each value from the mean. Why squared, rather than just averaging the plain distances? Because distances above the mean are positive and distances below it are negative, and if you don't square them first, they cancel each other out almost perfectly — you'd get an average deviation suspiciously close to zero for every dataset, which tells you nothing. Squaring makes every deviation positive before averaging, so spread in either direction contributes to a larger number rather than canceling out. For a population, variance is defined as: : <math>\sigma^2 = \frac{\sum (x_i - \mu)^2}{N}</math> For a sample — which is what you'll actually compute nearly every time in this book — it's defined very slightly differently: : <math>s^2 = \frac{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2}{n - 1}</math> That ''n'' − 1 in the denominator, instead of a plain ''n'', is not a typo, and it's important enough that it gets its own explanation two sections from now, once standard deviation is on the table too. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> var(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> The cost of this fix is that variance ends up in '''squared units''' — "years of education, squared" is not a unit any human has ever needed outside of a statistics class, and it makes variance nearly impossible to interpret directly. == Standard Deviation == The '''standard deviation''' is variance's more interpretable cousin: take the square root of the variance, and you're back in the original units. : <math>s = \sqrt{\frac{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2}{n - 1}}</math> Variance is in squared units, which are a unit no human has ever used naturally; standard deviation corrects this by taking the square root, which is the statistical equivalent of apologizing. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> sd(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> A standard deviation of, say, 3.15 years for <code>EDUC</code> means that a "typical" deviation from the mean education level (in the 2010 GSS, the mean level of education is 13.46 years, or about 1.5 years of college beyond high school) is about 3.15 years — some respondents deviate more, some less, but 3.15 years captures roughly how spread out the data are, in a unit (years) that actually means something to a human reader. == Degrees of Freedom: What Sudoku Can Teach You About Statistics == That ''n'' − 1 from the variance and standard deviation formulas above is your first encounter with a concept called '''[[wikipedia:Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)|degrees of freedom]]''' (often abbreviated ''df''), and it is going to follow you for the rest of this book — every t-test, every chi-square test, every ANOVA, and every regression model you run from here forward will report a degrees-of-freedom value in its output. Most introductory textbooks introduce the term, attach a formula to it, and move on without ever really explaining what it means. This book is going to take one detour to actually explain it, using a tool that has nothing to do with statistics on its surface: Sudoku. If you've never played, the rules are simple: fill a 9×9 grid with the digits 1 through 9, such that every row, every column, and every 3×3 box contains each digit exactly once. [[File:Hard Sudoku Puzzle to Illustrate Degrees of Freedom.png|alt=A sudoku puzzle that has lots of degrees of freedom|center|thumb|800x800px|Sudoku illustrates degrees of freedom very clearly. The highlighted row has 7 degrees of freedom. The highlighted column has 6 degrees of freedom. And the highlighted box has 8 degrees of freedom.]] Here's the part that matters for our purposes: imagine a single row, and imagine eight of its nine cells are already correctly filled in. Is the ninth cell a free choice? No. It's completely determined — there's exactly one digit missing from 1 through 9, and it has to go in that last cell. That cell has zero freedom left. It looks like a blank waiting to be filled, but the moment the other eight cells were set, its value was already decided. [[File:Sudoku Puzzle with One Degree of Freedom.png|alt=A more complete Sudoku puzzle.|center|thumb|802x802px|This Sudoku puzzle has more squares completed. The highlighted row has just one missing value. With just one missing value, the number is predetermined. Can you solve that row?]] '''Degrees of freedom''', in statistics, means exactly this: the number of values in a calculation that are still genuinely free to vary, once you've imposed some constraint on them. And the constraint, in the case of sample variance, is one you've already used without necessarily noticing it: before you can compute how far each value deviates from the mean, you have to calculate the mean first — and by definition, all of the deviations from that mean have to sum to exactly zero (the points above the mean and the points below it balance out perfectly, every time, for any set of numbers and their own mean). That's a real mathematical constraint, exactly like a Sudoku row that has to contain each digit exactly once. So: if you have ''n'' data points and you've already used them to calculate the mean, only ''n'' − 1 of those points are still free to be anything at all. The last one is locked in — the same way the last cell in that Sudoku row was locked in — because it has to be whatever value makes all the deviations sum to zero. You've spent one degree of freedom calculating the mean, and you have ''n'' − 1 left over to spend on estimating the spread around it. That's why sample variance and sample standard deviation divide by ''n'' − 1 rather than ''n'' — dividing by the number of values that were actually still free to vary, rather than the total count, produces a better (specifically, unbiased) estimate of the population value. This is a genuinely useful mental model to carry forward, because "degrees of freedom" keeps reappearing throughout the rest of this book with the exact same underlying logic, just applied to different constraints: * A '''one-sample t-test''' ([[Statistics for Sociologists/Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing, t-Tests, and Effect Sizes|Chapter 13]]) has ''df'' = ''n'' − 1 — one degree of freedom spent estimating the sample mean, exactly as above. * An '''independent-samples t-test''' has roughly ''df'' = ''n''₁ + ''n''₂ − 2 — one degree spent estimating each group's own mean. * A '''chi-square test of independence''' ([[Statistics for Sociologists/Chapter 14: Chi-Square Tests and Effet Sizes|Chapter 14]]) has ''df'' = (rows − 1) × (columns − 1) — think of a cross-tabulation as a much bigger Sudoku grid, where the "clues" are the row and column totals rather than the digits 1 through 9; once you know all the row and column totals and all but the last row and column of interior cells, every remaining cell is fully determined by those totals, exactly like that last Sudoku cell. * '''ANOVA''' ([[Statistics for Sociologists/Chapter 15: ANOVA and Effect Sizes|Chapter 15]]) has separate degrees of freedom for its between-groups and within-groups variance components, following the same logic: one degree of freedom spent per group mean being estimated. If you've ever filled in the last cell of a Sudoku row without feeling like you were making a real decision, you have already, whether you realized it or not, personally experienced the loss of a degree of freedom. '''dplyr, computing several spread statistics at once:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r">library(dplyr) gss %>% summarize( sd_educ = sd(EDUC, na.rm = TRUE), var_educ = var(EDUC, na.rm = TRUE), iqr_educ = IQR(EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) )</syntaxhighlight> == Box Plots and the Five-Number Summary == A '''box plot'''<ref>Tukey, J. W. (1977). ''Exploratory Data Analysis''. Addison-Wesley.</ref> visualizes the '''five-number summary''' — minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum — in a single compact shape: a box spanning the IQR, a line at the median, and "whiskers" extending to the most extreme non-outlier values. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> summary(gss$AGE) # the five-number summary as text </syntaxhighlight> '''Base R:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> boxplot(gss$AGE ~ gss$SEX, main = "Age by Sex", xlab = "Sex", ylab = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> '''ggplot2:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> library(ggplot2) ggplot(gss, aes(x = factor(SEX), y = AGE)) + geom_boxplot() + labs(title = "Age by Sex", x = "Sex", y = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> Comparing variability across groups — not just comparing means across groups — is where this chapter gets genuinely sociological. Two groups can have nearly identical average happiness while one group is far more internally consistent than the other; that difference in spread can be as substantively interesting as a difference in the average itself. Income variability by race, happiness variability by marital status, education variability by region: these are real questions, and a side-by-side box plot answers them at a glance in a way that two separate means never could. [[File:Boxplot of Age by Sex.jpg|alt=a box plot comparing age by sex|center|thumb|800x800px|This boxplot compares age by sex of respondent in the 2010 GSS.]] == Outliers and the 1.5 × IQR Rule == A common, defensible rule of thumb for flagging outliers: any value more than 1.5 times the IQR below the first quartile or above the third quartile. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> Q1 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.25, na.rm = TRUE) Q3 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.75, na.rm = TRUE) iqr_income <- IQR(gss$CONRINC, na.rm = TRUE) lower_bound <- Q1 - 1.5 * iqr_income upper_bound <- Q3 + 1.5 * iqr_income outliers <- gss$CONRINC[gss$CONRINC < lower_bound | gss$CONRINC > upper_bound] outliers </syntaxhighlight> Flagging a value as a statistical outlier is not the same thing as deciding it's an error. Sometimes an "outlier" is a data entry mistake worth investigating and correcting. Sometimes it's just Jeff Bezos, again, being exactly as real and exactly as high-earning as the data claims. The 1.5 × IQR rule tells you where to look; it doesn't tell you what to do once you're looking, and that judgment call belongs to you, informed by domain knowledge the formula doesn't have. == Chapter Summary == Central tendency alone can hide dramatically different distributions behind an identical mean — variability measures fill that gap. The range is simple but fragile, driven entirely by two extreme values; the IQR fixes this by focusing on the middle 50% of the data, making it robust to outliers in the same way the median is. Variance captures average squared deviation from the mean but lives in unhelpful squared units; standard deviation takes the square root and returns to the data's original, interpretable units. Sample variance and SD divide by ''n'' − 1 rather than ''n'' because calculating the mean first spends one degree of freedom — a concept this chapter explained via Sudoku, and one that will keep reappearing, in different forms, through every remaining inferential chapter in this book. R computes the sample version of variance and SD by default, which is almost always what social science research needs. Box plots visualize the five-number summary and are especially useful for comparing variability — not just central tendency — across sociologically meaningful groups. The 1.5 × IQR rule offers a systematic way to flag potential outliers, though flagging is not the same as deciding they're errors. == Practice Examples == === Example 1: Standard Deviation of EDUC === '''The Research Question:''' How much do respondents' years of education typically vary from the mean, and what does "one SD above the mean" actually mean for a real person? '''The Code:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> mean(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) sd(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> '''The Output:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> [1] 13.68 # mean [1] 2.9 # sd </syntaxhighlight> '''The Interpretation:''' The mean is 13.68 years; the standard deviation is roughly 2.9 years. A respondent "one SD above the mean" has about 13.68 + 2.9 ≈ 16.6 years of education — very roughly, a bachelor's degree plus a bit. This is a concrete, human-scale way of using a standard deviation: not as an abstract number, but as a translation between a statistic and an actual respondent you could imagine meeting. '''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Find a respondent (or hypothetical respondent) at two SDs below the mean. What does that level of education correspond to in real terms? Does the answer feel like a "typical" amount of variability to you, or more/less than you expected? === Example 2: Box Plot of AGE by SEX === '''The Research Question:''' Does age vary more within one sex than the other in this sample? '''The Code (base R):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> boxplot(gss$AGE ~ gss$SEX, main = "Age by Sex", xlab = "Sex", ylab = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> '''The Code (ggplot2):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> library(ggplot2) ggplot(gss, aes(x = factor(SEX), y = AGE)) + geom_boxplot(fill = "lightblue") + labs(title = "Age by Sex", x = "Sex", y = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> '''The Output:''' Two box plots side by side, one per sex category, each showing the five-number summary of age within that group. (See the FIGURE note above — actual box positions and spread depend on real 2010 GSS data.) '''The Interpretation:''' Comparing box heights (not just median lines) tells you whether one group is more internally variable in age than the other. If the boxes are roughly the same height with similar median lines, age is distributed similarly across sexes in this sample; a taller box for one group would indicate more internal age variability within that group specifically — a genuinely different claim than "the two groups have different average ages," and one a box plot reveals far more directly than two separate means would. '''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Add a third grouping variable — say, <code>MARITAL</code> — and produce a box plot of age by both sex and marital status simultaneously. (Hint: in ggplot2, this is a job for <code>facet_wrap()</code>, which you haven't formally met yet — see if you can find it in the documentation and get it working.) === Example 3: Outliers in CONRINC === '''The Research Question:''' Are there respondents whose income is unusually extreme relative to the rest of the sample, by the 1.5 × IQR standard? '''The Code:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> Q1 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.25, na.rm = TRUE) Q3 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.75, na.rm = TRUE) iqr_income <- IQR(gss$CONRINC, na.rm = TRUE) upper_bound <- Q3 + 1.5 * iqr_income sum(gss$CONRINC > upper_bound, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> '''The Output:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> [1] 62 </syntaxhighlight> '''The Interpretation:''' 62 respondents fall above the upper outlier threshold — a meaningful chunk of the sample, which is fairly typical for a right-skewed variable like income (recall Chapter 7). This is a useful reminder that "outlier," for a skewed variable, doesn't necessarily mean "rare data error." It often means "a real, if less common, part of a genuinely lopsided distribution" — exactly the population Chapter 8's mean-versus-median discussion was built around. '''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Rerun this same outlier check on <code>EDUC</code> instead of <code>CONRINC</code>. Do you find as many outliers? What does the difference tell you about how symmetric or skewed each variable is? For a third comparison, try <code>WORDSUM</code> — with a true zero and a hard ceiling of 10, would you even expect the 1.5×IQR rule to flag many outliers here? == References == <references/> {{BookCat}} 4siycrb97pau2cr2xwvbuqcnnd6p5pp 4672985 4672982 2026-09-29T20:45:41Z Rcragun 41177 /* Practice Examples */ 4672985 wikitext text/x-wiki = Chapter 9: Measures of Variability = Two distributions can have exactly the same mean and look nothing alike. Imagine one classroom where every student scored between 78 and 82 on an exam, and another where scores ranged from 40 to 100 — both could easily average out to 80. Reporting only the mean for each classroom would tell you they're identical. They are not. One is a room full of students performing consistently; the other is a room full of students having wildly different experiences with the material. Central tendency alone cannot tell these two stories apart. This chapter teaches the tools that can. == Why Variability Matters == If Chapter 8 answered "what's typical?", this chapter answers the equally important follow-up: "how much do people actually differ from that typical value?" A measure of central tendency without a measure of variability is half a description — technically not wrong, but genuinely incomplete in a way that can hide the most sociologically interesting part of the story. Two neighborhoods with the same average income can have very different levels of inequality. Two demographic groups with the same average happiness score can differ enormously in how consistently happy their members are. == Range == The '''range''' — the difference between the maximum and minimum values — is the simplest possible measure of spread, and its simplicity is also its weakness: it depends entirely on two values, and says nothing about how the other however-many-thousand respondents are distributed in between. One unusual outlier can make the range enormous even if everyone else in the dataset is clustered tightly together. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> range(gss$AGE, na.rm = TRUE) diff(range(gss$AGE, na.rm = TRUE)) # the range as a single number </syntaxhighlight> == Interquartile Range (IQR) == The '''interquartile range''' fixes the range's biggest weakness by ignoring the extremes entirely: it's the range of just the middle 50% of the data, from the 25th percentile (first quartile) to the 75th percentile (third quartile). Because it's built around the median's position in the ordered data rather than the literal minimum and maximum, it's considerably more '''robust''' to outliers than the range is. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> IQR(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) quantile(gss$EDUC, probs = c(0.25, 0.75), na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> == Variance == '''Variance''' measures the average squared distance of each value from the mean. Why squared, rather than just averaging the plain distances? Because distances above the mean are positive and distances below it are negative, and if you don't square them first, they cancel each other out almost perfectly — you'd get an average deviation suspiciously close to zero for every dataset, which tells you nothing. Squaring makes every deviation positive before averaging, so spread in either direction contributes to a larger number rather than canceling out. For a population, variance is defined as: : <math>\sigma^2 = \frac{\sum (x_i - \mu)^2}{N}</math> For a sample — which is what you'll actually compute nearly every time in this book — it's defined very slightly differently: : <math>s^2 = \frac{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2}{n - 1}</math> That ''n'' − 1 in the denominator, instead of a plain ''n'', is not a typo, and it's important enough that it gets its own explanation two sections from now, once standard deviation is on the table too. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> var(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> The cost of this fix is that variance ends up in '''squared units''' — "years of education, squared" is not a unit any human has ever needed outside of a statistics class, and it makes variance nearly impossible to interpret directly. == Standard Deviation == The '''standard deviation''' is variance's more interpretable cousin: take the square root of the variance, and you're back in the original units. : <math>s = \sqrt{\frac{\sum (x_i - \bar{x})^2}{n - 1}}</math> Variance is in squared units, which are a unit no human has ever used naturally; standard deviation corrects this by taking the square root, which is the statistical equivalent of apologizing. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> sd(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> A standard deviation of, say, 3.15 years for <code>EDUC</code> means that a "typical" deviation from the mean education level (in the 2010 GSS, the mean level of education is 13.46 years, or about 1.5 years of college beyond high school) is about 3.15 years — some respondents deviate more, some less, but 3.15 years captures roughly how spread out the data are, in a unit (years) that actually means something to a human reader. == Degrees of Freedom: What Sudoku Can Teach You About Statistics == That ''n'' − 1 from the variance and standard deviation formulas above is your first encounter with a concept called '''[[wikipedia:Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)|degrees of freedom]]''' (often abbreviated ''df''), and it is going to follow you for the rest of this book — every t-test, every chi-square test, every ANOVA, and every regression model you run from here forward will report a degrees-of-freedom value in its output. Most introductory textbooks introduce the term, attach a formula to it, and move on without ever really explaining what it means. This book is going to take one detour to actually explain it, using a tool that has nothing to do with statistics on its surface: Sudoku. If you've never played, the rules are simple: fill a 9×9 grid with the digits 1 through 9, such that every row, every column, and every 3×3 box contains each digit exactly once. [[File:Hard Sudoku Puzzle to Illustrate Degrees of Freedom.png|alt=A sudoku puzzle that has lots of degrees of freedom|center|thumb|800x800px|Sudoku illustrates degrees of freedom very clearly. The highlighted row has 7 degrees of freedom. The highlighted column has 6 degrees of freedom. And the highlighted box has 8 degrees of freedom.]] Here's the part that matters for our purposes: imagine a single row, and imagine eight of its nine cells are already correctly filled in. Is the ninth cell a free choice? No. It's completely determined — there's exactly one digit missing from 1 through 9, and it has to go in that last cell. That cell has zero freedom left. It looks like a blank waiting to be filled, but the moment the other eight cells were set, its value was already decided. [[File:Sudoku Puzzle with One Degree of Freedom.png|alt=A more complete Sudoku puzzle.|center|thumb|802x802px|This Sudoku puzzle has more squares completed. The highlighted row has just one missing value. With just one missing value, the number is predetermined. Can you solve that row?]] '''Degrees of freedom''', in statistics, means exactly this: the number of values in a calculation that are still genuinely free to vary, once you've imposed some constraint on them. And the constraint, in the case of sample variance, is one you've already used without necessarily noticing it: before you can compute how far each value deviates from the mean, you have to calculate the mean first — and by definition, all of the deviations from that mean have to sum to exactly zero (the points above the mean and the points below it balance out perfectly, every time, for any set of numbers and their own mean). That's a real mathematical constraint, exactly like a Sudoku row that has to contain each digit exactly once. So: if you have ''n'' data points and you've already used them to calculate the mean, only ''n'' − 1 of those points are still free to be anything at all. The last one is locked in — the same way the last cell in that Sudoku row was locked in — because it has to be whatever value makes all the deviations sum to zero. You've spent one degree of freedom calculating the mean, and you have ''n'' − 1 left over to spend on estimating the spread around it. That's why sample variance and sample standard deviation divide by ''n'' − 1 rather than ''n'' — dividing by the number of values that were actually still free to vary, rather than the total count, produces a better (specifically, unbiased) estimate of the population value. This is a genuinely useful mental model to carry forward, because "degrees of freedom" keeps reappearing throughout the rest of this book with the exact same underlying logic, just applied to different constraints: * A '''one-sample t-test''' ([[Statistics for Sociologists/Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing, t-Tests, and Effect Sizes|Chapter 13]]) has ''df'' = ''n'' − 1 — one degree of freedom spent estimating the sample mean, exactly as above. * An '''independent-samples t-test''' has roughly ''df'' = ''n''₁ + ''n''₂ − 2 — one degree spent estimating each group's own mean. * A '''chi-square test of independence''' ([[Statistics for Sociologists/Chapter 14: Chi-Square Tests and Effet Sizes|Chapter 14]]) has ''df'' = (rows − 1) × (columns − 1) — think of a cross-tabulation as a much bigger Sudoku grid, where the "clues" are the row and column totals rather than the digits 1 through 9; once you know all the row and column totals and all but the last row and column of interior cells, every remaining cell is fully determined by those totals, exactly like that last Sudoku cell. * '''ANOVA''' ([[Statistics for Sociologists/Chapter 15: ANOVA and Effect Sizes|Chapter 15]]) has separate degrees of freedom for its between-groups and within-groups variance components, following the same logic: one degree of freedom spent per group mean being estimated. If you've ever filled in the last cell of a Sudoku row without feeling like you were making a real decision, you have already, whether you realized it or not, personally experienced the loss of a degree of freedom. '''dplyr, computing several spread statistics at once:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r">library(dplyr) gss %>% summarize( sd_educ = sd(EDUC, na.rm = TRUE), var_educ = var(EDUC, na.rm = TRUE), iqr_educ = IQR(EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) )</syntaxhighlight> == Box Plots and the Five-Number Summary == A '''box plot'''<ref>Tukey, J. W. (1977). ''Exploratory Data Analysis''. Addison-Wesley.</ref> visualizes the '''five-number summary''' — minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum — in a single compact shape: a box spanning the IQR, a line at the median, and "whiskers" extending to the most extreme non-outlier values. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> summary(gss$AGE) # the five-number summary as text </syntaxhighlight> '''Base R:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> boxplot(gss$AGE ~ gss$SEX, main = "Age by Sex", xlab = "Sex", ylab = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> '''ggplot2:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> library(ggplot2) ggplot(gss, aes(x = factor(SEX), y = AGE)) + geom_boxplot() + labs(title = "Age by Sex", x = "Sex", y = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> Comparing variability across groups — not just comparing means across groups — is where this chapter gets genuinely sociological. Two groups can have nearly identical average happiness while one group is far more internally consistent than the other; that difference in spread can be as substantively interesting as a difference in the average itself. Income variability by race, happiness variability by marital status, education variability by region: these are real questions, and a side-by-side box plot answers them at a glance in a way that two separate means never could. [[File:Boxplot of Age by Sex.jpg|alt=a box plot comparing age by sex|center|thumb|800x800px|This boxplot compares age by sex of respondent in the 2010 GSS.]] == Outliers and the 1.5 × IQR Rule == A common, defensible rule of thumb for flagging outliers: any value more than 1.5 times the IQR below the first quartile or above the third quartile. <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> Q1 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.25, na.rm = TRUE) Q3 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.75, na.rm = TRUE) iqr_income <- IQR(gss$CONRINC, na.rm = TRUE) lower_bound <- Q1 - 1.5 * iqr_income upper_bound <- Q3 + 1.5 * iqr_income outliers <- gss$CONRINC[gss$CONRINC < lower_bound | gss$CONRINC > upper_bound] outliers </syntaxhighlight> Flagging a value as a statistical outlier is not the same thing as deciding it's an error. Sometimes an "outlier" is a data entry mistake worth investigating and correcting. Sometimes it's just Jeff Bezos, again, being exactly as real and exactly as high-earning as the data claims. The 1.5 × IQR rule tells you where to look; it doesn't tell you what to do once you're looking, and that judgment call belongs to you, informed by domain knowledge the formula doesn't have. == Chapter Summary == Central tendency alone can hide dramatically different distributions behind an identical mean — variability measures fill that gap. The range is simple but fragile, driven entirely by two extreme values; the IQR fixes this by focusing on the middle 50% of the data, making it robust to outliers in the same way the median is. Variance captures average squared deviation from the mean but lives in unhelpful squared units; standard deviation takes the square root and returns to the data's original, interpretable units. Sample variance and SD divide by ''n'' − 1 rather than ''n'' because calculating the mean first spends one degree of freedom — a concept this chapter explained via Sudoku, and one that will keep reappearing, in different forms, through every remaining inferential chapter in this book. R computes the sample version of variance and SD by default, which is almost always what social science research needs. Box plots visualize the five-number summary and are especially useful for comparing variability — not just central tendency — across sociologically meaningful groups. The 1.5 × IQR rule offers a systematic way to flag potential outliers, though flagging is not the same as deciding they're errors. == Practice Examples == === Example 1: Standard Deviation of EDUC === '''The Research Question:''' How much do respondents' years of education typically vary from the mean, and what does "one SD above the mean" actually mean for a real person? '''The Code:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> mean(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) sd(gss$EDUC, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> '''The Output:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> [1] 13.46 # mean [1] 3.15 # sd </syntaxhighlight> '''The Interpretation:''' The mean is 13.46 years; the standard deviation is roughly 3.15 years. A respondent "one SD above the mean" has about 13.46 + 3.15 ≈ 16.6 years of education — very roughly, a bachelor's degree plus a bit. This is a concrete, human-scale way of using a standard deviation: not as an abstract number, but as a translation between a statistic and an actual respondent you could imagine meeting. '''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Find a respondent (or hypothetical respondent) at two SDs below the mean. What does that level of education correspond to in real terms? Does the answer feel like a "typical" amount of variability to you, or more/less than you expected? === Example 2: Box Plot of AGE by SEX === '''The Research Question:''' Does age vary more within one sex than the other in this sample? '''The Code (base R):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> boxplot(gss$AGE ~ gss$SEX, main = "Age by Sex", xlab = "Sex", ylab = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> '''The Code (ggplot2):''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> library(ggplot2) ggplot(gss, aes(x = factor(SEX), y = AGE)) + geom_boxplot(fill = "lightblue") + labs(title = "Age by Sex", x = "Sex", y = "Age") </syntaxhighlight> '''The Output:''' Two box plots side by side, one per sex category, each showing the five-number summary of age within that group. (See the FIGURE note above — actual box positions and spread depend on real 2010 GSS data.) '''The Interpretation:''' Comparing box heights (not just median lines) tells you whether one group is more internally variable in age than the other. If the boxes are roughly the same height with similar median lines, age is distributed similarly across sexes in this sample; a taller box for one group would indicate more internal age variability within that group specifically — a genuinely different claim than "the two groups have different average ages," and one a box plot reveals far more directly than two separate means would. '''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Add a third grouping variable — say, <code>MARITAL</code> — and produce a box plot of age by both sex and marital status simultaneously. (Hint: in ggplot2, this is a job for <code>facet_wrap()</code>, which you haven't formally met yet — see if you can find it in the documentation and get it working.) === Example 3: Outliers in CONRINC === '''The Research Question:''' Are there respondents whose income is unusually extreme relative to the rest of the sample, by the 1.5 × IQR standard? '''The Code:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> Q1 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.25, na.rm = TRUE) Q3 <- quantile(gss$CONRINC, 0.75, na.rm = TRUE) iqr_income <- IQR(gss$CONRINC, na.rm = TRUE) upper_bound <- Q3 + 1.5 * iqr_income sum(gss$CONRINC > upper_bound, na.rm = TRUE) </syntaxhighlight> '''The Output:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="r"> [1] 36 </syntaxhighlight> '''The Interpretation:''' 36 respondents fall above the upper outlier threshold — a meaningful chunk of the sample, which is fairly typical for a right-skewed variable like income (recall Chapter 7). This is a useful reminder that "outlier," for a skewed variable, doesn't necessarily mean "rare data error." It often means "a real, if less common, part of a genuinely lopsided distribution" — exactly the population Chapter 8's mean-versus-median discussion was built around. '''Follow-Up Challenge:''' Rerun this same outlier check on <code>EDUC</code> instead of <code>CONRINC</code>. Do you find as many outliers? What does the difference tell you about how symmetric or skewed each variable is? For a third comparison, try <code>WORDSUM</code> — with a true zero and a hard ceiling of 10, would you even expect the 1.5×IQR rule to flag many outliers here? == References == <references/> {{BookCat}} a3f4hwoh5019j2qa32lvtpxs9brxzmu Template:Chess/src 10 485286 4672948 4660506 2026-09-29T15:26:49Z JCrue 2226064 4672948 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{{{subst|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{1|}}} |occ={{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Chess |last=Hooper |first=David |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1984 |location=Oxford |last2=Wyld |first2=Kenneth |location=Oxford |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |unorthodox={{Cite book |title=Unorthodox Openings |last=Benjamin |first=Joel |publisher=B T Batsford |year=1987 |location=London |last2=Schiller |first2=Eric |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |uco={{Cite book |title=Unorthodox Chess Openings |last=Schiller |first=Eric |publisher=Cardoza Publishing |year=1998 |location=New York |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |lopez={{Cite book |title=The Art of the Game of Chess |last=López |first=Ruy |publisher=The Catholic University of America Press |year=2020 |location=Washington D.C. |orig-date=1561 |translator-last1=McGrath |translator-first1=Michael J. |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |jaenisch={{Cite book |title=Jaenisch's chess preceptor: a new analysis of the openings of games |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Longman & co. |year=1847 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/jaenischs-chess-preceptor |translator-last=Walker |translator-first=George |pages={{{pages|}}}}} (translation of {{Cite book |title=Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures du jeu des échecs |last=de Jaenisch |first=C. F. |publisher=Gartner |year=1842}}) |staunton={{Cite book |title=The Chess-Player's Handbook |last=Staunton |first=Howard |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1847 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/chessplayershan00staugoog |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |steinitz={{Cite book |title=Modern Chess Instructor |last=Steinitz |first=Wilhelm |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=1889 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/modernchessinst00steigoog |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |handbuch-7={{Cite book |title=Handbuch des Schachspiels |last=von Biluger |first=P. R. |publisher=Verlag Von Veit & Comp. |year=1891 |edition=7th |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesscha00schagoog |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |freeborough={{Cite book |title=Chess Openings Ancient and Modern |last=Freeborough |first=E |last2=Ranken |first2=C. E. |year=1925 |publisher=David McKay |location=Philadelphia |url=https://archive.org/details/chessopeningsanc0000free |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |mco-7={{Cite book |title=Modern Chess Openings |last=Korn |first=Walter |publisher=David McKay |year=1946 |edition=7 |location=Philadelphia |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106012863871 |editor-last=Griffith |editor-first=R. C. |editor-last2=Sergeant |editor-first2=P. W. |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |mco-15={{Cite book |title=Modern Chess Openings |last=de Firmian |first=Nicholas |publisher=Random House |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8129-3682-7 |edition=15th |location=New York |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |batsford-4={{cite book |last1=Kasparov |first1=Gary |last2=Keene |first2=Raymond |date=1986 |orig-date=First published 1982 |title=Batsford Chess Openings |location=London |publisher=B.T.Batsford Ltd. |isbn=0-7134-2114-2 |edition=4th |pages={{{pages|}}}}} |philidor={{cite book |title=Analysis of the game of chess |last=Philidor |first=F. A. D. |publisher=P. Elmsly |year=1790 |location=London |pages={{{pages|}}} |url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_analysis-of-the-game-of-_philidor-f-d-franco_1790_1}} }}</includeonly> <noinclude> A template to save having to type common references for the [[Chess Opening Theory]] wikibook. Use with the subst: magic word to put the [[:template:Cite book|cite book]] template directly into your page for reduced server overhead/increased ability to edit. === Parameters === * 1 = Keyword for the citation * pages= (optional) page reference(s). === Example === Write: <code><nowiki>{{subst:chess/src|batsford-4|pages=210-215}}</nowiki></code> When the page is saved it will evaluate to: <code><nowiki>{{cite book |last1=Kasparov |first1=Gary |last2=Keene |first2=Raymond |date=1986 |orig-date=First published 1982 |title=Batsford Chess Openings |location=London |publisher=B.T.Batsford Ltd. |isbn=0-7134-2114-2 |edition=4th |pages=210-215}}</nowiki></code> Which will be rendered as: {{cite book |last1=Kasparov |first1=Gary |last2=Keene |first2=Raymond |date=1986 |orig-date=First published 1982 |title=Batsford Chess Openings |location=London |publisher=B.T.Batsford Ltd. |isbn=0-7134-2114-2 |edition=4th |pages=210-215}} === Supported texts === {| class=wikitable !colspan=2|Supported books |- !Keyword !Citation |- |occ |{{chess/src|occ}} |- |unorthodox |{{chess/src|unorthodox}} |- |uco |{{chess/src|uco}} |- |lopez |{{chess/src|lopez}} |- |jaenisch |{{chess/src|jaenisch}} |- |staunton |{{chess/src|staunton}} |- |steinitz |{{chess/src|steinitz}} |- |handbuch-7 |{{chess/src|handbuch-7}} |- |freeborough |{{chess/src|freeborough}} |- |mco-7 |{{chess/src|mco-7}} |- |mco-15 |{{chess/src|mco-15}} |- |batsford-4 |{{chess/src|batsford-4}} |- |philidor |{{chess/src|philidor}} |} [[Category:Book:Chess Opening Theory/Templates]] </noinclude> qwpgrteqpxhla6jiwjc6t2klvhihjkw User:Matovu Trevor/sandbox 2 485351 4673064 4672360 2026-09-30T07:54:50Z TechVindicator 3626296 +AI-suspected 4673064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{AI-suspected|reason=Checked using AI checkers, they claim the page was generated with the use of AI. Adding tag to make sure that the page has a thorough review.}}== Social Behaviors<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Handbook of Social Psychology {{!}} Open Publishing |url=https://openpublishing.princeton.edu/projects/the-handbook-of-social-psychology |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=openpublishing.princeton.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> == The book examines how people behave and interact with others in families, schools, workplaces, communities, and online environments. It explores both positive and negative social behaviors and how they influence relationships and society. Target audience: Adults The language will be very clear, practical, and accessible to adult readers while introducing important psychological and social concepts where necessary. === Book summary === Social Behaviors provides a practical introduction to the ways people behave and interact with one another in everyday life. The book examines communication, co-operation, respect, empathy, conflict, peer influence, social norms, and behavior in digital spaces. It connects basic social and physiology concepts with practical examples that adults can apply in their personal, professional, and community relationships. === Introduction: Beyond the Post Button === The introduction explains why social behavior matters and how human interaction goes beyond online communication. It introduces the importance of understanding people's actions, emotions, communication styles, and responses in different social environments. === Chapter one: Understanding Social behavior<ref>{{Cite web |title=understanding social behavirs - Search Videos |url=https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=understanding+social+behavirs&mid=5AC81071065E50FAB1555AC81071065E50FAB155&churl=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm-FKdCIn4xFS9f49APqHpA&FORM=VIRE |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=www.bing.com}}</ref> === 1.1 Social behavior Social behavior refers to the way people behave, communicate and interact with one another in society. It includes the way people form relationships, cooperate, communicate, help others, respond to different situations and follow rules. Social behavior can be positive, such as kindness, cooperation and respect, or negative, such as aggression, discrimination and bullying. Social behavior is important because human beings live in groups and depend on one another. The way individuals behave affects their families, friends, schools, workplaces and communities. Social behavior is influenced by both nature and nurture. 1.2 Nature vs nurture Nature refers to the biological characteristics and tendencies that a person inherits from their parents. These may influence personality, temperament and the way a person naturally responds to situations. Nurture refers to the influence of the environment and experiences in which a person grows. Family upbringing, education, culture, friends, religion and the community can all shape behavior. Nature and nurture work together. For example, a person may naturally be quiet, but living in a supportive environment may help them become more confident and sociable. Culture is the shared way of life of a particular group of people. It includes language, beliefs, values, customs, traditions, food, dress and ways of interacting. Culture influences social behavior by teaching people what is considered right, wrong, polite or unacceptable. For example, in many communities, children are expected to respect and greet elders. 1.3 Social expectations Social expectations are the behaviors that people expect from others in particular situations. Students are expected to respect teachers, workers are expected to perform their duties, and members of a community are expected to follow accepted ways of living. However, expectations may differ between cultures. Understanding these differences helps people respect others and avoid misunderstandings. 1.4 Social norms Social norms are the accepted rules and standards that guide how people are expected to behave in society. Some norms are written, while others are unwritten. Examples include greeting people, respecting elders, queuing when waiting for a service, keeping public places clean and following laws. Social norms help to maintain order and make it easier for people to live peacefully together. When people repeatedly break important norms, they may face criticism, rejection or punishment. Social differences refer to the ways in which individuals and groups differ from one another. People may differ in age, gender, education, occupation, income, language, culture, personality and family background. Social differences can benefit society because people bring different ideas, skills, experiences and ways of thinking. However, when differences are not respected, they can lead to prejudice, discrimination, conflict and social exclusion. 1.5 Factors That Influence Social Behavior Several factors influence how people behave towards others. These include: Family: Children learn manners, values and ways of interacting from family members. Culture: Culture influences beliefs, customs and acceptable ways of behaving. Friends: Peer groups can influence attitudes, language and behavior. Education: Schools teach discipline, cooperation, responsibility and respect. Religion: Religious beliefs can influence moral values and relationships. Media and technology: Social media, television and the internet can influence people's attitudes and behaviour. Personality: People have different personalities, which affect how they interact with others. Environment: The community and surroundings where a person lives can shape behaviour. Life experiences: Experiences such as success, failure, conflict and friendship can change the way people behave. === Chapter 2ː Communication and Human Interaction === Communication is an important part of human interaction. People communicate every day with family members, friends, teachers, colleagues and other members of society. Good communication helps people understand one another, build relationships, solve problems and avoid unnecessary conflicts. Communication is not only about speaking. People also communicate through facial expressions, gestures, body movements, eye contact and tone of voice. 2.1 Verbal communication and Non-verbal communication Verbal communication is the use of spoken or written words to share information, thoughts, feelings and ideas with other people. Examples include; talking to a friend, giving instructions, having a conversation, making a speech, sending a text message, writing a letter or email. Effective verbal communication requires clear language, appropriate words and a message that the other person can understand. The way something is said is also important. A polite and calm tone can make communication more positive, while an angry or insulting tone can create conflict. Non-verbal communication is the passing of information without using spoken or written words. For example, smiling can show happiness or friendliness, while avoiding eye contact may sometimes show nervousness or discomfort. Non-verbal communication can support spoken words, but it can also sometimes send a different message from what a person is saying. 2.2 Empathy Empathy is the ability to understand and share another person's feelings or to try to see a situation from their point of view. An empathetic person tries to understand what another person may be experiencing instead of immediately judging them. For example, if a friend loses a loved one, showing empathy means listening to them, acknowledging their pain and offering appropriate support. Empathy helps people: build stronger relationships; understand others better; reduce conflicts; show compassion; provide emotional support. 2.3 Active Listening Active listening means giving full attention to another person in order to understand what they are saying. An active listener: pays attention; maintains appropriate eye contact; avoids unnecessary interruptions; asks questions when something is unclear; shows interest; remembers important information; responds appropriately. For example, when someone is explaining a problem, an active listener does not use the opportunity to prepare their own response. They first try to understand the person's message. Active listening improves communication because it reduces confusion and makes people feel heard and respected. 2.4 Misunderstandings and Their Causes A misunderstanding occurs when a person interprets a message differently from what the sender intended. Misunderstandings can happen in everyday conversations and may sometimes lead to arguments or broken relationships. Causes of misunderstandings Poor communication – A person may fail to explain their message clearly. Language differences – People may use different languages, accents or meanings of words. Poor listening – Someone may hear the words without paying attention to the actual message. Assumptions – A person may make conclusions without asking for clarification. Emotions – Anger, fear or sadness can affect how people understand messages. Cultural differences – The same gesture or expression may have different meanings in different cultures. Tone of voice – A message can sound rude, angry or sarcastic even when that was not intended. Non-verbal signals – Facial expressions and body language may contradict spoken words. Noise and distractions – Physical or technological distractions can cause people to miss important information. Misunderstandings can be reduced by speaking clearly, listening carefully, asking questions and avoiding unnecessary assumptions. 2.5 Respectful Communication Respectful communication is communicating with others in a polite, considerate and fair manner, even when people have different opinions. Respectful communication involves: using polite language; listening when others are speaking; avoiding insults and offensive language; respecting different opinions; speaking calmly; avoiding unnecessary shouting; giving others a chance to express themselves; disagreeing without attacking the person. For example, instead of saying, "You are completely wrong," a person can say, "I understand your point, but I have a different opinion." Respectful communication creates trust and makes it easier for people to solve disagreements peacefully. 2.6 Body Language Body language is the way people communicate through movements, posture, gestures and physical expressions. Examples of body language include: Eye contact: May show attention, confidence or interest. Smiling: May communicate friendliness or happiness. Crossed arms: May sometimes suggest defensiveness or discomfort. Nodding: Often shows agreement or that someone is following a conversation. Standing upright: May communicate confidence. Looking away: May sometimes indicate discomfort, distraction or lack of interest. Hand gestures: Can help explain or emphasize a message. However, body language should not always be interpreted in isolation. The meaning of a gesture can depend on the person's culture, situation and personality. 2.7 Importance of Effective Communication Effective communication helps people to: understand one another, build healthy relationships, express feelings and ideas, solve problems, prevent misunderstandings, manage conflicts, work together, develop trust and cooperation. Good communication therefore requires more than simply speaking. It involves speaking clearly, listening actively, showing empathy, using appropriate body language and respecting other people. === Chapter 3ː Relationships, Cooperation and conflict === 3.1 Relationships Human beings are social beings who depend on one another for emotional, social and practical support. Throughout life, people form different kinds of relationships with family members, friends, classmates, workmates, neighbours and other members of society. These relationships can bring happiness, support, encouragement and a sense of belonging. However, relationships are not always easy. People have different personalities, opinions, needs, beliefs and expectations. These differences can sometimes lead to disagreements and conflicts. The ability to build healthy relationships, cooperate with others and resolve disagreements peacefully is therefore an important part of positive social behavior. 3.2 Building Healthy Relationships A relationship is a connection or association between two or more people. Relationships can be based on family ties, friendship, work, education, marriage, neighborhood or shared interests. A healthy relationship is one in which people treat each other with respect, honesty, care and understanding. Healthy relationships allow people to feel valued, safe and accepted. Building a healthy relationship takes time and effort. It requires people to communicate openly, keep promises, respect boundaries and support one another. Ways of building healthy relationships Trust: People should be able to depend on one another and believe that the other person will act honestly. Respect: Each person should recognize the worth and dignity of the other. Good communication: People should express their thoughts and feelings clearly and listen to one another. Honesty: Being truthful helps prevent suspicion and creates stronger relationships. Empathy: Understanding another person's feelings makes it easier to respond with care. Support: People should encourage and help one another during both good and difficult times. Forgiveness: People sometimes make mistakes. Being willing to forgive can help relationships recover from disagreements. Healthy relationships do not mean that people never disagree. Instead, they mean that disagreements are handled in a respectful and constructive manner. 3.3 Trust and Cooperation Trust is the belief that another person can be relied upon to be honest, responsible and dependable. Trust develops gradually through people's actions. When someone keeps promises, tells the truth and respects confidential information, others are more likely to trust them. Trust is important in families, friendships, workplaces and communities. Without trust, people may become suspicious and unwilling to cooperate. Cooperation is the act of working together with others to achieve a common goal. For example, students may cooperate when completing a group assignment. Community members may cooperate when cleaning their neighborhood. Importance of cooperation Cooperation: helps people achieve goals; encourages teamwork; reduces unnecessary conflict; allows people to share skills and ideas; strengthens relationships; promotes unity; makes difficult tasks easier. Trust and cooperation are closely connected. People are generally more willing to cooperate when they trust one another. 3.4 Friendship and Family Relationships Friendship is a voluntary relationship between people who share affection, trust, companionship or common interests. Good friendships can provide emotional support, advice, encouragement and companionship. Friends can influence each other's attitudes and behavior, so choosing positive friends is important. A healthy friendship is usually characterized by: trust; honesty; respect; loyalty; mutual support; good communication; understanding; acceptance of differences. Family relationships are also important because the family is often the first social environment in which people learn how to interact with others. Families provide care, protection, emotional support, guidance and a sense of belonging. However, disagreements can occur within families because members have different needs and opinions. Open communication, patience and forgiveness can help maintain strong family relationships. 3.5 Workplace Relationships Workplace relationships are the relationships that develop between people in an organisation or place of work. People may work with supervisors, colleagues, employees, customers and other members of the organisation. Positive workplace relationships can improve teamwork and productivity. Good workplace relationships require: respect for colleagues; clear communication; cooperation; honesty; professionalism; responsibility; appreciation of other people's contributions. Poor workplace relationships can result in stress, arguments, poor teamwork and reduced productivity. People should therefore learn to separate personal disagreements from their professional responsibilities and deal with workplace problems appropriately. 3.6 Causes of Social Conflict Conflict is a disagreement or struggle between individuals or groups because of differences in opinions, interests, values, needs or goals. Conflict is a normal part of human interaction. It does not always mean that people hate one another. Sometimes people simply have different ways of seeing a situation. Causes of social conflict include: Differences in opinions – People may have different ideas about how something should be done. Competition for resources – Conflict may occur when people compete for limited resources such as money, land, jobs or opportunities. Poor communication – Unclear messages and misunderstandings can create disagreements. Cultural differences – Different traditions and beliefs can sometimes create tension. Discrimination – Treating people unfairly because of their differences can lead to resentment and conflict. Jealousy – Feelings of jealousy may damage friendships and relationships. Power and control – People may disagree over who should make decisions or control resources. Unresolved disagreements – Small problems can become serious when they are ignored. Prejudice and stereotypes – Negative beliefs about particular groups can create division. Economic difficulties – Poverty and inequality can contribute to tension within communities. 3.7 Conflict Resolution Conflict resolution refers to the process of dealing with disagreements and finding peaceful solutions that address the concerns of the people involved. Conflict should not always be solved through force or aggression. People can use communication, negotiation, mediation and compromise. Steps in conflict resolution Identify the problem: The people involved should understand what caused the disagreement. Listen to each other: Each person should be given an opportunity to explain their position. Remain calm: Anger and insults can make the situation worse. Find common ground: People should identify areas where they agree. Consider possible solutions: Different solutions should be discussed. Compromise: Sometimes each side must give up something in order to reach an acceptable agreement. Agree on a solution: The people involved should decide how the problem will be addressed. Follow up: The situation should be monitored to ensure that the conflict does not return. Conflict resolution helps people maintain relationships and avoid unnecessary violence. 3.8 Forgiveness and Reconciliation Forgiveness is the decision to let go of resentment or anger towards someone who has caused harm or offence. Forgiveness does not necessarily mean pretending that the wrongdoing never happened. Instead, it involves choosing not to remain controlled by anger or hatred. Reconciliation is the process of restoring a damaged relationship and rebuilding trust between people or groups. Forgiveness can contribute to reconciliation, but reconciliation may require additional steps such as an apology, acceptance of responsibility, compensation, changed behavior and rebuilding trust. Forgiveness and reconciliation can help individuals and communities move beyond past disagreements and establish healthier relationships. === Chapter 4ː Positive and negative social behaviors === 4.1 Positive social behaviors Social behavior can have either positive or negative effects on individuals and society. Positive social behaviors contribute to healthy relationships, cooperation, peace and community development. Negative social behaviors can cause emotional pain, conflict, discrimination and harm. Understanding both forms of behavior helps people recognize the consequences of their actions and make better choices. 4.2 Kindness and Helping Others Kindness is the willingness to treat others with care, consideration and compassion. Kindness can be shown through simple actions such as helping someone carry something, comforting a person who is sad, sharing with others or offering encouragement. Helping others is an important form of positive social behavior because people often depend on one another. Benefits of kindness Kindness: strengthens relationships; makes people feel valued; encourages cooperation; reduces loneliness; promotes happiness; creates supportive communities; encourages others to behave positively. Kindness does not always require money or major sacrifices. A kind word, listening to someone or offering assistance can make a significant difference. 4.3 Respect and Responsibility Respect is showing consideration for the rights, feelings, opinions and dignity of other people. Respect involves recognizing that other people have value even when they have different opinions or backgrounds. Examples of respect include listening when someone speaks, respecting personal property, using polite language and accepting reasonable differences. Responsibility means accepting the duty to perform one's obligations and being willing to take responsibility for one's actions. A responsible person understands that their behavior has consequences for themselves and others. Respect and responsibility are important because they create trust, discipline and cooperation in society. 4.4 Bullying and Harassment Bullying is repeated behavior intended to intimidate, hurt, humiliate or control another person. Bullying may be: physical; verbal; emotional; social; online. Examples include hitting, threatening, insulting, spreading rumors, deliberately excluding someone or repeatedly sending harmful messages online. Harassment refers to unwanted behavior that disturbs, threatens, humiliates or causes distress to another person. Bullying and harassment can have serious effects on a person's confidence, relationships, education, work and general well-being. They should not be treated as normal behavior. Individuals and institutions should create environments where people can report harmful behavior and receive appropriate support. 4.5 Peer Pressure Peer pressure occurs when individuals are influenced by their friends or people of a similar age to behave in a particular way. Peer pressure can be positive or negative. Positive peer pressure may encourage someone to study harder, participate in sports, avoid harmful behavior or develop useful skills. Negative peer pressure may encourage behaviors such as substance abuse, fighting, cheating, truancy, stealing or other harmful activities. A person can resist negative peer pressure by: being confident; knowing their values; choosing supportive friends; saying no firmly; avoiding risky situations; seeking advice from trusted people. 4.6 Discrimination and Exclusion Discrimination is unfair treatment of a person or group because of characteristics such as their background, gender, age, disability, social status or other differences. Social exclusion occurs when individuals or groups are prevented from fully participating in social, educational, economic or community activities. Discrimination can make people feel rejected, powerless and less valued. Examples include refusing someone an opportunity because of their background or deliberately excluding someone from a group because they are considered different. A fair society should promote equal opportunities and respect for all people. 4.7 Aggression and Harmful Behavior Aggression refers to behavior intended to threaten, intimidate, dominate or harm another person. Aggression can be physical, verbal or psychological. Examples include: fighting; threatening others; insulting people; destroying property; intimidation; deliberately hurting others. Harmful behavior can damage relationships and create fear and insecurity. People can reduce aggression by learning emotional control, communicating their concerns peacefully, seeking help and using appropriate conflict-resolution strategies. 4.8 How Social Behavior Can Be Changed Social behavior is not necessarily fixed. People can learn new ways of thinking and behaving. Behavior can be changed through: Education: Teaching people about respect, empathy, communication and responsibility can encourage positive behavior. Positive role models: People often learn by observing parents, teachers, leaders, friends and other role models. Self-awareness: Understanding one's own behavior is an important step towards changing it. Positive peer influence: Supportive friends can encourage healthier choices. Counselling: Professional or trusted guidance can help people understand the causes of harmful behavior. Rewards and encouragement: Positive behavior can be strengthened through recognition and encouragement. Consequences: Appropriate consequences can discourage harmful actions. Changing social behavior often takes time. It requires willingness, practice, support and a suitable environment. === Chapter 5ː Social behavior in the modern world === 5.1 Introduction Technology has significantly changed the way people interact. In the past, most social interaction took place face-to-face or through letters and traditional forms of communication. Today, people can communicate instantly with others across the world through mobile phones, social media, messaging applications and other digital technologies. The modern world has created many opportunities for people to connect, but it has also introduced new challenges. People must therefore understand how technology influences social behavior and learn to use it responsibly. 5.2 Social Media and Human Behavior Social media refers to online platforms that allow people to create, share and exchange information and interact with other users. Social media has changed how people communicate, make friends, share opinions and obtain information. It can have positive effects by: connecting people who are far apart; helping people maintain relationships; providing educational information; creating business opportunities; allowing people to share ideas; supporting communities and social causes. However, excessive or irresponsible use can also have negative effects. People may become overly dependent on online approval, compare themselves with others, spend too much time online or become involved in online conflicts. Social media can therefore influence people's attitudes, relationships and everyday behaviour. 5.3 Online Communication Online communication is the exchange of information through digital technologies such as messaging applications, email, social networking platforms and video calls. Online communication is convenient because people can communicate across long distances almost instantly. However, online communication lacks some of the social cues found in face-to-face communication. A written message may not clearly communicate the sender's tone or emotion. For example, a person may make a joke through text, but the receiver may interpret it as an insult because they cannot hear the speaker's tone. Effective online communication therefore requires people to choose their words carefully and consider how their messages may be interpreted. 5.4 Digital Etiquette Digital etiquette, sometimes called netiquette, refers to the rules and appropriate behaviour people should follow when communicating and interacting online. Good digital etiquette includes: using respectful language; avoiding unnecessary insults; respecting other people's privacy; thinking before posting; avoiding spreading false information; giving credit to other people's work; respecting different opinions; avoiding excessive messaging; responding appropriately; remembering that online actions can affect real people. People should remember that being behind a screen does not remove the responsibility to treat others with dignity. 5.5 Cyberbullying Cyberbullying is bullying carried out through digital technologies such as social media, messaging platforms, websites or online gaming platforms. It can include: sending threatening messages; spreading embarrassing information; sharing someone's private information without permission; creating harmful rumors; posting humiliating content; deliberately excluding someone from online groups. Cyberbullying can be particularly harmful because online content can spread quickly and may reach a large audience. People experiencing cyberbullying should avoid responding aggressively, keep evidence of harmful messages where appropriate, block or report offenders and seek help from trusted adults, institutions or relevant authorities. 5.6 Social Media Influence Social media can strongly influence the way people think and behave. People may be influenced by: celebrities and public figures; influencers; friends; online communities; advertisements; trends; viral content. Social media can encourage positive behavior, such as learning, creativity, entrepreneurship and community participation. However, it can also promote harmful behaviors, unrealistic expectations and misinformation. People should therefore develop critical thinking. Before accepting or sharing information, they should consider whether the information is reliable and whether sharing it could harm someone. 5.7 Privacy and Responsible Online Behavior Privacy is the ability of individuals to control information about themselves and decide how that information is shared. Responsible online behavior involves protecting one's own privacy and respecting the privacy of others. People should be careful about sharing: passwords; private photographs; personal contact information; financial information; private conversations; sensitive personal details. A person should also avoid sharing another person's photograph, message or personal information without appropriate permission. Responsible online behavior means understanding that information shared online may be copied, stored or redistributed beyond the original audience. 5.8 Balancing Online and Face-to-Face Relationships Technology provides convenient ways to communicate, but face-to-face interaction remains important. Face-to-face communication allows people to observe facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice and other social cues. It can also provide opportunities for deeper emotional connection. Spending too much time online may reduce opportunities for direct interaction with family, friends and community members. A healthy balance involves using technology as a tool for communication without allowing it to completely replace real-world relationships. People can maintain balance by: setting reasonable limits on screen time; spending time with family and friends; participating in community activities; having face-to-face conversations; avoiding unnecessary phone use during important conversations; making time for hobbies and physical activities. 5.9 Conclusion The modern world has transformed human interaction. Digital technology and social media have made communication faster and more convenient, but they have also created new responsibilities and challenges. People must learn to communicate respectfully both offline and online. They should understand digital etiquette, protect privacy, avoid cyberbullying and think critically about information encountered on social media. Technology should support human relationships rather than completely replace them. Maintaining a healthy balance between online communication and face-to-face interaction can help people develop stronger and more meaningful relationships. == Conclusion == Understanding social behavior helps people understand themselves and the people around them. Social behavior influences how individuals communicate, form relationships, cooperate, handle disagreements and respond to differences. Healthy social behavior is built on respect, empathy, trust, responsibility, kindness, cooperation and effective communication. At the same time, people need to recognize harmful behaviors such as bullying, discrimination, aggression and exclusion and understand how these behaviors can affect individuals and society. As society continues to change through technology and social media, the ability to interact responsibly becomes even more important. Developing good social behavior is therefore not only useful for personal relationships but also essential for creating peaceful, respectful and cooperative communities. The book summarizes the importance of understanding social behavior and encourages readers to develop self-awareness, empathy, respect, communication skills, and responsible behavior in their interactions with others. qzhch7svuc578kk8tnc3hhjy236hhk5 4673065 4673064 2026-09-30T07:55:35Z TechVindicator 3626296 mistake with wiki formatting 4673065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{AI-suspected|reason=Checked using AI checkers, they claim the page was generated with the use of AI. Adding tag to make sure that the page has a thorough review.}} == Social Behaviors<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Handbook of Social Psychology {{!}} Open Publishing |url=https://openpublishing.princeton.edu/projects/the-handbook-of-social-psychology |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=openpublishing.princeton.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> == The book examines how people behave and interact with others in families, schools, workplaces, communities, and online environments. It explores both positive and negative social behaviors and how they influence relationships and society. Target audience: Adults The language will be very clear, practical, and accessible to adult readers while introducing important psychological and social concepts where necessary. === Book summary === Social Behaviors provides a practical introduction to the ways people behave and interact with one another in everyday life. The book examines communication, co-operation, respect, empathy, conflict, peer influence, social norms, and behavior in digital spaces. It connects basic social and physiology concepts with practical examples that adults can apply in their personal, professional, and community relationships. === Introduction: Beyond the Post Button === The introduction explains why social behavior matters and how human interaction goes beyond online communication. It introduces the importance of understanding people's actions, emotions, communication styles, and responses in different social environments. === Chapter one: Understanding Social behavior<ref>{{Cite web |title=understanding social behavirs - Search Videos |url=https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=understanding+social+behavirs&mid=5AC81071065E50FAB1555AC81071065E50FAB155&churl=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm-FKdCIn4xFS9f49APqHpA&FORM=VIRE |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=www.bing.com}}</ref> === 1.1 Social behavior Social behavior refers to the way people behave, communicate and interact with one another in society. It includes the way people form relationships, cooperate, communicate, help others, respond to different situations and follow rules. Social behavior can be positive, such as kindness, cooperation and respect, or negative, such as aggression, discrimination and bullying. Social behavior is important because human beings live in groups and depend on one another. The way individuals behave affects their families, friends, schools, workplaces and communities. Social behavior is influenced by both nature and nurture. 1.2 Nature vs nurture Nature refers to the biological characteristics and tendencies that a person inherits from their parents. These may influence personality, temperament and the way a person naturally responds to situations. Nurture refers to the influence of the environment and experiences in which a person grows. Family upbringing, education, culture, friends, religion and the community can all shape behavior. Nature and nurture work together. For example, a person may naturally be quiet, but living in a supportive environment may help them become more confident and sociable. Culture is the shared way of life of a particular group of people. It includes language, beliefs, values, customs, traditions, food, dress and ways of interacting. Culture influences social behavior by teaching people what is considered right, wrong, polite or unacceptable. For example, in many communities, children are expected to respect and greet elders. 1.3 Social expectations Social expectations are the behaviors that people expect from others in particular situations. Students are expected to respect teachers, workers are expected to perform their duties, and members of a community are expected to follow accepted ways of living. However, expectations may differ between cultures. Understanding these differences helps people respect others and avoid misunderstandings. 1.4 Social norms Social norms are the accepted rules and standards that guide how people are expected to behave in society. Some norms are written, while others are unwritten. Examples include greeting people, respecting elders, queuing when waiting for a service, keeping public places clean and following laws. Social norms help to maintain order and make it easier for people to live peacefully together. When people repeatedly break important norms, they may face criticism, rejection or punishment. Social differences refer to the ways in which individuals and groups differ from one another. People may differ in age, gender, education, occupation, income, language, culture, personality and family background. Social differences can benefit society because people bring different ideas, skills, experiences and ways of thinking. However, when differences are not respected, they can lead to prejudice, discrimination, conflict and social exclusion. 1.5 Factors That Influence Social Behavior Several factors influence how people behave towards others. These include: Family: Children learn manners, values and ways of interacting from family members. Culture: Culture influences beliefs, customs and acceptable ways of behaving. Friends: Peer groups can influence attitudes, language and behavior. Education: Schools teach discipline, cooperation, responsibility and respect. Religion: Religious beliefs can influence moral values and relationships. Media and technology: Social media, television and the internet can influence people's attitudes and behaviour. Personality: People have different personalities, which affect how they interact with others. Environment: The community and surroundings where a person lives can shape behaviour. Life experiences: Experiences such as success, failure, conflict and friendship can change the way people behave. === Chapter 2ː Communication and Human Interaction === Communication is an important part of human interaction. People communicate every day with family members, friends, teachers, colleagues and other members of society. Good communication helps people understand one another, build relationships, solve problems and avoid unnecessary conflicts. Communication is not only about speaking. People also communicate through facial expressions, gestures, body movements, eye contact and tone of voice. 2.1 Verbal communication and Non-verbal communication Verbal communication is the use of spoken or written words to share information, thoughts, feelings and ideas with other people. Examples include; talking to a friend, giving instructions, having a conversation, making a speech, sending a text message, writing a letter or email. Effective verbal communication requires clear language, appropriate words and a message that the other person can understand. The way something is said is also important. A polite and calm tone can make communication more positive, while an angry or insulting tone can create conflict. Non-verbal communication is the passing of information without using spoken or written words. For example, smiling can show happiness or friendliness, while avoiding eye contact may sometimes show nervousness or discomfort. Non-verbal communication can support spoken words, but it can also sometimes send a different message from what a person is saying. 2.2 Empathy Empathy is the ability to understand and share another person's feelings or to try to see a situation from their point of view. An empathetic person tries to understand what another person may be experiencing instead of immediately judging them. For example, if a friend loses a loved one, showing empathy means listening to them, acknowledging their pain and offering appropriate support. Empathy helps people: build stronger relationships; understand others better; reduce conflicts; show compassion; provide emotional support. 2.3 Active Listening Active listening means giving full attention to another person in order to understand what they are saying. An active listener: pays attention; maintains appropriate eye contact; avoids unnecessary interruptions; asks questions when something is unclear; shows interest; remembers important information; responds appropriately. For example, when someone is explaining a problem, an active listener does not use the opportunity to prepare their own response. They first try to understand the person's message. Active listening improves communication because it reduces confusion and makes people feel heard and respected. 2.4 Misunderstandings and Their Causes A misunderstanding occurs when a person interprets a message differently from what the sender intended. Misunderstandings can happen in everyday conversations and may sometimes lead to arguments or broken relationships. Causes of misunderstandings Poor communication – A person may fail to explain their message clearly. Language differences – People may use different languages, accents or meanings of words. Poor listening – Someone may hear the words without paying attention to the actual message. Assumptions – A person may make conclusions without asking for clarification. Emotions – Anger, fear or sadness can affect how people understand messages. Cultural differences – The same gesture or expression may have different meanings in different cultures. Tone of voice – A message can sound rude, angry or sarcastic even when that was not intended. Non-verbal signals – Facial expressions and body language may contradict spoken words. Noise and distractions – Physical or technological distractions can cause people to miss important information. Misunderstandings can be reduced by speaking clearly, listening carefully, asking questions and avoiding unnecessary assumptions. 2.5 Respectful Communication Respectful communication is communicating with others in a polite, considerate and fair manner, even when people have different opinions. Respectful communication involves: using polite language; listening when others are speaking; avoiding insults and offensive language; respecting different opinions; speaking calmly; avoiding unnecessary shouting; giving others a chance to express themselves; disagreeing without attacking the person. For example, instead of saying, "You are completely wrong," a person can say, "I understand your point, but I have a different opinion." Respectful communication creates trust and makes it easier for people to solve disagreements peacefully. 2.6 Body Language Body language is the way people communicate through movements, posture, gestures and physical expressions. Examples of body language include: Eye contact: May show attention, confidence or interest. Smiling: May communicate friendliness or happiness. Crossed arms: May sometimes suggest defensiveness or discomfort. Nodding: Often shows agreement or that someone is following a conversation. Standing upright: May communicate confidence. Looking away: May sometimes indicate discomfort, distraction or lack of interest. Hand gestures: Can help explain or emphasize a message. However, body language should not always be interpreted in isolation. The meaning of a gesture can depend on the person's culture, situation and personality. 2.7 Importance of Effective Communication Effective communication helps people to: understand one another, build healthy relationships, express feelings and ideas, solve problems, prevent misunderstandings, manage conflicts, work together, develop trust and cooperation. Good communication therefore requires more than simply speaking. It involves speaking clearly, listening actively, showing empathy, using appropriate body language and respecting other people. === Chapter 3ː Relationships, Cooperation and conflict === 3.1 Relationships Human beings are social beings who depend on one another for emotional, social and practical support. Throughout life, people form different kinds of relationships with family members, friends, classmates, workmates, neighbours and other members of society. These relationships can bring happiness, support, encouragement and a sense of belonging. However, relationships are not always easy. People have different personalities, opinions, needs, beliefs and expectations. These differences can sometimes lead to disagreements and conflicts. The ability to build healthy relationships, cooperate with others and resolve disagreements peacefully is therefore an important part of positive social behavior. 3.2 Building Healthy Relationships A relationship is a connection or association between two or more people. Relationships can be based on family ties, friendship, work, education, marriage, neighborhood or shared interests. A healthy relationship is one in which people treat each other with respect, honesty, care and understanding. Healthy relationships allow people to feel valued, safe and accepted. Building a healthy relationship takes time and effort. It requires people to communicate openly, keep promises, respect boundaries and support one another. Ways of building healthy relationships Trust: People should be able to depend on one another and believe that the other person will act honestly. Respect: Each person should recognize the worth and dignity of the other. Good communication: People should express their thoughts and feelings clearly and listen to one another. Honesty: Being truthful helps prevent suspicion and creates stronger relationships. Empathy: Understanding another person's feelings makes it easier to respond with care. Support: People should encourage and help one another during both good and difficult times. Forgiveness: People sometimes make mistakes. Being willing to forgive can help relationships recover from disagreements. Healthy relationships do not mean that people never disagree. Instead, they mean that disagreements are handled in a respectful and constructive manner. 3.3 Trust and Cooperation Trust is the belief that another person can be relied upon to be honest, responsible and dependable. Trust develops gradually through people's actions. When someone keeps promises, tells the truth and respects confidential information, others are more likely to trust them. Trust is important in families, friendships, workplaces and communities. Without trust, people may become suspicious and unwilling to cooperate. Cooperation is the act of working together with others to achieve a common goal. For example, students may cooperate when completing a group assignment. Community members may cooperate when cleaning their neighborhood. Importance of cooperation Cooperation: helps people achieve goals; encourages teamwork; reduces unnecessary conflict; allows people to share skills and ideas; strengthens relationships; promotes unity; makes difficult tasks easier. Trust and cooperation are closely connected. People are generally more willing to cooperate when they trust one another. 3.4 Friendship and Family Relationships Friendship is a voluntary relationship between people who share affection, trust, companionship or common interests. Good friendships can provide emotional support, advice, encouragement and companionship. Friends can influence each other's attitudes and behavior, so choosing positive friends is important. A healthy friendship is usually characterized by: trust; honesty; respect; loyalty; mutual support; good communication; understanding; acceptance of differences. Family relationships are also important because the family is often the first social environment in which people learn how to interact with others. Families provide care, protection, emotional support, guidance and a sense of belonging. However, disagreements can occur within families because members have different needs and opinions. Open communication, patience and forgiveness can help maintain strong family relationships. 3.5 Workplace Relationships Workplace relationships are the relationships that develop between people in an organisation or place of work. People may work with supervisors, colleagues, employees, customers and other members of the organisation. Positive workplace relationships can improve teamwork and productivity. Good workplace relationships require: respect for colleagues; clear communication; cooperation; honesty; professionalism; responsibility; appreciation of other people's contributions. Poor workplace relationships can result in stress, arguments, poor teamwork and reduced productivity. People should therefore learn to separate personal disagreements from their professional responsibilities and deal with workplace problems appropriately. 3.6 Causes of Social Conflict Conflict is a disagreement or struggle between individuals or groups because of differences in opinions, interests, values, needs or goals. Conflict is a normal part of human interaction. It does not always mean that people hate one another. Sometimes people simply have different ways of seeing a situation. Causes of social conflict include: Differences in opinions – People may have different ideas about how something should be done. Competition for resources – Conflict may occur when people compete for limited resources such as money, land, jobs or opportunities. Poor communication – Unclear messages and misunderstandings can create disagreements. Cultural differences – Different traditions and beliefs can sometimes create tension. Discrimination – Treating people unfairly because of their differences can lead to resentment and conflict. Jealousy – Feelings of jealousy may damage friendships and relationships. Power and control – People may disagree over who should make decisions or control resources. Unresolved disagreements – Small problems can become serious when they are ignored. Prejudice and stereotypes – Negative beliefs about particular groups can create division. Economic difficulties – Poverty and inequality can contribute to tension within communities. 3.7 Conflict Resolution Conflict resolution refers to the process of dealing with disagreements and finding peaceful solutions that address the concerns of the people involved. Conflict should not always be solved through force or aggression. People can use communication, negotiation, mediation and compromise. Steps in conflict resolution Identify the problem: The people involved should understand what caused the disagreement. Listen to each other: Each person should be given an opportunity to explain their position. Remain calm: Anger and insults can make the situation worse. Find common ground: People should identify areas where they agree. Consider possible solutions: Different solutions should be discussed. Compromise: Sometimes each side must give up something in order to reach an acceptable agreement. Agree on a solution: The people involved should decide how the problem will be addressed. Follow up: The situation should be monitored to ensure that the conflict does not return. Conflict resolution helps people maintain relationships and avoid unnecessary violence. 3.8 Forgiveness and Reconciliation Forgiveness is the decision to let go of resentment or anger towards someone who has caused harm or offence. Forgiveness does not necessarily mean pretending that the wrongdoing never happened. Instead, it involves choosing not to remain controlled by anger or hatred. Reconciliation is the process of restoring a damaged relationship and rebuilding trust between people or groups. Forgiveness can contribute to reconciliation, but reconciliation may require additional steps such as an apology, acceptance of responsibility, compensation, changed behavior and rebuilding trust. Forgiveness and reconciliation can help individuals and communities move beyond past disagreements and establish healthier relationships. === Chapter 4ː Positive and negative social behaviors === 4.1 Positive social behaviors Social behavior can have either positive or negative effects on individuals and society. Positive social behaviors contribute to healthy relationships, cooperation, peace and community development. Negative social behaviors can cause emotional pain, conflict, discrimination and harm. Understanding both forms of behavior helps people recognize the consequences of their actions and make better choices. 4.2 Kindness and Helping Others Kindness is the willingness to treat others with care, consideration and compassion. Kindness can be shown through simple actions such as helping someone carry something, comforting a person who is sad, sharing with others or offering encouragement. Helping others is an important form of positive social behavior because people often depend on one another. Benefits of kindness Kindness: strengthens relationships; makes people feel valued; encourages cooperation; reduces loneliness; promotes happiness; creates supportive communities; encourages others to behave positively. Kindness does not always require money or major sacrifices. A kind word, listening to someone or offering assistance can make a significant difference. 4.3 Respect and Responsibility Respect is showing consideration for the rights, feelings, opinions and dignity of other people. Respect involves recognizing that other people have value even when they have different opinions or backgrounds. Examples of respect include listening when someone speaks, respecting personal property, using polite language and accepting reasonable differences. Responsibility means accepting the duty to perform one's obligations and being willing to take responsibility for one's actions. A responsible person understands that their behavior has consequences for themselves and others. Respect and responsibility are important because they create trust, discipline and cooperation in society. 4.4 Bullying and Harassment Bullying is repeated behavior intended to intimidate, hurt, humiliate or control another person. Bullying may be: physical; verbal; emotional; social; online. Examples include hitting, threatening, insulting, spreading rumors, deliberately excluding someone or repeatedly sending harmful messages online. Harassment refers to unwanted behavior that disturbs, threatens, humiliates or causes distress to another person. Bullying and harassment can have serious effects on a person's confidence, relationships, education, work and general well-being. They should not be treated as normal behavior. Individuals and institutions should create environments where people can report harmful behavior and receive appropriate support. 4.5 Peer Pressure Peer pressure occurs when individuals are influenced by their friends or people of a similar age to behave in a particular way. Peer pressure can be positive or negative. Positive peer pressure may encourage someone to study harder, participate in sports, avoid harmful behavior or develop useful skills. Negative peer pressure may encourage behaviors such as substance abuse, fighting, cheating, truancy, stealing or other harmful activities. A person can resist negative peer pressure by: being confident; knowing their values; choosing supportive friends; saying no firmly; avoiding risky situations; seeking advice from trusted people. 4.6 Discrimination and Exclusion Discrimination is unfair treatment of a person or group because of characteristics such as their background, gender, age, disability, social status or other differences. Social exclusion occurs when individuals or groups are prevented from fully participating in social, educational, economic or community activities. Discrimination can make people feel rejected, powerless and less valued. Examples include refusing someone an opportunity because of their background or deliberately excluding someone from a group because they are considered different. A fair society should promote equal opportunities and respect for all people. 4.7 Aggression and Harmful Behavior Aggression refers to behavior intended to threaten, intimidate, dominate or harm another person. Aggression can be physical, verbal or psychological. Examples include: fighting; threatening others; insulting people; destroying property; intimidation; deliberately hurting others. Harmful behavior can damage relationships and create fear and insecurity. People can reduce aggression by learning emotional control, communicating their concerns peacefully, seeking help and using appropriate conflict-resolution strategies. 4.8 How Social Behavior Can Be Changed Social behavior is not necessarily fixed. People can learn new ways of thinking and behaving. Behavior can be changed through: Education: Teaching people about respect, empathy, communication and responsibility can encourage positive behavior. Positive role models: People often learn by observing parents, teachers, leaders, friends and other role models. Self-awareness: Understanding one's own behavior is an important step towards changing it. Positive peer influence: Supportive friends can encourage healthier choices. Counselling: Professional or trusted guidance can help people understand the causes of harmful behavior. Rewards and encouragement: Positive behavior can be strengthened through recognition and encouragement. Consequences: Appropriate consequences can discourage harmful actions. Changing social behavior often takes time. It requires willingness, practice, support and a suitable environment. === Chapter 5ː Social behavior in the modern world === 5.1 Introduction Technology has significantly changed the way people interact. In the past, most social interaction took place face-to-face or through letters and traditional forms of communication. Today, people can communicate instantly with others across the world through mobile phones, social media, messaging applications and other digital technologies. The modern world has created many opportunities for people to connect, but it has also introduced new challenges. People must therefore understand how technology influences social behavior and learn to use it responsibly. 5.2 Social Media and Human Behavior Social media refers to online platforms that allow people to create, share and exchange information and interact with other users. Social media has changed how people communicate, make friends, share opinions and obtain information. It can have positive effects by: connecting people who are far apart; helping people maintain relationships; providing educational information; creating business opportunities; allowing people to share ideas; supporting communities and social causes. However, excessive or irresponsible use can also have negative effects. People may become overly dependent on online approval, compare themselves with others, spend too much time online or become involved in online conflicts. Social media can therefore influence people's attitudes, relationships and everyday behaviour. 5.3 Online Communication Online communication is the exchange of information through digital technologies such as messaging applications, email, social networking platforms and video calls. Online communication is convenient because people can communicate across long distances almost instantly. However, online communication lacks some of the social cues found in face-to-face communication. A written message may not clearly communicate the sender's tone or emotion. For example, a person may make a joke through text, but the receiver may interpret it as an insult because they cannot hear the speaker's tone. Effective online communication therefore requires people to choose their words carefully and consider how their messages may be interpreted. 5.4 Digital Etiquette Digital etiquette, sometimes called netiquette, refers to the rules and appropriate behaviour people should follow when communicating and interacting online. Good digital etiquette includes: using respectful language; avoiding unnecessary insults; respecting other people's privacy; thinking before posting; avoiding spreading false information; giving credit to other people's work; respecting different opinions; avoiding excessive messaging; responding appropriately; remembering that online actions can affect real people. People should remember that being behind a screen does not remove the responsibility to treat others with dignity. 5.5 Cyberbullying Cyberbullying is bullying carried out through digital technologies such as social media, messaging platforms, websites or online gaming platforms. It can include: sending threatening messages; spreading embarrassing information; sharing someone's private information without permission; creating harmful rumors; posting humiliating content; deliberately excluding someone from online groups. Cyberbullying can be particularly harmful because online content can spread quickly and may reach a large audience. People experiencing cyberbullying should avoid responding aggressively, keep evidence of harmful messages where appropriate, block or report offenders and seek help from trusted adults, institutions or relevant authorities. 5.6 Social Media Influence Social media can strongly influence the way people think and behave. People may be influenced by: celebrities and public figures; influencers; friends; online communities; advertisements; trends; viral content. Social media can encourage positive behavior, such as learning, creativity, entrepreneurship and community participation. However, it can also promote harmful behaviors, unrealistic expectations and misinformation. People should therefore develop critical thinking. Before accepting or sharing information, they should consider whether the information is reliable and whether sharing it could harm someone. 5.7 Privacy and Responsible Online Behavior Privacy is the ability of individuals to control information about themselves and decide how that information is shared. Responsible online behavior involves protecting one's own privacy and respecting the privacy of others. People should be careful about sharing: passwords; private photographs; personal contact information; financial information; private conversations; sensitive personal details. A person should also avoid sharing another person's photograph, message or personal information without appropriate permission. Responsible online behavior means understanding that information shared online may be copied, stored or redistributed beyond the original audience. 5.8 Balancing Online and Face-to-Face Relationships Technology provides convenient ways to communicate, but face-to-face interaction remains important. Face-to-face communication allows people to observe facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice and other social cues. It can also provide opportunities for deeper emotional connection. Spending too much time online may reduce opportunities for direct interaction with family, friends and community members. A healthy balance involves using technology as a tool for communication without allowing it to completely replace real-world relationships. People can maintain balance by: setting reasonable limits on screen time; spending time with family and friends; participating in community activities; having face-to-face conversations; avoiding unnecessary phone use during important conversations; making time for hobbies and physical activities. 5.9 Conclusion The modern world has transformed human interaction. Digital technology and social media have made communication faster and more convenient, but they have also created new responsibilities and challenges. People must learn to communicate respectfully both offline and online. They should understand digital etiquette, protect privacy, avoid cyberbullying and think critically about information encountered on social media. Technology should support human relationships rather than completely replace them. Maintaining a healthy balance between online communication and face-to-face interaction can help people develop stronger and more meaningful relationships. == Conclusion == Understanding social behavior helps people understand themselves and the people around them. Social behavior influences how individuals communicate, form relationships, cooperate, handle disagreements and respond to differences. Healthy social behavior is built on respect, empathy, trust, responsibility, kindness, cooperation and effective communication. At the same time, people need to recognize harmful behaviors such as bullying, discrimination, aggression and exclusion and understand how these behaviors can affect individuals and society. As society continues to change through technology and social media, the ability to interact responsibly becomes even more important. Developing good social behavior is therefore not only useful for personal relationships but also essential for creating peaceful, respectful and cooperative communities. The book summarizes the importance of understanding social behavior and encourages readers to develop self-awareness, empathy, respect, communication skills, and responsible behavior in their interactions with others. 090jrg5sbynw4ktqcas9a3ivjvrbf9d User:Ruth Bulyaba M/sandbox/A Simple Guide to Introduction to Artificial Intelligence 2 485477 4673066 4672306 2026-09-30T07:56:30Z TechVindicator 3626296 +AI-suspected 4673066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{AI-suspected|reason=Checked using AI checkers, they claim the page was generated with the use of AI. Adding tag to make sure that the page has a thorough review.}} = A Simple Guide to Artificial Intelligence = == 1. Book Overview == '''Title:''' ''A Simple Guide to Artificial Intelligence'' '''Subject:''' Introduction to Artificial Intelligence '''Book type:''' Beginner-level educational guide '''Target audience:''' Secondary-school students, teachers, university beginners, and general readers interested in understanding AI. = <small>2. Purpose of the Book</small> = The main purpose of ''A Simple Guide to Artificial Intelligence'' is to '''make artificial intelligence easy to understand for beginners'''. The book will introduce readers to the basic concepts, technologies, applications, benefits, limitations, and social implications of AI. It is not designed to train readers as AI engineers. Instead, it provides the foundation needed to understand conversations about AI and to continue learning about the subject. = <small>3. Book Summary</small> = The book teaches beginners what AI is, how it works, where it is used, what its benefits and limitations are, and how to use it responsibly. The book therefore focuses on '''simple explanations, practical examples, critical thinking, responsible use, and learning by doing''' rather than complicated mathematics or advanced programming. == <small>4</small>. <small>Structural Book Shell</small> == <big>'''Introduction:'''</big> Artificial intelligence is becoming part of everyday life, from smartphones and search engines to education, healthcare, agriculture, business, and entertainment. However, many people use AI without fully understanding how it works. This book provides a simple starting point for anyone who wants to understand AI. It introduces the basic concepts using clear language, familiar examples, and practical activities. The book does not require the reader to be a programmer or computer scientist. === <big>Chapters:</big> === === Chapter 1: What Is Artificial Intelligence? === Introduces AI, its meaning, common examples, and the difference between AI and ordinary computer programs. === Chapter 2: A Short History of AI === Provides a brief overview of how artificial intelligence developed from early ideas to modern AI systems. === Chapter 3: AI in Everyday Life === Explores examples of AI in smartphones, search engines, recommendations, navigation, translation, chatbots, and other everyday technologies. === Chapter 4: Data and Algorithms === Explains the basic role of data and algorithms in AI systems using simple examples. === Chapter 5: Machine Learning === Introduces how computers can learn patterns from data and make predictions or classifications. === Chapter 6: Neural Networks and Deep Learning === Provides a beginner-friendly explanation of neural networks and why deep learning is important. === Chapter 7: Language, Images and Generative AI === Introduces natural language processing, computer vision, and generative AI, including systems that create text, images, audio, or code. '''<big>Chapter 8: Benefits and Limitations of AI</big>''' Explains what AI can do well and where it can make mistakes or produce unreliable results. === Chapter 9: AI, Ethics and Society === Discusses bias, privacy, security, misinformation, employment, fairness, and human responsibility. === Chapter 10: Using AI Responsibly === Provides practical guidance on checking AI-generated information, protecting personal data, maintaining academic honesty, and using AI appropriately. === Chapter 11: Learning Through Simple AI Activities === Provides simple exercises and beginner projects that allow readers to apply the concepts introduced in the book. == Chapter 1: == == What Is Artificial Intelligence? == Artificial Intelligence, or '''AI''', is technology that allows computers to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. AI can help computers recognize pictures, understand language, answer questions, make suggestions and solve problems. Examples of AI include voice assistants, chatbots, face recognition and smart search engines. Ordinary computer programs usually follow instructions written by people. AI systems can also learn patterns from data and use them to make predictions or decisions. == Chapter 2: == == A Short History of AI == The idea of intelligent machines has existed for many years. Scientists began developing computer systems that could solve problems and perform simple intelligent tasks. Over time, computers became faster and more powerful. Researchers developed machine learning, neural networks and other methods that improved AI. Today, AI is used in education, health, business, transport, communication and many other areas. == Chapter 3: == == AI in Everyday Life == Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now part of our everyday life. Many people use AI without even knowing it. It helps us do different activities more quickly and easily. For example, when we use a phone and ask a voice assistant a question, AI helps the phone understand what we are saying and give us an answer. Search engines also use AI to help us find information on the internet. AI also helps us choose things we may like. When we watch videos or listen to music, AI can suggest other videos or songs based on what we have watched or listened to before. Maps can also use AI to suggest routes and help us find places more easily. AI is also useful for communication. Translation tools can help people understand different languages, while chatbots can answer questions and provide information. Some phones and computers use AI to recognise a person's face or fingerprint for security. AI is also used in email to find unwanted messages, called spam. By doing many of these tasks, AI helps people save time and makes some everyday activities easier. AI is therefore not only something used by scientists or big companies. It is already part of many things we use every day. Learning how AI works can help us use it wisely and safely. == Chapter 4: == == Data and Algorithms == '''Data''' is information collected for use by a computer. It may include numbers, words, pictures, sounds or videos. An '''algorithm''' is a set of steps used to solve a problem or complete a task. AI systems use data and algorithms to identify patterns and produce results. For example, a system may study many pictures of cats and dogs to learn how to tell them apart. The quality of the data can affect the quality of the AI's results.<ref>{{Citation |last=Holmström |first=Jonny |title=How AI can generate value creation |date=2026-03-27 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003733881-7 |work=AI Innovation in Business |pages=101–116 |access-date=2026-09-25 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-73388-1}}</ref> == Chapter 5: == == Machine Learning == Machine learning is a type of AI in which computers learn patterns from data instead of receiving instructions for every possible situation. For example, a computer can study many examples of emails to learn which messages may be spam. Machine learning can be used to: * Recognise objects. * Predict weather or prices. * Recommend content. * Identify spam. * Classify information == Chapter 6: == == Neural Networks and Deep Learning == A neural network is an AI system inspired by the way connected nerve cells work in the human brain. It contains connected parts that process information and identify patterns. '''Deep learning''' uses neural networks with many layers. It is useful for tasks such as speech recognition, image recognition, language processing and self-driving technology. == Chapter 7: == == Language, Images and Generative AI == AI can work with different types of information. * '''Natural Language Processing:''' Helps computers understand and produce human language. * '''Computer Vision:''' Helps computers identify and understand images and videos. * '''Generative AI:''' Creates new content such as text, pictures, music, audio and computer code. Generative AI can be useful for learning and creativity, but its results should always be checked for accuracy. == Chapter 8: == == Benefits and Limitations of AI == === Benefits of AI === Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help people in many different ways. One important benefit is that it can save time by helping people complete tasks more quickly. In education, AI can support learners by explaining difficult topics, answering questions, and helping them find useful information. AI can also help doctors analyse information and support them in their work. It can improve communication through translation tools and can assist people with disabilities by providing tools that make communication, learning, and daily activities easier. Businesses and organisations can also use AI to work more efficiently. For example, AI can help organise information, answer common questions, and complete some simple tasks. This allows people to spend more time on work that needs human ideas and creativity. === Limitations of AI === Although AI is useful, it also has some limitations. AI can make mistakes and may sometimes give information that is not correct. For this reason, people should check important information before using it. AI can also show bias when the information used to train it is unfair or incomplete. Sometimes it may misunderstand a question and give an answer that does not match what the user wants. The quality of an AI answer can also depend on the quality of the information it has been given. AI does not understand information exactly like a human being. It cannot replace human judgement, experience, and responsibility. Therefore, people should use AI carefully and always check important results before making decisions. == Chapter 9: == == AI, Ethics and Society == Artificial Intelligence (AI) affects people, families, schools, businesses, and communities. Because of this, AI should be used with fairness, safety, and responsibility. One concern is '''bias'''. AI may treat some people unfairly if the information used to train it is biased. '''Privacy''' is also important because AI systems may collect or use people's personal information. People should make sure that their information is protected. '''Security''' is another concern. AI systems can be attacked or used in harmful ways. AI can also create '''false or misleading information''', which can make it difficult for people to know what is true. AI may also change the world of '''employment''' as some jobs and work activities become more automated. However, people remain responsible for important decisions. AI should support people, but humans should make responsible choices and check important information. == Chapter 10: == == Using AI Responsibly == People should use Artificial Intelligence (AI) carefully, honestly, and responsibly. When using AI, it is important to check information from trusted sources because AI can sometimes give incorrect answers. People should also protect their privacy by not sharing personal or private information with AI tools. Learners should avoid copying AI answers without understanding them. AI should be used to support learning and ideas, not to replace personal effort. It is also important to follow school and workplace rules when using AI and to give credit to sources when necessary. When someone is not sure about an AI answer or how to use a tool, they should ask a teacher or another trusted adult for help. Using AI responsibly means using it '''honestly, safely, and respectfully''' while remembering that people are responsible for how they use the information and tools AI provides. == Chapter 11: == == Learning Through Simple AI Activities == Learners can understand Artificial Intelligence (AI) better by taking part in simple and practical activities. '''1. Identify AI tools used at home or school.''' Learners can look at the tools they use at home or school and identify which ones use AI, such as voice assistants, smart phones, or learning applications. '''2. Sort examples into AI and non-AI technologies.''' Learners can be given examples of different technologies and group them into two categories: those that use AI and those that do not. '''3. Create a simple set of instructions for solving a problem.''' Learners can write clear steps for completing a simple task. This helps them understand how computers follow instructions to solve problems. '''4. Collect safe data, such as favorite fruits, and organize it in a table.''' Learners can collect simple and safe information from their classmates, such as their favorite fruits, and arrange the information in a table. '''5. Discuss how a recommendation system works.''' Learners can discuss how websites and applications suggest videos, songs, or other content based on what a person has viewed or used before. '''6. Compare an AI-generated answer with information from a trusted book.''' Learners can compare an answer given by AI with information in a trusted book. This helps them understand why AI answers should be checked. '''7. Design a poster about responsible AI use.''' Learners can create a simple poster showing how AI should be used safely, honestly, and responsibly. These activities help learners connect AI ideas to '''real-life situations''' and understand how AI can be used in a safe and useful way. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-09-23 |title=Artificial intelligence - Machine Learning, Robotics, Algorithms {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/Methods-and-goals-in-AI |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Conclusion == Artificial Intelligence is a technology that helps computers perform tasks that require human-like intelligence. It is used in many areas, including education, communication, health and business. AI can be helpful, but it can also make mistakes and create risks. People should therefore check information, protect personal data and use AI responsibly. Understanding AI helps us become informed, careful and responsible users of technology. == References == <references /> qvb4xm59jsrq5brt3uyktg1rbqd0e1x Maxima/Programming 0 485506 4673019 4672867 2026-09-30T03:19:36Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4673019 wikitext text/x-wiki =Maxima Programming= Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character. Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved. Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, for the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention. One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest. The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means are chosen. The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions: {| class="wikitable" |+Maxima Programming Category |if |unless |errcatch |prederror |- |block |for |error |return |- |catch |from |warning |throw |- |local |thru |errormsg |sstatus |- |garbage_collect |step |errormsg |status |- |do |next |go | |- |while |in | | |} Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category. === Block Expressions === Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. All <code>block</code> expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors: * <code>( expr<sub>1</sub>, expr<sub>2</sub>,…, expr<sub>n</sub> )</code> * <code>block ([v<sub>1</sub>,v<sub>2,</sub>…,v<sub>m</sub>], expr<sub>1</sub>, expr<sub>2</sub>,…, expr<sub>n</sub>)</code> The first form of a <code>block</code> expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: <code>[v<sub>1</sub>,v<sub>2,</sub>…,v<sub>m</sub>]</code>, as in <code>block (expr<sub>1</sub>, expr<sub>2</sub>,…, expr<sub>n</sub></code>, unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the block expression. In that, case the form <code>block (expr<sub>1</sub>, expr<sub>2</sub>,…, expr<sub>n</sub>)</code> must be used. It should be noted that for Maxima to interpret of the syntax of the first of these forms as a block operator, there must be at least two expressions in the comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. Otherwise, Maxima will interpret the parentheses of this syntax as simply grouping related to the precedence order of operations. The purpose of the list argument, <code>[v<sub>1</sub>,v<sub>2,</sub>…,v<sub>m</sub>]</code> is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the <code>block</code>. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the <code>block</code> expression), and either form is sufficient.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* This block expression */ (%i1) (x : 2, x^2); (%o1) 4 /* Is equivalent to this block expression */ (%i2) block (x : 2, x^2); (%o2) 4</syntaxhighlight>So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the <code>block</code> expression is a matter of user preference. In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the <code>block</code> are global, and not local to the <code>block</code> expression. However, for the sake of clarity and consistency use of the latter form may be a better choice. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* The value 3 assigned to x is global */ (%i3) x : 3; (x) 3 /* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */ (%i4) (x : 2, x^2); (%o4) 4 /* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */ (%i5) x; (%o5) 2 </syntaxhighlight>Values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> may not be global:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* the value of identifier y is local only */ (%i6) block ([y], y : 4, y); (%o6) 4 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i7) y; (%o7) y /* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */ (%i8) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x); (%o8) 3 /* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */ (%i9) x; (%o9) 2 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i10) y; (%o10) y</syntaxhighlight> Regardless of the form of the <code>block</code> expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments <code>expr<sub>1</sub>, expr<sub>2</sub>,…, expr<sub>n</sub></code> which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the <code>go</code>, <code>throw</code>, or <code>return</code> operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of <code>expr<sub>n</sub></code>. The main purpose of the <code>block</code> expression, regardless of the form, is to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the <code>block</code> expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the <code>block</code> expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the <code>block</code> expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression. One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag <code>stringdisp</code> set to <code>false</code> which is the default value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i11) stringdisp; (%o11) false (%i12) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, ""); (%o12) (%i13) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$ </syntaxhighlight> The display of the value of the <code>block</code> expression may be suppressed using a <code>$</code> to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a <code>block</code> expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the <code>return</code> operator becomes the value of the <code>block</code> expression.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) is (equal (x, 2)); (%o14) true %i15) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), " x not 2"); (%o15) 2 (%i16) x : 3; (x) 3 (%i17) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), "x not 2"); (%o17) x not 2 </syntaxhighlight>When a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated within a <code>block</code> expression the result is to stop evaluation of expressions within the enclosing <code>block</code> expression and to return the value of its argument as the value of the enclosing <code>block</code> expression. It therefore can be compared with the <code>return</code> statement found in other programming languages, but with one difference: In Maxima, the <code>return</code> operator affects only the block expression in which the <code>return</code> operator is an expression, and has no effect otherwise.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i18) test_nested_block (val) := block ( [outer_var : 10], print("Entering outer block expression"), /* inner block expression */ block( [inner_var : 20], print (" Entering inner block expression"), if val > 5 then /* another inner block expression */ block ( print (" val > 5"), print (" Returning only to inner block expression"), return (inner_var + val) /* returns only to the inner block expression */ ), /* end of another inner block expression */ print (" inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val) ), /* end of inner block expression */ print ("Back in outer block expression"), outer_var + val /* end of outer block expression */ )$ (%i19) test_nested_block (1); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression inner_var + val is 21 Back in outer block expression (%o19) 11 (%i20) test_nested_block (6); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression val > 5 Returning only to inner block expression Back in outer block expression (%o20) 16</syntaxhighlight> '''''The <code>block</code> operators''''': Each instance may define local variables and has a comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. '''''Nested blocks''''': There are three <code>block</code> operators used in the right-hand side of the function definition expression named <code>test_nested_block (val</code>. There is an outer <code>block</code> expression that has an inner <code>block</code> expression as an argument,and there is a third <code>block</code> expression that is an argument of the inner <code>block</code> expression. '''''The <code>return</code> operator''''': If <code>val > 5</code> is <code>true</code> then the return operator of the most inner <code>block</code> expression is evaluated and evaluation of remaining expressions of that block expression does not occur. The value of that most inner <code>block</code> expression is the value of the argument of the return operator – <code>inner_var + val</code>. Evaluation of expressions continues with the first expression of the inner <code>block</code> expression after the end of the most inner <code>block</code> expression – which is <code>print ("   inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val)</code>. The value of the <code>print</code> operator is the value of <code>inner_var + val</code>. However, while that value is the value of the inner <code>block</code> expression it is effectively lost, as it is not the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> sequence of expressions. That value is the value of <code>outer_var + val</code>, which, being the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> is always the value of the function. ==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ==== <code>block</code> expression arguments <code>expr<sub>1</sub>, expr<sub>2</sub>,…, expr<sub>n</sub></code> are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the <code>block</code> expression is the value of <code>expr<sub>n</sub></code> unless this sequence is modified by some means. One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a <code>block</code> expression is by way of a <code>go</code> operator with a ''label'' (or ''"tag"'') argument ( the ''"go to"'') as the following exemplifies:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0], loop, total : total + i, i : i + 1, if i <= n then go (loop), total)$ (%i19) sum_to_n(25); (%o19) 325 (%i20) n; (%o20) n (%i21) i; (%o21) i (%i22) total; (%o22) total </syntaxhighlight> Note the following: * <code>'''block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)'''</code>: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code>. The function argument <code>n</code> is also a local identifier. * <code>'''loop'''</code>: This label serves as a target inside the <code>block</code> expression to where <code>go (loop)</code> can jump. * <code>'''if i <= n then go (loop)'''</code>: This conditional expression causes the <code>go (loop)</code> operator to be evaluated if the condition is <code>true</code>. * <code>'''total'''</code>: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the <code>block</code> expression. It should also be worth noting that the identifiers <code>n</code>, <code>i</code>, and <code>total</code> have local values assigned within the <code>block</code> expression, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code> were both declared local and assigned initial values within the <code>block</code> list argument. The ''go-to'' label argument of the <code>go</code> operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The <code>go</code> operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different <code>block</code> expression. There is nothing special about the <code>loop</code> identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic. Another way to modify a <code>block</code> expression evaluation sequence is by way of the <code>throw</code> operator.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i32) /* Define a function using a block expression that searches for a specific condition and a throw value to catch */ find_element (target_list, threshold) := block ( [found_val : false], /* local identifier value */ catch( for x in target_list do ( if x > threshold then ( /* Immediately exit the block and return this value */ throw (x) ) ), /* This string is returned only if the do loop finishes without a throw to catch */ "No element exceeded the threshold" ) )$ (%i31) /* Test the block */ find_element ( [10, 20, 55, 80], 50 ); (%o31) 55</syntaxhighlight>This example unpacks as follows: <code>'''catch (...)'''</code>: This expression creates a target scope that ''"catches"'' the value of any <code>throw</code> expression evaluated within that scope. <code>'''throw (x)'''</code>: When Maxima encounters this operator, it immediately stops evaluation of the <code>do</code> loop expression '''''and the rest of the''''' <code>block</code> '''''expression.''''' It jumps directly out of the scope of the <code>catch</code> expression, returning the value of <code>x</code> as the value of the entire <code>catch</code> expression. ==== Nested Block Expressions ==== <code>block</code> operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' <code>block</code> expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first <code>block</code> operator list argument, are created each time a nested <code>block</code> is evaluated. However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any <code>block</code> expressions, are global values for nested <code>block</code> expressions as well as enclosing <code>block</code> expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing <code>block</code> expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a <code>block</code> expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing <code>block</code> expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) z : 2^(1/3); (z) 2^(1/3) (%i24) /* Outer block starts */ block ( [x : 10, y : 20], /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */ /* Inner block starts */ block ( [y : 99, z : 100], /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */ print ("Inside inner block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the local value of y of outer block"), print("z =", z, "is the local value of z of inner block") ), /* Inner block ends */ /* Outer block resumes */ print ("Back in outer block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the restored value of y of the outer block"), print ("z =", z, "is the value of z global to both blocks") /* Outer block ends */ )$ Inside inner block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block Back in outer block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks </syntaxhighlight> ==== Values, Properties, and the <code>local</code> Operator ==== The expression <code>local (v<sub>1</sub>, v<sub>2</sub>, ... , v<sub>m</sub>)</code> within a <code>block</code> expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols <code>v<sub>1</sub>, v<sub>2</sub>, ... , v<sub>m</sub></code>, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block. Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own "dictionary" of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers. Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) declare (x, real); (%o23) done </syntaxhighlight> However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including <code>:=</code>, <code>array</code>, <code>dependencies</code>, <code>atvalue</code>, <code>matchdeclare</code>, <code>atomgrad</code>, <code>constant</code>, <code>nonscalar</code>, <code>assume</code>, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood: ====== Functions and Arrays ====== * '''<code>:=</code> (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using <code>f(x) := x^2</code>, the actual expression (<code>x^2</code>) and its argument list (<code>x</code>) are stored as a property of the symbol <code>f</code>. * '''<code>array</code>:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like <code>a[i]</code>), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol <code>a</code>. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable. ====== Calculus and Dependencies ====== * '''<code>dependencies</code>:''' If you declare <code>depends(y, x)</code>, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to <code>y</code> noting that it functionally depends on <code>x</code>. This tells the <code>diff</code> (differentiation) engine not to treat <code>y</code> as a constant relative to <code>x</code>. * '''<code>atvalue</code>:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., <code>atvalue(y, x=0, 1)</code>), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol <code>y</code>. * '''<code>atomgrad</code>:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol. ====== Pattern Matching and Rules ====== * '''<code>matchdeclare</code>:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like <code>tellsimp</code>). When you type <code>matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))</code>, Maxima attaches a predicate property to <code>x</code>. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of <code>x</code> to see what conditions a matching expression must meet. ====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ====== * '''<code>constant</code>:''' Declaring <code>declare(c, constant)</code> places a "constant" flag on property list of <code>c</code>. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull <code>c</code> out of integrals or differentiate it to zero. * '''<code>nonscalar</code>:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like <code>.</code> (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol. * '''<code>assume</code>:''' When an expression such as <code>assume(x > 0)</code> is used, Maxima's database system (<code>context</code>) assigns facts and properties (like <code>pos</code> or <code>nonnegative</code>) to the symbol <code>x</code>, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like <code>sqrt(x^2)</code> to <code>x</code>. The effect of the <code>local</code> operator is to make such declarations effective only within a <code>block</code> expression. Otherwise, declarations within a <code>block</code> expression are considered to be global declarations. So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument of a <code>block</code> expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the <code>block</code> expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a <code>block</code> expression, the <code>local</code> operator must be used as an expression within the <code>block</code> expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a <code>block</code> expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the <code>local</code> operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the <code>local</code> operator should have been named something like <code>local_properties</code>. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) f (s) := cos (s); (%o25) f(s):=cos(s) (%i26) f (%pi/6); (%o26) sqrt(3)/2 (%i27) block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6)); (%o27) 1/2 (%i28) f (s); (%o28) cos(s) </syntaxhighlight>In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier <code>f</code> were declared to be local in the <code>block</code> expression using the <code>local</code> operator. However, global properties of the identifier <code>f</code> were not affected by the local function definition of <code>f</code> in the <code>block</code> expression. The global definition expression of <code>f</code> which is <code>cos (s)</code> and the argument <code>s</code> were not affected by the local definition of <code>f</code> because the properties of <code>f</code> were declared local to the <code>block</code> expression. <code>block</code> expressions can be used for different purposes in the Maxima programming context. <code>block</code> expressions can be used in a stand-alone fashion or as part of an expression. However, <code>block</code> expressions are commonly used in expressions that define '''''functions''''', which is the topic that follows. === Functions === As a technical term '''''function''''' is aptly characterized as being overloaded. In the context of Maxima as a CAS, it has both a programming meaning and a mathematical meaning in terms of usage. In this book, the convention is to refer to what may otherwise be referred to as built-in Maxima functions as ''operators'' including those of built-in packages. By this convention, the term '''''function''''' in this book refers exclusively to expressions composed by the user by way of the <code>:=</code> or <code>define</code> operators. As has been mentioned elsewhere in this book, what are conventionally termed ''operators'' that are built-in to Maxima, are at the level of underlying expression construction, Lisp procedures of one type or another. So it makes sense to simply refer to built-in Maxima functions and operators simply as operators one and all. This convention obviates the need for the repetitious use of qualifiers such as ''built-in Maxima'' and ''user-defined'' functions. There are two operators used to define functions as follows: # The <code>''''':='''''</code> operator # The <code>'''define'''</code> operator <var><code>f (x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2,</sub> ..., x<sub>n</sub>) ''':=''' expr</code> <code>f</code> <code>[x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2,</sub> ..., x<sub>n</sub>] ''':=''' expr</code> <code>f</code> <code>[x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2,</sub> ..., x<sub>n</sub>](y<sub>1</sub>, y<sub>2</sub>, ..., y<sub>m</sub>) ''':=''' expr</code></var> <code>define (f</code> <code>(x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2,</sub> …, x<sub>n</sub>), expr)</code> <code>define (f</code> <code>[x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2,</sub> …, x<sub>n</sub>], expr)</code> <code>define (f</code> <code>[x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2,</sub> …, x<sub>n</sub>](y<sub>1</sub>, y<sub>2,</sub> …, y<sub>m</sub>), expr)</code> <code>define (funmake (f, [</code><code>x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2,</sub> …, x<sub>n</sub>]), expr)</code> <code>define (arraymake (f, [</code><code>x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2,</sub> …, x<sub>n</sub>]), expr)</code> <code>define (ev (</code><code>expr<sub>1</sub>, expr<sub>2</sub>))</code> where <code>expr</code> is some Maxima expression that is commonly referred to as the ''function body''. As can be concluded from the above, each of these operators has different forms of syntax that can be used. In any case, the most significant difference between these two operators is in terms of evaluation of the function body and naming functions dynamically.. * '''Evaluation:''' ** The <code>:=</code> operator '''quotes''' the function body when first evaluated, It does not evaluate or simplify the function body until the function identifier itself is evaluated with arguments. ** The <code>define()</code> operator '''evaluates''' the function body when the operator is first evaluated. If your function body relies on intermediate computations, substituted values, or extracted parts of an expression (like <code>rhs()</code> or derivative results), <code>define()</code> bakes those evaluated results directly into the function body. * '''Dynamic Function Names:''' ** You cannot easily construct function names dynamically on the left-hand side of <code>:=</code> inside programmatic loops or scripts. ** <code>define()</code> accepts expressions like <code>funmake</code> or evaluated symbols for its first argument, allowing you to programmatically construct and name functions dynamically at runtime. === Lisp and Maxima === {{BookCat}} d3xml2neiv4fdihabrqxxu9bma04pyc Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/September 4 485674 4673068 4672885 2026-09-30T08:10:32Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 2 threads from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] 4673068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Jeevandan26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jeevandan26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315288]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jeevandan26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:14, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == Gloriagulshan reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Gloriagulshan}} [[:w:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Kagoz]] ([[Special:Contributions/Tikapara]], [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2025/September#Tikapara_reported_by_MathXplore]]), created page [[Introduction to Filmmaking]] Contributed by Ali Zulfikar Zahedi ([[:w:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]], [[:w:simple:Ali Zulfikar Zahedi]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Gloriagulshan/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:56, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :I believe this page is intended as instructional material for learning filmmaking rather than as an encyclopedic article. I will revise the page to focus on practical filmmaking concepts, methods, and processes in accordance with the purpose of Wikibooks. [[User:Gloriagulshan|Gloriagulshan]] ([[User talk:Gloriagulshan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Gloriagulshan|contribs]]) 04:20, 29 August 2026 (UTC) : Cc: {{ping|SHB2000|MarcGarver}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:41, 29 August 2026 (UTC) ::I see the account is glocked, and there are no sleepers that aren't already locked, so nothing more to do. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:18, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Mohansai00116 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mohansai00116}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315335]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mohansai00116/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:09, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:04, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Fatemai6 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fatemai6}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315329]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fatemai6/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:10, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan147 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan147}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315327]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan142]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan147/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:12, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Kamrulhasan142 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kamrulhasan142}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315295]], [[Special:Contributions/Kamrulhasan147]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kamrulhasan142/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:13, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Twenty7incgs reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Twenty7incgs}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315323]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Twenty7incgs/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:14, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Tailleash reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Tailleash}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315318]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Tailleash/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:15, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Md Akash Mia12 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Md Akash Mia12}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315299]], [[Special:AbuseLog/315298]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Md Akash Mia12/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:17, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done|Page deleted}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:03, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Vapesitefiftybar reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Vapesitefiftybar}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Vapesitefiftybar/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:40, 2 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:05, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Myteethtime1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Myteethtime1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Myteethtime1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:54, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{Done}} by MarcGarver. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Rajstartupservices reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rajstartupservices}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315363]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rajstartupservices/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:33, 4 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:28, 4 September 2026 (UTC) == Reazulkarim545456 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Reazulkarim545456}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315377]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Reazulkarim545456/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:39, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:19, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Fahmidafy reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Fahmidafy}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315378]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Fahmidafy/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : The filter stopped them three times, no action taken. Please re-report if they continue spamming. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:20, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Grow spark digital reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Grow spark digital}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315381]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Grow spark digital/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Only one filter hit, seems stale. Please re-report if they continue to spam. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:49, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Korigosnacks reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Korigosnacks}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315383]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Korigosnacks/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : Stale after only two filter hits and no edits. Please re-report if they spam later. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Athoyislam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Athoyislam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Athoyislam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:31, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Jamal123lll reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jamal123lll}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315402]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jamal123lll/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:48, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:32, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Idontknowidkh reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Idontknowidkh}} online shopping spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315400]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Idontknowidkh/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:49, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:33, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Ridhisharma1999 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Ridhisharma1999}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315435]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ridhisharma1999/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:01, 9 September 2026 (UTC) :{{Done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 12:02, 9 September 2026 (UTC) == Thenaoriudaipur reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Thenaoriudaipur}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315473]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Thenaoriudaipur/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Networkkingss reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Networkkingss}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315458]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Networkkingss/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:49, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49226-92 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49226-92}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49226-92/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:57, 10 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. I also nuked all pages created by this user and their connected temporary accounts based on their associated IP(s). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:48, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-49632-08 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-49632-08}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-49632-08/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:08, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 06:39, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == Happyherbal26 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Happyherbal26}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315518]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Happyherbal26/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Shahadotdl reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Shahadotdl}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315516]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Shahadotdl/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:02, 14 September 2026 (UTC) == Sonarbanglahc reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Sonarbanglahc}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Sonarbanglahc/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:41, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:47, 15 September 2026 (UTC) == Mehedii1234 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mehedii1234}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mehedii1234/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:42, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:46, 15 September 2026 (UTC) qvv7uwmyk1l3tingcwstjteesyxssxm Talmudic aramic 0 485683 4673025 4670659 2026-09-30T03:29:54Z EggRoll97 3178669 Making [[WB:Requests for deletion|deletion request]] 4673025 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Rfd|example=false}}</noinclude> {{AI-suspected|reason=Mass addition of content by new user, characteristic typographical and formatting quirks, excessive use of headings and lines, unformatted lists and numbering}} = Ulpana d-Aramaita Bavlaita = == A Textbook of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic == === Preface === Aramaic is one of the most important ancient Semitic languages. For many centuries it served as a language of speech, administration, literature, religion, and scholarship throughout the Near East. One of its most important historical varieties is '''Jewish Babylonian Aramaic''', the principal Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud and an important language of the Geonic period. The purpose of this textbook is to lead the student from the basic elements of the language—letters, vocabulary, and simple grammatical structures—to the ability to read short passages from the Babylonian Talmud and analyze their linguistic structure. The book generally follows the traditional spelling found in printed editions of the Talmud. Where useful, explanations of pronunciation, grammar, and historical development are also supplied. ---- = Part I — Foundations = = Chapter 1: What Is Jewish Babylonian Aramaic? = Jewish Babylonian Aramaic is an Eastern Aramaic variety used by Jewish communities in Babylonia during Late Antiquity, especially during the Amoraic and Geonic periods. It is most famous as the principal Aramaic language of the '''Babylonian Talmud'''. Some very common expressions are: '''מאי?''' What? '''מנא לן?''' From where do we know this? '''אמר רבא''' Rava said. '''אית ליה''' He has. '''לית ליה''' He does not have. '''היכי דמי?''' What exactly is the case? A student who knows Hebrew will immediately recognize many words and roots. However, linguistic similarity does not mean identity. Aramaic has its own vocabulary, grammar, syntax, sound changes, and idiomatic expressions. ---- = Chapter 2: The Alphabet = Jewish Babylonian Aramaic is normally written in the same square Hebrew script used for Hebrew. {| class="wikitable" !Letter !Name !Example |- |א |Aleph |אמר |- |ב |Bet |בר |- |ג |Gimel |גברא |- |ד |Dalet |דין |- |ה |He |היכי |- |ו |Vav |ולא |- |ז |Zayin |זימנא |- |ח |Het |חד |- |ט |Tet |טעמא |- |י |Yod |יתיב |- |כ |Kaf |כד |- |ל |Lamed |לית |- |מ |Mem |מאי |- |נ |Nun |נמי |- |ס |Samekh |סבר |- |ע |Ayin |עבד |- |פ |Pe |פליג |- |צ |Tsadi |צריך |- |ק |Qof |קאמר |- |ר |Resh |רב |- |ש |Shin |שמע |- |ת |Tav |תא |} As in Hebrew, five letters have special final forms: '''ך ם ן ף ץ''' ---- = Chapter 3: Your First Words = The following words are useful for beginning students. {| class="wikitable" !Aramaic !English |- |אבא |father |- |אמא |mother |- |אחא |brother |- |בר |son |- |ברתא |daughter |- |גברא |man |- |איתתא |woman |- |ביתא |house |- |יומא |day |- |ליליא |night |- |מיא |water |- |נהרא |river |- |ארעא |land |- |שמיא |heaven, sky |- |רישא |head |- |ידא |hand |- |עינא |eye |- |ליבא |heart |- |מלכא |king |- |רבא |great, large |} === Exercise === Translate into English: # גברא # ברתא # מיא # ארעא # רישא === Answers === # man # daughter # water # land # head ---- = Chapter 4: The Ending ־א = One of the most noticeable features of Aramaic vocabulary is the frequent ending '''־א'''. Examples: '''גברא''' — man '''מלכא''' — king '''ספרא''' — book '''ביתא''' — house '''יומא''' — day Historically, this ending is associated with the Aramaic '''emphatic state''', one of the traditional morphological states of the Aramaic noun. In earlier Aramaic, grammatical state could mark important distinctions involving definiteness and syntactic function. In later Aramaic dialects, including Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, the original system had changed considerably. Therefore, the final '''־א''' should not automatically be translated as the English definite article “the.” ---- = Chapter 5: Question Words = == מאי == '''מאי?''' What? Example: '''מאי טעמא?''' What is the reason? Why? ---- == מאן == '''מאן?''' Who? Example: '''מאן אמרה?''' Who said it? ---- == היכי == '''היכי?''' How? Example: '''היכי דמי?''' What exactly is the case? Literally: “How does it resemble?” In Talmudic discussion, however, it normally asks how a particular legal case should be understood. ---- == היכא == '''היכא?''' Where? ---- == אימת == '''אימת?''' When? ---- == כמה == '''כמה?''' How much? How many? ---- = Chapter 6: “There Is” and “There Is Not” = Two extremely important words are: '''אית''' — there is, exists '''לית''' — there is not, does not exist When combined with the preposition '''ל־''', they commonly express possession. === Examples === '''אית ליה''' He has. Literally: “There is to him.” ----'''לית ליה''' He does not have. Literally: “There is not to him.” ----'''אית לה''' She has. ----'''לית לה''' She does not have. ----'''אית לן''' We have. ----'''לית לן''' We do not have. === Useful Forms === {| class="wikitable" !Aramaic !English |- |לי |to me |- |לך |to you |- |ליה |to him |- |לה |to her |- |לן |to us |- |לכו |to you, plural |- |להו |to them |} This construction is similar to possession structures found in many Semitic languages. ---- = Chapter 7: Personal Pronouns = Common personal pronouns include: {| class="wikitable" !Aramaic !English |- |אנא |I |- |אנת |you, singular |- |איהו |he |- |איהי |she |- |אנן |we |- |אתון |you, plural |- |אינהו |they |} Examples: '''אנא אמרי''' I say. ----'''איהו אמר''' He said. ----'''אינהו אמרי''' They say. Exact forms may vary according to manuscript tradition, dialectal form, grammatical environment, and period. ---- = Part II — The Verb = = Chapter 8: The Past Tense = As in Hebrew and other Semitic languages, many Aramaic past-tense forms express person, number, and gender through endings. Using the root כתב: '''כתב''' he wrote ----'''כתבת''' you wrote ----'''כתבו''' they wrote Common verbs in Talmudic Aramaic include: {| class="wikitable" !Aramaic !English |- |אמר |said |- |סבר |thought, held the opinion |- |אזל |went |- |אתא |came |- |יתיב |sat |- |קם |stood |- |חזא |saw |- |שמע |heard |- |עבד |did, made |- |אשכח |found |} Learning these high-frequency verbs gives the student rapid access to narrative and argumentative passages. ---- = Chapter 9: The Participle and the Particle קא = Aramaic frequently uses participial constructions. A very common Talmudic pattern includes the particle: '''קא''' Example: '''קאמר''' he is saying or, depending on context: he says ----'''קא עביד''' he is doing ----'''קא אזיל''' he is going ----'''קאמר ליה''' he says to him The particle '''קא''' often helps mark an ongoing or current action, but it should not be treated as a simple mechanical equivalent of the English present progressive. Its function depends on dialect and context. ---- = Chapter 10: Future and Modal Forms = Future forms in Aramaic frequently resemble those of other Semitic languages, but many high-frequency verbs have irregular or contracted forms. Examples: '''אימא''' I will say. It can also mean: Let me say. ----'''איעביד''' I will do. Future forms may also carry modal meanings such as: * possibility * intention * command * suggestion * hypothetical action Context is therefore essential. ---- = Chapter 11: Commands = Common commands include: '''תא''' Come. ----'''תא שמע''' Come and hear. This is one of the most famous expressions in the Talmud. In argumentative context it means approximately: “Come and consider this source.” or: “Here is evidence.” ----'''חזי''' See. ----'''שמע''' Hear. ----'''קום''' Stand up. ----'''זיל''' Go. Example: '''זיל חזי''' Go and see. ---- = Part III — Essential Syntax = = Chapter 12: The Particle ד־ = The particle '''ד־''' is one of the most important elements in Aramaic. It can serve several functions. == Possession == '''ביתא דרב''' the house of Rav ---- == Relative Clause == '''גברא דאמר''' the man who said ---- == Content Clause == '''אמר ד...''' He said that... ---- == Explanation or Relationship == Depending on context, '''ד־''' may correspond to English: * of * who * which * that * because * belonging to It must therefore be translated according to its syntactic role. ---- = Chapter 13: מן — “From” = '''מן''' means: from or: out of Example: '''מן הכא''' from here hence ----A famous expression is: '''מנא לן?''' From where do we know this? The phrase is used when the Talmud asks for the textual or logical source of a rule. ---- = Chapter 14: נמי — “Also” = '''נמי''' usually means: also too as well Example: '''הכא נמי''' here too also here ----'''איהו נמי''' he too ---- = Chapter 15: הא = The particle '''הא''' may introduce, point to, or emphasize something. Examples: '''הא גברא''' this man behold the man ----'''הא קמן''' Here it is before us. The exact translation depends heavily on context. ---- = Chapter 16: Negation = Several forms are used for negation. == לא == ordinary negation: not Example: '''לא אמר''' He did not say. ---- == לית == there is not Example: '''לית ליה''' He does not have. ---- == לאו == not is it not? is this not? Example: '''לאו מילתא היא''' It is not a valid argument. Literally: “It is not a matter.” ---- = Part IV — The Language of Talmudic Argumentation = = Chapter 17: Basic Discussion Formulae = The Babylonian Talmud uses many recurring expressions to organize discussion. Learning these expressions is as important as learning vocabulary. ---- == אמר מר == '''אמר מר''' “The master said.” This expression returns to a statement previously quoted. ---- == גופא == '''גופא''' literally: “the body itself” In context: “Returning to the matter itself.” It introduces renewed discussion of a source or statement previously mentioned incidentally. ---- == פשיטא == '''פשיטא''' It is obvious. This often introduces the question: Why did the source need to state something apparently self-evident? ---- == מהו דתימא == '''מהו דתימא''' One might have thought... Literally: “What might you say?” This introduces a possible but ultimately rejected interpretation. ---- == קא משמע לן == '''קא משמע לן''' It teaches us. Literally: “It causes us to hear.” This normally introduces the real point or novelty of a teaching. A common argumentative structure is: '''פשיטא''' Obviously... '''מהו דתימא''' You might have thought... '''קא משמע לן''' Therefore it teaches us... ---- = Chapter 18: Objections and Resolutions = A large portion of Talmudic discussion consists of objections, contradictions, resolutions, and distinctions. == מיתיבי == '''מיתיבי''' An objection is raised. More specifically, this often introduces a challenge from a Tannaitic source. ---- == ורמינהו == '''ורמינהו''' A contradiction is raised between sources. Approximately: “Set this against that.” ---- == קשיא == '''קשיא''' It is difficult. There is a difficulty. ---- == לא קשיא == '''לא קשיא''' It is not difficult. There is no contradiction. A common structure is: '''לא קשיא; הא... הא...''' There is no contradiction. This case refers to... while that case refers to... ---- = Chapter 19: שמע מינה = '''שמע מינה''' literally: “Hear from it.” In idiomatic English: Learn from this. We may infer from this. A common expression is: '''שמע מינה תרתי''' Learn two things from this. ---- = Chapter 20: תיקו = '''תיקו''' marks an unresolved question in the Talmud. It means that the problem remains standing without a final resolution in the present discussion. A popular later interpretation treats תיקו as an acronym for: '''תשבי יתרץ קושיות ובעיות''' “Elijah the Tishbite will resolve difficulties and problems.” However, this is not the historical linguistic origin of the Talmudic word. For practical reading, simply understand: '''תיקו''' The question remains unresolved. ---- = Part V — Essential Vocabulary = = Chapter 21: One Hundred Useful Words = {| class="wikitable" !Aramaic !English |- |אבא |father |- |אחא |brother |- |בר |son |- |ברתא |daughter |- |גברא |man |- |איתתא |woman |- |רב |great, master, rabbi |- |זוטא |small |- |חד |one |- |תרי |two |- |תלת |three |- |ארבע |four |- |חמש |five |- |יומא |day |- |ליליא |night |- |שתא |year |- |שעתא |hour |- |ביתא |house |- |ארעא |land |- |שמיא |heaven |- |נהרא |river |- |מיא |water |- |נורא |fire |- |רישא |head |- |ידא |hand |- |כרעא |leg |- |עינא |eye |- |ליבא |heart |- |פומא |mouth |- |קלא |voice |- |מילתא |matter, word, thing |- |טעמא |reason |- |דינא |law, judgment |- |עובדא |event, case, deed |- |תלמודא |study, learning |- |ספרא |book |- |אמר |said |- |סבר |thought, held |- |ידע |knew |- |שמע |heard |- |חזא |saw |- |אזל |went |- |אתא |came |- |יתיב |sat |- |קם |stood |- |נפל |fell |- |עבד |did |- |יהב |gave |- |שקל |took |- |אשכח |found |- |בעי |asked, required, wanted |- |בעא |wanted, sought |- |אכל |ate |- |שתי |drank |- |כתב |wrote |- |קרי |read, called |- |למד |learned |- |אמרי |they say |- |מאי |what |- |מאן |who |- |היכי |how |- |היכא |where |- |אימת |when |- |כמה |how much, how many |- |מנא |from where |- |הכא |here |- |התם |there |- |השתא |now |- |מעיקרא |originally |- |נמי |also |- |טפי |more |- |שפיר |well, properly |- |ודאי |certainly |- |אפשר |possible |- |אסור |forbidden |- |שרי |permitted |- |חייב |liable, obligated |- |פטור |exempt |- |אית |there is |- |לית |there is not |- |הוה |was |- |הוי |be, was, became |- |ליה |to him |- |לה |to her |- |להו |to them |- |לן |to us |- |מיניה |from him, from it |- |בה |in her, in it |- |ביה |in him, in it |- |עליה |upon him, concerning him |- |קמיה |before him |- |בתריה |after him |- |משום |because of |- |כיון |since, once |- |אלא |rather, but |- |אי |if |- |דלמא |perhaps |- |אפילו |even |- |כולי |all |- |טובא |much, many |- |זימנא |time, occasion |} ---- = Part VI — Guided Reading = = Chapter 22: First Passage = '''אמר רב: מאי טעמא? משום דלית ליה.''' Breakdown: '''אמר רב''' Rav said. ----'''מאי טעמא?''' What is the reason? ----'''משום ד־''' because because of the fact that ----'''לית ליה''' he does not have ---- === Translation === Rav said: “What is the reason? Because he does not have it.” ---- = Chapter 23: Second Passage = '''ההוא גברא דאתא לקמיה דרבא.''' Breakdown: '''ההוא''' that ----'''גברא''' man ----'''דאתא''' who came ----'''לקמיה''' before him ----'''דרבא''' of Rava before Rava === Translation === “That man who came before Rava.” The expression: '''ההוא גברא''' “that man” is extremely common in Talmudic narrative passages. ---- = Chapter 24: Third Passage = '''אמר ליה: זיל, תא למחר.''' Breakdown: '''אמר ליה''' He said to him. ----'''זיל''' Go. ----'''תא''' Come. ----'''למחר''' tomorrow. === Translation === He said to him: “Go, and come tomorrow.” ---- = Chapter 25: A Typical Logical Pattern = Consider: '''פשיטא! מהו דתימא... קא משמע לן.''' This is a classic Talmudic argumentative structure. === Stage 1 === '''פשיטא''' The teaching seems obvious. === Stage 2 === '''מהו דתימא''' The Talmud explains that one could have reached another conclusion. === Stage 3 === The alternative interpretation is presented. === Stage 4 === '''קא משמע לן''' The teaching is therefore necessary in order to reject that alternative. Understanding such structures makes Talmudic reading much easier. ---- = Part VII — Exercises = = Chapter 26: Translate into English = Translate: # מאי טעמא? # אית ליה ספר. # לית לן מיא. # ההוא גברא אתא. # אמר ליה רבא. # הכא נמי. # שמע מינה. # תא שמע. # מאן אמר? # היכי דמי? === Answers === # What is the reason? # He has a book. # We have no water. # That man came. # Rava said to him. # Here too. # Learn from this. # Come and hear. # Who said it? # What exactly is the case? ---- = Chapter 27: Translate into Aramaic = Translate: # He has. # He does not have. # Who said it? # What is the reason? # Come and hear. # That man. # Here too. # He said to him. # Learn from this. # Where is he? === Possible Answers === # אית ליה # לית ליה # מאן אמר? # מאי טעמא? # תא שמע # ההוא גברא # הכא נמי # אמר ליה # שמע מינה # היכא איהו? ---- = Part VIII — How to Read the Talmud = = Chapter 28: A Five-Step Reading Method = When approaching a Talmudic passage, do not immediately attempt to translate every word. Use the following method. == Step 1: Find the Verbs == Look for words such as: '''אמר''' said '''סבר''' thought '''בעי''' asked '''תנן''' we learned in the Mishnah '''תניא''' it was taught in a Baraita '''מיתיבי''' an objection was raised These forms reveal the actions taking place in the discussion. ---- == Step 2: Find the Connectors == Look for: '''ד־''' that, of, who '''אי''' if '''אלא''' rather '''משום''' because '''כיון''' since '''נמי''' also These words reveal the logical structure. ---- == Step 3: Identify the Speaker == Ask: Who is speaking? Is this: * the Mishnah? * a Baraita? * an Amora? * an anonymous editorial voice? * a quoted authority? This distinction is essential. ---- == Step 4: Identify the Argumentative Function == Ask whether the sentence is: * a question * an answer * an objection * a proof * a rejection * a distinction * a conclusion ---- == Step 5: Translate Only After Understanding the Structure == Do not treat the Talmud as a sequence of isolated dictionary entries. First understand what the argument is doing. Then translate. ---- = Chapter 29: Signposts in Talmudic Discussion = {| class="wikitable" !Expression !Function |- |מנא הני מילי |asks for the source |- |מאי טעמא |asks for the reason |- |פשיטא |declares something obvious |- |מהו דתימא |introduces a possible alternative |- |קא משמע לן |states the intended teaching |- |מיתיבי |raises an objection |- |ורמינהו |raises a contradiction |- |לא קשיא |resolves a contradiction |- |תא שמע |introduces evidence |- |שמע מינה |draws an inference |- |איבעיא להו |introduces a question |- |תיקו |leaves a question unresolved |- |גופא |returns to a previous topic |- |אמר מר |returns to a quoted statement |} Memorizing these expressions dramatically improves reading speed. ---- = Part IX — Aramaic and Hebrew Compared = = Chapter 30: Sound Correspondences = Hebrew and Aramaic are closely related Semitic languages. Many cognate roots show systematic historical sound correspondences. One well-known example is: Hebrew: '''זהב''' gold Aramaic: '''דהבא''' gold Another major historical correspondence involves Hebrew '''ש''' and Aramaic '''ת''' in certain inherited Semitic words. These relationships are useful, but they should not be applied mechanically. Language change is historical and irregular enough that every unfamiliar word cannot simply be reconstructed from Hebrew. ---- = Chapter 31: Familiar-Looking Words with Different Functions = Some Aramaic words look easy to a Hebrew reader but have several possible meanings. == בעי == Depending on context, this may mean: * asks * wants * seeks * requires * needs ---- == סבר == This can mean: * thought * held * maintained the opinion * reasoned ---- == עבד == This may mean: * did * made * performed ---- == חזי == This may mean: * see * look * observe * be worthy or suitable Context is therefore more important than any one-word dictionary equivalent. ---- = Part X — Toward Independent Reading = = Chapter 32: Practice Sentences = == Sentence 1 == '''אמר רב יוסף: הכא במאי עסקינן?''' Translation: Rav Yosef said: “What are we dealing with here?” This phrase introduces a reinterpretation of the circumstances of a case. ---- == Sentence 2 == '''אי הכי, מאי טעמא?''' Translation: If so, what is the reason? ---- == Sentence 3 == '''לא קשיא; הא בדידיה, הא בדחבריה.''' Translation: There is no contradiction. This case concerns his own property, while that case concerns his fellow's property. ---- == Sentence 4 == '''תא שמע, דתניא...''' Translation: Come and hear, for it was taught in a Baraita... ---- == Sentence 5 == '''שמע מינה תרתי.''' Translation: Learn two things from this. ---- = Chapter 33: Common Contracted Forms = Many Aramaic expressions consist of several elements fused together. == דאמר == '''ד + אמר''' who said that said ---- == דאית == '''ד + אית''' that there is which has ---- == דלית == '''ד + לית''' that there is not which does not have ---- == דהוה == '''ד + הוה''' that was who was ---- == דקאמר == '''ד + קא + אמר''' that he is saying what he means when he says ---- == מאי שנא == What is different? Why is this case different? ---- == מאי קא משמע לן == What is this teaching us? What new point is being taught? ---- = Chapter 34: Final Analysis Exercise = Analyze: '''איתמר: אמר רבא, מאי טעמא? משום דכתיב... מיתיבי... לא קשיא.''' === Step 1 === '''איתמר''' It was stated. This often introduces an Amoraic discussion. ---- === Step 2 === '''אמר רבא''' Rava said. ---- === Step 3 === '''מאי טעמא?''' What is the reason? ---- === Step 4 === '''משום דכתיב''' Because it is written... A biblical verse is about to be cited. ---- === Step 5 === '''מיתיבי''' An objection is raised. ---- === Step 6 === '''לא קשיא''' The objection is resolved. Even before translating the full contents of the argument, the reader can already identify its structure: # a teaching is introduced; # Rava gives an opinion; # the reason is requested; # a verse is cited; # an objection is raised; # the contradiction is resolved. This structural method is one of the most effective ways to learn Talmudic Aramaic. ---- = Conclusion = Learning Jewish Babylonian Aramaic involves more than memorizing vocabulary. The student must develop three related skills. == 1. Language == Learn: * vocabulary * verb forms * pronouns * particles * syntax == 2. Argument Structure == Recognize: * questions * answers * objections * proofs * distinctions * conclusions == 3. Literary Context == Learn to distinguish between: * Mishnah * Baraita * Amoraic statements * anonymous Talmudic discussion * biblical citations A student who learns several hundred high-frequency words and the principal formulas of Talmudic argumentation can begin reading short passages much earlier than might be expected. ---- = Appendix A — Suggested Course Plan = === Lessons 1–3 === Alphabet, basic vocabulary, personal pronouns. === Lessons 4–6 === Nouns, possession, the particle ד־, prepositions, and אית/לית. === Lessons 7–10 === Common verbs and verbal forms. === Lessons 11–14 === Question words and sentence structure. === Lessons 15–18 === Talmudic argumentative terminology. === Lessons 19–24 === Guided reading of short passages. === Lessons 25–30 === Independent reading of increasingly complex passages. The goal at the end of the introductory course is for the student to open a relatively simple passage of the Babylonian Talmud, identify the main grammatical structures, follow the stages of the argument, and use a dictionary only for unfamiliar vocabulary. ---- = Appendix B — Recommended Learning Strategy = A good daily routine is: # Learn ten new words. # Review twenty previously learned words. # Read five short Aramaic sentences aloud. # Identify every verb. # Mark every occurrence of ד־. # Identify the question or argument type. # Translate the passage only after analyzing its structure. # Re-read the passage without the translation. With regular practice, recurring Talmudic structures become recognizable very quickly. ---- = Appendix C — Core Expressions to Memorize = A beginner should know the following expressions almost automatically: '''מאי טעמא?''' What is the reason? '''מנא לן?''' From where do we know this? '''היכי דמי?''' What exactly is the case? '''אי הכי''' If so. '''הכא נמי''' Here too. '''תא שמע''' Come and hear. '''שמע מינה''' Learn from this. '''פשיטא''' Obviously. '''מהו דתימא''' One might have thought. '''קא משמע לן''' It teaches us. '''מיתיבי''' An objection is raised. '''לא קשיא''' There is no difficulty. '''איבעיא להו''' A question was raised before them. '''תיקו''' The question remains unresolved. '''אמר מר''' The master said. '''גופא''' Returning to the matter itself. Mastering these expressions provides the student with the basic framework for beginning serious study of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. jz13ofsemnvoi3wumfnx29qxffhxnkg Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Jaguar/VIN Codes 0 485791 4672976 4672891 2026-09-29T18:28:06Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 6-7) */ 4672976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) niz2tokvhb4zqp163ok1n196ygb18o6 4672977 4672976 2026-09-29T18:32:51Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4): */ 4672977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) dc7tipkkxc489r6ogbvi9rnphioebxd 4672981 4672977 2026-09-29T19:12:59Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4): */ 4672981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) hr94ms4vdv7cjmvzvi3ft52njvv08zm 4672983 4672981 2026-09-29T20:23:40Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4): */ 4672983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) kjlrccs2d9do8zib92m4actj6uwkpci 4672988 4672983 2026-09-29T21:15:09Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 6-7) */ 4672988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Model Line (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), XKR ('03-'06). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) 7ymcl576er4rmk0gbx7953dyz2ucsxh 4672989 4672988 2026-09-29T21:16:17Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 8) */ 4672989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Model Line (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), XKR ('03-'06). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) jaz7qqeazq2pj4tuywswtfrp5gn9pmo 4672990 4672989 2026-09-29T21:17:06Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 8) */ 4672990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Model Line (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), XKR ('03-'06). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) ce0n5ujjg5020pbo6pcreemvvql0ygk 4672991 4672990 2026-09-29T21:18:20Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 8) */ 4672991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Model Line (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) kmv1e6rby70y8damrpbxm706mcn3gef 4672992 4672991 2026-09-29T21:19:56Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Line (Position 8) */ 4672992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) sc2u4dxbnrb1nuz1pk2wb7ea0n32wir 4672993 4672992 2026-09-29T21:31:47Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */ 4672993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |- | C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('00-'03), XK8 ('00-'02). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-), XK8 ('03-'06). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) sd4li7fodjiwzbl6k9d5a129u49mdtz 4672994 4672993 2026-09-29T21:33:06Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */ 4672994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |- | C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XK8 ('00-'02). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-), XK8 ('03-'06). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) fyxbby5q7cc9nplk7gwu6j8s1ukm6qx 4672995 4672994 2026-09-29T21:33:38Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */ 4672995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |- | C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-), XK8 ('03-'06). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) e252q8b60fz5wyfz4heg2mtu7tl04vz 4672996 4672995 2026-09-29T21:47:44Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */ 4672996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'0). |- | C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'0), Super V8 ('06-). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) sbbz3lb6uymcxh15rxz119kvqeituvn 4672997 4672996 2026-09-29T21:49:36Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */ 4672997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'0). |- | C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'0), Super V8 ('06-). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) fgh65zbkee9oxig8b99471vnznp6pic 4673003 4672997 2026-09-30T02:15:55Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */ 4673003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09). |- | C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'0), Super V8 ('06-). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) 7vd56ll5plgmzbo335wn325xhynb1kv 4673005 4673003 2026-09-30T02:17:04Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */ 4673005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09). |- | C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) af0jrd69pgtroev79og4kezzkhux5d1 4673007 4673005 2026-09-30T02:22:49Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) */ 4673007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (2000 -)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09, XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09,<br> XJ8/XJR '04-'09) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (US: XK/XKR '07-'09) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'09) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |} ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09). |- | C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2019=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('11-'12), XJL (5.0) ('11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-2026=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('11-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93), XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) nhsmhtpae8wivbd0jj2zto3w93b7efb User talk:נתנאל שטרן 3 485838 4673022 4672174 2026-09-30T03:24:09Z EggRoll97 3178669 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4673022 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''נתנאל שטרן, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] "[[:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing|Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]]".'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC)}} == Generative LLM use == Hi @[[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]]. I had to delete some of your contributions due to evidence of generative LLM use, and I suspect many of your other contributions will have to be deleted for the same reasons. Please note that using LLMs in this way is [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence|prohibited by WB policy]]—you are welcome to continue contributing without using generative AI. Let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:42, 24 September 2026 (UTC) == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing/Part 2 - ADPenTest Framework]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing/Part 2 - ADPenTest Framework|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:24, 30 September 2026 (UTC) l7rxoponlpsflxttuwg83ynl0m0nhe5 4673026 4673022 2026-09-30T03:29:55Z EggRoll97 3178669 Notifying author about page tagging 4673026 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''נתנאל שטרן, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] "[[:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing|Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]]".'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC)}} == Generative LLM use == Hi @[[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]]. I had to delete some of your contributions due to evidence of generative LLM use, and I suspect many of your other contributions will have to be deleted for the same reasons. Please note that using LLMs in this way is [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence|prohibited by WB policy]]—you are welcome to continue contributing without using generative AI. Let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:42, 24 September 2026 (UTC) == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing/Part 2 - ADPenTest Framework]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing/Part 2 - ADPenTest Framework|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:24, 30 September 2026 (UTC) ==[[:Talmudic aramic]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''נתנאל שטרן, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Talmudic aramic|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] "[[:Talmudic aramic|Talmudic aramic]]".'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:29, 30 September 2026 (UTC)}} 2c7ayzo6dz4kz9mw9zaxi5gxw56owd6 Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5/3. Qh5/3...Kf8 0 485913 4672924 4672806 2026-09-29T13:00:36Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4672924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess/board | fen = rnbq1knr/pppp1ppp/8/2b1p2Q/2B1P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNB1K1NR }} == 3...Kf8?? == This will be Black's last move. Black's desperate attempt to save his king by moving it aside does not protect against White's queen, and White can still deliver checkmate with 4.Qxf7#. {{BookCat}} ax6zn83ypqek3vpar3fxkb4jqajyvx7 Math for Non-Geeks/Copy our content 0 485914 4672923 4672808 2026-09-29T13:00:21Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4672923 wikitext text/x-wiki ''< [[Math for Non-Geeks]]'' Would you like to reuse our texts, images, or videos? Would you like to use them in teaching or in your own projects? No problem! We are delighted when others use and adapt our educational materials. You may also use our content for commercial purposes. This page explains what you need to keep in mind. == Understanding free licenses == [[File:Otto sucht Bilder.webm|thumb|An explanation of free licenses (in German)]] [[File:Global Open Educational Resources Logo.svg|thumb|“Math for Non-Geeks” is an open educational resource.]] We publish our content under free licenses. These allow you to use and adapt the material, including for commercial purposes. The texts in the original German project, [https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks “Mathe für Nicht-Freaks”], were published under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0]. Text published on English Wikibooks is available under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0]. When you reuse text from this English book, observe the following conditions: * '''Attribution:''' Credit “Math for Non-Geeks” as the source and, where the material comes from the German project, also credit “Mathe für Nicht-Freaks”. Link to the relevant pages if possible, and indicate whether you made changes. You may provide this information in any reasonable manner, but must not imply that the original authors endorse your work. * '''ShareAlike:''' If you adapt the text, distribute your adaptation under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0] or a [https://creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses compatible license]. Our images, diagrams, and videos have their own licenses, which may differ from the license for the text. Check each file’s description page for its license and attribution requirements before reusing it. Educational materials available under a free license are also called [[w:Open educational resources|open educational resources]] (OER). Our textbook series is an OER project. == Reusing texts == We are pleased when you reuse texts from our textbook series. Credit the relevant book and its contributors, indicate any changes, and make your adaptation available under the applicable ShareAlike license. You can meet the attribution requirement by placing a clearly visible notice in your project, for example in its footer: <blockquote> This text, chapter, or textbook is based on material from the free textbook series [[Math for Non-Geeks|“Math for Non-Geeks”]], translated from [https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks “Mathe für Nicht-Freaks”]. The contributors are listed in the histories of the relevant pages. This adaptation is available under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license]. Changes were made to the original material. </blockquote> Adjust the notice to describe what you actually reused and changed. Keep the links to the source pages and the license whenever your format allows it. == Reusing images and videos == [[File:Bilder unter freier Lizenz nutzen – weit verbreitete Fehler und wie man sie vermeidet.webm|thumb|How to use freely licensed images (in German)]] You can reuse illustrations, animations, and videos in much the same way as texts. Bear in mind, however, that an individual file may have a different license and may have been created by someone outside our project. We use images, animations, and videos from [[c:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]], a media repository for freely licensed files. Click a file to open its Commons description page. There you can find its creator, source, and license. When you include one of these files, provide the following information in a visible place, such as an image credits section: * The file’s name and source * The file’s creator * The name of and a link to its license Here are examples of files and suitable credits: <gallery widths="350" heights="200"> File:Example of a set.svg|“[[c:File:Example of a set.svg|Example of a set.svg]]” on Wikimedia Commons, created by [[c:User:kismalac|kismalac]] and [[c:User:Stephan Kulla|Stephan Kulla]], is available under [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ CC0]. File:Venn's four ellipse construction.svg|“[[c:File:Venn's four ellipse construction.svg|Venn's four ellipse construction.svg]]” on Wikimedia Commons, created by [[c:User:RupertMillard|RupertMillard]], is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY-SA 3.0]. File:Die rekursive Definition der Fakultät.webm|“[[c:File:Die rekursive Definition der Fakultät.webm|Die rekursive Definition der Fakultät.webm]]” on Wikimedia Commons, created by the podcast [https://thewickedmu.physik.uni-muenchen.de/ The Wicked Mu], is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0]. </gallery> Include the links in your credits whenever possible. You may also modify a file if its license permits this. If you do, say that you made changes and follow the file’s license requirements for adaptations. We generally recommend using the same license as the original file when you share an adapted version. == Get in touch! == [[File:Wanna Work Together? with subtitles - Creative Commons.ogv|thumb|Want to work together?]] Contact us if you reuse our content or plan to do so. We would be interested to hear how you use the materials, and we may be able to help with your project or answer questions about attribution and licensing. Perhaps we can collaborate, too. Contact information for the original project appears on the [https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks:_Kopiere_uns#Nimm_Kontakt_zu_uns_auf! German page]. ---- ''This page was translated and adapted from [https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks:_Kopiere_uns “Kopiere uns”] in the German “Mathe für Nicht-Freaks” project. See its [https://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Mathe_f%C3%BCr_Nicht-Freaks:_Kopiere_uns&action=history page history] for the original contributors.'' [[Math for Non-Geeks|Back to “Math for Non-Geeks”]] {{BookCat}} gaq1g31ttuskrjrazydaxqxyngw144l Koine Greek/Overview of Adverbs 0 485923 4672922 4672868 2026-09-29T13:00:10Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4672922 wikitext text/x-wiki =Adverbs= ==Functions of Adverbs== ==Forms of Adverbs== ===Adverbs of Time=== ===Adverbs of Manner=== ===Adverbs of Place/Location=== ===Adverbs of Degree=== ===Numerical Adverbs=== {{BookCat}} b63ihi4afmqu9bfdkvecqta9otbzkm6 Koine Greek/Overview of Particles 0 485924 4672921 4672873 2026-09-29T13:00:06Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4672921 wikitext text/x-wiki =Particles= ==Particles of Emphasis== γε ==Particles of Negation== οὐ, μη ==The Indefinite Particle ἄν== {{BookCat}} e7n273tcuw1o2c4c2x0dilm60dck6ki User talk:~2026-52117-65 3 485927 4672926 2026-09-29T13:00:50Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4672926 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:AamarNayak123456789012]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:AamarNayak123456789012|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 29 September 2026 (UTC) 9ta3zi6ubjr6vfnx53mumxyb1pb94zd User:BlueCuddleBear/sandbox 2 485930 4672962 2026-09-29T16:32:19Z BlueCuddleBear 3627179 Created page with "== Geology and Society == A developing textbook for curious general readers. === Our guiding question === How does the ground beneath a community shape everyday life? === What we will explore === * Water and communities * Earthquakes and buildings * Geological evidence and public decisions '''No prior geology knowledge is required.'''" 4672962 wikitext text/x-wiki == Geology and Society == A developing textbook for curious general readers. === Our guiding question === How does the ground beneath a community shape everyday life? === What we will explore === * Water and communities * Earthquakes and buildings * Geological evidence and public decisions '''No prior geology knowledge is required.''' pzva5c9kpyxu5vqtb0t2ir5kiawj2ew 4672963 4672962 2026-09-29T16:35:32Z BlueCuddleBear 3627179 /* Geology and Society */ Add introduction page link 4672963 wikitext text/x-wiki == Geology and Society == A developing textbook for curious general readers. === Our guiding question === How does the ground beneath a community shape everyday life? === What we will explore === * Water and communities * Earthquakes and buildings * Geological evidence and public decisions '''No prior geology knowledge is required.''' == Book contents == * [[User:BlueCuddleBear/sandbox/Introduction|Introduction]] ph0gdxjk6yr0r0j5gmkdg9yn2618c32 4672968 4672963 2026-09-29T16:51:08Z BlueCuddleBear 3627179 /* Book contents */ 4672968 wikitext text/x-wiki == Geology and Society == A developing textbook for curious general readers. === Our guiding question === How does the ground beneath a community shape everyday life? === What we will explore === * Water and communities * Earthquakes and buildings * Geological evidence and public decisions '''No prior geology knowledge is required.''' == Book contents == * [[User:BlueCuddleBear/sandbox/Introduction|Introduction]] * [[User:BlueCuddleBear/sandbox/Reading the Landscape|Chapter 1: Reading the Landscape]] jyrwde301sak9g770h15ewz43x2ita6 4672970 4672968 2026-09-29T16:55:00Z BlueCuddleBear 3627179 4672970 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Intended page: Geology and Society. Local draft; not published. --> <div style="border-left:0.35em solid #496c60; padding:0.8em 1em; background:#f3f5f2; color:#202c29;"> ''Earth processes. Everyday lives. Shared decisions.'' Geology begins beneath our feet, but its questions reach into our homes, histories, and futures. This book explores the connections between the physical Earth and the choices people make. </div> == Welcome == Why does a community get its water from wells? Why might two neighborhoods experience the same earthquake differently? What would you want to know before a new mine opened nearby? ''Geology and Society'' is for curious readers. You do not need previous geology coursework, specialized equipment, or a collection of rock names. Start with a place you know and a question you care about. The book brings geology into conversation with history, economics, public policy, culture, and ethics. Its purpose is to help you understand evidence, recognize uncertainty, and ask informed questions about decisions involving the Earth. == Start reading == [[Geology and Society/Reading the Landscape|Chapter 1: Reading the Landscape — How Geology Shapes Communities]] Begin with an imagined community considering a new neighborhood. Explore what the ground can tell us, what remains unknown, and why scientific evidence is only one part of a public decision. == How to use this book == * '''Follow a question.''' Each chapter begins with an everyday situation. * '''Build an explanation.''' New terms appear alongside plain-language meanings. * '''Connect perspectives.''' Explore what different disciplines can contribute. * '''Try it your way.''' Reflect in writing, discuss with someone, or simply pause and think. Activities do not require travel. * '''Check the evidence.''' Follow the sources and distinguish observations, interpretations, and choices. == Where the book is going == Chapter 1 is drafted. The following chapters are proposed topics, not completed content. # '''Reading the Landscape:''' Earth science and community decisions. # '''Water Beneath Our Feet:''' Groundwater, shared resources, and competing needs. # '''Living with a Moving Earth:''' Earthquakes, buildings, preparedness, and public memory. # '''Rivers and Coasts:''' Changing landscapes, infrastructure, and settlement. # '''The Materials of Everyday Life:''' Minerals, supply chains, labor, and consumption. # '''Energy and Earth:''' Resources, transitions, and trade-offs. # '''Reading Deep Time:''' Geological evidence, climate history, and uncertainty. # '''Making Decisions Together:''' Comparing evidence, consequences, and public priorities. == About this developing book == This is an introductory textbook in development. Examples will draw on different places without assuming that one community's experience represents everyone. Named case studies need reliable sources; imagined scenarios will be identified explicitly. Suggestions that improve clarity, accuracy, accessibility, or representation of well-supported perspectives are welcome. Explain proposed changes on the book's discussion page and identify sources for factual additions. 73eb07qlykhsjb8cspfrxeakjewb5iz User:BlueCuddleBear/sandbox/Introduction 2 485931 4672964 2026-09-29T16:37:43Z BlueCuddleBear 3627179 Create introductory draft for Geology and Society 4672964 wikitext text/x-wiki [[User:BlueCuddleBear/sandbox|Return to book contents]] == Introduction == ''Earth processes. Everyday lives. Shared decisions.'' Why does a community get its water from wells? Why might two neighborhoods experience the same earthquake differently? What would you want to know before a new mine opened nearby? ''Geology and Society'' is for curious general readers. No previous geology coursework is assumed. Start with a place you know and a question you care about. === Purpose and scope === This book connects Earth's materials and processes with everyday life and community decisions. It brings geology into conversation with history, economics, public policy, culture, and ethics. You will practice interpreting evidence, recognizing uncertainty, and distinguishing scientific findings from decisions about priorities. === How to use this book === * Begin with an everyday question. * Explore the geological explanation. * Consider perspectives from other disciplines. * Try an optional activity through writing, discussion, or reflection. * Compare your reasoning with the discussion provided. === About this developing book === The first stage includes this introduction and an opening chapter. Imagined teaching scenarios will be clearly labeled, and factual explanations will include sources. hpjmz6lja9wahtqyxeeb1bumoh7y8dl User:BlueCuddleBear/sandbox/Reading the Landscape 2 485932 4672969 2026-09-29T16:53:25Z BlueCuddleBear 3627179 Add AI-assisted opening chapter draft with sources for review 4672969 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Intended page: User:BlueCuddleBear/sandbox/Reading the Landscape. AI-assisted draft for human review. --> <noinclude><div class="noprint">[[User:BlueCuddleBear/sandbox|Return to book contents]]</div></noinclude> == Chapter 1: Reading the Landscape == <div style="border-left:0.35em solid #496c60; padding:0.8em 1em; background:#f3f5f2; color:#202c29;"> '''Guiding question:''' How does the ground beneath a community shape everyday life? </div> === Begin with a place === Picture a community considering a new neighborhood. One possible site is on a broad valley floor. Another is near a rocky hillside. Residents want homes they can afford, a reliable water supply, and places where they feel secure. At a public meeting, someone asks, “Which site is better?” This is an imagined scenario, and we do not yet have enough evidence to answer. We do not know what lies below either site, how water moves through it, or how the homes would be built. We also do not know what the land means to people who already live there. The question opens a conversation between geology and society. Before choosing a site, we need to understand both the physical setting and the people affected. === What you will explore === By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: * Describe two ways that conditions underground can matter to a community. * Separate an observation from an interpretation or a value judgment. * Identify a useful question for a scientist and a useful question for a public discussion. === Look beneath the surface === '''Geology''' is the study of Earth's materials, structure, processes, and history. In this book, we will use it to investigate questions that reach beyond the rock itself. ==== Where would the water come from? ==== Water underground can occupy connected spaces between sediment grains and fractures in rock. An '''aquifer''' is material that stores and transmits enough groundwater to supply wells or springs. It need not be an underground lake.<ref group="ch1" name="ch1-aquifers">U.S. Geological Survey, [https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/aquifers-and-groundwater Aquifers and Groundwater], Water Science School. URL: https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/aquifers-and-groundwater . Accessed 29 September 2026.</ref> For our imagined neighborhood, the next question is whether wells could provide a dependable supply. Pumping can lower groundwater levels, particularly when withdrawal exceeds replenishment. The effects depend on local conditions; nearby wells may also be affected.<ref group="ch1" name="ch1-aquifers" /> This leads to several different kinds of questions: * '''Geology and water science:''' What materials are underground, and how does water move through them? * '''Economics:''' What would different supply options cost, and who would pay? * '''Public policy:''' How would competing water needs be considered? * '''History:''' How has the community obtained and shared water in the past? ==== Would an earthquake affect both sites in the same way? ==== Local ground conditions can alter earthquake shaking. Softness of near-surface materials and the thickness of sediment above bedrock are important factors. Building design also matters. A simple label such as “valley” or “hillside” cannot settle which site would perform better.<ref group="ch1" name="ch1-shaking">U.S. Geological Survey, [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/eqproc/grdshaking.php Earthquake Processes and Effects: Ground Shaking]. URL: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/eqproc/grdshaking.php . Accessed 29 September 2026.</ref> Geological investigation could inform the decision, but residents would still need to discuss the options. What building measures are proposed? What do they cost? Who participates in choosing acceptable trade-offs? These are connected questions, but they are not interchangeable. === Three kinds of statements === Clear discussions depend on recognizing what a statement is doing. Consider these invented examples from our community meeting. ==== Observation: what was recorded? ==== “A drilling log records a layer of sand beneath this site.” This reports an observation. To evaluate it, ask where the drilling occurred, how the material was identified, and whether the record represents the whole site. ==== Interpretation: what might it mean? ==== “That layer might be useful for a groundwater supply.” This proposes an explanation or implication. It needs additional evidence, including whether the material is saturated, how readily water moves through it, and whether the water is suitable for the intended use. ==== Value judgment: what should matter most? ==== “Keeping housing costs low should be our highest priority.” This expresses a priority. Evidence can help people understand the consequences of that priority, but measuring the ground cannot establish which priority everyone should hold. '''Pause and connect:''' Can you think of a public discussion where observations, interpretations, and priorities were mixed together? How might separating them make the discussion clearer? === Try it: a place and three questions === Choose a familiar place. You can use a memory, a written description, a photograph, or a map; visiting is optional. # Name one feature you know about the place. Be specific about whether you observed it yourself or learned it from a source. # Write one question about its physical setting. For example: “Where does its drinking water originate?” # Write one question about people's experience. For example: “How were residents involved in choosing the water supply?” # Identify a source that might help with each question, such as a water provider's report, a geological survey, an archive, or an account from a resident. You may record your response as notes, a spoken explanation, or a sketch with labels. A personal account can describe someone's experience; it does not automatically establish the physical conditions underground. Different sources answer different questions. === Check your understanding === '''1. A community has found water underground. Does that establish a dependable supply?''' No. It still needs information about the aquifer, replenishment, effects of pumping, and suitability of the water. Finding water is the beginning of the investigation. '''2. Can geology alone decide where the neighborhood should go?''' No. It can inform the physical constraints and possible consequences. The decision also involves costs, community needs, priorities, and the applicable decision-making process. '''3. What is a useful response when the evidence is incomplete?''' State what is known, identify what remains uncertain, and explain what additional information would help. Uncertainty is a reason to ask a more precise question. === Take the question with you === The next time you hear a proposal involving land or water, ask: What do we know about the physical setting? How do we know it? Whose experiences and priorities are part of the discussion? Those questions are a starting point for reading a landscape—and for participating in decisions about it. === Sources === <references group="ch1" /> <noinclude><div class="noprint">[[User:BlueCuddleBear/sandbox|Return to book contents]]</div></noinclude> pzrfrgl3w0bahof4h6h4o3ybpymd122 French/Texts/Advanced/Le Comte de Monte-Cristo 0 485933 4673009 2026-09-30T02:33:39Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3624460 Created page with "==Introduction et Contexte== ''The Count of Monte Cristo'' is an adventure novel by the French writer Alexandre Dumas. It was serialised from 1844 to 1846, then published in book form in 1846. The novel is set in France, Italy, and islands in the Mediterranean Sea during the historical events of 1815–1839, the era of the Bourbon Restoration through the reign of Louis Philippe I. It begins on the day when Napoleon left his first island of exile, Elba, beginning the Hun..." 4673009 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction et Contexte== ''The Count of Monte Cristo'' is an adventure novel by the French writer Alexandre Dumas. It was serialised from 1844 to 1846, then published in book form in 1846. The novel is set in France, Italy, and islands in the Mediterranean Sea during the historical events of 1815–1839, the era of the Bourbon Restoration through the reign of Louis Philippe I. It begins on the day when Napoleon left his first island of exile, Elba, beginning the Hundred Days period of his return to power. The historical setting is fundamental to the narrative. The Count of Monte Cristo explores themes of hope, justice, vengeance, mercy and forgiveness. It follows the life of Edmond Dantès, a young sailor who is falsely accused of treason, and imprisoned in the prison Château d’If. There, he meets Abbé Faria, who educates him and reveals the location of a hidden treasure on the island of Monte Cristo. After escaping, Dantès recovers the treasure, and transforms himself into a wealthy and enigmatic nobleman. Under the identity of the titular Count of Monte Cristo, he enters high society in Paris and begins a calculated plan of revenge against those who betrayed him, including Danglars, his former ship's supercargo; Fernand, the cousin and suitor of his fiancée; and Villefort, the crown prosecutor who ensures his imprisonment to protect his own career. In the end, he abandons complete devotion to revenge, seeks redemption, and departs with his former slave and lover Haydée, leaving others to confront the consequences of both their actions and his. ==Vocabulaire== {{sectstub}} {| | |} ==Chapitre 1: Le Château d'If== {{sectstub}} Deux '''gendarmes''' se placèrent, l’un à droite, l’autre à gauche de Dantès ; on ouvrit une porte, on sortit et l’on suivit quelque temps un de ces grands corridors sombres qui font '''frissonner''' ceux-là qui y passent, quand même ils n’ont aucun motif de frissonner. Après nombre de détours, Dantès vit s’ouvrir une porte avec un '''guichet''' de fer ; un gendarme frappa, avec un marteau de fer, trois coups qui retentirent pour Dantès comme s’ils étaient frappés sur son cœur ; la porte s’ouvrit, les deux gendarmes poussèrent légèrement leur prisonnier, qui hésitait encore. Dantès franchit le seuil redoutable, et la porte se referma bruyamment derrière lui. Il respirait un autre air, un air méphitique et lourd : il était en prison. Vers les dix heures du soir, un bruit se fit entendre, qui lui parut se diriger vers sa chambre : en effet, des pas retentirent dans le corridor et s’arrêtèrent devant sa porte ; une clef tourna dans la serrure, les verrous grincèrent, et la massive barrière de chêne s’ouvrit, laissant voir tout à coup dans la chambre sombre l'éblouissante lumière de deux torches. À la lueur de ces deux torches, Dantès vit briller les sabres et les mousquetons de quatre gendarmes. On le fit sortir. Une voiture attendait à la porte de la rue, le cocher était sur son siège. — Est-ce donc pour moi que cette voiture est là ? demanda Dantes.<br> — C’est pour vous, répondit un des gendarmes, montez. Dantès voulut faire quelques observations, mais la portière s’ouvrit, il sentit qu’on le poussait ; il n’avait ni la possibilité ni même l'intention de faire résistance, il se trouva en un instant assis au fond de la voiture, entre deux gendarmes ; les deux autres s’assirent sur la banquette de devant, et la pesante machine se mit à rouler avec un bruit sinistre. Bientôt on arriva au port. On marcha vers un canot qu’un marinier de la douane maintenait près du quai par une chaîne. Les soldats regardèrent passer Dantès d’un air de curiosité '''hébétée'''. En un instant il fut installé à la poupe du bateau, toujours entre ces quatre gendarmes. Une violente secousse éloigna le bateau du bord, quatre rameurs nagèrent vigoureusement. Quelque temps après un choc violent ébranla le canot. Un des bateliers sauta sur le roc que la proue de la petite barque venait de toucher, une corde grinça en se déroulant autour d’une poulie, et Dantès comprit qu’on était arrivé et qu’on amarrait l’esquif. On attendit là dix minutes à peu près. On semblait attendre des ordres ; ces ordres arrivèrent. — Où est le prisonnier ? demanda une voix.<br> — Le voici, répondirent les gendarmes.<br> — Qu’il me suive, je vais le conduire à son logement.<br> — Allez, dirent les gendarmes en poussant Dantes.<br> Le prisonnier suivit son conducteur, qui le conduisit effectivement dans une salle presque souterraine, dont les murailles nues et suantes semblaient imprégnées d’une vapeur de larmes. Une espèce de lampion posé sur un escabeau, et dont la mèche nageait dans une graisse fétide, illuminait les parois lustrées de cet affreux séjour ; et montrait à Dantès son conducteur, espèce de geôlier subalterne, mal vêtu et de basse mine. — Voici votre chambre pour cette nuit, dit-il ; il est tard, et M. le gouverneur est couché. Demain, quand il se réveillera et qu’il aura pris connaissance des ordres qui vous concernent, peut-être vous changera-t-il de domicile ; en attendant, voici du pain, il y a de l’eau dans cette cruche, de la paille là-bas dans un coin : c’est tout ce qu’un prisonnier peut désirer. Bonsoir. Et avant que Dantès eût songé à ouvrir la bouche pour lui répondre, avant qu’il eût remarqué où le geôlier posait ce pain, avant qu’il se fût rendu compte de l’endroit où gisait cette cruche, avant qu’il eût tourné les yeux vers le coin où l’attendait cette paille destinée à lui servir de lit, le geôlier avait pris le lampion, et, refermant la porte, enlevé au prisonnier ce reflet blafard qui lui avait montré comme à la lueur d’un éclair les murs ruisselants de sa prison. ==Questions== {{sectstub}} <noinclude>{{French/Texts/Advanced}}</noinclude> mzn2f98mtic0pdybnvuoy7ufddkqvs7 User talk:Abdul Quadri Opeyemi12 3 485934 4673021 2026-09-30T03:22:31Z EggRoll97 3178669 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4673021 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Abdul Quadri Opeyemi]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Abdul Quadri Opeyemi|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:22, 30 September 2026 (UTC) 75h8r2p5ptsa3kagqt489p32n1g3rcb Koine Greek/Contract Verbs 0 485935 4673028 2026-09-30T03:44:24Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3624460 Created page with "=Contract Verbs= A special class of thematic verbs are the contracted verbs. In the dictionary these are entered as ending -άω, -έω, or -όω. For example, ὁράω "I see", ποιέω "I do", δηλόω "I show"; but in most cases when they are found in a text the vowel α, ε, ο (a, e, o) contracts with the ending to make a single vowel. Thus the present tense of ὁράω "I see" goes as follows: ::'''ὁρῶ''', ὁρᾷς, ὁρᾷ, ὁρῶμεν, ὁρᾶτ..." 4673028 wikitext text/x-wiki =Contract Verbs= A special class of thematic verbs are the contracted verbs. In the dictionary these are entered as ending -άω, -έω, or -όω. For example, ὁράω "I see", ποιέω "I do", δηλόω "I show"; but in most cases when they are found in a text the vowel α, ε, ο (a, e, o) contracts with the ending to make a single vowel. Thus the present tense of ὁράω "I see" goes as follows: ::'''ὁρῶ''', ὁρᾷς, ὁρᾷ, ὁρῶμεν, ὁρᾶτε, ὁρῶσι(ν) ::I see, thou seest, he sees, we see, ye see, they see while the present tense of ποιέω (poiéō) "I do" is as follows: ::'''ποιῶ''', ποιεῖς, ποιεῖ, ποιοῦμεν, ποιεῖτε, ποιοῦσι(ν) ::I do, thou dost, he does, we do, ye do, they do and the present tense of δηλόω "I show" is as follows: ::'''δηλῶ''', δηλοῖς, δηλοῖ, δηλοῦμεν, δηλοῦτε, δηλοῦσι(ν) ::I show, thou showest, he/she/it shows, we show, ye show, they show The present infinitive active of the three types of contracted verbs is ὁρᾶν "to see", ποιεῖν, "to do", δηλοῦν "to show". Contracted verbs are also found in the middle and passive voices, e.g. ἀφικνέομαι/ἀφικνοῦμαι "I arrive" and τιμάομαι/τιμῶμαι "I am honoured". ==Contraction Rules== {| class="wikitable" ! Following ! Α-stem ! Ε-stem ! Ο-stem |- | + ε||ᾱ||ει||ου |- | + ει||ᾳ||ει||οι |- | + η||ᾱ||η||ω |- | + ο||ω||ου||ου |- | + οι||ῳ||οι||οι |- | + ου||ω||ου||ου |- | + ω||ω||ω||ω |} ==Common GNT Contract Verbs== {| class="wikitable" ! Α ! Ε ! Ο |- |ἀγαπάω: I love||ποιέω: I do, make||πληρόω: I fill, fulfill |- |ὁράω: I see||λαλέω: I speak||δικαιόω: I justify |- |ἐρωτάω: I ask||καλέω: I call||σταυρόω: I crucify |- |νικάω: I conquer||ζητέω: I seek||φανερόω: I reveal, manifest |- |τιμάω: I honor||θεωρέω: I see, observe||ἐλευθερόω: I set free |- |γεννάω: I beget||τηρέω: I keep, guard||ζηλόω: I am jealous |- |πλανάω: I lead astray||μαρτυρέω: I bear witness||ὑψόω: I exalt |- |πεινάω: I hunger||ἀκολουθέω: I follow||κοινόω: I make common, share |- |διψάω: I thirst||προσκυνέω: I worship||τελειόω: I make perfect, complete |} 0m02qfpl6y453jgn73goiqa8bsx2m9q User talk:ZS Khumalo 3 485936 4673067 2026-09-30T07:59:51Z TechVindicator 3626296 Welcoming user with {{Welcome}} 4673067 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== {| style="background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;" ! style="background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;" | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks |- | style="padding:5px;" | * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]]. * To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community. * [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun! |} If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 07:59, 30 September 2026 (UTC) f838jr192sfhwj7yrefb5jskrm74elx Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive 5 4 485937 4673071 2026-09-30T08:11:02Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 3 threads from [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]] 4673071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Earthinators == ;Username : [[:b:User:Earthinators|Earthinators]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Earthinators|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Earthinators|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Earthinators|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Earthinators}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Earthinators}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Earthinators}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Earthinators]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Earthinators}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Earthinators&wpSearchUser=Earthinators}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was trying to replace the main page of [[Earthinators]] with a neutral, instructional textbook version ([[Talk:Earthinators|the new text is on the talk page]]). The edit filter blocked me, saying the edit was "potentially unconstructive". The new version follows Wikibooks guidelines – it’s a textbook, not a promotional page. Please allow the edit or make the change for me. ;Date and time : 06:56, 11 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|rf}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:48, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-40102-72 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-40102-72|~2026-40102-72]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-40102-72|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-40102-72|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-40102-72|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-40102-72}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:26, 15 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nft}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:39, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-40102-72 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-40102-72|~2026-40102-72]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-40102-72|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-40102-72|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-40102-72|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-40102-72}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:27, 15 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nft}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:39, 16 July 2026 (UTC) 97ayp0ej22zyv68c3zh8suvhvni9sq5 Guide for younger users/How to proceed if YouTube UNFAIRLY blocks your search 0 485938 4673074 2026-09-30T08:27:35Z ~2026-52297-30 3627225 Created page with "YouTube has rolled out a number of widely hated updates over the years. One of the most notorious ones happened in November 2021, when the number of "dislikes" was hidden from public view for all YouTube videos. Another pivotal update that received lots of backlash was the implementation of A.I. age verification in August 2025. What this means is that, regardless of the date of birth in the user's profile, the A.I. algorithm will use your watch history to estimate your a..." 4673074 wikitext text/x-wiki YouTube has rolled out a number of widely hated updates over the years. One of the most notorious ones happened in November 2021, when the number of "dislikes" was hidden from public view for all YouTube videos. Another pivotal update that received lots of backlash was the implementation of A.I. age verification in August 2025. What this means is that, regardless of the date of birth in the user's profile, the A.I. algorithm will use your watch history to estimate your age. If it estimates you to be below 18, your account will be limited in the following ways: * Disabling personalized ads * Turning on digital wellbeing tools * Adding safeguards to recommendations, including limiting repetitive views of some kinds of content * Disabling some features like Autoplay Recently, about two months ago (sometime in July 2026, I would say), YouTube began restricting search queries as well. This mainly affects sex-related searches, though some usually-innocuous words, such as "escort" and "penetrate," are now being age-gated as well, due to them having sex-related meanings secondary to the main meaning. Searches should not be age-restricted. In a perfect world, one should not have to be 18 to search for a word on YouTube, and up until about two months ago, searches were not age-gated the way they are now. YouTube has been around since February 2005, and for 21 years and 5 months, there was indeed '''no age requirement''' for searching a keyword. "Escort" is not a bad word; it is used in the Pokémon Mystery Dungeon series in certain job missions, known as "escort" missions. It is also used in many other kid-friendly and innocent contexts. As recently as September 18, when I searched for "escort mission pmd," the second and third words provided the algorithm with enough context to determine that my search was not sexually explicit in intent, therefore allowing the search results to be shown. Some things are rightfully age-restricted by law, such as drinking, smoking, and gambling. A YouTube search, especially for an innocuous word, is not something that should ever join that list. As recently as a week ago, I could still search for anatomical words such as "vagina" and "clitoris." Most of the results are medical videos, and plenty of women may search for these words in times when they need medical help, so they should remain searchable. Unfortunately, on the night of 9/28/2026, at about 10 p.m., I found out, to my horror, that YouTube's new age-gate system was drastically buffed. When I tried to search for "dominatrix" and "dominatrix interview" (both of which were, shockingly enough, accepted earlier in the month), they were now both blocked. More alarmingly, the aforementioned medical, anatomical terms were now blocked and age-gated as well, returning the message: "Confirm your age. These results may be inappropriate for some users." No, YouTube, they're not. They are medical results and educational, informative videos. And teenage girls may need medical help, too. If a 15-year-old girl has an emergency, she needs to get the help now; she can't wait until her 18th birthday! If you are a child or a teenager, and you are frustrated that your innocent, well-intended search is triggering the "These results may be inappropriate for some users" BS, there is an escape hatch for you. There are several workarounds you can use. You don't have to wait until you turn 18 just to search for a word. Although drinking and gambling are "age-restricted activities" by law, there is no such thing as an "age-restricted word," no matter what anyone told you. It doesn't matter if you are 8 or 10 or 12 or 15 or whatever. If you are mature enough and smart enough to handle these topics, you deserve the right to research those topics on YouTube. Let me teach you how to bypass age-gates and watch age-restricted content, even if you are under 18. It is utterly baffling to me that 17.99 is treated that differently from 18.01. I was born on December 19, 1996. My 18th birthday was December 19, 2014. At that time, Taylor Swift's new video for "Blank Space" was only a little over a month old, and it was one of my new favorites at that time. On December 17, two days before my birthday, I sang it to a teacher at school. I loved "Blank Space" on December 20, 2014, just as much as I loved it on December 18, 2014. I loved Pokémon on December 20, 2014, no less than I did on December 18, 2014. I listened to music during Christmas break in 2014, a week after I turned 18, just like I listened to music during Thanksgiving break, three weeks before I turned 18. December 19, 2014, in many ways, was just a regular birthday: friends, cake, and games at my house. The same is true for my 21st birthday three years later, on December 19, 2017; yet another fun birthday party with friends, cake, snacks, and games. ==Method 1: Signing Up For An Account== Note: Since YouTube implemented age verification in August 2025, this requires an additional step, but it is still a piece of cake, since we know how the YouTube algorithms interpret your watch history, and therefore, we know how to outsmart the algorithms. If I wrote this article five years ago, it was as simple as creating an account and faking a date of birth. The additional steps are here to build an adult-like watch history to get into the good graces of the A.I. age estimator. * 1) Create a YouTube account. * 2) Use a DOB that would make you 18 or older. * 3) If you used an email to sign up, check your inbox on that email to complete the verification of your new account. * 4) Look up the Billboard Hot 100 for the previous year, then pick 5 songs from that list, and then search for their music videos on YouTube. Make sure that none of the videos are age-restricted. * 5) Now, watch 5 age-restricted videos. '''Important Note: Videos set as "made for kids," such as "Baby Shark," which is YouTube's most viewed video with over 17.3 billion views, as well as Cocomelon videos, are ones you need to avoid at all costs. Refrain from looking up your favorite childhood cartoons; most videos for Dora the Explorer, Barney, Arthur, Dragon Tales, etc., are "made for kids." You can tell if a video is "made for kids" because you will see the "YouTube Kids: Try YouTube Kids" box on the page, and the comments are turned off for all "made for kids" videos.''' Congratulations! With that watch history, now comprising ten videos, 5 regular videos and 5 age-restricted videos, with no "made for kids" videos, the algorithm now thinks you are over 18. This gives you several important privileges, including the ability to search for words like "escort" and "penetrate," as well as the ability to continue watching age-restricted content. '''Note:''' If YouTube requires an ID at sign-up, you may use your father's or mother's ID or passport, or you can edit your own passport with a birth year such as 2001 or 1995. As of September 30, 2026, the day I am writing this, being 18 or older means a DOB of 9/30/2008 or earlier. My cousin, Terry Li, was born on 5/24/2012. He is now 14 years, 4 months old, and two years from now, when he is 16, I plan to help him use this to bypass YouTube's tyrannical false positives using my method. The words "Clitocybe" and "cyclitis" are not bad words; contrary to the "results may be inappropriate" message that currently shows up for both of those keywords, the results are totally okay; the results for "Clitocybe" (a mushroom) consist entirely of videos about Clitocybe mushrooms, and family-friendly, non-blurred videos at that! Unfortunately, both words are currently being blocked and triggering the warning due to the substring "clit"; thankfully, not all such words are blocked; "Clitheroe," "clitellum," and "paclitaxel" are still perfectly searchable. Everyone in the right mind knows that one does not need to be 18 to do a YouTube search for a harmless, innocent word. If you accuse me of "mistreating" a 16-year-old, you have completely misinterpreted this paragraph. Words are just words. Despite my 15-year age gap with Terry, he and I are best friends; I treat him with respect, and he treats me with respect. My favorite memories with him were the two times we went to River Walk Resort in Lincoln, New Hampshire, first in August 2023, then in July 2024, and I hope that happens again someday. ==Method 2: Search Filters== While this may very well be taken away from us in the future, it works as of September 2026, so use this one while it lasts! Even if your search is denied, you can still go to "Filters" and sort the videos by popularity. This will rearrange the search results in descending order, based on how many views each video has. Under "Prioritize," there are two options: "Relevance" is used by default, so select "Popularity." Note: This method has another benefit: it allows you to increase the likelihood of finding videos with the exact, preferred keyword, whereas simply searching the word may return results for similar words. For example, when searching for "climactic" or "climatized," you get plenty of irrelevant results that are actually about "climate" or "climate change," many of which use those words in the title. After filtering by popularity, many of the results will indeed contain "climactic" or "climatized." This was true even before the July 2026 update. ==Method 3: Filmot== Use a third-party YouTube search tool, such as Filmot. Unlike YouTube, Filmot will never block your search. If you are frustrated with YouTube's "these results may be inappropriate" shenanigans, you don't have to worry about that with Filmot. Even if you, like my past self, are into very graphic topics such as "bondage," "fingering," or even "fisting," Filmot has you covered, and it will accept your search. Remember that slogan in that SpongeBob episode? '''We shall never deny a guest, even the most ridiculous request.''' This can be reworded here to describe Filmot: '''Filmot shall never deny a guest, even the most graphic, disturbing, and least-safe-for-work keyword request.''' You can then press the YouTube button to get to the YouTube video page. On the off chance that it is an age-restricted video, try a different result. PS: In case you are nostalgic for that episode of SpongeBob, the name of the episode is "Krusty Towers." But if you also did Method 1 beforehand and now have a YouTube video, try to refrain from watching it on YouTube, as SpongeBob videos tend to be "made for kids" as well. Use Dailymotion instead, or better yet, go to your local store and buy the DVD that contains that episode. fyrkw07walzevuss1k4mz30srnpkcey Head First HTML and CSS 0 485939 4673075 2026-09-30T08:29:18Z ~2026-52297-30 3627225 Created page with "'''''Head First HTML and CSS''''' is a book by Ethan Watrall and Jeff Siarto, published by O'Reilly Media, that teaches usable and accessible website creation using cognitive science. ==Chapter 1: The Language of the Web== '''The only thing that is standing between you and getting yourself on the Web is learning to speak the lingo:''' Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML for short. So, get ready for some language lessons. After this chapter, not only are you going to und..." 4673075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Head First HTML and CSS''''' is a book by Ethan Watrall and Jeff Siarto, published by O'Reilly Media, that teaches usable and accessible website creation using cognitive science. ==Chapter 1: The Language of the Web== '''The only thing that is standing between you and getting yourself on the Web is learning to speak the lingo:''' Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML for short. So, get ready for some language lessons. After this chapter, not only are you going to understand some basic '''elements''' of HTML, but you'll also be able to speak HTML, with a little '''style.''' Heck, by the end of this book, you'll be talking HTML like you grew up in Webville. ===<s>Video</s> The Web Killed the Radio Star=== Want to get an idea out there? Sell something? Just need a creative outlet? Turn to the Web — we don't need to tell you it has become the universal form of communication. Even better, it's a form of communication '''YOU''' can participate in. But if you really want to use the Web effectively, you've got to know a few things about '''HTML''' — not to mention, a few things about how the Web works, too. Let's take a look from 30,000 feet: * To make web pages, you create files written in the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML for short) and place them on a web server (we'll talk about how to get your files on a server later in the book). * Once you've put your files on a web server, any browser can retrieve your web pages over the Internet. * The HTML in your web page tells the browser what it needs to know to display your page. And, if you've done your job well, your pages will even display well on cell phones and mobile devices, and work with speech browsers and screen magnifiers for the visually impaired. * And there are a lot of PCs and devices connected to the Internet all running web browsers. More importantly, there are friends, family, fans, and potential customers using those devices! ===What does the web <u>server</u> do?=== Web servers have a full-time job on the Internet, tirelessly waiting for requests from web browsers. What kinds of requests? Requests for web pages, images, sounds, or maybe even a video. When a server gets a request for any of these resources, the server finds the resource, and then sends it back to the browser. * The server's just a computer connected to the Internet waiting for requests from browsers. * Browsers make requests for HTML pages or other resources, like images. * Each server stores HTML files, pictures, sounds, and other file types. * … and if the server can locate the resource, it sends it to the browser. ===What does the web <u>browser</u> do?=== You already know how a browser works: you're surfing around the Web, and you click on a link to visit a page. The click causes your browser to request an HTML page from a web server, retrieve it, and display the page in your browser window. But how does the browser know how to display a page? That's where HTML comes in. HTML tells the browser all about the content and structure of the page. Let's see how that works... m7nsd7faxlqw8z00dku4he7gn9sy544 Kerse 0 485940 4673076 2026-09-30T08:36:34Z ~2026-52297-30 3627225 Created page with "'''Kerse''' is a misspelling of "curse." The word "curse" refers to a period of bad luck. In 2004, Boston Red Sox broke the Curse of Bambino by winning their first World Series title in 86 years." 4673076 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kerse''' is a misspelling of "curse." The word "curse" refers to a period of bad luck. In 2004, Boston Red Sox broke the Curse of Bambino by winning their first World Series title in 86 years. c0x2fekgs1hwzvw43rbqh97fdbywq14 Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky/Escort Mission 0 485941 4673079 2026-09-30T08:48:18Z ~2026-52297-30 3627225 Created page with "In Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky, an '''escort mission''' is a type of job mission that appears on the Job Bulletin Board at Wigglytuff's Guild. To do such a mission, go to the Job Bulletin Board, select the job, then activate the job. Go to the crossroads, then select the job's location dungeon as the destination. In escort missions, the Pokémon that posted the request, referred to as the "client" in the game, joins your team as soon as you enter the dunge..." 4673079 wikitext text/x-wiki In Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky, an '''escort mission''' is a type of job mission that appears on the Job Bulletin Board at Wigglytuff's Guild. To do such a mission, go to the Job Bulletin Board, select the job, then activate the job. Go to the crossroads, then select the job's location dungeon as the destination. In escort missions, the Pokémon that posted the request, referred to as the "client" in the game, joins your team as soon as you enter the dungeon where the job takes place. The client will always be Level 7, and it will not gain any experience points during the mission. You must reach the destination floor that is mentioned in the job description. If the client is defeated or faints from other means (such as hail, sandstorm, or poison/burn damage), this counts as a defeat for your team, and you are kicked out of the dungeon. Just like with other defeats, you lose half your money and half the items in your Treasure Bag. If you manage to reach the destination floor, you must find the other Pokémon, which will be wandering and somewhere on that floor. Explore that floor until you locate that Pokémon. Both Pokémon are warped out of the dungeon, and your job mission is now complete. The game gives you an option to either continue exploring, or leave the dungeon immediately. Once you leave the dungeon, the "Job Cleared" cutscene plays, and you will get money and/or an item as a reward. 997j5e7091lxii2io00tr3lo99q2lby Definition of unfair 0 485942 4673080 2026-09-30T08:56:53Z ~2026-52297-30 3627225 Created page with "'''Unfair''' is an adjective in the English language. It means "not fair," since the prefix "un-" means "not." Dictionary.com gives a more elaborate definition: "not conforming to approved standards, as of justice, honesty, or ethics." Dictionary.com also gives a second meaning, similar to the first: "disproportionate; undue; beyond what is proper or fitting," and this is often used to describe a division or a share of something ("an unfair share"). If $120 were to be di..." 4673080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Unfair''' is an adjective in the English language. It means "not fair," since the prefix "un-" means "not." Dictionary.com gives a more elaborate definition: "not conforming to approved standards, as of justice, honesty, or ethics." Dictionary.com also gives a second meaning, similar to the first: "disproportionate; undue; beyond what is proper or fitting," and this is often used to describe a division or a share of something ("an unfair share"). If $120 were to be divided so that 3 people are treated fairly, each person gets $40 since 40 is one-third of 120. However, a disproportionate, or unfair, share would be: Joe gets $102, John gets $10, and Josh gets $8. An "unfair" policy is a policy that is not fair. In a video game, a "fair" battle is a battle in which both sides have a decent chance of winning. In a Pokémon game, your Level 100 Mewtwo would completely obliterate a Level 2 Pidgey. This is an unfair battle. Another way to say it is, "This is a very one-sided battle." sue4z5zanggh34xfv0d1jbk9dnlhoc9 How to boost performance in Wii Fit Aerobics 0 485943 4673089 2026-09-30T09:44:24Z ~2026-52297-30 3627225 Created page with "In Wii Fit, you can significantly boost your performance in Wii Fit's aerobics games, such as "Hula Hoop," "Super Hula Hoop," and "Free Run," by taking performance-enhancing drugs such as EPO. Although doping is strictly banned in public, official tournaments and competitions, such as Boston Marathon, there is nothing wrong with doping for private, personal, single-player games such as "Free Run" in Wii Fit. Remember, cheating and hacking are far less stigmatized when yo..." 4673089 wikitext text/x-wiki In Wii Fit, you can significantly boost your performance in Wii Fit's aerobics games, such as "Hula Hoop," "Super Hula Hoop," and "Free Run," by taking performance-enhancing drugs such as EPO. Although doping is strictly banned in public, official tournaments and competitions, such as Boston Marathon, there is nothing wrong with doping for private, personal, single-player games such as "Free Run" in Wii Fit. Remember, cheating and hacking are far less stigmatized when you are the only real-world human involved. Although there are NPCs and Mii characters in "Free Run," these are fictional, digital entities, and you are the only real person involved. Doping in official competition events such as the Boston Marathon, the New York Marathon, or the Summer Olympics can result in severe penalties, most notably a sports ban and severe reputation damage. Look what happened to Rita Jeptoo, who was originally the winner of the Elite Women division of the 2014 Boston Marathon, with a time of 2 hours, 18 minutes, and 57 seconds. This was 62 seconds shorter than the time of 02:19:59 achieved by Buzunesh Deba. However, following an out-of-competition doping test in September 2014, Rita's title was disqualified, making Buzunesh Deba the winner instead. Additionally, Rita was given a two-year sports ban, and in October 2016, the duration of her ban was increased to four years. There is no penalty for doping for Wii Fit, since this is single-player. Are you looking to reach 9.5 miles in the 30-minute "Free Run"? How about 11,000 spins in "Super Hula Hoop"? The performance-boosting medication called EPO, formally known as '''erythropoietin,''' will help you by stimulating the production of red blood cells. Don't have EPO or other performance boosters in the house? Not to worry. Alcohol will also work just fine, to a lesser degree. m5heldxgxfzmx0ecmsa2wubj0antea5 Pokémon: Base 60 Speed is NOT slow 0 485944 4673090 2026-09-30T09:57:08Z ~2026-52297-30 3627225 Created page with "In Smogon strategy guides, I often see Pokémon like Sylveon and Clawitzer have their speed stats listed as a flaw. Contrary to popular belief, base 59 or 60 Speed is not "slow." Give it a "Choice Scarf." While Clawitzer, with its base 59 Speed stat, can only reach a maximum of 238 unboosted, the "Choice Scarf" increases the holder's Speed by 50%, and if you do the math, with a calculator if need be, you get: 238 × 1.5 = 357. That's 7 points higher than Pokémon with ba..." 4673090 wikitext text/x-wiki In Smogon strategy guides, I often see Pokémon like Sylveon and Clawitzer have their speed stats listed as a flaw. Contrary to popular belief, base 59 or 60 Speed is not "slow." Give it a "Choice Scarf." While Clawitzer, with its base 59 Speed stat, can only reach a maximum of 238 unboosted, the "Choice Scarf" increases the holder's Speed by 50%, and if you do the math, with a calculator if need be, you get: 238 × 1.5 = 357. That's 7 points higher than Pokémon with base 110 Speed, most notably Latios and Latias. As long as your opponent's Latios or Latias isn't similarly running a "Choice Scarf," and assuming no other "Speed" modifiers (such as "Tailwind") are active for your opponent, your Clawitzer can move first and hit with a fast and powerful "Ice Beam" or "Dragon Pulse" for super-effective damage! MandJTV, a popular YouTuber, is a huge fan of Castform (#351 in the National Pokédex). However, Castform is largely seen as a joke in the context of competitive battling, with base 70 in each of its stats. Again, Castform is not slow; base 70 is not slow; it is decent. Unlike Clawitzer, which has a sky-high base 120 Special Attack stat, Castform has 70, which while decent, is considerably lower than 120. The solution is simple, at least in Double Battles. Give your Castform the item "Choice Specs," which boosts its "Special Attack" by 50%. The partner should be a fast Pokémon that can use "Tailwind," which will double the speed stats of your entire team for 3 turns. Base 70 has a maximum of 262, which becomes a whopping 393 when boosted by the Choice Specs. Your Castform now has 393 Special Attack and a staggering 524 Speed, allowing it to outspeed Deoxys-Speed, which has "only" 504 Speed at Level 100. People say that Castform is weak and slow; but who is laughing now? Your Castform is now 20 points faster than Deoxys-Speed, and only 24 points slower than Regieleki, the fastest Pokémon in the game, with 200 base Speed! Base 70 is high enough that, even at Level 5, and even with a hindering nature, all six of Castform's stats, namely HP, Attack, Defense, Special Attack, Special Defense, and Speed are guaranteed to be in the double digits. Minimum Neutral Stat: (70 × 5 / 50) + 5 = 7 + 5 = 12 Minimum Stat: 12 × 0.9 = 10.8, which is rounded down to 10. On the other hand, Sylveon, with base 60 Speed, can't be any slower than 9 at Level 5, not even with a Speed-lowering nature such as "Brave" or "Relaxed" and not even with a "no good" (0 IV) in Speed. nmcj9rcqrpbxr7dq8njb5cfzm1a3m4o User:ILYA125467 2 485945 4673094 2026-09-30T10:29:44Z ILYA125467 3627024 Created page with "I try to make pages better." 4673094 wikitext text/x-wiki I try to make pages better. dmts8hcjzr95ntqtrqnofc2jizfd3ei Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g5/2. d4/2...f6 0 485946 4673110 2026-09-30T11:06:47Z ~2026-52137-91 3627098 Described the reverse fool's mate. 4673110 wikitext text/x-wiki === 2...f6?? === This move is a blunder because it allows White to immediately checkmate with 3. Qh5#. This is known as a reverse fool's mate, and it is the fastest possible mate for White. {{Chess/board | fen = rnbqkbnr/ppppp2p/5p2/6p1/3PP3/8/PPP2PPP/RNBQKBNR }} 59x1h5c88elgmgmaw6333rdeuss3l3b Talk:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...exd4/4. Ng5 1 485947 4673121 2026-09-30T11:29:22Z JCrue 2226064 /* Line name */ new section 4673121 wikitext text/x-wiki == Line name == An editor recently added the name "Macbeth gambit" to this line, on this page and the parent page. The only use of the name "Macbeth gambit" I can find is [https://www.chess.com/blog/vitualis/quick-wins-23-macbeth-gambit this blog], 22 June 2024, from a chess amateur who goes by Adventures of a Chess Noob on youtube. (They write, "this amazing gambit line has no name! So, if we are to describe it as the "Scottish gambit", I propose as per the famous Shakesperean [sic] "Scottish play", we should call this venonous [sic] and treacherous opening line the "Macbeth Gambit"!"). "Macbeth gambit" is not in common use, nor is it attested in a notable published source. Normally nicknames from amateur players would not be suitable for a textbook. We need to be a bit firm on this because "vanity naming" can easily get out of hand, and we've already seen examples of invented names propagating from wikipedia and wikibooks to other sources. There is a certain amount of editorial discretion that can be employed when it comes to new/"unofficial" names from influencers, but only when the line is sufficiently popular and the name is actually in use by others (I'm thinking of the "Alien gambit", which did the rounds on the internet a lot a few years ago and even found its way into chess.com's opening book). Therefore I am removing the name "Macbeth gambit" (which I actually quite like) until such a time as it is used more commonly. [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 11:29, 30 September 2026 (UTC) t5cltbsay5kaa2jwldfkyrbnqn955qi